CN104114595A - 用于光伏背板的辐射可固化的粘合剂组合物 - Google Patents
用于光伏背板的辐射可固化的粘合剂组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104114595A CN104114595A CN201380009311.8A CN201380009311A CN104114595A CN 104114595 A CN104114595 A CN 104114595A CN 201380009311 A CN201380009311 A CN 201380009311A CN 104114595 A CN104114595 A CN 104114595A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于将高热形变温度层粘合到UV不透明的、着色的或非着色的氟聚合物膜上的辐射可固化的粘合剂体系。该辐射可固化的粘合剂体系使用一种为了使用长波长UV能量固化而优化的粘合剂组合物。为了通过LED或电子束辐射固化,还可以对该粘合剂体系进行优化。该体系设计为通过一个UV不透明氟聚合物膜来固化–并且尤其是其中二氧化钛用作颜料。一种优选的多层膜结构是一种聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)/可固化的粘合剂/聚酯对苯二甲酸酯(PET)结构。这种膜结构尤其作为一个背板对于光伏模块是有用的。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种用于将高热形变温度层粘合到UV不透明的、着色的或非着色的氟聚合物膜上的辐射可固化的粘合剂体系。该辐射可固化的粘合剂体系使用一种为了使用长波长UV能量固化而优化的粘合剂组合物。为了通过LED或电子束辐射固化,还可以对该粘合剂体系进行优化。该体系设计为通过一个UV不透明氟聚合物膜来固化–并且尤其是其中二氧化钛用作颜料。一种优选的多层膜结构是一种聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)/可固化的粘合剂/聚酯对苯二甲酸酯(PET)结构。这种膜结构尤其作为一个背板对于光伏模块是有用的。
发明背景
光伏(PV)模块典型地由一个透明玻璃或聚合物前板、通过封装保护的太阳能电池、和一个背板组成。这些太阳能电池可以由本领域中用于此用途的已知的材料制成,这些材料包括,但不限于:晶态硅、非晶态硅、镉铟镓硒化物(CIGS)、或镉铟硒化物(CIS)、有机聚合物分子、小有机分子、或其他类似材料。这种背板在该模块的背面上暴露于环境中。该背板的主要功能是对该经封装的电池提供保护使其免受通过与水、氧气、和/或紫外线的反应而诱发的衰退。该背板还为该模块提供了的电绝缘。因为太阳能电池一般封装在乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)中,所以当这些PV部件在一个热成型工艺中被层合在一起时,该背板材料应很好地粘附到EVA上。其他有用的封装剂包括,但不限于,乙基乙酸乙烯酯、聚烯烃、官能聚烯烃、离聚物、有机硅、接枝的聚烯烃-聚酰胺共聚物,以及聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(polyvinyl butryl)。
PV背板典型地是一种多层膜结构,该多层膜结构包含一个高热形变温度层,如一种聚酯,或类似膜层,在外侧上具有一个或多个薄氟聚合物层,在PV模块背对直接太阳辐射的一侧上暴露于环境。总体上,至少一个氟聚合物外层是着色的或UV不透明的,通常含有一种或多种白色颜料。该高热形变温度层典型地在面对模块内部的一侧上具有或者另一个氟聚合物膜,或者一个聚烯烃层。用一种粘合剂将该一个或多个氟聚合物膜粘附到该高热形变温度层上。
该粘合剂典型地是一种两部分共聚酯、氨基甲酸酯、或基于丙烯酸溶剂的粘合剂。这些粘合剂必须不仅对氟聚合物膜和聚酯膜二者提供良好的粘合强度,而且具有高的耐热性和耐化学性,并且必须进一步在环境暴露下是不黄化的。虽然这些粘合剂体系在PV模块构造中是有用的,但是它们具有一些缺陷。具体地而言,这些粘合剂体系在室温下会要求一至两周来完全固化。因此,背板厂家必须将此长的固化时间考虑进他们的生产周期内以便确保足够的固化。此外,这些基于溶剂的粘合剂系统含有挥发性有机化合物,这些化合物必须由背板生产厂家以一种适当的方式进行处理。
已知UV可固化粘合剂以比基于标准两部分溶剂的粘合剂快的多的速度固化,因此,有利的将是找到一种适合的UV可固化粘合剂体系用于生产PV背板。不幸地,已知在着色氟聚合物膜中常用的二氧化钛(TiO2)白色颜料在400nm下吸收100%的光子并且在400nm与500nm之间吸收超过80%的光子。当使用UV引发的自由基聚合作为一种使用分散在涂层或膜中的二氧化钛固化的方法时,这造成了一个主要问题。
出人意料地,已经开发了一种辐射可固化粘合剂体系,该体系可以用于将UV阻挡氟聚合物膜粘附到聚酯膜上。这种粘合剂体系通过或者UV阻挡氟聚合物膜或者高热形变温度层迅速固化并且已经被证实了具有与氟聚合物膜和聚酯膜二者的非常良好的粘合强度。该粘合剂组合物还具有优异的耐热性和耐湿性。这些粘附的多层膜作为背板结构在一种光伏模块中是有用的。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种多层膜结构,按顺序具有:
一个多层结构,按顺序包括:
a)一个高热形变温度层;
b)一个由UV、LED或电子束辐射完全或部分固化的粘合剂组合物层;
c)一个UV不透明氟聚合物膜层;
其中这些层彼此相邻。
本发明进一步涉及一种用于形成该多层膜结构的方法,由以下步骤构成:
a)形成一种辐射可固化的粘合剂组合物,包含:
1)一种粘合剂,包含一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物,和一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体;以及芳香族低聚物,以及
2)一种光引发剂;
b)在一个高热形变温度层与至少一个着色的氟聚合物层之间施用所述粘合剂组合物;
c)使所述高热形变温度层、至少一个着色的氟聚合物层、以及所述粘合剂结合在一起以便形成一种多层结构;
d)使所述涂覆且层压的多层结构暴露于长UV(>400nm)波长辐射以便产生一个固化的粘合剂层,该粘合剂层直接将所述高热形变温度层粘合到所述一个或多个氟聚合物膜上。
发明详细说明
除非另有说明,在此使用的所有百分比是重量百分比,并且除非另有说明,所有的分子量是重量平均分子量。将引用的所有文献通过引用结合在此。
本发明的多层结构由通过一个或多个辐射固化的粘合剂层粘附到一个或多个UV不透明氟聚合物膜层上的一种高热形变温度层形成。
氟聚合物膜
本发明的氟聚合物膜是在该多层结构的最外面的背面上–在该结构的一侧(远离直接太阳暴露)上暴露于环境。氟聚合物膜可以是一个单层,或可以是一个多层结构。在一个多层氟聚合物膜中,最外层含有氟聚合物,尽管内层可以含有或可以不含有氟聚合物。在本发明中有用的氟聚合物包括,但不限于,聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙烯四氟乙烯(ETFE)、乙烯与四氟乙烯以及六氟丙烯的三元共聚物(EFEP)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-氟乙烯的三元共聚物(THV)、以及PVDF与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物和共聚物的共混物。这些氟聚合物可以是功能化的或非功能化的,并且可以是均聚物、或共聚物、和它们的共混物。其他有用的氟聚合物包括,但不限于,乙烯氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE)以及聚氟乙烯(PVF)。
在一个优选的实施例中,该氟聚合物是聚偏乙烯均聚物、共聚物、三元共聚物,或PVDF均聚物或共聚物与一种或多种其他聚合物(与PVDF(共)聚合物是相容的)的共混物。本发明的PVDF共聚物和三聚物是以下这些,其中偏二氟乙烯单元占大于该聚合物中的所有单体单元的总重量的70百分比,并且更优选占大于这些单元的总重量的75百分比。偏二氟乙烯的共聚物、三聚物以及更高的聚合物可以通过使偏二氟乙烯与一种或多种来自下组的单体进行反应而制得,该组由以下各项组成:氟乙烯,三氟乙烯,四氟乙烯,一种或多种部分或完全氟化的α-烯烃,例如3,3,3-三氟-1-丙烯、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯、3,3,3,4,4-五氟-1-丁烯,以及六氟丙烯,部分氟化的烯烃六氟异丁烯,全氟化的乙烯醚,如全氟甲基乙烯醚、全氟乙基乙烯醚、全氟正丙基乙烯醚、以及全氟-2-丙氧基丙基乙烯醚,氟化的间二氧杂环戊烯类,例如全氟(1,3-间二氧杂环戊烯)以及全氟(2,2-二甲基-1,3-间二氧杂环戊烯)、烯丙基的、部分氟化的烯丙基的、或氟化的烯丙基的单体,例如2-羟乙基烯丙基醚、或3-烯丙氧基丙二醇,以及乙烯或丙烯。优选的共聚物或三聚物是与氟乙烯、三氟乙烯、四氟乙烯(TFE)、以及六氟丙烯(HFP)形成的。
尤其优选的共聚物包括VDF,它包含从约71重量百分比至约99重量百分比的VDF、以及相应地从约1百分比至29百分比的HFP百分比VDF、以及相应地从约1至约29百分比的TFE;来自(例如在美国专利号3,178,399中披露的);以及从约71重量百分比至99重量百分比的VDF、以及相应地从约1重量百分比至29重量百分比的三氟乙烯。
尤其优选的热塑性三聚物是VDF、HFP和TFE的三聚物,以及VDF、三氟乙烯和TFE的三聚物。这些尤其优选的三聚物具有至少71重量百分比的VDF,并且其他共聚单体可能以变化的比例存在,但它们一起占该三聚物的高达29重量百分比。在一个优选的实施例中,该氟聚合物是不含有含氟表面活性剂的,意味着没有氟聚合物用于氟聚合物的合成或进一步加工。
这个或这些PVDF层还可以是PVDF聚合物与一种相容的聚合物,如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和含有MMA单体单元与最高达35wt%的C1-4丙烯酸烷基酯共聚单体单元的PMMA共聚物的一种共混物,其中该PVDF构成了大于30重量百分比、并且优选大于40重量百分比。PVDF和PMMA可以被熔融共混以形成一种均匀的共混物。在一个实施例中,至少一个氟聚合物层是60-80重量百分比的PVDF与20-40重量百分比的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的一种共混物,或一种聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物。
优选地,至少一个氟聚合物膜层是UV不透明的。对于“UV不透明的”或“UV阻挡”,如在此所使用的是指该氟聚合物含有多种添加剂,这些添加剂在300–380nm范围内阻挡了至少80%、并且更优选至少90%、甚至更优选至少95%的光子。此高的光子阻挡可以通过改变膜的厚度、一种或多种UV阻挡剂的载量、或二者来进行调节。虽然在300-400nm范围内阻挡光子,但是本发明的氟聚合物膜允许在430–500nm范围内的光子的至少10%、并且优选至少15%通过该膜。当本发明中的固化是使用电子束辐射完成时,对处于任何波长的在氟聚合物膜中阻挡的光子的量值不存在限制。
在一个实施例中,该UV阻挡剂由一种或多种颜料(总体上白色颜料–帮助光反射)组成。基于聚合物,颜料总体上以按重量计从2.0百分比至30百分比、并且优选按重量计从2.0至20百分比的水平存在。有用的颜料包括,但不限于,二氧化钛、氧化锌、纳米-氧化锌、硫酸钡、以及氧化锶。在含有其他UV吸收颜料-如氧化铁、炭黑的其他材料的情况下,本发明也是有用的。这些颜料中的大多数在整个UV光谱范围内不吸收与二氧化钛相同水平的辐射–并且因此可以定制一个光引发剂包(photoinitiatorpackage)和UV辐射源用于通过含有那些颜料的材料最大程度地固化。
在二氧化钛的情况下,二氧化钛可以是金红石型或锐钛矿型,差不多UV范围内的所有的光子都被吸收,一直达到约410nm。因此,对于通过UV不透明层的适当固化要求一种特殊的粘合剂组合物和光子源。
本发明的粘合剂体系还可以施用到含有UV吸收剂或无机纳米颜料的非着色的氟聚合物膜上。有用的UV吸收剂包括,但不限于,受阻胺光稳定剂(HALS)、2-(邻羟基苯基)苯并三唑、镍螯合物、邻羟基二苯甲酮以及水杨酸苯酯。基于UV不透明层中的总的聚合物重量,UV吸收剂是以从0.05至5重量百分比存在。HALS可以是单体的或聚合的。纳米颜料,如纳米-氧化锌和纳米二氧化铈,是处于纳米大小范围内的颜料,从而允许看得见地透明膜(阻挡UV)。
可以对氟聚合物膜表面进行表面处理或化学打底漆以便改善与粘合剂的粘附。例如,可以使用电晕、等离子体、或火焰处理和/或可以将化学处理像基于硅烷、氨基甲酸酯、丙烯酸、胺、或乙烯的底漆施用到该膜上。
除PVDF和一种或多种UV阻挡剂之外,该PVDF膜层组合物可以含有其他添加剂,例如,但不限于,抗冲击改性剂、UV稳定剂、消光剂、增塑剂、填充剂、着色剂、抗氧化剂、抗静电剂、表面活性剂、调色剂、以及分散助剂。
总的氟聚合物层具有从大于1微米至125微米、优选从5至75微米、并且最优选从5至50微米的厚度。
高热形变层
该高热形变层对该多层膜结构提供了结构支持。对于“高热形变层”如在此使用的是指一个在10微米与375微米之间、并且优选在12.5微米与250微米之间、最优选12.5和125微米的薄层,该薄层具有比在涉及该多层膜的下游制造过程中所使用的热形变温度大的热形变温度。优选地,该热形变温度超过任何制造温度至少10℃、并且更优选至少15℃。可以通过DSC或DMA测量热形变温度。对于玻璃态聚合物,形变温度可以是这种材料的Tg。对于结晶聚合物,形变温度可以是在一种合金或接枝共聚物中的最高的Tm。对于通过DMA进行的测试,形变温度可以通过如通过DMA测量出的一个模量来确定。例如,对于一个过程,其中最高的下游制造温度是150℃,该高热形变层的DMA在150℃下可以大于75MPa,如通过DMA储能模量所测得的。
在该高形变温度层中有用的材料的实例包括,但不限于,聚酯、聚酰胺、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、以及聚碳酸酯。有用的聚酰胺包括,但不限于,聚酰胺6(PA6)、PA6,6、PA11、PA12,以及聚酰胺合金–如ORAGOLLOY产品(来自阿科玛公司(Arkema Inc.))。有用的聚酯包括,但不限于,聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)。一个尤其优选的高热形变层是PET。
该高形变温度层可以是处理过的或未处理的。处理可以是化学的–如施用一种底漆和/或一种高能表面预处理,如电晕、等离子体、或火焰处理。例如,可以将化学处理像基于硅烷、氨基甲酸酯、丙烯酸、聚乙烯亚胺、或乙烯丙烯酸共聚物的底漆施用到该基底上。该基底的任一侧上的表面处理或化学底漆可以是相同或不同的,取决于实现与粘合剂的良好粘附所要求的化学过程。
UV可固化粘合剂
使用一种辐射可固化的粘合剂组合物将UV不透明氟聚合物膜粘附到该高热形变温度层上。该粘合剂组合物包括反应性低聚物、官能单体、以及光引发剂(用于与光子辐射源一起使用)。
在一个优选的实施例中,该粘合剂组合物含有一种或多种基于聚酯和聚碳酸酯多元醇的脂肪族氨基甲酸酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯,结合有单和多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体。替代地,该低聚物可以包括单或多官能的具有聚酯和/或环氧骨架的(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物、或芳香族低聚物(单独或与其他低聚物结合)。
非反应性低聚物或聚合物还可以与(甲基)丙烯酸酯官能单体和/或低聚物一起使用。可以通过组合物中的低聚物对单体的选择和浓度调节液体粘合剂组合物的粘度。
在一个优选的实施例中,该粘合剂组合物仅含有低聚物和单体。
本发明中有用的单体包括但不限于:以下醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯:如异辛醇、正辛醇、2-乙基己醇、异癸醇、正癸醇、月桂醇、十三醇、十四醇、鲸蜡醇、十八醇、二十二醇、环己醇、3,3,5-三甲基环己醇、环三羟甲基丙烷缩甲醛(cyclic trimethylolpropane formal)、2-苯氧基乙醇、壬基苯酚、异冰片醇(isobornol),以及以下二醇和多元醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯:如乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3丙二醇、1,3丁二醇、1,4丁二醇、1,6己二醇、3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、三环癸烷二甲醇、新戊二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、三(羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯、季戊四醇、二-三羟甲基丙烷、二季戊四醇,以及这样的醇、二醇和多元醇的烷氧基化的或己内酯(caprolacatone)改性的衍生物,二丙二醇,三丙二醇和更高级的聚丙二醇,二乙二醇、三乙二醇、四乙二醇和更高级的聚乙二醇,混合的乙二醇/丙二醇。双官能的单体如羟基单体如丙烯酸羟基乙酯或羟基己内酯丙烯酸酯也可以用于调节体系粘附性。在某些体系中,β-羧乙基丙烯酸酯,一种羧基官能的丙烯酸酯单体,也是有用的。
基于总的粘合剂组合物,1%-15%范围内的2(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙基丙烯酸脂的使用用一种丙烯酸酯低聚物粘合化学过程增加了具有PVDF膜的层片结构中的剥离强度。此外,B-CEA(β-羧乙基丙烯酸酯)的使用已经示出了对这些层片结构中的剥离强度具有正效应。
在本发明中有用的脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物包括,但不限于,由脂肪族异氰酸酯类如氢化的亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、三甲基六亚甲基二异氰酸酯以及这样的异氰酸酯的脲基甲酸酯和缩二脲与各种聚二醇或多元醇如从二或多羟基化合物和二或多羧酸官能化合物衍生的聚酯多元醇,从聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚-1,3-丙二醇、聚丁二醇或这些的混合物衍生的聚醚二醇,从各种二醇,例如1,3-丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、新戊二醇、甲基戊二醇、1,6-己二醇,1,4-环己二醇,2-乙基己二醇和类似的烷基二醇制备的聚碳酸酯二醇结合制备的、用羟基官能的(甲基)丙烯酸酯封端剂例如羟基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯,羟基丙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯,聚己内酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯在两端或一端封端的那些。
基于聚酯和聚碳酸酯多元醇的脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯是优选的。
脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯总体上具有从500至20,000道尔顿的分子量;更优选在1,000与10,000道尔顿之间并且最优选从1,000至5,000道尔顿。如果低聚物的MW太大,则体系的交联密度是非常低的,从而创造一种具有低抗张力强度的粘合剂。当测试剥离强度时,具有太低的抗张力强度导致多种问题,因为该粘合剂可能过早地失效。
在另一个实施例中,该粘合剂可以是一种UV可固化的阳离子粘合剂。
脂肪族氨基甲酸酯低聚物在该低聚物/单体共混物中的含量应该是按重量计5%至80%、更优选按重量计10%至60%并且最优选按重量计从20%至50%。
固化的粘合剂层在厚度上是在0.5至1.5密耳、优选从0.75至1.25密耳的范围内。更厚的层可能不能用UV源完全固化,尽管对于电子束这不是一种限制。更薄的层可能不提供适当的粘附。
光引发剂
为了使用光子通过一个UV不透明氟聚合物膜,并且尤其通过一个白色着色的(TiO2)膜聚合或固化该粘合剂组合物,要求适当长波长UV或近可见光吸收光引发剂,与一个匹配的辐射源结合。该光引发剂是以下的一种,即该光引发剂吸收光子以产生自由基,这些自由基将引发聚合反应。本发明的有用的光引发剂包括,但不限于双酰基膦氧化物(BAPO)、和三甲基-二苯基-膦氧化物(TPO)、以及其共混物。
基于粘合剂组合物的总量,该光引发剂在该粘合剂组合物中以0.2至2.0重量百分比、优选按重量计从0.5至1.0百分比存在。在一个替代方案中,如果电子束辐射用于固化,则不需要光引发剂。
固化方法
对于通过UV不透明氟聚合物膜的固化,对粘合剂组合物和辐射源进行优化。
对于涉及层压到PET两侧上的PVDF膜的多层构造,通过PVDF的固化是加工的最佳方法。长波长(意味着大于400nm的波长)UV能量是至关重要的,以引发光引发剂衰变成引发自由基的物种。实现要求的光谱输出的一个有用的能源由辐深紫外系统(Fusion UV Systems)制成。辐深的600瓦特/英寸镓添加剂灯更常见地被称为“V”灯。该V灯产生约410nm的高强度光谱输出。使用来自另一个灯供应商(如诺信(Nordson)UV公司)的一个大功率(600瓦特/英寸)镓添加剂灯可以实现相同的粘合剂性能和固化度。
在一个实施例中,着色的PVDF/PET/PVDF(其中两个PVDF膜都被着色)通过PET侧评价剥离强度对固化速度的初始研究示出在辐深600瓦特/英寸“V”灯的情况下,在剥离强度显著地下降之前,最大固化速度是25英尺/分钟。在通过PVDF侧固化的情况下,剥离强度总体上是更低的,并且确定的是最佳固化速度是仅20英寸/分钟。
用于固化本发明的粘合剂体系的UV辐射的一种替代来源是发光二极管(LED),如Phoseon415nm LED。LED与传统UV固化灯的不同在于,与发射宽能谱的传统UV固化灯相比,它们是近单色的。当前,LED以从360nm至420nm范围内的波长制成。较长波长的LED,如415nm或420nm,可以用于本发明。
本发明的UV固化可以用作一种双固化体系(涉及UV固化和热固化二者)的一部分。因为当被层压到光伏模块时,层压件结构将看到150℃烘烤持续15分钟。用相同的基本配制品,将一些丙烯酸酯单体替换为它们的甲基丙烯酸酯类似物并且添加一种热分解过氧化物可以实现更大的固化度。由于甲基基团上的空间位阻,甲基丙烯酸酯单体和低聚物比它们的丙烯酸酯对应部分通过UV自由基聚合固化慢约8倍。由于此,甲基丙烯酸酯更典型地与一种过氧化物一起用于热固化应用。进一步地,光潜伯胺和仲胺的使用可以连同或者UV或者热自由基引发剂一起用于实现聚合。
用于在本发明中产生自由基的一种替代方法将是通过使用电子束(electron beam)(电子束(e-beam))辐射。在电子束固化的情况下,在粘合剂组合物中不存在光引发剂的需求。电子束固化的使用还消除了UV辐射对高形变温度层的任何负影响。
通过调节粘合剂组合物中低聚物对单体的水平控制粘合剂的粘度。优选地在一个在线操作中将粘合剂施用到氟聚合物以及高热形变层上。可以通过本领域中已知的手段施用该粘合剂,包括但不限于喷涂、滚涂、刷涂、凹版印刷、弹性印刷、或喷墨施用。
在本发明的一个实施例中,辐射可固化的粘合剂以一种液体的形式施用到PET层上,接着与PVDF层一起在一种卷对卷工艺(roll to rollprocess)中层压。替代地,可以将该粘合剂施用到PVDF层上,然后层压到PET层上。然后将这些层与施用的粘合剂一起置于彼此相接触,总体上使用一些压力以及任选地低热–尽管此工艺设计为在室温下工作。然后使层压件暴露于一个或多个辐射源–可以是相同或不同的,如早先讨论的,优选地在线,并且优选从UV辐射、LED辐射、或电子束辐射中一个或多个源。当生产一种三层层压件膜如PVDF/PET/PVDF膜时,优选在每个界面施用该粘合剂,并且辐射固化发生在该膜的两侧上。在一个实施例中,该工艺在一种卷对卷系统上完成,其中每种膜的单层从它们的卷上脱落,并且在该工艺结束后,卷起完全固化的层压件。
在一个实施例中,发现20/英尺/分钟的线速度有效地产生一种PVDF/PET/PVDF粘附的层压件。可以通过本领域中已知的手段增加线速度,如通过增加辐射源(如UV灯)的数量,或通过增加光引发剂的浓度。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述多层结构中的一个或多个氟聚合物层对大于20百分比的从300nm至400nm的光子是UV透明的。使用相同的UV、LED、或电子束固化。在此情况下,可以使用较低水平的光引发剂,并且较高的线速度是预期的,因为额外的UV辐射将可用于引发交联。
在本发明的一个另外的实施例中,氟聚合物对于UV辐射是透明的,并且将一种UV吸收剂(颜料、纳米颜料、有机UV吸收剂)置于粘合剂中或置于高热形变温度层中以提供一种UV不透明多层结构。
实例
实例1:
使用EIT Power Puck II获得辐射计数据。EIT Power Puck II在电磁光谱的UV区域内在四个不同的带宽内读取总能量(单位为焦耳/cm2)和峰辐照度(瓦特/cm2)。EIT将这些区域定义为UVV(从395nm至445nm)、UVA(从320nm至390nm)、UVB(从280nm至320nm)、以及UVC(从250nm至260nm)。在50英尺/分钟的线速度下,辐深600瓦特/英寸“V”灯的总能量是1.252J/cm2(EIT Power Puck II辐射计)。当用来自阿科玛公司的一个KYNAR着色的PVDF膜层进行相同的测量时,在辐射计透镜上面用相同的辐深600瓦特/英寸“V”灯在相同的50英尺/分钟的线速度下,总能量下降至0.232J/cm2。当尝试通过KYNAR PVDF膜固化一种材料时,此结果示出了超过80%的能量上的降低。更具体地,当通过KYNAR膜测量时,UVV区域从0.699J/cm2(空气中)下降至0.115J/cm2。
实例2:
以一块玻璃大致18英寸高×12英寸宽(大小可以变化,取决于预计的层片结构大小)作为一个基底,垂直地施用2块SCOTCH232胶带,各自在该玻璃的一面的左侧和右侧上。施用的胶带的宽度控制预计的层片结构的大小。SCOTCH232胶带是约5密耳厚。在SCOTCH232胶带的每一块的上面,施用一个第二SCOTCH232胶带层,从而产生离玻璃约10密耳的厚度。胶带控制粘合剂厚度以及层压件结构。两块2密耳厚隔离衬垫(或一个4密耳层)施用于玻璃面上的几块胶带之间的空间,一块在另一块的上面并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。在这些隔离衬垫的上面,将一个用于层压件结构的PET(5密耳厚杜邦公司(DuPont)XST-6578)层放置下来(其中粘合剂处理过的一侧面朝上)并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。接着,一个PVDF层(其中表面处理过的一侧面朝下)在玻璃的顶部用胶带向下粘贴。PVDF膜的表面已经用爱纳康(Enercon)电晕处理器进行了处理以便获得>50达因cm的表面能。所有的层都是在SCOTCH232胶带的中间并且不覆盖该胶带,因为如果膜层的任一个覆盖SCOTCH胶带,则膜厚度将断开。接着,将PVDF层向后拉以便暴露PET层。将一种UV粘合剂水平地跨越PET在顶部或顶部附近施用,该粘合剂含有46.00%CN966H90(来自沙多玛公司(Sartomer)的一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物)、11.00%SR484(来自沙多玛公司一种丙烯酸酯单体)、21.00%SR506(来自沙多玛公司一种丙烯酸酯单体)、16.75%CD9055(来自沙多玛公司一种丙烯酸酯单体)、4.5%SR256(来自沙多玛公司一种丙烯酸酯单体)、0.50%TPO(一种光引发剂)、以及0.25%IRGACUR819(双膦氧化物光引发剂)。粘合剂的量值与层片结构大小相关。一旦将粘合剂施用到PET上,马上将PVDF拉回并且放置在PET的上面。在此程序中,对于层压件结构的大小,仅有的限制因素是辊大小和灯大小。将一个10英寸宽的大理石辊置于2块SCOTCH232胶带上(在顶部)并且使其以稳定的步速在SCOTCH胶带上向下滚动直到到达底部。为了确保恒定的膜厚度,重复滚动两次或三次。然后将层片结构的底部用胶带粘到玻璃上以便防止穿过固化单元时它四处流动(blowingaround)。用辐深600瓦特/英寸“V”灯以20F/M通过PVDF膜固化该层片结构。一旦固化了,马上将此层压件结构切割成1英寸宽的条用于测试。测试包括在英斯特朗拉压强度试验仪(Instron)上完成的180度剥离强度和在85C/85%RH腔室内完成的湿热试验。若干样品的平均初始剥离强度是2.09lbs。这些样品在湿热试验中幸存了大于12周而没有任何粘附损失或隧道化。
实例3:
使用丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体和低聚物引发自由基聚合的一种替代方法是通过电子束辐射,常称为(电子束固化)。电子束固化通过将高压施用到钨丝(在一个真空室内部)上工作。钨丝变得电过热以致产生大量的电子。使这些电子加速并且穿过一个箔窗以便渗透粘合剂并且引发聚合。因为电子束固化不要求一种光引发剂来吸收能量并且衰变以产生聚合用自由基,所以不使用双酰基膦氧化物(BAPO)、和三甲基-二苯基-膦氧化物(TPO)、以及其共混物的添加。
以一块玻璃大致18英寸高×12英寸宽(大小可以变化,取决于预计的层片结构大小)作为一个基底,垂直地施用2块SCOTCH232胶带,各自在该玻璃的一面的左侧和右侧上。施用的胶带的宽度控制预计的层片结构的大小。SCOTCH232胶带是约5密耳厚。在SCOTCH232胶带的每一块的上面,施用一个第二SCOTCH232胶带层,从而产生离玻璃约10密耳的厚度。胶带控制粘合剂厚度以及层压件结构。两块2密耳厚隔离衬垫(或一个4密耳层)施用于玻璃面上的几块胶带之间的空间,一块在另一块的上面并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。在这些隔离衬垫的上面,将一个用于层压件结构的PET(5密耳厚杜邦公司XST-6578)层放置下来(其中粘合剂处理过的一侧面朝上)并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。接着,一个PVDF层(其中表面处理过的一侧面朝下)在玻璃的顶部用胶带向下粘贴。PVDF膜的表面已经用爱纳康(Enercon)电晕处理器进行了处理以便获得>50达因cm的表面能。所有的层都是在SCOTCH232胶带的中间并且不覆盖该胶带,因为如果膜层的任一个覆盖SCOTCH胶带,则膜厚度将断开。接着,将PVDF层向后拉以便暴露PET层。将一种基于丙烯酸酯的粘合剂水平地跨越PET在顶部或靠近顶部施用,该粘合剂含有47.00%PRO12546(来自沙多玛公司的一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物)、15.00%SR506、17.00%CD9055、11.00%SR256、以及10.00%SR420(来自沙多玛公司的丙烯酸酯单体)。粘合剂的量值与层片结构大小相关。一旦将粘合剂施用到PET上,马上将PVDF拉回并且放置在PET的上面。将一个10英寸宽的大理石辊置于2块SCOTCH232胶带上(在顶部)并且使其以稳定的步速在SCOTCH胶带上向下滚动直到到达底部。为了确保恒定的膜厚度,重复滚动两次或三次。在此时,将未固化的层片结构小心地从该玻璃上去除并且用胶带在该层片结构的顶部和底部粘到薄片(web)上,这样当使其穿过固化单元时它是固定的。使用一个由能源科学公司(Energy Science’s,Inc.)(ESI)制造的高压电子束固化单元固化样品。由PVDF上层的胶片黑度(film density)确定的是要求150KV电子电压来贯穿粘合剂。使用150KV的电子电压以及相当的线速度以产生5兆拉德(毫拉德)的剂量,通过PVDF层固化样品。
将固化的层片结构切割成1英寸宽的条用于测试,并且在英斯特朗拉压强度试验仪上进行180度剥离强度测试和在85C/85%RH腔室内进行湿热试验测试。在将样品置于湿热腔室伴随着1、3、和6周间隔的湿热暴露之前对这些样品进行剥离强度测试。初始的平均剥离强度是3磅。样品维持此剥离强度水平直到6周的暴露后而没有任何减少。
实例4:
使用发光二极管或LED来通过PVDF膜固化粘合剂是引发自由基聚合的一种替代方法。以一块玻璃大致6英寸高×5英寸宽(大小可以变化,取决于LED的宽度)作为一个基底,垂直地施用2块SCOTCH232胶带,各自在该玻璃的一面的左侧和右侧上。施用的胶带的宽度控制预计的层片结构的大小。SCOTCH232胶带是约5密耳厚。在SCOTCH232胶带的每一块的上面,施用一个第二SCOTCH232胶带层,从而产生离玻璃约10密耳的厚度。胶带控制粘合剂厚度以及层压件结构。两块2密耳厚隔离衬垫(或一个4密耳层)施用于玻璃面上的几块胶带之间的空间,一块在另一块的上面并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。在这些隔离衬垫的上面,将一个用于层压件结构的PET(5密耳厚杜邦公司XST-6578)层放置下来(其中粘合剂处理过的一侧面朝上)并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。接着,一个PVDF层(其中表面处理过的一侧面朝下)在玻璃的顶部用胶带向下粘贴。PVDF膜的表面已经用爱纳康(Enercon)电晕处理器进行了处理以便获得>50达因cm的表面能。所有的层都是在SCOTCH232胶带的中间并且不覆盖该胶带,因为如果膜层的任一个覆盖SCOTCH胶带,则膜厚度将断开。接着,将PVDF层向后拉以便暴露PET层。将一种UV粘合剂水平地跨越PET在顶部或靠近顶部施用,该粘合剂含有46.00%CN9021、11.00%SR484、21.00%SR506、16.75%CD9055、4.5%SR256、0.50%TPO、以及0.25%IRGACUR819。粘合剂的量值与层片结构大小相关。一旦将粘合剂施用到PET上,马上将PVDF拉回并且放置在PET的上面。将一个10英寸宽的大理石辊置于2块SCOTCH232胶带上(在顶部)并且使其以稳定的步速在SCOTCH胶带上向下滚动直到到达底部。为了确保恒定的膜厚度,重复滚动两次或三次。在此时,将未固化的层片结构小心地从该玻璃上去除并且用胶带在该层片结构的顶部和底部粘到薄片上,这样当使其穿过固化单元时它是固定的。用水冷却的Phoseon FirelineTMLED模型125X20WC415-8W以17F/M的线速度通过PVDF膜固化层片结构。应该使层片结构样品在LED固化单元下通过总(3)次。应注意,将层片结构高度调节至尽可能接近该LED固化单元。随着从LED上的半导体到被固化的材料的距离增加则固化的能量显著减少。一旦固化后马上将层压件结构切割成1英寸宽的条用于测试,并且在英斯特朗拉压强度试验仪上进行180度剥离强度测试和在85C/85%RH腔室内进行湿热试验测试。初始剥离强度平均为2.98磅。在1000小时的湿热(85C/85%RH)暴露后,剥离强度值保持高于初始强度。
实例5:
以一块玻璃大致18英寸高×12英寸宽(大小可以变化,取决于预计的层片结构大小)作为一个基底,垂直地施用2块SCOTCH232胶带,各自在该玻璃的一面的左侧和右侧上。施用的胶带的宽度控制预计的层片结构的大小。SCOTCH232胶带是约5密耳厚。在SCOTCH232胶带的每一块的上面,施用一个第二SCOTCH232胶带层,从而产生离玻璃约10密耳的厚度。胶带控制粘合剂厚度以及层压件结构。在玻璃上的胶带块之间施用一块2密耳厚的隔离衬垫并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。接着,一个2密耳厚的透明的PVDF层(其中表面处理过的一侧面朝上)在玻璃的顶部用胶带向下粘贴。在该透明PVDF顶部上,将用于层压件结构的PET(5密耳厚杜邦公司XST-6578)放置下来(其中粘合剂处理过的一侧面朝下)并且在顶部用胶带向下粘贴。重要的是确保所有的层都在SCOTCH232胶带中间并且不覆盖。所有的层都在SCOTCH232胶带中间并且不覆盖胶带。在此时,将PET层向后拉以便暴露PVDF层。将一种UV粘合剂水平地跨越PVDF在顶部或靠近顶部施用,该粘合剂含有47.00%PRO12546、15.00%SR506、16.75%CD9055、10.50%SR256、10.00%CD420、0.50%TPO、以及0.25%IRGACUR819。一旦将粘合剂施用到PVDF上,马上将PET拉回并且放置在PVDF的上面。粘合剂的量值与层片结构大小相关。一旦将粘合剂施用到PET上,马上将PVDF拉回并且放置在PET的上面。将一个10英寸宽的大理石辊置于2块SCOTCH232胶带上(在顶部)并且使其以稳定的步速在SCOTCH胶带上向下滚动直到到达底部。为了确保恒定的膜厚度,重复滚动两次或三次。在此时,将未固化的层片结构小心地从该玻璃上去除并且用胶带在该层片结构的顶部和底部粘到薄片上,这样当使其穿过固化单元时它是固定的。用辐深600瓦特/英寸“V”灯以20F/M通过PET膜固化该层片结构。一旦固化后马上将层压件结构切割成1英寸宽的条用于在英斯特朗拉压强度试验仪上完成的180度剥离强度和在85C/85%RH腔室内完成的湿热试验测试。此样品的初始的平均剥离强度是6.00磅。在三周的湿热暴露后,层片结构的180度剥离强度是高于4磅。此样品在湿热试验中幸存了大于39周而没有任何粘附损失或隧道化。
Claims (22)
1.一种多层结构,按顺序地包括:
a)一个高热形变温度层;
b)一个由UV、LED或电子束辐射完全或部分固化的粘合剂组合物层;
c)一个UV不透明的氟聚合物膜层;
其中这些层彼此相邻。
2.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述高热形变层包含一种选自下组的聚合物,该组由以下各项组成:聚酰胺6(PA6)、PA6,6、PA11、PA12,聚酰胺合金,聚碳酸酯,聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET),聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),以及聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)。
3.如权利要求2所述的多层结构,其中所述高热形变层是聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯。
4.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述氟聚合物选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙烯四氟乙烯(ETFE)、乙烯与四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯的三元共聚物(EFEP)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-氟乙烯的三元共聚物(THV)、PVDF与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物和共聚物的共混物,乙烯氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE)和聚氟乙烯(PVF)。
5.如权利要求4所述的多层结构,其中所述氟聚合物包含一种PVDF均聚物或共聚物。
6.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述氟聚合物膜是一种多层氟聚合物膜。
7.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述UV不透明氟聚合物膜包含基于该聚合物的按重量计2.0百分比至30百分比的至少一种白色颜料。
8.如权利要求7所述的多层结构,其中所述白色颜料包含二氧化钛。
9.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述UV不透明氟聚合物膜包含0.05至5重量百分比的UV吸收剂、纳米颜料、或其混合物。
10.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述结构是一种5层结构,由以下项按顺序组成:一个第一UV不透明氟聚合物膜层,所述粘合剂组合物层,一个高热形变温度层,所述粘合剂组合物层,以及一个第二UV不透明氟聚合物膜层,其中所述第一和第二UV不透明氟聚合物膜层可以是相同或不同的。
11.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述粘合剂组合物包含
a)5-80重量百分比的由一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物、具有聚酯和/或环氧骨架的单或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物类形成的一种或多种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯;或芳香族低聚物类;以及
b)95至20重量百分比的单和多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体类;具有聚酯和/或环氧骨架的单或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物类;或芳香族低聚物类。
12.如权利要求11所述的多层结构,其中所述脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯类是基于聚酯和/或聚碳酸酯多元醇。
13.如权利要求1所述的多层结构,其中所述粘合剂组合物包含至少一种选自下组的光引发剂,该组由以下各项组成:双酰基膦氧化物(BAPO)、和三甲基-二苯基-膦氧化物(TPO)、以及其混合物。
14.一种用于将UV不透明氟聚合物膜粘附到高热形变温度基底上的方法,该方法包含以下步骤:
a)形成一种UV可固化的粘合剂组合物,包含:
1)一种粘合剂,包含一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物,和一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体,以及
2)一种光引发剂;
b)在一个高热形变温度层与至少一个UV不透明氟聚合物层之间施用所述粘合剂组合物;
c)将所述高热形变温度层、至少一个UV不透明氟聚合物层、以及所述粘合剂组合物一起层压以便形成一种多层结构;
d)使所述涂覆且层压的多层结构暴露于长UV(>400nm)波长辐射、或电子束辐射以便产生一个固化的粘合剂层,该粘合剂层直接将所述高热形变温度层粘合到所述一个或多个氟聚合物膜上。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述氟聚合物膜包含一种聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物或共聚物。
16.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述着色的氟聚合物包含基于该聚合物的按重量计2.0百分比至30百分比的至少一种白色颜料。
17.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述高热形变层包含一种选自下组的聚合物,该组由以下各项组成:聚酰胺6(PA6)、PA6,6、PA11、PA12,聚酰胺合金,聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET),聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),以及聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)。
18.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述白色颜料包含二氧化钛。
19.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中在所述辐射可固化的粘合剂组合物中,所述粘合剂选自包含一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯的组,该脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯由一种脂肪族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物结合一个或多个选自下组的部分形成,该组由以下各项组成:单官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体类、多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体类、具有聚酯和/或环氧骨架的单官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物类、具有聚酯和/或环氧骨架的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物类;并且所述光引发剂选自双酰基膦氧化物(BAPO)、和三甲基-二苯基-膦氧化物(TPO)。
20.一种光伏模块,在背面、背对着直接的太阳辐射,包含一块背板,该背板包含如权利要求1所述的多层结构。
21.一种光伏模块,在背面、背对着直接的太阳辐射,包含一块包含多层结构的背板,该多层结构包含:
a)一个高热形变温度层;
b)一个由UV、LED或电子束辐射完全或部分固化的粘合剂组合物层;
c)一个UV透明氟聚合物膜层;
其中这些层彼此相邻。
22.如权利要求21所述的光伏模块,其中所述粘合剂组合物、或所述高热形变温度层是UV不透明的。
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US201261599656P | 2012-02-16 | 2012-02-16 | |
US61/599,656 | 2012-02-16 | ||
PCT/US2013/026018 WO2013123107A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 | 2013-02-14 | Radiation curable adhesive composition for photovoltaic backsheets |
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CN104114595A true CN104114595A (zh) | 2014-10-22 |
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EP (1) | EP2814859A4 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP6382722B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN104114595A (zh) |
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WO2013123107A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
US20150034156A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
EP2814859A1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
JP2015516309A (ja) | 2015-06-11 |
EP2814859A4 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
JP6382722B2 (ja) | 2018-08-29 |
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