CN104208114A - 富含半乳糖脂的植物萃取物及其用途 - Google Patents
富含半乳糖脂的植物萃取物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种富含半乳糖脂的植物萃取物,该植物萃取物是将一植物样品经一系列溶剂萃取而得,其中该植物样品是选自于由:白凤菜、大苞水竹叶及昭和草所组成的群组。本发明亦提供一种医疗、保健或营养添加用的组合物,可用于预防或治疗猛爆性肝炎、用于预防或治疗败血症及其相关适应症,并且本发明亦提供一种用于美白的组合物。这些组合物皆包含有效量的植物萃取物或其纯化物作为其生物活性成分。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种半乳糖脂的植物萃取物,特别是指一种自昭和草、白凤菜或大苞水竹叶萃取获得的植物萃取物。本发明亦关于该植物萃取物用于制造预防或治疗猛爆性肝炎、败血症及其相关适应症的医药组合物以及美白剂的用途。
背景技术
近年来,研究显示许多源自植物的天然成分(植物性化合物)具有各式疗效,以下以昭和草、白凤菜以及大苞水竹叶等三种台湾常见植物进行介绍。
昭和草(Crassocephalum rabens S.Moore,简称CR)是台湾常见的一种野菜,繁殖力及适应力惊人。昭和草属菊科(Asteraceae)昭和草属,味道有如茼蒿,全年皆可采集,尤其未开花之前采摘味道鲜美。目前已知药用上的功效为解热,健胃,消肿,治腹痛。
白凤菜(Gynura divaricata subsp.Formosana,,简称GD)又名白红菜,是菊科(Asteraceae)菊三七草属(Gynura)的药用植物,为台湾特有种植物,分布在台湾滨海地区,偶见于低海拔山区。白凤菜的嫩茎叶是可以食用的,宣称有消炎、解热、解毒、利尿、降血压等功效。
大苞水竹叶(Murdannia bracteata(C.B.Clarke)J.K.Morton ex D.Y.Hong,简称MB)为鸭跖草科(Commelinaceae)水竹叶属的多年生草本植物,多生长在山谷溪边、山谷水边及沙地上。大苞水竹叶具有药用价值,常用于化痰、治疗痔疮、颈部淋巴结的慢性感染疾病和毛囊、皮脂腺或汗腺的急性化脓性感染疾病。
然而,目前研究对于上述三种植物中的活性成分及其作用机制的了解仍然有限,且并无任何文献资料或专利前案曾经揭示,可以从上述三种植物得到具有治疗或预防肝炎、败血症等适应症、并具美白功效的萃取产物或经纯化的化合物。
另一方面,大量存在于自然界的半乳糖脂为所谓的糖甘油脂(glycoglycerolipid),其结构为甘油的sn-1及sn-2位置分别酯化有两个脂肪酸,而sn-3位置则连接一至四个半乳糖。已知许多天然或合成的糖甘油脂具有特定生物活性,包括抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗发炎及抑制免疫等活性。然而,此类化合物对其他适应症的功效及生物活性的分子机制尚未明了。
发明内容
鉴于上述现有技术的不足,本发明的发明目的是提供一种富含半乳糖脂的植物萃取物。该植物萃取物是将一植物样品以水或一低级醇类萃取,再以一低级酯类分配萃取以得一低级酯类萃取物,并进一步以一醇类冲提液冲提该低级酯类萃取物,以得一富含半乳糖脂的溶份,其中该植物样品是选自于由:白凤菜、大苞水竹叶及昭和草所组成的群组,且醇类冲提液中醇类占该冲提液的体积百分比为5%~20%。
于一实施例中,低级醇类可为甲醇或乙醇。
于一实施例中,低级酯类可为乙酸乙酯。
于一实施例中,上述的植物萃取物可进一步包含一中的植物萃取物图谱,例如:植物萃取物自白凤菜萃得时,可进一步包含一白凤菜化学指纹图谱。而自大苞水竹叶萃得时,亦可进一步包含一大苞水竹叶化学指纹图谱。
于一具体实施例中,该醇类冲提液中醇类占比例约为5%~15%,于另一具体实施样态中,该醇类冲提液中醇类占比例约为5%~10%。于又一具体实施样态中,用于昭和草的醇类冲提液中醇类占比例可约为10~15%。
于一实施例中,醇类冲提液可包含:甲醇和二氯甲烷、甲醇和水、甲醇和乙氰或甲醇和丙酮。
于一具体实施例中,甲醇冲提液中二氯甲烷和甲醇的比例为9:1。前述比例的甲醇冲提液可用于冲提,例如:自白凤菜而得的一低级酯类萃取物。
于一具体实施例中,甲醇冲提液中二氯甲烷和甲醇的比例为12:1。前述比例的甲醇冲提液可用于冲提,例如:自大苞水竹叶而得的一低级酯类萃取物。
于一实施例中,富含半乳糖脂的溶份可进一步以一逆向高效液相层析法(Reversed phase HPLC)加以纯化,以得一生物活性溶份。
于一实施例中,该生物溶份可包含,但不限于,如图3所示的一昭和草高效液相层析图谱。
于一实施例中,该富含半乳糖脂的溶份可以一醇类冲提液冲提,以得该生物活性溶份,其中该醇类冲提液中醇类占该冲提液的体积百分比为100%~70%。
于一实施例中,该富含半乳糖脂的溶份可为一富含1,2-二-O-α-次亚麻油酰基-3-O-β-半乳糖吡喃糖基-sn-甘油(1,2,-Di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol,dLGG)的溶份。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种用于预防或治疗猛爆性肝炎的医药、保健或营养添加用的组合物,包含:
预防或治疗上有效量的一生物活性成分,其是为上述的植物萃取物或其纯化物;以及
一医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂。
于一实施例中,纯化物可为dLGG。
本发明的又一目的在于提供一种用于预防或治疗败血症及其相关适应症之医药、保健或营养添加用的组合物,包含:
预防或治疗上有效量的一生物活性成分,其是为上述的植物萃取物或其纯化物;以及
一医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂。
于一实施例中,纯化物可为dLGG。
于一实施例中,相关适应症可为败血症诱发的急性肾损伤,但不仅限于此。
本发明的再一目的在于提供一种用于美白的组合物,包含:
有效量的一生物活性成分,其是为上述的植物萃取物或其纯化物;以及
一医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂。
于一实施例中,纯化物可为dLGG。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明制备的富含半乳糖脂的植物萃取物或其纯化产物dLGG,对以LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠的急性猛爆性肝炎具有治疗以及预防的效果;可预防对小鼠使用LPS而导致的败血症诱发肾损伤;可有效降低由LPS所造成的小鼠肝脏、肺脏以及肾脏损伤;可减缓因氧气消耗和缺氧环境造成的器官损伤,能调节发炎性脂质媒介物维持在一恒定状态;可作为针对LPS诱发败血症的预防性或治疗性药剂;抑制MITF与酪胺酸酶表达,以阻止B16黑色素瘤细胞中黑色素生成作用,可作为新一代的皮肤美白剂。
附图说明
图1显示白凤菜中富含半乳糖脂溶份(GDE)的化学指纹图谱。dLGG经测定为该溶份的主要成分,其中:
(A)为生物活性溶份GDE的总离子层析图。
(B)为溶份GDE中五种主要单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油化合物的APCI-MS数据,其显现出对应于二酰基甘油、单酰基甘油及脂肪酸基团的Na+加合物([M+Na]+)及离子片段的m/z。
(C)为GDE中单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油成分(1-5)的化学结构。
图2显示大苞水竹叶中富含半乳糖脂溶份(MBE)的化学指纹图谱。dLGG经测定为该溶份的主成分,其中:
(A)为生物活性溶份MBE的总离子层析图。
(B)为溶份MBE中五种主要单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油化合物的APCI-MS数据,其显现出对应于二酰基甘油、单酰基甘油及脂肪酸基团之Na+加合物([M+Na]+)及离子片段的m/z。
(C)为显示MBE中单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油成分(1-7)的化学结构。
图3显示昭和草的乙酸乙酯溶份(CR-EA)的高效液相层析图谱(HPLC)。
图4显示大苞水竹叶(MBE)以及白凤菜(GDE)萃得的富含dLGG半乳糖脂溶份,对于由LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠的肝损伤及急性猛爆性肝炎的功效数据。实验证实大苞水竹叶(MBE)以及白凤菜(GDE)萃得的富含dLGG半乳糖脂溶份对减缓由LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠的肝损伤及急性猛爆性肝炎是有效的,其中:
(A)显示在由左至右分别为:载剂(vehicle,以全-号表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠(以LPS/D-GalN+表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠以保肝药SM治疗(LPS/D-GalN+、Post-SM+表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠以植物萃取物MBE治疗(LPS/D-GalN+、Post-MBE+表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠以植物萃取物GDE治疗(LPS/D-GalN+、Post-GDE+表示)等组别中,丙胺酸转胺脢(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)在血清中的含量。以每治疗组别6只小鼠的试验结果的平均值±平均标准误(Standard Error of Mean,SEM)呈现数据。不同字母呈现受试组别的显著差异(P<0.05)。图示中+号代表有施予某特定药物,-号代表某未施予特定药物。
(B)显示健康小鼠与未治疗或经治疗小鼠的肝脏切片的H&E染色及组织结构图式与结果。
图5显示dLGG作为治疗剂对LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠的急性猛爆性肝炎的效果,其中:
(A)显示由左至右分别为:在载剂(vehicle,以全-号表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠(以LPS/D-GalN+表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠以SM治疗(LPS/D-GalN+、Post-SM+表示)、经LPS/D-GalN刺激的小鼠以dLGG治疗(LPS/D-GalN+、Post-dLGG+表示)等各组别中,在血清中天门冬酸转胺脢(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)及ALT的含量。以每治疗组别6只小鼠的试验结果的平均值±平均标准误呈现数据。不同字母呈现受试组别的显著差异(P<0.05)。
(B)显示健康小鼠与未治疗或经治疗小鼠的肝脏切片的H&E染色及组织学结果。
(C)显示肝组织的雕亡细胞(TUNEL)测试结果。为呈现健康,损伤以及个自治疗组别的代表影像。呈现褐色的细胞为TUNEL阳性的雕亡细胞。
图6显示CR-EA、dLGG以及辛维司汀(simvastatin,simva),对LPS诱发小鼠的发炎现象以及败血症的预防以及治疗效果。在不同治疗组别中,血清中IL-6(A)及TNF-α(B)的含量。以平均值±平均标准误呈现(n=4)数据。不同字母显示不同组间的显著差异(P<0.05,ANOVA)。(C)显示肝脏切片的巨噬细胞(F4/80)免疫组织学法染色结果,呈现巨噬细胞的浸润现象。由测定F4/80阳性细胞的平均强度以作为治疗与未治疗组别间的量化比较。此图为呈现代表影像。
图7显示CR-EA、dLGG以及辛维司汀(simvastatin,simva),对LPS诱发小鼠的发炎现象以及败血症的预防以及治疗效果。在不同治疗组别中,AST(A)and ALT(B)在血清中的含量,以平均值±平均标准误呈现(n=4)数据。不同字母显示不同组间的显著差异(P<0.05,ANOVA)。(C)为显示经H&E-染色的肝脏切片,其呈现正常小鼠与LPS刺激小鼠的不同治疗组别中的肝脏组织形态学结果以及红血球与发炎细胞浸润现象。此图为呈现代表影像。
图8显示CR-EA、dLGG以及辛维司汀(simvastatin,simva),对LPS诱发小鼠的发炎现象以及败血症的预防以及治疗效果,其中:
(A)显示经H&E-染色的肾脏切片,其呈现在正常或经LPS刺激小鼠的不同治疗组别中的肾脏组织学结果。
(B)显示肾脏切片的巨噬细胞(F4/80)免疫组织学法染色结果,其呈现巨噬细胞的肾脏浸润现象。由测定F4/80阳性细胞的平均强度以作为治疗与未治疗组别间的量化比较。此图为呈现代表影像。
图9显示CR-EA、dLGG以及辛维司汀(simvastatin,simva),对LPS造成几种肝脏组织的蛋白质过度表达有减缓的作用。这些蛋白质参与诱发缺氧以及产生发炎与败血症相关脂质介质有关,其中:
(A)显示LPS造成的HIF-1α(缺氧诱发因子-1α,hypoxia induciblefactor-1α)增加表达量可因CR-EA、dLGG以及控制组药物simva的处理治疗而减缓。
(B)证实由CR-EA、dLGG及simva治疗而降低PPAR-δ表达量。
(C)HIF-1α以及PPAR-δ表达量的平均强度图示,作为治疗组别间的量化比较。
图10显示昭和草EA溶份或由其分离的单一化合物dLGG的去色素效果,其中:
(A)显示以50μg/mL的曲酸(KA)、源自全沸水粗萃取物(CR-W-EA)或全乙醇粗萃取物(CR-Et-EA)的EA溶份各25μg/mL或50μg/mL处理B16黑色素瘤细胞72h后外观颜色比较图。
(B)显示以45μM dLGG处理B16黑色素瘤细胞12-48h,并比较去色效果。
(C)显示西方墨点法分析以载剂(控制组)或45μM dLGG处理后与黑色素生成相关蛋白小眼症相关转录因子(microphthalmia-associated transcription factor,MITF)以及酪胺酸酶在B16细胞中的表达。
具体实施方式
本申请中所用的“有效量、预防上有效量及/或治疗上有效量”一词是指欲产生所求特定效果、预防及/或治疗效果所需活性成分(萃取物或化合物)的量(以其在组合物中所占重量百分比表示)。于本发明所属技术领域中具有通常知识者当了解,该有效量可能因欲引起特定效果、预防及/或治疗的疾病种类及投药方式等因素而有所不同。一般而言,活性成分在组合物中的量可占该组合物重量的约1%至约100%,较佳为约30%至约100%。
本文中所用的“医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂”一词包含任何标准的医药、保健或食品载剂。所谓的载剂可为固态或液态,取决于医药、营养添加或保健组合物所需的剂型。固态载剂的实例包括乳糖、蔗糖、明胶及琼脂。液态载剂的实例包括生理盐水、缓冲生理盐水、水、甘油及乙醇。
本申请中所用的“纯化物”一词包含将一原料或粗产物(例如:本案的植物萃取物)进行任何纯化步骤纯化的一经纯化产物。
本发明的实施例依下列例子详细描述,但不限于此。本发明的上述及其他目的、特征及优点将因以下叙述及后附图式而变得更加清楚。
一、材料及方法
1.试剂与抗体
自Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO)购得D-半乳糖胺N(D-galactosamineN,简称D-GalN)、脂多醣(lipopolysaccharide,简称LPS)、水飞蓟素(silymarin)、辛维司汀(simvastatin)、曲酸(kojic acid,简称KA)以及二甲亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)。使用预染的蛋白质标准液(Bioman,Taipei,Taiwan)评估SDS-PAGE的分子量标准液。本发明的实施例中亦使用抗酪胺酸酶、黑色素生成相关蛋白小眼症相关转录因子(Microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor,MITF)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)的初级抗体以及F4/80抗体(eBioscience)。重组小鼠的TNF-α以及用于小鼠TNF-α及IL-6ELISA套组来自R&D Systems,Inc.(Minneapolis,MN)。使用购自Randox Laboratories(UK)的商业套组测定血清中的天门冬酸转胺脢(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)以及丙胺酸转胺脢(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)的活性。所有其他化学物以及溶剂皆为试验级或高效液相层析使用等级。
2.细胞培养
B16黑色素瘤细胞株系得自美国菌种保存中心(ATCC,Manassas,VA),并生长于RPMI1640培养基(Gibco/BRL),其添加有10%经热去活化的胎牛血清、100单位/mL盘尼西林、及100μg/mL链霉素,该细胞株培养于37℃下,湿度5%的CO2培养箱中。
3.去色测试
将B16黑色素瘤细胞以1×105细胞/孔的初始密度接种于10cm培养盘中,并在与上述细胞培养相同的条件下培养。接种12h后,以载剂DMSO、曲酸(KA)、CR的水萃及乙醇粗萃取物的乙酸乙酯(EA)溶份(Hou et al.,2007)处理细胞72小时后以离心方式收取细胞,并目视评估所收集细胞的颜色。在另一组实验中,单一化合物dLGG的去色素效果以相同程序处理细胞但在不同时间点观察与评估。
4.动物
雌性C57BL/6J小鼠或雌性ICR小鼠(4周大)由国家实验动物中心(台北,台湾)所提供。将动物饲养于12小时光/暗周期,22±2℃下,并以标准实验用饲料及蒸馏水任其自由进食。本发明的实施例是依据机构制定的操作指南进行,并经台湾中研院的实验动物照护及使用委员会批准。
5.植物萃取物与dLGG的制备
依据Hou et al(2007)(Cancer Research67,6907-6915)所公开的操作方法稍加修改,以制备昭和草(CR)、大苞水竹叶(MB)以及白凤菜(GD)的萃取物。于室温下以2-3倍重量比的95%乙醇萃取约15.0公斤的新鲜全草。使用乙酸乙酯分配(partitioned)全乙醇粗萃取物(Total ethanolic extract),产生乙酸乙酯(EA)溶份(GD:8.6kg;MB:8.9kg)。进一步使用以二氯甲烷-甲醇冲提(冲提比例:白凤菜中甲醇/二氯甲烷为1/9;大苞水竹叶中甲醇/二氯甲烷为1/12;昭和草中甲醇/二氯甲烷为1/9)、的硅胶管柱分离GD及MB的EA溶份,个别产生10组次溶份(subfractions)。对于GD,经测试筛选后使用以95%乙醇冲提的Diaion HP-20凝胶管柱进一步纯化次组份7(817g),得到一富含单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油的溶份(称为GDE,253.3g)。对于MB,经测试筛选后,是使用以95%乙醇冲提的Diaion HP-20凝胶管柱进一步纯化次组份6(1.06kg)(称为MBE,360.1g)。
使用RP-HPLC/APCI-M测定上述富含溶份的化学指纹图谱。使用BrukerADVANCE500AV NMR光谱仪进行1H及13C核磁共振(nuclear magneticresonance,NMR),并使用ThermoFinnigan/LCQ Advantage(Waltham)质谱仪在阳离子模式下进行大气压化学电离质谱分析(APCI/MS),来进行化合物结构的确认。
接着,以下列管柱与冲提条件进行逆相HPLC(RP-HPLC)得到昭和草乙酸乙酯溶份(CR-EA)及其化学图谱:RP-HPLC半制备型管柱(Phenomenex5μm,C18,250x4.6mm)、以98%甲醇、1mL/min流速进行等位冲提(isocraticelution)。在HPLC图谱呈现的dLGG是作为生物活性EA溶份中的指标化合物。
GDE或MBE的富含半乳糖脂溶份可进一步使用相同操作程序得到GDE或MBE的HPLC图谱(以二氯甲烷-甲醇冲提液进行冲提,其中甲醇/二氯甲烷之比例约为9/1至8/2。)
6.测试dLGG或含dLGG的植物萃取物对LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠急性猛爆性肝炎的保护效果
观察在LPS/D-GalN诱发的猛爆性肝炎中,自昭和草分离的化合物dLGG之活体内保肝效果,并与保肝药水飞蓟素(SM)比较。将小鼠任意分为4组(每组n=6)以进行下列试验:载剂;LPS/D-GalN;50mg/kg水飞蓟素(Post-SM50);以及10mg/kg dLGG(post-dLGG10),全部以腹腔注射(intraperitoneally,i.p.)方式进行。在小鼠经前述的500ng LPS及含25mg D-GalN的250μL食盐水处理1小时后(Huang et al.,2012),施予dLGG及水飞蓟素。此外,另两组小鼠动物,则在LPS/D-GalN刺激之前,先以dLGG或SM进行处理连续3天,以测试dLGG对LPS/D-GalN诱发的猛爆性肝炎的预防效果。LPS/D-GalN注射后8h,以眼窝采血技术(retro-orbital bleeding)收集血液样品,接着牺牲所有小鼠,收集血液样品与肝组织。
7.测试dLGG或含dLGG的植物萃取物对以LPS诱发小鼠败血症的保护或治疗效果
通过由诱发急性发炎以及使用LPS的败血性休克来评估dLGG或含dLGG的昭和草萃取物的疗效,并使用辛维司汀(simvastatin,Simva)作为正控制组。将小鼠任意分成不同的处理组别:载剂;10mg/kg LPS;10mg/kg辛维司汀(Simva10);10mg/kg昭和草EA萃取物(CR-EA10);50mg/kg昭和草EAextract(CR-EA50);5mg/kg dLGG(dLGG5);25mg/kg dLGG(dLGG25)。植物成分或控制组药物均在施予LPS一小时前注射处理。另一组动物是单独以25mg/kg dLGG处理(dLGG25only)。在24h后牺牲所有组别。在牺牲前立即以眼窝采血技术(retro-orbital bleeding)收集血液样品。并立即收集器官组织。
8.组织学及免疫组织化学法
于10%福马林缓冲液中将肝脏、肺脏及肾脏组织固定,接着将其包埋于石蜡中。经石蜡包埋的样品经切片(8-μm)并经苏木紫-伊红(hematoxylin&eosin,简称H&E)染色。此外,加热固定经石蜡包埋的肝脏与肺脏切片(4-μm厚),并使用二甲苯去石蜡,及乙醇再水合,最后以蒸馏水加以清洗。最后浸泡于含目标抗原修复液的Decloaking Chamber(Biocare Medical)中修复抗原。
原位(in situ)侦测雕亡细胞的方法是依据供应商的操作程序(Chemicon)进行,原理是利用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶作用于核苷酸序列,造成在脱氧尿苷三磷酸位置形成切口并进行末端标记(terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)。最后使用AxioVision软件(Carl Zeiss MicroImaging,Inc.)来分析有标记上的TUNEL-阳性细胞的数目。
肝脏、肺脏及肾脏组织的免疫组织化学染色步骤是将样品置放于含F4/80初级抗体溶液中过夜。接着清洗后,使用标示荧光的二级抗体反应液中进行样品组织。巨噬细胞浸润现象(阳性F4/80染色细胞)则使用AxioVision软件(CarlZeiss MicroImaging,Inc.)撷取荧光影像与分析。
9.西方墨点法
各小鼠肝组织(0.1g),加入适量玻璃珠,以均质机(MM301,Retsch,Haan,Germany)将其均质化2分钟,添加0.4mL的胞溶缓冲液萃取,并在4℃以15,000×g离心30分(Shyur et al.,2008)。收集上清液,样品蛋白质总量的浓度是以DC蛋白质测试套组(Bio-Rad)加以测定。蛋白质利用5%-20%梯度SDS-PAGE电泳分离之后,进行电泳转渍,转渍膜再以抗特定蛋白质的单株抗体进行免疫染色,最后以增强化学荧光试剂(ECL,Amersham)呈色。
细胞蛋白质是参照前人发表的方法(Chiang et al.,2005)制备。以Bradford法(Bio-Rad)测量蛋白质含量。
10.血清中AST及ALT活性的测量
受试小鼠的血液样品在4℃以1,400×g离心15分,分离血清。使用购自Randox Laboratories(UK)的商业套组测定血清中的天门冬酸转胺脢(aspartateaminotransferase,AST)以及丙胺酸转胺脢(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)的活性。
11.血清中IL-6及TNF-α活性的测量
使用购自eBioscience的商业套组测定小鼠血清的介白素(interleukin,IL-6)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)含量。
12.统计学分析
所有数据以平均值±平均标准误(Standard Error of Mean,SEM)表示。以ANOVA比较差异。不同字母显示处理组间的差异;P<0.05即被认为在统计学上具有显著性。
二、结果
白凤菜、大苞水竹叶、昭和草等三种食用或药用植物的化学指纹图谱
使用RP-HPLC/大气压化学电离质谱仪(atmospheric chemicalionization-mass spectrometry,ACPI-MS)建立生物活性溶份(GDE及MBE)的化学指纹图谱,并鉴定存于GDE及MBE的富含半乳糖脂溶份的所有单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油成分。1,2-二-O-α-次亚麻油酰基-3-O-β-半乳糖吡喃糖基-sn-甘油(1,2,di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-galacto pyranosyl-sn-glycerol,dLGG)经鉴定为白凤菜(参见图1)、大苞水竹叶(参见图2)的主要成分。昭和草乙酸乙酯溶份(CR-EA)的化学图谱(参见图3)是以逆相HPLC(RP-HPLC)得到,在HPLC图谱呈现的dLGG是作为昭和草具生物活性EA溶份(CR-EA)中的指标化合物。
图1A及图2A分别显示在GDE及MBE的总离子层析图(total ionchromatogram)中的化合物峰值分布。发现具脂肪酸基团的GDE有五种半乳糖脂,辨识出其结构组成为18:3/18:3(dLGG)、18:4/18:4(1)、18:4/18:3(2)、18:2/18:3(4)、16:0/18:3(5)。同时,MBE中七种半乳糖脂化合物的脂肪酸基团,辨识出其结构组成为18:3/18:3(dLGG)、18:4/18:4(1)、18:4/18:3(2)、18:2/18:3(4)、16:0/18:3(5)、18:1/18:3(6)以及16:0/18:2(7)。并未进一步确认于化合物2、4、5、6及7的2个脂肪酸基团的sn位置。
图1B及图2B是表列显示ACPI-MS中对应于二酰基甘油、单酰基甘油及脂肪酸基团的Na+加合物([M+Na]+)及离子片段的m/z,而图1C及图2C是分别显示GDE及MBE溶份中单半乳糖苷二酰基甘油的化学结构。主要且具活性的成份化合物dLGG的含量分别为:88.1%(白凤菜)以及78.9%(大苞水竹叶)。经测定发现昭和草的生物活性溶份中dLGG含量为65.7%(Hou et al.,2007)。以dLGG作为本发明中自三种医药用植物萃得的富含半乳糖脂溶份的指标化合物所发展出的化学指纹图谱方法,可用以确保批次制备上述生物活性溶份的一致性,并可用于作为例行品质确保的操作程序。
2.dLGG作为对以LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠的急性猛爆性肝炎的治疗剂
猛爆性肝衰竭(Fulminant hepatic failure,FHF)为急性肝衰竭的同义词,是与导致肝功能的快速病变的肝疾病有关,通常会造成毁坏性的后果(Sass andShakil,2005)。此为会威胁到生命的一种疾病,迄今原位肝脏移植为唯一的治疗方法(Russo&Parola,2011)。
LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠产生急性猛爆性肝炎只动物模式,可有效模拟在临床上观察到的FHF阶段式的反应,因此广泛被使用于相关研究(Kosai et al,1999)。本发明以此模式评估dLGG(一种自昭和草、白凤菜以及大苞水竹叶分离的生物活性成分)以及富含dLGG的半乳糖脂溶份GDE及MBE在肝损伤上的疗效。
与此同时,使用一自市面购得的保肝药水飞蓟素(silymarin,SM)作为对照组。小鼠在注射LPS/D-GalN一小时之后,以腹腔注射(i.p.)方式施予载剂控制组0.5%DMSO、dLGG(10mg/kg)及SM(50mg/kg)。收集不同组别的小鼠血清以测量天门冬酸转胺脢(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)以及丙胺酸转胺脢(alanine aminotransferase,ALT),两种肝损伤或功能异常的临床指标的活性。
如图4与图5所示,是显示自富含半乳糖脂溶份GDE、MBE以及纯化合物dLGG的活性的评估结果。图4A显示GDE、MBE与保肝药SM可有效降低LPS/D-GalN–刺激小鼠所增加两倍的血清中ALT含量。
如图4B所示,以H&E染色进行的组织病理学检验的呈现结果,可观察到因LPS/D-GalN–刺激小鼠中有发炎细胞进入肝小叶的浸润、组织破坏及肝组织中的红血球内流(erythrocyte influx)等现象,在处理组中显著地减少。
如图5A所示,在诱发猛爆性肝炎后,以dLGG处哩,可如同保肝药SM的效果,可明显抑制(~2.4倍)小鼠体内因LPS/D-GalN所诱发的血清中AST、ALT的增加量。此外,如图5B所示,LPS/D-GalN刺激小鼠后的肝脏,相较于载剂控制组,呈现发炎细胞进入肝小叶的浸润、组织破坏及肝组织中的红血球内流(erythrocyte influx)等现象,该些现象是通过由dLGG及SM两种治疗方式而减缓。而且,dLGG治疗亦显著降低经LPS/D-GalN造成小鼠肝组织中雕亡细胞(TUNEL阳性染色的细胞)的数量。
除此之外,在小鼠预处理dLGG(1或10mg/kg)1h后,再施于LPS/D-GalN诱导肝病变,dLGG的保护效果一样显著(数据未呈现)。这些结果证实dLGG对以LPS/D-GalN诱发小鼠的急性猛爆性肝炎具有治疗以及预防的效果。
3.富含半乳糖脂的昭和草萃取物与dLGG对LPS诱发小鼠之发炎现象以及败血症的预防以及治疗效果
急性发炎会造成包括败血症的严重全身性反应,败血症为一种会造成快速器官衰竭并死亡的复杂适应症。急性肾损伤(Acute kidney injury,AKI)为一种常见的威胁生命的疾病,过去三十年来约有45%的致死率,而在约半数严重AKI患者中是因败血症所造成。(Uchino et al.,2005;Yasuda et al.,2006)
内毒素为一种葛兰氏阴性细菌的外膜成份,可诱发一连串的发炎级联反应并参与败血症的病理机制。由LPS输液/注射建构的发炎模式已广泛应用于败血症研究(Doi et al.,2009)。在本发明的实施例中,使用LPS在C57BL/6J小鼠中诱发急性发炎及败血性休克,并通过由肝脏、肾脏及肺脏的病理生理比较、测定发炎性细胞激素(IL-6及TNF-α)和ALT及AST(为肝损伤及肝毒性的指标)在血清之含量,并比较处理组别间参与诱发缺氧以及产生发炎性脂质介质的蛋白质:缺氧诱发因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)及脂小体增生活化受体δ(peroxisome-proliferator activating receptorδ,PPAR-δ)的表达程度,来观察并评估dLGG(5及25mg/kg体重)及CR-EA(10及50mg/kg体重)萃取物的治疗及预防效果。
在施予LPS一小时之前,先对控制组施予0.5%DMSO、正控制组施予10mg/kg辛维司汀以及dLGG和CR-EA。临床药物辛维司汀为一种HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂,临床上对于心血管、脑血管以及急性和慢性肾疾病有效(Epstein et al.,2005;Nissen et al.,2005;Almog,et al.,2004)。史塔丁类药物疗法(Statin therapy,Statin为HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂药物类别,辛维司汀为该类药物的一种)亦对预防人类和动物的败血症和败血症诱发的急性肾损伤有效(Yasuda et al.,2006)。此外,一组小鼠是在无LPS刺激下,仅投予dLGG(25mg/kg)。在LPS处理24h后牺牲所有小鼠。收集小鼠血清,测量和比较IL-6及TNF-α的浓度以及AST及ALT的含量。
图6(A及B)和图7(A及B)显示,分别以高剂量CR-EA和dLGG处理,再以LPS刺激的小鼠群组中,其血清中促发炎细胞激素之含量显著降低,其中:IL-6经CR-EA和dLGG治疗分别显著降低2.6及3.5倍;TNF-α分别降低2.0和3.0倍;ALT分别降低1.75和2.3倍;AST分别降低1.3和1.8倍。
如图7C所示,由在不同处理群组间的H&E染色所进行的组织学比较显示:LPS刺激是诱发小鼠肝脏中发炎细胞或红血球的浸润现象。图8A显示,CR-EA和dLGG前处理预防败血症诱发的急性肾损伤的效果。以H&E染色结果,观察到有肾皮质损伤、肾小管细胞的空泡性退化和巨噬细胞浸润的现象。已有报导指出辛维司汀对小鼠使用盲肠连结与刺孔手术之败血症诱发的急性肾损伤及死亡有改善的效果(Yasuda et al.,2006)。在本发明的实施例中,图5A,可观察到辛维司汀可预防对小鼠使用LPS而导致的败血症诱发肾损伤,而CR-EA或dLGG处理组中,观察到相同显著的预防效果。这些效果可在与载剂控制组小鼠只有相似的肾脏组织染色结果而获得结论。F4/80免疫组织染色结果显示:相对于载剂控制组,以CR-EA或dLGG处理会显著减少LPS造成的肾脏(图8C)中巨噬细胞活化与浸润的现象。正控制组(Simva10)与CR-EA或dLGG处理组相比,亦显示出相似结果。此外,LPS刺激后,再以25mg/kg剂量的dLGG进行后治疗亦可有效降低由LPS所造成的小鼠肝脏、肺脏以及肾脏损伤(数据未示)。
图9进一步证实,以CR-EA及dLGG预处理会负调控两种主要参与发炎媒介物形成以及诱发缺氧现象的蛋白质,PPAR-δ以及HIF-1α的表达。这些结果暗示:CR-EA及dLGG可减缓因氧气消耗和缺氧环境造成的器官损伤,以及可能会调节发炎性脂质媒介物维持在一恒定状态。
图6至图9显示,单独仅以dLGG处理小鼠,血清中IL-6、TNF-α、AST以及ALT的含量、器官组织(如:肝脏以及肾脏)的病理评估、和数种蛋白质指标的表达量与载剂处理小鼠相比所呈现的结果皆相似,在肺脏分析的结果与现象亦相同(结果未示)。这些结果表示dLGG对小鼠不会造成任何伤害。
总结来说,这些结果表示昭和草萃取物和dLGG有潜力作为针对LPS诱发败血症的预防性或治疗性药剂。
4.以dLGG及CR-EA萃取物进行B16细胞的去色素作用
皮肤为身体最大的器官,总是处在内部和外部因子的影响下。皮肤藉由经常性或内生性色素形成型态(constitutive pigmentation pattern)因应那些刺激反应。黑色素,为一种色素,负责肤色并预防皮肤因环境(如:UV)或其他因子(药物或化学物)诱发皮肤色素沉着或受到损伤。黑色素是于黑色素细胞中通过黑色素生成反应(melanogenesis)而生成(Costin and Hearing,2007)。酵素酪胺酸酶对哺乳动物产生黑色素而言是必要的(Hearing and Tsukamoto,1991)。小眼症相关转录因子(Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor,MITF)参与黑色素细胞分化、色素沉着、增生及存活的调控,亦为转录出黑色素生成酵素或蛋白质基因(例如:酪胺酸酶、酪胺酸酶相关蛋白1及蛋白2)的主要转录调控因子(Yasumoto et al.,1997;Hasegawa et al.,2010)。
使用一种含高量色素的B16黑色素瘤细胞作为研究化合物去色素效果的实验模式始至70年代(Bang et al.,2013;Wrathall et al.,1973)。于本发明的实施例中,是使用昭和草的全沸水粗萃取物(CR-W-EA)或全乙醇粗萃取物(CR-Et-EA)的EA溶份处理后,直接观察其对B16细胞的去色素能力。分别使用KA及DMSO作为正控制组以及载剂控制组。
图10(A)显示CR-Et-EA相较于载剂控制组,对于B16黑色素瘤细胞的去色素作用具有剂量依存(dose-dependent)的效果。进一步评估自CR-Et-EA纯化的单一化合物dLGG在不同时点的去色素效果。图10(B)显示dLGG(45μM)与载剂控制组相较,以一时间依存方式(time-dependent manner)呈现对于B16黑色素瘤细胞具有显著的去色素活性。
进一步研究dLGG的去色素效果的分子作用机制。进行西方墨点法以检验dLGG对酪胺酸酶与MITF表达的效果。如图10(C)所示,dLGG确实能抑制黑色素生成相关蛋白质,MITF与酪胺酸酶的表达。该等数据表明dLGG抑制MITF与酪胺酸酶表达,以阻止B16黑色素瘤细胞中黑色素生成作用,证实dLGG可作为新一代的皮肤美白剂。
所属领域之技术人员当可了解,在不违背本发明精神下,依据本案实施例所能进行的各种变化。因此,显见所列的实施例并非用以限制本发明,而是企图在所附申请专利范围的定义下,涵盖于本发明的精神与范畴中所做的修改。
Claims (21)
1.一种富含半乳糖脂的植物萃取物,该植物萃取物是将一植物样品以水或一低级醇类萃取,再以一低级酯类分配萃取以得一低级酯类萃取物,并进一步以一醇类冲提液冲提该低级酯类萃取物,以得一富含半乳糖脂的溶份,其中该植物样品是选自由:白凤菜、大苞水竹叶以及昭和草所组成群组,且醇类冲提液中醇类占该冲提液的体积百分比为5%~20%。
2.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述低级醇类为甲醇或乙醇。
3.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述低级酯类为乙酸乙酯。
4.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,其是包含一如图1所示的白凤菜化学指纹图谱。
5.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,其是包含一如图2所示的大苞水竹叶化学指纹图谱。
6.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述醇类冲提液包含:二氯甲烷和甲醇、甲醇和水、甲醇和乙氰或甲醇和丙酮。
7.如权利要求6所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,该甲醇冲提液中二氯甲烷和甲醇的比例为9:1。
8.如权利要求7所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,该甲醇冲提液是用于冲提自白凤菜而得的一低级酯类萃取物。
9.如权利要求6所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,该甲醇冲提液中二氯甲烷和甲醇的比例为12:1。
10.如权利要求9所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,该甲醇冲提液是用于冲提自大苞水竹叶而得的一低级酯类萃取物。
11.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述富含半乳糖脂的溶份是进一步以一逆向高效液相层析法(Reversed phase HPLC)加以纯化,以得一生物活性溶份。
12.如权利要求11所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述生物活性溶份是包含如图3所示的一昭和草高效液相层析图谱。
13.如权利要求11所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述富含半乳糖脂的溶份是以一醇类冲提液冲提,以得该生物活性溶份,其中该醇类冲提液中醇类占该冲提液的体积百分比为100%~70%。
14.如权利要求1所述的植物萃取物,其特征在于,所述富含半乳糖脂的溶份为一富含1,2-二-O-α-次亚麻油酰基-3-O-β-半乳糖吡喃糖基-sn-甘油(1,2,di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol,dLGG)的溶份。
15.一种用于预防或治疗猛爆性肝炎的医药、保健或营养添加用的组合物,包含:
预防或治疗上有效量的一生物活性成分,其是为如权利要求1至14任一项所述的植物萃取物或其纯化物;以及
一医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂。
16.如权利要求15所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述纯化物为dLGG。
17.一种用于预防或治疗败血症及其相关适应症的医药、保健或营养添加用的组合物,包含:
预防或治疗上有效量的一生物活性成分,其为如权利要求1至14任一项所述的植物萃取物或其纯化物;以及
一医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂。
18.如权利要求17所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述纯化物为dLGG。
19.如权利要求17所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述相关适应症是指败血症诱发的急性肾损伤。
20.一种用于美白的组合物,包含:
有效量的一生物活性成分,其是为如权利要求1至14任一项所述的植物萃取物或其纯化物;以及
一医药、保健或食品上可接受的载剂。
21.如权利要求20所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述纯化物为dLGG。
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TW202306496A (zh) * | 2021-04-14 | 2023-02-16 | 中央研究院 | 植物補充劑及其用於預防動物疾病、促進動物生長和存活的方法 |
JP2023178958A (ja) * | 2022-06-06 | 2023-12-18 | 緑茵生技股▲ふん▼有限公司 | ベニバナボロギク抽出物の皮膚状態改善に使用する用途 |
CN117736878B (zh) * | 2023-10-19 | 2024-05-14 | 南京林业大学 | 一种白腐菌菌种及其在降解林木废弃物中的应用 |
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CN108778302A (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2018-11-09 | 财团法人生物技术开发中心 | 制备昭和草提取物的方法,由此制备的提取物以及所述提取物的用途 |
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CN108778302B (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2021-10-15 | 台湾生物技术开发中心 | 制备昭和草提取物的方法,由此制备的提取物以及所述提取物的用途 |
CN111770692A (zh) * | 2018-01-23 | 2020-10-13 | 中央研究院 | 昭和草萃取物用于治疗乳癌的用途 |
CN108938515A (zh) * | 2018-07-04 | 2018-12-07 | 广西香蕉谷科技有限公司 | 一种香蕉面膜制备方法及由该方法制得的香蕉面膜 |
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EP2810651A1 (en) | 2014-12-10 |
US20140356301A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
CN104208114B (zh) | 2018-09-28 |
EP2810651B1 (en) | 2019-09-11 |
TW201446254A (zh) | 2014-12-16 |
JP6033255B2 (ja) | 2016-11-30 |
TWI558403B (zh) | 2016-11-21 |
JP2014234388A (ja) | 2014-12-15 |
ES2759878T3 (es) | 2020-05-12 |
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