CN103732646B - 制备包含聚氨酯泡沫的空心砌块的方法 - Google Patents
制备包含聚氨酯泡沫的空心砌块的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103732646B CN103732646B CN201280039423.3A CN201280039423A CN103732646B CN 103732646 B CN103732646 B CN 103732646B CN 201280039423 A CN201280039423 A CN 201280039423A CN 103732646 B CN103732646 B CN 103732646B
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- building block
- whipping agent
- holllow building
- holllow
- polyurethane foam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
- C08G18/7657—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings
- C08G18/7664—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings containing alkylene polyphenyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/02—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by the reacting monomers or modifying agents during the preparation or modification of macromolecules
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
- E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
- E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
- E04C1/41—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts composed of insulating material and load-bearing concrete, stone or stone-like material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0025—Foam properties rigid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0041—Foam properties having specified density
- C08G2110/005—< 50kg/m3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2110/00—Foam properties
- C08G2110/0041—Foam properties having specified density
- C08G2110/0058—≥50 and <150kg/m3
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
- C08J2201/02—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by mechanical pre- or post-treatments
- C08J2201/022—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by mechanical pre- or post-treatments premixing or pre-blending a part of the components of a foamable composition, e.g. premixing the polyol with the blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst and only adding the isocyanate at the time of foaming
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Abstract
本发明涉及空心砌块,其在至少一个空腔内含有密度为30–70g/L的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述聚氨酯泡沫是由将至少一种聚异氰酸酯a)与至少一种含有至少两个异氰酸酯-反应性氢原子的化合物b)在至少一种催化剂d)的存在下反应获得的,并且使用至少一种发泡剂c),其包括至少一种发泡剂ci)——其仅仅在a)与b)反应的时间产生发泡效果,以及至少一种发泡剂cii)——其沸点低于所述组分a)和b)混合时的温度,其中在聚氨酯发泡反应过程中,压力增加保持在低于20kPa;本发明还涉及制造所述空心砌块的相应方法。
Description
本发明涉及含有热绝缘材料的空心砌块(cavityblocks),以及制造所述空心砌块的方法。
已知为了增加建筑物的热绝缘性能,可以使用在空腔内含有绝缘材料的空心砌块。泡沫塑料是可用的绝缘材料的一个例子。
DE102006054457记载了一种使砖石建筑后续绝缘的方法,其中将聚氨酯集合泡沫(polyurethaneassemblyfoam)引入砖石建筑的空腔中。然而,这个工序不方便并且消耗时间。更有利的是,在用于建筑构造之前就将空心砌块中的空腔绝缘。
DE34180007记载了空心砌块,其开口在压力下填充脲-甲醛泡沫。
DE2730075记载了空心砌块,在其空腔中引入聚氨酯泡沫。所述空心砌块被置于移动支架上以便引入用于硬化聚氨酯泡沫的原材料。所述空心砌块被放置在颗粒层上以避免弄脏移动支架。
DE3504104记载了一种制造填充有泡沫的空心砌块的方法。第一步是制造空心砌块,其被放置于传送带上,以便含有发泡剂的液体聚合物混合物可以被注入空腔,在空腔中固化形成泡沫。在固化过程中,开口会被覆盖。
EP190565A2记载了上述开口空心砌块,向其中注入少量的含有发泡剂的聚合物混合物,该混合物随后发泡并完全充满腔室。
使用聚氨酯泡沫的绝缘空心砌块的一个问题是在发泡过程中压力的增强。特别是对于硬烧结砖(hard-firedbricks)而言可能会发生中隔墙(intermediatewall)损坏。为了防止所述损坏,需要厚的中隔墙。这就增加了砖块/砌块的重量,并且增加了热传导性。
本发明的一个目标是提供含有绝缘材料的空心砌块。所述空心砌块应当具有低的热传导性。所述空心砌块也应当具有低重量。所述空心砌块应当易于生产。
本发明人已经发现,出人意料地,使用一种聚氨酯体系——其在发泡过程中仅产生低压力——使空心砌块绝缘,达到了该目的。
因此,本发明提供一种包括至少一个腔室的空心砌块,其含有一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫,该泡沫的密度在30-70g范围内,是由将至少一种聚异氰酸酯a)与至少一种含有至少两个异氰酸酯-反应性氢原子的化合物b)在至少一种催化剂d)的存在下反应获得的,并且使用发泡剂c),其包括至少一种发泡剂ci),其仅在a)与b)反应的时间产生发泡效果,以及至少一种发泡剂cii),其沸点低于所述组分a)和b)混合时的温度,其中在聚氨酯发泡反应过程中,压力增加(buildup)保持在低于20kPa。
本发明还提供一种生产本发明的空心砌块的方法。
使用购自Format-MesstechnikGmbH的测试仪来测定压力。根据对于281型的制造商说明,使用SCHAUM程序版本3.0进行测试。Foamat测试仪记载发泡反应过程中的反应体系压力增加。压力是在样品容器——其由一个开口管和一个底板构成——的底部区域测试的。底板连接到压力测试感应器。
在发泡过程中的压力增加优选低于15kPa,更优选低于10kPa,特别是低于5kPa。
空心砌块——将在其空腔中注入聚氨酯——是最初以传统方式生产的。正如我们所知的,它们可以通过混凝土生产,包括轻量混凝土、砂-石灰砖或者粘土。由粘土制成的空心砌块也已知为中空砖或有孔砖。当孔的分数在15至45%时,使用术语有孔砖;当孔的分数大于45%时,使用术语中空砖。在下文中,在两个实施方案中都使用术语中空砖。
空心砌块优选为立方体,其边的长度优选为200-500(长)x200-500(宽)x200-300(高)mm。
本发明的空心砌块优选地使用中空砖制成,因为它们对发泡过程的压力特别敏感,并且在发泡压力过高的情况下会被损坏。
它们以传统方法生产,通常通过使粘土混合物成型,例如通过挤出(extrusion),之后切割并烧结由此获得的成型物。
空腔可以为有角的或是圆形的,并且优选为矩形。通常,空心砌块可以仅含有一个空腔。为了增强空心砌块的稳定性,它们优选具有两个或多个空腔。空腔的具体数目通常依赖于空腔的几何结构和砖块稳定性。
空心砌块中的空腔数目优选至多40,更优选2-40,更优选3-30,尤其是4-20。
此后,在建筑砌块的空腔中装入用于制备聚氨酯的液态起始化合物,在下文中也称为聚氨酯体系。聚氨酯体系的组成将在下文中更具体地描述。
这是通过使用计量加入设备将所需量的聚氨酯体系引入空腔中而实现的,所述计量加入设备例如混合头,该用量在空腔中固化形成泡沫。最简单地可以手动实现计量加入,但是优选自动进行,例如使用DE3504104中所记载的传送带和自动计量加入设备。
聚氨酯起始组分的用量优选使得空腔全部充满。通常,略微的过度装载(overpacking),例如至多10%,也是可行的。泡沫材料不应超出空心砌块的边缘。
用于填充空腔的硬质聚氨酯泡沫优选为闭孔型(closed-celltype)。闭孔型是指泡沫中的闭孔比例至少为90%,根据DINISO4590测定。
如上文所述,反应在发泡剂c)存在下进行,该发泡剂c)是组分ci)和组分cii)的混合物。
发泡剂ci)可以为一种化学发泡剂。优选使用水作为化学发泡剂ci)。在这个实施方案中,水的优选用量为高于0重量%,更优选高于0.5重量%,并且至多3重量%,基于组分b)计。
发泡剂ci)也可以为一种物理发泡剂,更特别地为一种任选卤化的烃。当物理发泡剂被用作发泡剂ci)时,其优选地选自烃和卤代烃。优选饱和烃,下文也称为烷烃,和烯键式不饱和烃,下文也称为烯烃。
为了安全的缘故,优选使用卤代烷烃;为了生态的缘故,优选使用在分子中仍含有至少一个氢原子的卤代烷烃。
这一类型的发泡剂是公知常识,并且已经被广泛记载。其实例为1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)、HCl2C-CF2(HFCKW123)、Cl2FC-CH3(HFCKW141b)。
还可以使用365fa和HFC227(1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷和1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷)的混合物。这些混合物例如可作为365/227购自Solvay。365对于227的混合比例优选在87:13和93:7之间的范围内。
物理发泡剂ci)的优选用量为大于0%至20重量%,基于组分b)计。
本发明方法的一个实施方案使用了至少一种物理发泡剂和至少一种化学发泡剂的混合物作为发泡剂ci)。通常,这里所述的混合物由水和至少一种卤代烃组成。在这个实施方案中,水的用量也优选为高于0重量%,更优选高于0.5重量%,并且至多3重量%。在这个实施方案中,物理发泡剂的用量也为优选大于0%至20重量%,基于组分b)计。
发泡剂的精确用量取决于泡沫的目标密度。
发泡剂cii)通常为物理发泡剂的混合物。优选使用卤代烃。
发泡剂cii2)优选具有的沸点低于20℃,更优选低于0℃。
更特别地,发泡剂cii2)选自1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(134a)、氢氟烯烃HFO-1234ze或它们的混合物,其中1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷和1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷在工业上特别重要。
发泡剂cii)被混入反应混合物中——优选在混合组分a)和b)之前立即混入,或优选在混合组分a)和b)的过程中混入。优选地,其从反应组分a)或b)中的至少一个(优选a)的分离池(separatetank)加入,进入发泡设备的管道中,优选进入混合头的进料线路,例如通过静态混合器。也可以将发泡剂cii)直接加入混合头。发泡剂cii)的优选用量为高于0重量%,更优选高于0.5重量%。最大用量为12重量%,优选10重量%,都基于组分b)计。
在混合组分a)和b)之前,发泡剂ci)存在于组分a)和b)至少一者当中。通常,发泡剂ci)被加入到组分b)中。这通常是在聚氨酯体系混合阶段进行的。由于发泡剂ci)的沸腾温度高于室温,由这些组分与发泡剂形成的混合物储存时是稳定的。
通过建筑构造中已知应用于实践的注沫技术(pourfoamtechnique)将所述液态反应混合物注入空腔。
发泡剂cii)导致混合设备中暴露(emerge)的反应混合物轻微发泡。其结果是,相对于标准硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系而言,暴露混合物的粘度增加,并且发泡过程中的压力增加减少。
该发泡效果足以形成一种泡沫,其填满空腔的大部分而不发生显著的压力增加。发泡剂ci)将泡沫调整至目标密度。此时仍然不发生显著的压力增加。组分a)和b)反应,发生固化。
用于形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫的组分将在下文中更详细地描述:
有机聚异氰酸酯a)可以为已知的有机二异氰酸酯和聚异氰酸酯,优选为芳族多官能异氰酸酯。
具体实施例为2,4-和2,6-甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯(TDI)和相应的异构物混合物、4,4’-、2,4’-和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)和相应的异构体混合物、4,4’-和2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和聚苯基聚亚甲基聚异氰酸酯的混合物、4,4’-、2,4’-和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和聚苯基聚亚甲基聚异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)、以及粗MDI与甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯的混合物。这些有机二异氰酸酯或者聚异氰酸酯可以单独使用或者以混合物的形式使用。
也可以使用所谓的改性多官能异氰酸酯,即,由有机二异氰酸酯和/或聚异氰酸酯化学反应获得的产品。实例为含有脲二酮(uretdione)、氨基甲酸酯、异氰脲酸酯、碳二亚胺、脲基甲酸酯和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基团的二异氰酸酯和/或聚异氰酸酯。改性多异氰酸酯可以任选地与彼此混合,或是与未改性的有机聚异氰酸酯——例如2,4’-、4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、粗MDI、2,4-和/或2,6-甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯——混合。
此外,也可以使用多官能异氰酸酯与多官能多元醇的反应产物、以及它们与其他二异氰酸酯和聚异氰酸酯的混合物。
一种能够显示出特别有利的有机聚异氰酸酯为粗MDI,特别是当NCO含量为29%至33重量%,并且25℃时的粘度在150至1000mPas之间时。
具有至少两个异氰酸酯-反应性氢原子的化合物含有至少两个反应性基团,优选OH基团,并且更特别地为聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇,具有的OH数为25至2000mgKOH/g。
所用的聚酯醇通常由多官能醇与多官能羧酸缩合获得,所述多官能醇优选为二醇,具有2至12个碳原子,优选2至6个碳原子;所述多官能酸具有2至12个碳原子,实例为琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、癸烷二羧酸、马来酸、富马酸、并优选为酞酸、异酞酸、对苯二酸和同质异构的萘二羧酸。
所用的聚酯醇通常具有的官能度为1.5至4。
可以特别提及由已知方法获得的聚醚醇,所述已知方法例如通过碱催化或胺催化将环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷加成至H-官能化起始分子。所用的起始分子为官能度为2或以上的低分子量醇或胺。
亚烷基氧化物(alkyleneoxides)通常为环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷,并且也包括四氢呋喃、多种环氧丁烷(butyleneoxide)、氧化苯乙烯,优选为纯的1,2-环氧丙烷。所述亚烷基氧化物可以单独使用、或者连续使用或作为混合物使用。
所用的起始物质更特别地为具有至少2个、优选2至8个羟基的化合物,或在分子中具有至少2个伯胺基团。
作为在分子中具有至少2个、优选2至8个羟基的起始物质,优选使用三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、季戊四醇、糖类化合物例如葡萄糖、山梨糖醇、甘露醇和蔗糖、多羟基酚、resoles,例如酚和醛的低聚缩聚产物、以及酚和二烷醇胺以及马来胺的Mannich缩聚产物。
作为在分子中具有至少2个伯胺基团的起始物质,优选使用芳香族二胺和/或多元胺,例如苯二胺,以及4,4’-、2,4’-和2,2’-二氨基二苯基甲烷,和脂肪族二胺和多元胺,例如乙二胺。
聚醚多元醇具有的官能度优选为2至8,羟基数优选为25mgKOH/g至2000mgKOH/g,更特别地为150mgKOH/g至570mgKOH/g。
具有至少两个异氰酸酯-反应性氢原子的化合物也包括任选使用的扩链剂和交联剂。添加双官能扩链剂、三官能和更高官能化的交联剂或其任选的混合物,对于改进机械性能显示出益处。所用的扩链剂和/或交联剂优选为烷醇胺,更特别地为分子量低于400、优选在60至300之间的二元醇和/或三元醇。
扩链剂、交联剂或它们的混合物的用量有利地为1至20重量%,优选2至5重量%,基于多元醇组分计。
聚氨酯或聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫通常包括阻燃剂。优选使用不含溴的阻燃剂。特别优选的是含有磷原子的阻燃剂,其中特别是使用磷酸三氯异丙酯、乙烷膦酸二乙酯、磷酸三乙酯和/或磷酸二苯基甲苯酯。
所用的催化剂特别是大幅增加异氰酸酯基团与对其有反应性的基团的反应速度的化合物。所述催化剂的实例为碱性胺,例如仲胺,并且优选为叔脂肪胺、咪唑、脒、烷醇胺、路易斯酸或者有机金属化合物,特别是那些基于锡的化合物。也可以使用由多种催化剂的混合物组成的催化剂体系。
如果必须将异氰脲酸酯基团引入硬质泡沫,则需要特殊催化剂。所使用的异氰脲酸酯催化剂通常为金属羧酸盐,特别是乙酸钾及其溶液。视所需,所述催化剂可以单独使用,或者以与彼此或其他催化剂的混合物使用。
可用的助剂(auxiliaries)和/或添加物质包括已知用于此目的的物质,实例为表面活性物质、泡沫稳定剂、泡孔调节剂(cellregulator)、填料、颜料、染料、抗氧化剂、水解控制剂、抗静电剂、抗真菌剂和抑菌剂。
对进行本发明过程的起始材料、发泡剂、催化剂以及助剂和/或添加物质的特别关注可见于例如Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,"Polyurethane"Carl-Hanser-VerlagMunich,第一版,1966,第二版,1983和第三版,1993。
为生产基于异氰酸酯的硬质泡沫,将聚异氰酸酯与具有至少两个异氰酸酯-反应性氢原子的化合物反应,其反应的量为,异氰酸酯指数(index)在100至200的区间内,并且在聚氨酯泡沫的情况下优选在105至180之间。进行混合,如上文所述,通常使用混合头进行。
本发明的空心砌块是机械稳定的,并且显著地具有良好的热绝缘性。由于低的压力增加,闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫可以用于隔绝空心砌块而不会牺牲所述空心砌块的稳定性。这可以用于降低空心砌块的热传导性。
Claims (10)
1.一种空心砌块,其含有至少一个含有硬质聚氨酯泡沫的空腔,所述聚氨酯泡沫的密度为30–70g/L,是由将至少一种聚异氰酸酯a)与至少一种含有至少两个异氰酸酯-反应性氢原子的化合物b)在至少一种催化剂d)的存在下反应获得的,并且使用至少一种发泡剂c),其包括至少一种发泡剂ci)——其仅在a)与b)反应的时间产生发泡效果,以及至少一种发泡剂cii)——其沸点低于所述组分a)和b)混合时的温度,其中在聚氨酯发泡反应过程中,压力增加保持在低于20kPa。
2.权利要求1的空心砌块,其中硬质聚氨酯泡沫为闭孔型。
3.权利要求1的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂ci)为化学发泡剂。
4.权利要求1的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂ci)为物理发泡剂。
5.权利要求4的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂ci)选自烃和卤代烃。
6.权利要求4或5的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂cii)包括至少一种卤代烷烃。
7.权利要求1-5中任一项的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂ci)为至少一种物理发泡剂和至少一种化学发泡剂的混合物。
8.权利要求1-5中任一条的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂cii)为物理发泡剂的混合物。
9.权利要求1-5中任一条的空心砌块,其中所述发泡剂cii)具有的沸点低于0℃。
10.一种生产含有绝缘材料的空心建筑砌块的方法,其包括以下步骤:
i)通过成型和后续烧结的方式,生产一种含有至少一个空腔的空心砌块,
ii)将硬质聚氨酯泡沫的液态起始组分引入空腔,
iii)使硬质聚氨酯泡沫固化,
其中硬质聚氨酯泡沫的液态起始组分含有至少一种催化剂d),其中在聚氨酯发泡反应过程中,压力增加保持在低于20kPa。
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