CN113875342A - Method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application discloses a method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws, after crops are harvested, corn straws are crushed to be not more than 10cm, and wheat straws are directly returned to the field; burying the aired straws until the depth of a soil body is more than 35cm, burying and compacting until the thickness of the straws is 10-20cm, covering soil and compacting at the depth of 0-35cm, uniformly mixing decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer into the fresh wheat straws with the use amount of 2kg N/mu, and uniformly mixing a microorganism excitation regulator according to the use amount of 100 kg/mu; uniformly mixing fresh straws, a decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer and a microorganism excitation regulator composition with 0-20cm of soil on the surface layer, conventionally fertilizing, sowing, ensuring uniform sowing and consistent sowing depth, and watering at proper time after sowing to finish construction; on the aspect of conversion of organic carbon and nutrients of straws in the plough layer, the accumulation and hardening of organic matters in the straw nutrients can be relieved, the oxygen partial pressure is reduced, the accumulation of organic matters in the soil in the full plough layer is promoted, and the improvement of the soil structure condition of the full plough layer is facilitated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil improvement, and particularly relates to a method for constructing sandy farmland soil by utilizing straws.
Background
The development of the improvement of the land capability of the middle and low yield fields is an important measure for realizing the strategic target of storing grains in the land and storing grains in the technology and guaranteeing the national grain safety. China is the country with the largest population and the largest grain consumption in the world, but the cultivated land resources per capita in China are short, and up to 68.8% of 20.23 hundred million acres of cultivated land belongs to low-and-medium-yield fields, which seriously affects the construction of food safety guarantee systems in China. The over-sand soil texture and poor soil body configuration are one of the main obstacle factors of cultivated land in China. The sandy farmland has poor soil body structure, excessive leakage, poor water and fertilizer holding capacity, low organic matter content of a plough layer and low soil fertility level. According to statistics, the fertile high-yield field in the Huang-Huai sea tide land area is only 18.2 percent, the medium-low yield field accounts for 81.8 percent, and the medium-low yield field is almost all sandy soil. Therefore, the construction of an ideal soil body configuration with the functions of preventing leakage, retaining water and fertilizer, improving water and nutrient capacity and fertilizing a plough layer is extremely important for improving the quality of cultivated land and guaranteeing the grain safety. Crop straws are an important biological resource in agricultural production, and relate to the sustainable development problems of soil fertility, water and soil conservation, environmental safety, effective utilization of regenerated agricultural resources and the like in the whole agricultural ecosystem. China is one of the most abundant countries of straw resources, and according to the measurement and calculation, the yield of main crop straws in Huang-Huai-Hai region reaches about 1.5 hundred million tons in 2015 years, the yield of grain crop straws accounts for more than 70%, and the yield of corn and wheat straws accounts for 43.4% (both wheat and corn are 21.7%). In the past, straws are mostly used as domestic fuel and livestock feed for a long time, or are directly burned in the open air or are randomly piled and abandoned in large quantities, so that the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution are caused seriously. With the development of rural economy and the improvement of the level of grain per unit yield, the residual quantity of straws is more and more. How to treat the straws becomes a great problem for agricultural production and environmental protection in China. Sandy soil generally has low organic matters. The core of cultivating the farmland is to increase the organic matters of the soil, and the straws are important resources for increasing the organic matters of the soil. The scientific utilization technology of the straws not only promotes the smooth implementation of straw returning, but also is an important measure and a key way for improving the soil fertility and the soil structure and ensuring the efficient and continuous output of the land.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved is as follows: the invention aims at the technical problem and provides a method for constructing sandy farmland soil by utilizing straws.
The technical scheme is as follows:
a method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws comprises the following steps:
step 1, after crops are harvested, treating corn straws and wheat straws: wherein the corn straws are crushed to be not more than 10cm by a straw crusher, and the wheat straws are directly returned to the field; wherein 20-80% of the wheat straw is kept fresh, and 20-80% of the wheat straw is aired to the water content of below 10%;
step 2, burying the aired straws until the depth of the straws in the soil body is more than 35cm, and burying and compacting the straws until the thickness of the straws is 10-20cm, namely the depth of the straw layer in the soil body is 35-55 cm;
step 3, covering soil at the depth of 0-35cm and pressing to ensure that the volume weight of the soil layer is 1.3-1.6 g-cm-1；
Step 4, uniformly mixing decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer into fresh wheat straws, wherein the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer is 2kg N/mu, and then uniformly mixing a microorganism excitation regulator according to the using amount of 100 kg/mu;
step 5, uniformly mixing the fresh straws, the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer and the microbial excitation regulator composition with 0-20cm of soil on the surface layer, wherein the dry basis consumption of the fresh straws is 400-;
and 6, fertilizing and sowing conventionally, ensuring uniform sowing and consistent sowing depth, and watering in good time after sowing to finish construction.
Further, the thickness of the straw buried and compacted in the step 2 is 15cm, and the depth of the straw layer in the soil body is 35 cm.
Furthermore, watering is carried out after soil covering in the step 3, and water and compaction of a soil body are guaranteed.
Further, the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer in the step 4 is obtained by decomposing natural plant organic materials containing plant fibers.
Further, the microorganism excitation regulator is provided by Zhongzhang obsidian science and technology Limited, is mineral source fulvic acid substances, is obtained by wood peat through oxidative degradation, the content of the wood peat humic acid is more than 40%, the oxidative degradation is carried out through nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide, the molecular weight of the wood peat humic acid is reduced, micromolecular fulvic acid is generated, a preparation capable of exciting the soil indigenous microorganisms to rapidly propagate and grow is prepared, the soil indigenous microorganisms are rapidly converted to the fertile soil direction, the conversion of soil C, N, P, K nutrient elements is promoted, and the rapid circulation of a system is activated.
Further, the conventional fertilization comprises the steps of applying 200kg/ha of nitrogenous fertilizer, 105kg/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 105kg/ha of potash fertilizer.
The principle of the technology of the invention is as follows:
firstly, an excitation type straw returning soil fertility cultivation layer:
firstly, a decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer (nitrogen content is 2 kg/mu) obtained by decomposing natural plant organic materials containing plant fibers is added into straws when the straws are returned to the field in a plough layer, so that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the returned straws can be reduced, and the dosage effect of the carbon-nitrogen ratio required by mass propagation of microorganisms is met; the reduction of soil organic matters caused by the nitrogen digging effect of microorganisms at the earlier stage of returning the conventional straws to the field is reduced; is beneficial to the rapid conversion of the organic carbon and nutrients in the straw to the soil.
Secondly, when the plough layer is returned to the field, a microorganism excitation regulator (100 kg/mu) is added into the straws, so that the whole soil microorganism metabolism activity can be improved by utilizing the excitation type detonation effect, the rapid mass propagation of soil indigenous microorganisms can be promoted, and the microorganisms can grow to fertile soil.
And thirdly, the straws are uniformly mixed with the plough layer soil in the range of 0-20cm, so that organic matters in the plough layer soil can be increased, the microbial activity is improved, and the soil agglomeration is promoted.
Secondly, an organic structure layer below the anti-seepage water-retaining fertilizer root:
firstly, a layer of organic material layer is constructed under the roots (below 35 cm) of crops by using straws, so that the soil body configuration of sandy farmland is changed, and the water leakage can be prevented.
Secondly, the straws are in the deep layer (below 35 cm), the accumulation and hardening of organic matters in the nutrients of the straws can be relieved, the oxygen partial pressure is reduced, the probability of difficult seedling emergence of crops is reduced, the accumulation of organic matters in the soil is promoted, and the improvement of the structural condition of the soil in the full plough layer is facilitated.
Has the advantages that: 1. cultivating the soil fertility of the plough layer. On the aspect of conversion of organic carbon and nutrients of straws in the plough layer, the accumulation and hardening of organic matters in the straw nutrients can be relieved, the oxygen partial pressure is reduced, the accumulation of organic matters in the soil in the full plough layer is promoted, and the improvement of the soil structure condition of the full plough layer is facilitated. 2. A layer of organic material layer is constructed under the roots (below 35 cm) of crops by using straws, so that the soil body configuration of sandy farmland is changed, and water leakage can be prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the technical principles and modes of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the experimental implementation of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of saturation hydraulic conductivity for different treatments of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the present application illustrating the treatment of organic matter in soil;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the throughput of various processes of the present application.
Detailed Description
The following soil tests further illustrate the contents of the present invention but should not be construed as limiting the invention. Modifications and substitutions to methods, procedures, or conditions of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and substance of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, the technical means used in the following examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the specific measurement methods not indicated in the test are all the measurement methods described in Shanghai, Kun et al, soil agricultural chemical analysis, Chinese agricultural science and technology Press 1999.
Example 1
A method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws is disclosed, referring to figure 1, and comprises the following steps:
step 1, after crops are harvested, treating corn straws and wheat straws: wherein the corn straws are crushed to be not more than 10cm by a straw crusher, and the wheat straws are directly returned to the field; wherein 20-80% of the wheat straw is kept fresh, and 20-80% of the wheat straw is aired to the water content of below 10%;
step 2, burying the aired straws until the depth of the straws in the soil body is more than 35cm, and burying and compacting the straws until the thickness of the straws is 10-20cm, namely the depth of the straw layer in the soil body is 35-55 cm;
step 3, watering after covering soil with the depth of 0-35cm, ensuring the water content of the soil body, compacting and pressing to ensure that the volume weight of the soil in the layer is 1.3-1.6 g-cm-1；
Step 4, uniformly mixing a decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer into fresh wheat straws, wherein the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer is obtained by decomposing natural plant organic materials containing plant fibers, the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer is 2kg N/mu, and then uniformly mixing a microbial excitation regulator according to the using amount of 100 kg/mu; the microorganism arouses regulator by in to the obsidian science and technology limited company provides, for mineral source fulvic acid class material, obtain through oxidative degradation by woody peat, woody peat humic acid content > 40%, carry out oxidative degradation through nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide, reduce the molecular weight of woody peat humic acid, generate the fulvic acid of micromolecule, can arouse the preparation that soil indigenous microorganism propagated fast and increased, make soil indigenous microorganism to the transformation of the soil orientation of scaring fast, promote the conversion of soil C, N, P, K nutrient element, activation system rapid cycle.
Step 5, uniformly mixing the fresh straws, the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer and the microbial excitation regulator composition with 0-20cm of soil on the surface layer, wherein the dry basis consumption of the fresh straws is 400-;
and step 6, conventionally fertilizing and applying 200kg/ha of nitrogenous fertilizer, 105kg/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 105kg/ha of potash fertilizer, sowing to ensure uniform sowing and consistent sowing depth, watering at proper time after sowing to accelerate soil compaction and promote organic carbon and nutrient of straws to be converted into soil, and completing construction.
Example 2
Materials and methods
1. General description of test area and soil Properties for test
The test site is located at the national test station (35 degrees 01 'N, 114 degrees 32' E) of the dune agricultural ecosystem of the national academy of Chinese science in the area of the mound, Henan province. The area belongs to a semiarid and semihumid warm-temperate zone monsoon climate, average annual precipitation is 615mm, 67% of precipitation is concentrated in 6-9 months; the average temperature is 13.9 ℃, the average temperature in the lowest month is 1 month, is-1.0 ℃, and the average temperature in the highest month is 27.2 ℃, and is 7 months. The soil in the area develops into the tidal soil of the yellow river alluvial substance, the test is carried out by selecting sandy soil with high sand content in the area, and the basic property indexes of the soil are shown in the table 1.
TABLE 1 test soil basic Properties
2. Test treatment
The test totally designs 6 treatments, and the conventional fertilizing amount of 0-20cm soil of all the cultivation layers to be treated is 200kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, 105kg/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 105kg/ha of potassium fertilizer, wherein 5kg N/mu applied in the cultivation layer of the excitation type straw returning field soil is required to be removed in the total fertilizing amount, so that the fertilizing amount of all the cultivation layers to be treated is consistent. The depth of the plough layer excitation type returning to the field is 0-20cm, and the mode is that 2kg of N/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer and 100 kg/mu of microbial excitation regulator are uniformly mixed into fresh straws (considering the local wheat yield and the straw biomass, the dry basis dosage of the wheat straws in the test is 400 kg/mu), and the mixture is uniformly mixed with the soil with the surface layer of 0-20 cm.
(1) Control (CK): returning the plough layer without straw to the field and applying fertilizer on the organic structure layer without roots;
(2) treatment 1 (T1): ploughing layer excitation type straw returning + organic structural layer without roots, and applying fertilizer conventionally (the amount of fertilizer is deducted from nitrogen for excitation);
(3) treatment 2 (T2): returning the plough layer without straws to the field and adding 15cm of lower organic structure layer (the depth is 35-50cm), and applying fertilizer conventionally;
(4) treatment 3 (T3): returning the plough layer excitation type straws to the field by +10cm, and applying fertilizer on an organic structure layer (the depth is 35-45cm) by a conventional method;
(5) treatment 4 (T4): returning the plough layer excitation type straws to the field by +15cm, and applying fertilizer on an organic structure layer (the depth is 35-50cm) by a conventional method;
(6) treatment 5 (T5): returning the plough layer excitation type straws to the field with 20cm of lower organic structure layer (the depth is 35-55cm), and applying fertilizer conventionally.
3. Procedure for carrying out the test
In order to reduce the influence of the configuration difference of the interface soil under the root system organic structure layer on the test, test pools with the depth of 150cm multiplied by 200cm to 85cm are dug in the field, 6 treatments are set in the test, and each treatment is repeated for 3 times, so that the total number of the pools is 18. The tested corn variety is Zhengdan 958, which is early-maturing in summer sowing and growth period of about 96 days. The plant shape is compact, the plant height is about 246cm, and the root depth can reach 200 cm. The height of the ear grains is about 110 cm. The ears are cylindrical and the cob is white. The grains are yellow, half horse teeth shaped, and the thousand grains are about 307 g. The seed yield is about 88 to 90 percent. Zhengdan 958 is suitable for wheat ridge interplanting in late 5 months or early sowing in late 6 months in wheat in summer corn region in Huang-Huai-Hai, and planting in early spring corn region in south and north, and is one of the varieties widely planted in Henan, and the sowing amount is 62500 plants/ha. The experimental procedure is shown in FIG. 2.
(II) test results
1. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of field soil
The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil for the different treatments is shown in figure 3. When the organic structural layer under the root is not constructed, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil is as high as 350cm/d, and obvious water leakage phenomenon exists. Although topdressing straw application (T1) was somewhat alleviated, its saturated hydraulic conductivity was slightly less than Control (CK), but was not statistically significant. The saturated hydraulic conductivity can be obviously reduced by constructing a subroot organic structural layer (T2-T5). The saturated hydraulic conductivity can be further remarkably reduced by treatment with organic structure layer under the thickness of 10cm (T3), and treatment with thickness of 15cm and 20cm (T4 and T5), and the treatment with thickness of 15cm, 15cm and 20cm has no remarkable difference. When the organic structure layer under the root is improved to reach 15cm, no matter the thickness is increased, or the plough layer is added to return the straw to the field (T2), the influence on the saturated hydraulic conductivity is not obviously different. Therefore, effective anti-seepage and water-retention fertilizer can be carried out on sandy soil by constructing the organic structure layers with the thickness of 15 cm.
2. Soil aggregate
The content of each fraction of differently treated soil aggregates is shown in table 2. Since there was no significant difference in <0.053mm and >2 mm. Construction of the infraroot organic structure layer treatment (T2) with no plough layer straw return had no effect on the differently treated aggregates compared to the control. And the plough layer excitation type straw returning treatment (T1, T3, T4 and T5) can obviously reduce the content of aggregates with the grade of 0.25-0.053mm and promote the conversion of the aggregates to 2-0.25 mm. It can be seen that plough layer soil aggregates treated differently are mainly affected by the returning of plough layer straws to the field, and the organic structure layer under the roots has no effect on the plough layer soil aggregates.
TABLE 2 Water-stable agglomerate content (%) -for the various treatment stages
| Treatment of | >2mm | 2-0.25mm | 0.25-0.053mm | <0.053mm |
| CK | 4.41a | 13.75d | 77.35a | 4.49a |
| T1 | 4.84a | 20.34b | 70.15b | 4.67a |
| T2 | 3.89a | 16.45c | 75.58a | 4.08a |
| T3 | 4.92a | 21.5b | 69.42b | 4.16a |
| T4 | 5.08a | 22.36a | 68.54b | 4.02a |
| T5 | 5.12a | 23.28a | 67.38b | 4.22a |
Note: the data in the table are the average of 3 replicates; different letters after the same column of data indicate significant differences between different treatments (P <0.05) (LSD method test)
3. Soil organic matter
The organic matter content of the soil for the different treatments is shown in figure 4. The organic matter content of the soil is mainly influenced by straw returning to the farmland. The excitation straw returning treatment (T1, T3, T4 and T5) of the plough layer is obviously higher than the excitation-free straw returning treatment (CK and T2). Compared with the tillage layer-only straw returning treatment of the organic structure layer without roots (T1), the organic structure layer treatment under roots can further improve the content of soil organic matters on the basis of tillage layer straw returning, and the reason may be that the existence of the organic structure layer under roots reduces the loss of soil organic matters on the surface layer on the one hand, and on the other hand, the organic structure layer under roots can promote the water and fertilizer maintenance and is beneficial to the growth of crops, so that more roots and the residues of root secretion thereof are brought, and the soil organic matters of the tillage layer are increased. Under the straw returning treatment with a plough layer, the thickness of the structural layer under the roots has no obvious influence on soil organic matters.
4. Yield of the product
The organic matter content of the soil for the different treatments is shown in figure 5. Compared to the control CK treatment, only tillage layer-excited straw returning alone (T1) and organic layer construction under roots alone (T2) both significantly improved corn yield. And the farming layer excitation type straw returning coupled organic layer construction treatment under the roots can further remarkably increase the corn yield. Among the T3, T4, T5 treatments, there was no significant difference between the T4 and T5 treatments, and all were higher than the T3 treatment. Therefore, the plough layer excitation type straw returning treatment and the yield increasing effect of the organic structure layer under the roots with the thickness of 15cm are optimal.
Claims (6)
1. A method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, after crops are harvested, treating corn straws and wheat straws: wherein the corn straws are crushed to be not more than 10cm by a straw crusher, and the wheat straws are directly returned to the field; wherein 20-80% of the wheat straw is kept fresh, and 20-80% of the wheat straw is aired to the water content of below 10%;
step 2, burying the aired straws until the depth of the straws in the soil body is more than 35cm, and burying and compacting until the thickness of the straws is 10-20cm, namely the depth of the straw layer in the soil body is 35-55 cm;
step 3, covering soil at the depth of 0-35cm and pressing to ensure that the volume weight of the soil layer is 1.3-1.6 g-cm-1；
Step 4, uniformly mixing decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer into fresh wheat straws, wherein the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer is 2kg N/mu, and then uniformly mixing a microorganism excitation regulator according to the using amount of 100 kg/mu;
step 5, uniformly mixing the fresh straws, the decomposed organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer and the microbial excitation regulator composition with 0-20cm of soil on the surface layer, wherein the dry basis consumption of the fresh straws is 400-;
and 6, fertilizing and sowing conventionally, ensuring uniform sowing and consistent sowing depth, and watering in good time after sowing to finish construction.
2. The method for constructing a sandy farmland soil body using straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the straw layer compacted by landfill in the step 2 is 15cm, and the depth of the straw layer in the soil body is 35 cm.
3. The method for constructing sandy farmland soil mass by using straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil is covered and watered in the step 3 to ensure the moisture and compaction of the soil mass.
4. The method for constructing the sandy farmland soil body by utilizing the straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decomposed organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer in the step 4 is obtained by decomposing natural plant organic materials containing plant fibers.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the microbial-stimulation regulator is prepared from wood peat by oxidative degradation, the content of humic acid in wood peat is greater than 40%, the wood peat is subjected to oxidative degradation by nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide to reduce the molecular weight of the humic acid in wood peat to generate small-molecular fulvic acid, and the preparation can stimulate the soil indigenous microorganisms to rapidly propagate and grow, so that the soil indigenous microorganisms are rapidly transformed to fertile soil, the transformation of nutrient elements in soil C, N, P, K is promoted, and the activation system rapidly circulates.
6. The method for constructing sandy farmland soil body using straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein said conventional fertilization is to apply nitrogen fertilizer 200kg/ha, phosphate fertilizer 105kg/ha, and potassium fertilizer 105 kg/ha.
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