CN104187217A - 一种含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子 - Google Patents
一种含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子,包含饺皮、包裹在饺皮内部的饺馅。所述饺皮是由重量百分含量65~85%的面粉、7~15%的虾蛄酶解蛋白粉、2~7%的抗坏血酸钙、1~3%的果胶和5~10%的兰香草粉混匀后加水和成面团再擀皮得到的。使其弹性和口感好,韧性大,耐水煮,筋度高,制成饺子能长期保藏与冷库中不发生开裂。且水煮后表面光滑,不混汤,食用筋爽,鲜美可口,风味独特,营养元素更丰富,保健养生作用更凸现,更有利于人体的消化和吸收,保质期长。经常食用可消除氧自由基,增强人体免疫能力,养胃健脾,温补气血,达到强身健体、延年益寿的保健作用。且废料综合利用,蕴含着巨大的社会、生态、环境和经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食品生物技术领域,具体地说涉及一种含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子。
背景技术
饺子又称水饺,在中国已有一千八百多年的历史,是中餐里最具代表性的一种食品。现代速冻技术的进步也带动了速冻饺子的蓬勃发展。但在实际生产中,速冻饺子往往出现抗冻裂能力弱,长时间冷藏保存后,饺皮糊化度降低,水分、直链淀粉以及蛋白含量均呈现下降趋势,面筋蛋白显微网络结构弱化,产生脱粉、老化、开裂等现象。同时,现有饺子都是采用面粉调制成饺皮再包裹饺馅,为了改善饺子的营养、口感风味多元化,其主要通过改良饺馅来实现的,却忽视了饺皮几乎都是以面粉调制,不仅韧性差、吸水性较强、煮熟后如果不及时食用就会因为吸水粘成一团。而且营养元素相对较少,又不具有保健养生作用,远远不能满足人们日益提高的生活需求。因此,人们迫切需要一种新的技术方案来解决上述问题。
虾蛄俗称虾爬子、螳螂虾、口虾蛄等,浙江沿海一带俗称赖尿虾、虾拔弹、虾钩弹,隶属节肢动物门,甲壳纲,口足目,蛄虾科,多年生海产经济甲壳类。喜栖于浅潮和深海泥沙或礁石裂缝内,分布范围极广,从俄罗斯的大彼得海湾到日本及中国沿海、菲律宾、马来半岛、夏威夷群岛均有分布,以中国的黄海、渤海、海南和东海品种最多。虾蛄肉质细嫩鲜美,个体大,分为头胸部与腹部两部分,共具20个体节,头部5节,胸部8节,腹部7节,头部与胸部前4节愈合形成头胸部,由头胸甲覆盖其上,胸部后4节露出头胸甲之外,头胸甲的前端着生有2对触角、1对大颚、2对小颚及带柄的复眼,腹部略平扁,由6腹节与扁平的1尾节组成,肛门开口于尾节腹面。虾蛄壳多肉少,在加工、食用过程中会产生大量的虾蛄头、虾蛄壳(约占虾蛄体重的65%~75%)。目前仅有少量被用于生产饲料等低值产品,大部分被丢弃,造成了环境污染。事实上,虾蛄头、虾蛄壳如能合理利用,其价值并不在其肉之下,除了含有蛋白质、甲壳素、虾青素、钙、锌、镁和磷等矿物质外,虾蛄头还含有丰富的脑磷脂、脂肪、胡萝卜素及人体必需的各种氨基酸等[张强,“虾蛄头脂肪酸分析”《营养学报》1998年第1期]。其生物学活性和药理作用已被大量研究结果证实,具有提高机体免疫力、抗氧化、抗菌、抗衰老、抗肿瘤、改善大脑机能、提高记忆力,降压、降脂保肝以及预防心脑血管疾病等功效,且对人体安全性极高。因此,近年来国内外学者都致力于寻求对虾蛄头、虾蛄壳深加工技术,主要集中在“从虾蛄壳制备甲壳素和壳聚糖的研究”[杨丹等,《食品科学》2006年12期]以及虾蛄头加工成虾蛄油、虾蛄头粉、虾蛄头酱、复合饲料、提取蛋白质等方面[郭文场等,“中国沿海虾蛄的养殖与综合利用”《特种经济动植物》2011年第11期]。但直接加工成虾蛄头粉,营养价值低,只能作为普通或低档饲料;如果通过酶解法提取虾蛄头中蛋白质,在水解过程往往会产生较重的苦腥味,风味差,无法作为食品基料。经检索,迄今尚未发现将虾蛄头、虾蛄壳进行生物技术处理并用于制作饺子来改善其营养、质构、感官特性的文献公开发表过,也未见相关产品上市。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对目前虾蛄头、虾蛄壳开发利用存在的不足,给出工艺,提供一种含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子,既解决了虾蛄酶解蛋白液苦腥味重,风味差,无法作为食品基料的问题,又使饺子筋道、韧性十足、抗冻裂能力更强、口感风味更佳、营养元素更丰富、保健养生作用更凸现,以满足人们日益提高的生活需求。
为了实现本发明的目的,本发明采用的一个技术方案在于提供一种含虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子,包含饺皮、包裹在饺皮内部的饺馅,所述饺皮是由重量百分含量65~85%的面粉、7~15%的虾蛄酶解蛋白粉、2~7%的抗坏血酸钙、1~3%的果胶和5~10%的兰香草粉混匀后加水和成面团再擀皮得到的;
所述虾蛄酶解蛋白粉采用以下方法制备:采集新鲜虾蛄头,清洗,倒入浸提罐中,加入虾蛄头重量2~5倍的水,煮沸10~20分钟,过滤,收集滤渣并胶磨,边磨边加入滤渣重量3~6倍的水,pH调至7.5~9,加入滤渣重量0.2~1.1%的胰蛋白酶,在40~75℃条件下酶解2~5小时,再加热至90~100℃灭酶15分钟,离心,取上清液,加入上清液重量3~7%的蔓菁多糖、0.1~0.3%的柠檬酸和0.3~0.6%的甘氨酸脱苦脱腥,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到虾蛄酶解蛋白粉;
所述抗坏血酸钙采用以下方法制备:采集新鲜虾蛄壳,清洗,干燥,加入虾蛄壳重量1.5%的液氮混匀,粉碎成15~25目壳粉倒入浸提罐中,并加入壳粉重量2~5倍浓度为3~7wt%的NaOH溶液,45~55℃条件下搅拌3~5小时,过滤,收集滤渣,水洗至中性,沥干,加入滤渣重量1.5~3倍的抗坏血酸溶液(抗坏血酸溶液中抗坏血酸和水的重量比为1∶1),30~35℃条件下搅拌2~5小时,趁热过滤,滤液浓缩至1/2时,冷却后加入浓缩液3倍体积的浓度为90~95wt%的乙醇,静置析出结晶,脱去乙醇,收集结晶,干燥,得抗坏血酸钙;
所述果胶采用以下方法制备:按以下重量比采集原料,灯笼果∶火棘果=25~80∶20~75,对各原料去杂,洗净,混合,粉碎成20~30目筛碎片倒入浸提罐中,加入碎片重量3倍的水搅拌均匀,加入盐酸调节pH值至1.5~3,再加热至75~90℃水解2小时,过滤,滤液中加入滤液重量0.3~0.7%的活性炭脱色,将脱色后的液体真空浓缩至原体积的2/3,在浓缩液中加入等体积的无水乙醇进行醇析,滤出析出物再用浓度为35~85wt%的乙醇洗涤2次,脱去乙醇,干燥即得果胶;
所述兰香草粉采用以下方法制备:采集新鲜状态的兰香草,去杂,清洗,粉碎成30~50目粗粉送入打浆机中,并加入粗粉重量2~9倍的水,打浆,压榨,得压榨液和压榨渣,压榨渣用65℃热水浸提1~3小时,过滤,得压榨汁,压榨汁与压榨液合并,滤液过D101大孔吸附树脂柱,先用水,后用浓度为35~75wt%的乙醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到香草粉。
上述虾蛄酶解蛋白粉的制备方法中,虾蛄酶解蛋白粉脱苦脱腥作用机理是,蔓菁多糖作为抑制腥味产生的抗氧化剂,能有效清除酶解蛋白液中的自由基、阻止或者延缓不饱和脂肪酸的氧化;甘氨酸具有抗氧化和防腐性的特性,其与蔓菁多糖之间具有很好的协同作用,更好地发挥调味、改善口味的作用,则能优化脱去苦腥味效果;柠檬酸为风味调节添加剂,使得酶解液呈现柠檬的香气,增加香味,提高口感;其反应条件温和,对酶解液的营养和活性成分进行最大限度的保护。在此基础上再与兰香草的营养成分和活性物质配伍,功能互补、协同增效,在保证蛋白质损失最小的情况下使苦腥味基本脱除,并具有提味增鲜效果。
通过上述方法制备得到的虾蛄酶解蛋白粉,是一种小分子多肽、氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、多种维生素和微量元素的混合物。其分子量小,生物活性高,在人体内几乎全部被直接吸收利用。在调节胃肠道运动、改善生理机能、调节免疫系统、改善大脑机能、延缓衰老、降血脂、降血压、抗菌、抗氧化、抗疲劳、抗病毒、抗癌、清除自由基和促进矿物元素吸收提高生物利用率等方面发挥着重要作用。
通过上述方法制备得到的抗坏血酸钙,具有抗坏血酸和钙双重生理功能的化合物。已被现代科学确认,抗坏血酸钙既可以促进钙的吸收,增加钙的吸收率,治疗骨质疏松、关节炎、胃病、肺炎、肝癌和高血压等疾病;又可作为食品的抗氧化剂和防腐剂,阻止食品中亚硝基胺等致癌物的形成,防止食品腐烂变质。在本发明中,还起到饺子粉蛋白质中的-SH基团氧化成为双硫键-S-S-结构的作用,使蛋白结构中的支链结构转成网状结构,改善面团的流变学特性,饺皮组织更加细腻,体积增大,从而获得良好的内聚性、弹性、韧性和筋度,除耐水煮,不易破裂外,吃起来也就筋道。
上述原料中的灯笼果,别名醋栗等,营养丰富,含有多糖、有机酸、果胶、维生素C、维生素B1、维生素B2和铁、磷、钾、钙、锌等微量元素,同时生物黄酮的含量很高,具有软化血管、降低血脂和血压、补钙和增强人体免疫力、抗癌等作用。
上述原料中的火棘果,又名火把果等,是一种药食两用、储量丰富的野生植物资源,富含蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、淀粉、多糖、果胶、纤维素、胡罗卜素、维生素B、维生素C、维生素E、芦丁、槲皮素、磷脂、黄酮、谷甾醇、花青素、原花青、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、绿原酸和硒、磷、钾、钙等微量元素,具有增强人体免疫力、抗氧化、抗癌、降血脂、延缓衰老、改善动脉硬化和促进消化等功效。
灯笼果、火棘果作为功能性果胶的开发在国内外已经作了较多的研究。但本发明的发明人惊奇地发现,将灯笼果、火棘果复合制成果胶与虾蛄酶解蛋白粉、抗坏血酸钙复合后经分子间相互作用,均有很好的相溶性和配伍性,除了使饺皮具有良好的营养保健功能之外,呈现极显著的协效增粘性、凝胶性和成膜性,具有独特的结缔纤维网络结构,有很强的粘结络合力,使面团黏结络合力增强,面筋网络更细致而有弹性,提高饺皮的稳定性、延伸性、韧性和机械加工性能,制成饺子弹性好,长时间水煮不破裂、不混汤,食用筋爽,煮后放置10小时而不粘成一团。同时,还赋予饺子在冷藏储存时具有良好的保水性和冻融稳定性,从而避免饺子冷冻后因表面失水而脱粉、老化、开裂等现象。
上述原料中的兰香草是马鞭草科莸属的一种重要的药用植物,分布于浙江、安徽、江苏及南方各省区。全草含黄酮甙、生物碱、酚类、甾体、氨基酸、有机酸、鞣质及挥发油成分。其挥发性油主要成分有芳樟醇、紫苏醇、香芹酮、荠烯、4-甲基-6-庚烯-3-酮、草烯、马鞭草烯酮、左旋松香芹酮、2-壬烯-4-炔等[孙凌峰等,“兰香草挥发油化学成分的研究”《香料香精化妆品》2004年06期]。具有很强的香味,可疏风解表、祛痰止咳、散瘀止痛,对金黄色葡萄球菌、伤寒杆菌、芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌均有抑制作用。
本发明的发明人已经出人意料地发现,兰香草与虾蛄酶解蛋白粉、抗坏血酸钙按本发明的配方比例配伍,功效互补,在增加饺子营养保健功能的同时使抗氧化、抑菌、分解和吸附具有协同增效作用,对去腥增香、抗菌、防腐表现出相加的作用效果,既有效脱去虾蛄酶解蛋白粉中的苦腥味,使其具有天然香味,更具有独特的风味和增鲜效果,又抑制了微生物的繁殖,防止饺子腐败变质,延长保质期。
本发明通过多种途径的加工手段从虾蛄头、虾蛄壳提取虾蛄酶解蛋白粉、抗坏血酸钙,脱去苦腥味,使其既可作为人们生活的基本食品又具有对人体很好的营养保健作用,实现对废料的综合利用,进一步提高虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的附加值,蕴含着巨大的社会、生态、环境和经济效益。
本发明将虾蛄头、虾蛄壳、兰香草、火棘果、灯笼果等原料通过处理后,与蔓菁多糖、柠檬酸和甘氨酸配伍添加至面粉中所加工出来的饺皮,各成分发挥作用相得益彰,协同增效,使其弹性和口感好,韧性大,耐水煮,筋度高,制成饺子能长期保藏与冷库中不发生开裂。且水煮后表面光滑,不混汤,鲜美可口,风味独特,营养元素更丰富,保健养生作用更凸现,更有利于人体的消化和吸收,保质期长。经常食用可消除氧自由基,增强人体免疫能力,养胃健脾,温补气血,达到强身健体、延年益寿的保健作用。对防治高血脂、心脑血管病、糖尿病、关节疾病、消化道疾病、增加骨密度、改善骨结构、排毒抗癌、缓解骨质疏松等都有重要作用。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。但这些实施例仅限于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例一
1.原料准备:
①制备虾蛄酶解蛋白粉:采集新鲜虾蛄头,清洗,倒入浸提罐中,加入虾蛄头重量3倍的水,煮沸10分钟,过滤,收集滤渣并胶磨,边磨边加入滤渣重量5倍的水,pH调至8.5,加入滤渣重量0.6%的胰蛋白酶,在60℃条件下酶解5小时,再加热至95℃灭酶15分钟,离心,取上清液,加入上清液重量5%的蔓菁多糖、0.15%的柠檬酸和0.5%的甘氨酸脱苦脱腥,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到虾蛄酶解蛋白粉;
②制备抗坏血酸钙:采集新鲜虾蛄壳,清洗,干燥,加入虾蛄壳重量1.5%的液氮混匀,粉碎成15目壳粉倒入浸提罐中,并加入壳粉重量3倍浓度为5wt%的NaOH溶液,45℃条件下搅拌3小时,过滤,收集滤渣,水洗至中性,沥干,加入滤渣重量2倍的抗坏血酸溶液(抗坏血酸溶液中抗坏血酸和水的重量比为1∶1),35℃条件下搅拌2小时,趁热过滤,滤液浓缩至1/2时,冷却后加入浓缩液3倍体积的浓度为95wt%的乙醇,静置析出结晶,脱去乙醇,收集结晶,干燥,得抗坏血酸钙;
③制备果胶:取灯笼果55份、火棘果45份,分别去杂,洗净,将二者混合,粉碎成25目筛碎片倒入浸提罐中,加入碎片重量3倍的水搅拌均匀,加入盐酸调节pH值至2.5,再加热至85℃水解2小时,过滤,滤液中加入滤液重量0.3%的活性炭脱色,将脱色后的液体真空浓缩至原体积的2/3,在浓缩液中加入等体积的无水乙醇进行醇析,滤出析出物再用浓度为35wt%的乙醇洗涤2次,脱去乙醇,干燥即得果胶;
④制备兰香草粉:采集新鲜状态的兰香草,去杂,清洗,粉碎成35目粗粉送入打浆机中,并加入粗粉重量7倍的水,打浆,压榨,得压榨液和压榨渣,压榨渣用65℃热水浸提2小时,过滤,得压榨汁,压榨汁与压榨液合并,滤液过D101大孔吸附树脂柱,先用水,后用浓度为45wt%的乙醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到香草粉。
2.制作饺子:
称取面粉75kg、虾蛄酶解蛋白粉11kg、抗坏血酸钙5kg、果胶2kg、兰香草粉7kg混匀,放入和面机,加水和成面团再擀皮,得到饺皮料,其后续加工步骤按普通饺子的加工方法操,即制成含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子。
实施例二
1.原料准备:
①制备虾蛄酶解蛋白粉:采集新鲜虾蛄头,清洗,倒入浸提罐中,加入虾蛄头重量5倍的水,煮沸15分钟,过滤,收集滤渣并胶磨,边磨边加入滤渣重量3倍的水,pH调至7.5,加入滤渣重量0.9%的胰蛋白酶,在75℃条件下酶解3小时,再加热至100℃灭酶15分钟,离心,取上清液,加入上清液重量4%的蔓菁多糖、0.1%的柠檬酸和0.35%的甘氨酸脱苦脱腥,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到虾蛄酶解蛋白粉;
②制备抗坏血酸钙:采集新鲜虾蛄壳,清洗,干燥,加入虾蛄壳重量1.5%的液氮混匀,粉碎成20目壳粉倒入浸提罐中,并加入壳粉重量5倍浓度为3wt%的NaOH溶液,50℃条件下搅拌5小时,过滤,收集滤渣,水洗至中性,沥干,加入滤渣重量1.5倍的抗坏血酸溶液(抗坏血酸溶液中抗坏血酸和水的重量比为1∶1),30℃条件下搅拌5小时,趁热过滤,滤液浓缩至1/2时,冷却后加入浓缩液3倍体积的浓度为90wt%的乙醇,静置析出结晶,脱去乙醇,收集结晶,干燥,得抗坏血酸钙;
③制备果胶:取灯笼果70份、火棘果30份,分别去杂,洗净,将二者混合,粉碎成20目筛碎片倒入浸提罐中,加入碎片重量3倍的水搅拌均匀,加入盐酸调节pH值至1.5,再加热至90℃水解2小时,过滤,滤液中加入滤液重量0.5%的活性炭脱色,将脱色后的液体真空浓缩至原体积的2/3,在浓缩液中加入等体积的无水乙醇进行醇析,滤出析出物再用浓度为50wt%的乙醇洗涤2次,脱去乙醇,干燥即得果胶;
④制备兰香草粉:采集新鲜状态的兰香草,去杂,清洗,粉碎成45目粗粉送入打浆机中,并加入粗粉重量5倍的水,打浆,压榨,得压榨液和压榨渣,压榨渣用65℃热水浸提3小时,过滤,得压榨汁,压榨汁与压榨液合并,滤液过D101大孔吸附树脂柱,先用水,后用浓度为35wt%的乙醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到香草粉。
2.制作饺子:
称取面粉70kg、虾蛄酶解蛋白粉13kg、抗坏血酸钙5kg、果胶3kg、兰香草粉9kg混匀,放入和面机,加水和成面团再擀皮,得到饺皮料,其后续加工步骤按普通饺子的加工方法操,即制成含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子。
Claims (1)
1.一种含有虾蛄头、虾蛄壳的保健饺子,包含饺皮、包裹在饺皮内部的饺馅,其特征在于,所述饺皮是由重量百分含量65~85%的面粉、7~15%的虾蛄酶解蛋白粉、2~7%的抗坏血酸钙、1~3%的果胶和5~10%的兰香草粉混匀后加水和成面团再擀皮得到的;
所述虾蛄酶解蛋白粉采用以下方法制备:采集新鲜虾蛄头,清洗,倒入浸提罐中,加入虾蛄头重量2~5倍的水,煮沸10~20分钟,过滤,收集滤渣并胶磨,边磨边加入滤渣重量3~6倍的水,pH调至7.5~9,加入滤渣重量0.2~1.1%的胰蛋白酶,在40~75℃条件下酶解2~5小时,再加热至90~100℃灭酶15分钟,离心,取上清液,加入上清液重量3~7%的蔓菁多糖、0.1~0.3%的柠檬酸和0.3~0.6%的甘氨酸脱苦脱腥,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到虾蛄酶解蛋白粉;
所述抗坏血酸钙采用以下方法制备:采集新鲜虾蛄壳,清洗,干燥,加入虾蛄壳重量1.5%的液氮混匀,粉碎成15~25目壳粉倒入浸提罐中,并加入壳粉重量2~5倍浓度为3~7wt%的NaOH溶液,45~55℃条件下搅拌3~5小时,过滤,收集滤渣,水洗至中性,沥干,加入滤渣重量1.5~3倍的抗坏血酸溶液(抗坏血酸溶液中抗坏血酸和水的重量比为1∶1),30~35℃条件下搅拌2~5小时,趁热过滤,滤液浓缩至1/2时,冷却后加入浓缩液3倍体积的浓度为90~95wt%的乙醇,静置析出结晶,脱去乙醇,收集结晶,干燥,得抗坏血酸钙;
所述果胶采用以下方法制备:按以下重量比采集原料,灯笼果∶火棘果=25~80∶20~75,对各原料去杂,洗净,混合,粉碎成20~30目筛碎片倒入浸提罐中,加入碎片重量3倍的水搅拌均匀,加入盐酸调节pH值至1.5~3,再加热至75~90℃水解2小时,过滤,滤液中加入滤液重量0.3~0.7%的活性炭脱色,将脱色后的液体真空浓缩至原体积的2/3,在浓缩液中加入等体积的无水乙醇进行醇析,滤出析出物再用浓度为35~85wt%的乙醇洗涤2次,脱去乙醇,干燥即得果胶;
所述兰香草粉采用以下方法制备:采集新鲜状态的兰香草,去杂,清洗,粉碎成30~50目粗粉送入打浆机中,并加入粗粉重量2~9倍的水,打浆,压榨,得压榨液和压榨渣,压榨渣用65℃热水浸提1~3小时,过滤,得压榨汁,压榨汁与压榨液合并,滤液过D101大孔吸附树脂柱,先用水,后用浓度为35~75wt%的乙醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,减压浓缩,喷雾干燥,得到香草粉。
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