CN103561753A - 用于促进骨骼和关节生长、修复、和维持的膳食增补剂 - Google Patents
用于促进骨骼和关节生长、修复、和维持的膳食增补剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了促进哺乳动物骨骼和关节结缔组织的生长、修复、和维持的膳食增补剂。具体地,该膳食增补剂包含至少一种金属螯合物和至少一种软骨保护剂的组合。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及促进哺乳动物骨骼和关节结缔组织生长、修复、和维持的膳食增补剂。
背景技术
大约4000万美国人患有显著水平的关节僵硬和疼痛。该僵硬或疼痛可能来源于在激烈的体育活动如跑步或游泳期间所经受的慢性机械应力的累积效应。此外,关节疼痛可能是创伤性损伤如扭伤、脱臼、和骨折的结果。关节疼痛也可以归因于关节炎疾病如骨关节炎和风湿性关节炎的长期影响。除了关节中的疼痛,上述关节病症中的许多都可能导致畸形和失去活动性。大约690万美国人受到一些工作局限性,其可直接归因于关节炎。
针对关节疼痛的治疗取决于其诱因和严重性。对于由反复的机械应力所带来的相对轻微的关节疼痛,通过调节锻炼的强度或持续时间、或者使用不同的鞋袜或支持器械来降低该应力是最简单的选择,尽管这不适用于运动员或表演动物。对于较严重的关节疼痛,非处方药非类固醇消炎药(NSAID)如布洛芬(Advil,Motrin)和萘普生钠(Aleve)可以是有帮助的。在更加严重的情况下,类固醇如泼尼松或可的松可以带来缓解,尽管伴随许多潜在的副作用如体重增加、高血压、和面部肿胀。在慢性关节炎病症如风湿性关节炎的情况下,其它药物如破坏免疫系统的炎症反应的依那西普或阿达木单抗(adulimumab)是有效的,但是也伴随着涉及干扰免疫系统的副作用。作为最后的手段,外科手术如软骨移植或关节替换可以缓解症状。上文的所有治疗可以解决疼痛问题,并限制对关节的进一步损伤,但是却对促进关节组织的修复帮助不大。
治疗关节疼痛的另一种方法是通过使用刺激骨骼和关节结缔组织生长、修复、和维持的膳食增补剂。一类增补剂由关节结缔组织的成分组成:骨胶原、葡糖胺、透明质酸、和软骨素。对于骨骼和结缔组织合成,其它增补剂充当催化剂或提供原料:S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)、甲基磺酰基甲烷(MSM)、以及其它维生素和矿物质如维生素C、锰、镁、锌、钙、铁、和维生素B12。虽然这些增补剂中的一些提供了一些缓解,但是通常它们仅解决影响整体关节健康的营养问题的有限亚类(limited subset)。因此,存在可以用于改善整体关节健康的膳食增补剂的需要。
附图说明
图1示出了在喂食各种食物治疗剂的小鼠中的MIA引发的关节肿胀的时间进程。在向喂食所指出的食物的小鼠注射MIA后第1天、第3天、第7天和第14天,卡尺测量的绘图改变(关节炎膝盖减去对照膝盖)。
图2描述了在喂食各种食物治疗剂的小鼠中MIA引发的关节疼痛的时间进程。在向喂食所指出的食物的小鼠注射MIA后第1天、第3天、第7天和第14天,后爪重量分布的绘图改变(对照减去关节炎膝盖)。
图3示出了在喂食各种食物治疗剂的经MIA注射的小鼠中的血清CTXII的改变。在向喂食所指出的食物的小鼠注射MIA后第7天和第14天,绘制血清CTXII的水平(pg/mL)。
图4示出了在喂食各种食物治疗剂的经MIA注射的小鼠中的血清COMP的改变。在向喂食所指出的食物的小鼠注射MIA后第7天和第14天,绘制血清COMP的水平(U/L)。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了具有促进哺乳动物骨骼和关节结缔组织生长、修复、和维持的化合物的平衡混合物的膳食增补剂。因此,膳食增补剂可以给予哺乳动物,该哺乳动物经受治疗或预防一些障碍或症状,包括,但不限于,骨关节炎、关节积液、关节糜烂、关节发炎和疼痛、滑膜炎、跛行、术后关节镜手术(post operative arthroscopic surgery)、适当关节功能(包括关节活动性)恶化、软骨细胞代谢活动的降低或抑制、降解软骨的酶的减少或抑制、透明质酸产生的降低或抑制。膳食增补剂也可以给予哺乳动物,该哺乳动物经受关节软骨的减少降解或者由关节软骨降解产生的障碍或症状。这种障碍或症状的实例是风湿性关节炎、银屑病关节炎、骨关节炎、和急性炎症,如,例如,耶尔森关节炎、焦磷酸关节炎、和痛风关节炎(关节痛风(arthritis urica))
I.膳食增补剂
本发明的膳食增补剂包括至少一种金属螯合物和至少一种软骨保护剂的组合。可选地,该膳食增补剂可以包含至少一种另外的成分,该成分选自由维生素、矿物质、氨基酸、抗氧化剂、酵母培养物、必需脂肪酸、和药用赋形剂所组成的组。下面将详细描述这些成分中的每一种。
(a)金属螯合物
本发明的膳食增补剂包含至少一种金属螯合物或金属盐。在一些实施方式中,金属螯合物包含金属离子、氨基酸配体、或其羟基类似物。该金属离子可以选自由锌离子、铜离子、镁离子、锰离子、铁离子、铬离子、硒离子、钙离子、以及它们的组合所组成的组中。在优选的实施方式中,金属离子是锌离子、锰离子、和铜离子。氨基酸可以选自包含以下各项的组中:丙氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、和缬氨酸或它们的羟基类似物。在一些实施方式中,铜离子和锌离子优选是二价的,即,其携带2+电荷。氨基酸与在螯合物分子中的金属离子的比率通常可以在1:1至3:1之间变化或者更高。典型地,金属螯合物可以包括1:1、2:1、和3:1物质的混合物。优选地,氨基酸与在螯合物分子中的金属离子的比率通常可以在1.5:1至2.5:1之间变化。在含水介质中,通过可应用的稳定常数测量这些物质的相对比例。
当配体数目等于金属离子上的电荷数时,该电荷通常是平衡的,因为氨基酸的羧基部分是去质子化的形式。例如,在螯合物中,其中,金属阳离子携带2+电荷并且氨基酸与金属离子比率是2:1,则应理解每一个羟基或氨基基团都通过配位共价键结合至金属,而每一个羧酸酯基团和金属离子之间主要为离子键。当配体数目超过金属离子上的电荷时,例如,在二价金属离子的3:1螯合物中,多于电荷的氨基酸通常保持为质子化状态以平衡电荷。另一方面,当金属离子上的正电荷超过氨基酸数目时,可以通过另一种阴离子的存在来平衡该电荷,如,例如,氯离子、溴离子、碘离子、碳酸氢根离子、硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、以及它们的组合。也可以存在二价阴离子。
在一个示例性实施方式中,金属螯合物包含金属离子和配体,其中式1的化合物是配体的来源。金属盐包含金属离子和阴离子,其中式1的化合物是阴离子的来源。式1的化合物具有以下结构:
其中:
n是从0至2的整数;
R1是甲基或乙基;以及
R2选自由羟基和氨基所组成的组中。
在本发明的各种实施方式中,n是2,R1是甲基且R2是羟基(即,2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸)。金属离子可以选自锌离子、铜离子、镁离子、锰离子、铁离子、铬离子、硒离子、钙离子、以及它们的组合。在一个示例性实施方式中,金属离子是锌离子、镁离子、和铜离子。当金属离子是铜、锰、铬、钙、和铁时,优选二价的金属离子,即,其携带2+的电荷。
在一个示例性实施方式中,式1的化合物包含2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酸(“HMTBA”),即,n是2,R1是甲基且R2是羟基。在特别优选的实施方式中,金属离子是铜、锌、或锰。其中金属离子是铜或锰,优选二价的金属离子,即,其携带2+的电荷。锌阳离子通常基本是二价的。在本发明的组合物和方法中可使用的其它金属螯合物中,金属离子也优选二价。配体与在螯合物分子中的金属离子的比率通常可以在1:1至3:1之间变化或者更高。典型地,金属螯合物可以包括1:1、2:1和3:1物质的混合物。优选地,配体与在螯合物分子中的金属离子的比率通常可以在1.5:1至2.5:1之间变化。在含水介质中,通过可应用的稳定常数测量这些物质的相对比例。在其中n是2、R2是氨基且R1是甲基的情况下,即,其中式1的化合物是甲硫氨酸,许多稳定常数可以从文献中获得。至少一些稳定常数对于螯合物也是可用的,其中n是2、R2是羟基且R1是甲基,即,其中式1的化合物是HMTBA。
当配体数目等于金属离子上的电荷数时,通常电荷是平衡的,因为配体的羧基部分是去质子化的形式。因此,在这些螯合物中,每一个配体对应于式(1A):
其中R1、R2和n是如上文定义的,即,在这个方面中,螯合物也是二羧酸盐。例如,在螯合物中,其中,金属阳离子携带2+的电荷,并且配体与金属的比率是2:1,每一个羟基或氨基(R2)基团应理解为通过配位共价键结合至金属,而每一个羧酸酯基团和金属离子之间主要为离子键。典型的实例是Zn2+、Cu2+、Mn2+与两个2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸离子的复合物。当配体数目超过金属离子上的电荷时,例如,在二价金属离子的3:1螯合物中,多于电荷的配体通常可以保持质子化状态以平衡电荷。另一方面,当金属离子上的正电荷超过配体数目时,可以通过另一种阴离子的存在平衡电荷,如,例如,氯离子、溴离子、碘离子、碳酸氢根离子、硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、以及它们的组合物。也可以存在二价阴离子。
金属盐,其中也可以使用具有1+或者2+电荷的金属。当金属、金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物、或金属盐(例如金属碳酸盐、金属硝酸盐、或金属卤化物)与一种或多种具有式1的结构的化合物反应时,形成这些盐以在金属和得到的阴离子之间形成离子键。通常,可以通过使HMTBA与金属离子来源接触以制备这些金属盐。在不受特定理论限制的情况下,应认为Zn离子、Cu离子、Mn离子、Mg离子、Fe离子、和Cr离子与HMTBA的结合主要以螯合物的形式。
通常可以根据美国专利号4,335,257和4,579,962中所描述的方法来制备本发明的金属螯合物(其中的每一个通过引用以其整体结合至本文中)。
(b)软骨保护剂
本发明的膳食增补剂包含至少一种软骨保护剂。通常适合在本发明中使用的软骨保护剂可以改善软骨细胞功能。在不受限于任何特定理论的情况下,合适的软骨保护剂可以通过一种或多种以下机制改善软骨细胞的功能:1)刺激软骨细胞合成骨胶原和粘蛋白(蛋白聚糖,proteoglycan),以及刺激滑膜细胞产生透明质酸;2)抑制软骨降解;以及3)预防在软骨下血管和滑液血管结构中形成纤维蛋白。
在一个实施方式中,软骨保护剂是葡糖胺、或者葡糖胺的衍生物或盐。合适的葡糖胺形式包括葡糖胺硫酸盐、葡糖胺盐酸盐、葡糖胺氢碘化物、葡糖胺丙酮酸盐、葡糖胺磷酸盐、β-葡糖胺、α-葡糖胺、和N-乙酰基葡糖胺。葡糖胺的每日剂量可以在约25mg至约3000mg的范围内,并且更典型地,在约500mg至约1500mg的范围内。
在另一个实施方式中,软骨保护剂是软骨素、或者软骨素的衍生物或盐。软骨素的合适形式包括软骨素氯化物、软骨素溴化物、硫酸软骨素、和软骨素碘化物。软骨素的每日剂量可以在约25mg至约3000mg的范围内,并且更典型地,在约500mg至约1500mg的范围内。
在又一个实施方式中,软骨保护剂是透明质酸、或者透明质酸的衍生物或盐。透明质酸的合适的盐包括碱金属盐以及碱土金属盐。典型的盐,例如,包括透明质酸钠、透明质酸钾、透明质酸镁和透明质酸钙。透明质酸的典型剂量可以在约10mg至约2000mg的范围内。
在进一步的实施方式中,软骨保护剂是从绿唇贻贝(例如,青边贻贝(Perna canaliculus))中提取的。这种提取物的每日剂量可以为约100mg至约300mg(对于脂质提取物)或为约1000mg至约1200mg的冷冻干燥粉末(冻干粉末)。
在示例性实施方式中,软骨保护剂将包括硫酸软骨素、透明质酸、葡糖胺、和骨胶原。根据商品名称Natural Egg Shell Membrane(由ESMTechnologies,LLC,Carthage,MO出售的)可商购获得示例性制剂,其包含浓缩的蛋壳膜。
(c)维生素
可选地,本发明的膳食增补剂可以包括一种或多种维生素。用于在膳食增补剂中使用的合适的维生素包括维生素C、维生素A、维生素E、维生素B12、维生素K、核黄素、烟酸、维生素D、维生素B6、叶酸、吡哆醇、硫胺素、泛酸、和生物素。维生素的形式可以包括维生素的盐、维生素的衍生物、具有维生素的相同或类似活性的化合物、和维生素的代谢物。
膳食增补剂可以包括一种或多种形式的有效量的任何本文中所描述的维生素或本领域中已知的其它维生素。示例性维生素包括维生素K、维生素D、维生素C、和生物素。维生素的“有效量”通常定量为对于受试者的特定维生素的至少约10%的美国推荐每日供给量(“RDA”)。然而,预期某些维生素的量超过RDA可以对某些受试者有益处。例如,给予的维生素的量可以超过适用RDA100%、200%、300%、400%、或500%以上。
(d)矿物质
除了在I(a)中所描述的金属螯合物或金属盐之外,膳食增补剂可以包括一种或多种矿物质或矿物质来源。矿物质的非限制性实施例包括,但不限于,钙、铁、铬、铜、碘、锌、镁、锰、钼、磷、钾、和硒。上述矿物质的任何合适的形式包括可溶性矿物盐、微溶性矿物盐、不可溶性矿物盐、螯合矿物质、矿物质复合物、非反应性矿物质如羰基矿物质、还原性矿物质、以及它们的组合。
在示例性实施方式中,矿物质可以是钙的形式。钙的合适形式包括α-酮戊二酸钙、乙酸钙、藻酸钙、抗坏血酸钙、天冬氨酸钙、辛酸钙、碳酸钙、钙螯合物、氯化钙、柠檬酸钙、柠檬酸苹果酸钙、甲酸钙、葡乳醛酸钙、葡庚糖酸钙、葡萄糖酸钙、戊二酸钙、甘油磷酸钙、乳酸钙、赖氨酸钙、苹果酸钙、乳清酸钙、草酸钙、氧化钙、泛酸钙、磷酸钙、焦磷酸钙、琥珀酸钙、硫酸钙、十一碳烯酸钙、珊瑚钙、柠檬酸二钙、苹果酸二钙、苹果酸二羟基钙、磷酸二钙、和磷酸三钙。
一般而言,膳食增补剂可以包括一种或多种形式的有效量的本文中所描述的任何矿物质或本领域中已知的其它矿物质。矿物质的“有效量”通常定量为对于受试者的特定矿物质的至少约10%的美国推荐每日供给量(“RDA”)。然而,预期某些矿物质的量超过RDA可以对某些受试者有益处。例如,给予的矿物质的量可以超过适用的RDA100%、200%、300%、400%、或500%以上。典型地,在膳食增补剂中包含的矿物质的量可以在每剂量约1mg至约1500mg、约5mg至约500mg、或约50mg至约500mg的范围内。
(e)必需脂肪酸
可选地,膳食增补剂可以包含必需脂肪酸的来源。该必需脂肪酸可以是分离的,或者可以是包括必需脂肪酸的油类来源或脂肪来源。在一个实施方式中,该必需脂肪酸可以是多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),通常在顺式构型中具有至少两个碳-碳双键。PUFA可以是具有至少18个碳原子的长链脂肪酸。PUFA可以是ω-3脂肪酸,其中第一个双键出现在距离碳链的甲基端的第三个碳-碳键中(即,与羧酸基团相对)。ω-3脂肪酸的实例包括α-亚麻酸(18:3,ALA)、十八碳四烯酸(18:4)、二十碳四烯酸(20:4)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5,EPA)、二十二碳四烯酸(22:4)、n-3二十二碳五烯酸(22:5;n-3DPA)、和二十二碳六烯酸(22:6;DHA)。PUFA也可以是ω-5脂肪酸,其中第一个双键出现在距离甲基端的第五个碳-碳键中。示例性ω-5脂肪酸包括肉豆蔻烯酸(14:1)、肉豆蔻烯酸酯、和肉豆蔻烯酸鲸蜡基酯(肉豆蔻烯酸十六烷基酯,cetyl myristoleate)。PUFA也可以是ω-6脂肪酸,其中第一个双键出现在距离甲基端的第六个碳-碳键中。ω-6脂肪酸的实例包括亚油酸(18:2)、γ-亚麻酸(18:3)、二十碳二烯酸(20:2)、二高-γ-亚麻酸(20:3)、花生四烯酸(20:4)、二十二碳二烯酸(22:2)、肾上腺酸(22:4)、和n-6二十二碳五烯酸(22:5)。脂肪酸也可以是ω-9脂肪酸,如油酸(18:1)、二十烯酸(20:1)、二十碳三烯酸(蜂蜜酸,mead acid)(20:3)、芥酸(22:1)、和二十四碳烯酸(24:1)。
在另一个实施方式中,必需脂肪酸来源可以是海产品来源的油类。该海产品可以是脊椎鱼类或海洋生物,使得油类可以是鱼油或海产油(marineoil)。在海产品中发现长链(20C,22C)ω-3脂肪酸和ω-6脂肪酸。海产品中的ω-3脂肪酸与ω-6脂肪酸的比率在约8:1至20:1的范围内。可以获得富含ω-3脂肪酸的油类的海产品包括,但不限于,鲍鱼贝、长鳍金枪鱼、凤尾鱼、鲶鱼、蛤蜊、鳕鱼、宝石鱼(gem fish)、鲱鱼、湖鳟、鲭鱼、步鱼(鲱鱼,menhaden)、橙连鳍鲑、鲑鱼、沙丁鱼、鲻鱼、真鲈、鲨鱼、虾、鱿鱼、鳟鱼、和金枪鱼。
在又一个实施方式中,必需脂肪酸来源可以是植物来源的油类。植物油和蔬菜油富含ω-6脂肪酸。某些植物来源的油类,如亚麻籽油,尤其富含ω-3脂肪酸。通常植物油或蔬菜油提取自植物的种子,但是也可以提取自植物的其它部分。植物油或蔬菜油通常用于烹饪或调味,包括,但不限于,阿萨伊油(acai oil)、扁桃仁油、苋菜油、杏树籽油、阿甘树油(arganoil)、鳄梨籽油、巴巴苏油、山嵛油(Ben oil)、黑醋栗籽油、婆罗洲脂胡桃油、琉璃苣籽油、水牛葫芦油、芸苔油、角豆荚油、腰果油、蓖麻油、椰子油、芫荽籽油、玉米油、棉籽油、月见草油、亚麻荠油(false flax oil)、亚麻籽油(flax seed oil)、葡萄籽油、榛子油、大麻籽油、木棉籽油、扁柄草油、亚麻仁油、澳洲胡桃油(macadamia)、白芒花籽油、芥籽油、秋葵籽油、橄榄油、棕榈油、棕榈坚果油、花生油、胡桃油、佩基油(pequioil)、苏籽油、松仁油、阿月浑子树油、罂粟籽油、李仁果油、南瓜籽油、奎藜籽油(quinoa oil)、(非洲)黑芝麻油(盏金花油,ramtil oil)、米糠油、红花油、芝麻油、大豆油、向日葵油、茶油、大蓟油、核桃油、或小麦胚芽油。植物来源的油也可以被氢化或部分氢化。
在还进一步的实施方式中,必需脂肪酸来源可以是藻类来源的油。商购的藻类来源的油包括那些来自寇氏隐甲藻(Crypthecodinium cohnii)和裂殖壶菌属(Schizochytrium sp.)的油。可从中提取油类的其它合适的藻类物种包括,水华束丝藻、珪藻(Bacilliarophy sp.)、布朗葡萄藻、绿藻(Chlorophyceae sp.)、杜氏盐藻、眼虫藻、球等鞭金藻、微拟球藻、球藻(Nannochloris sp.)、新绿球藻、三角褐指藻、颗石藻、小三毛金藻、二形栅藻、螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)和周氏扁藻。
(f)氨基酸
膳食增补剂可以可选地包括一种至多种氨基酸。合适的氨基酸包括丙氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷酰胺、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、和缬氨酸、或它们的羟基类似物。在某些实施方式中,氨基酸将选自必需氨基酸。通常必需氨基酸被描述为不能通过生物体从头合成的一类氨基酸,因此,必须在饮食中提供。通过非限制性实例,用于人类的必需氨基酸包括:L-组氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、和L-苏氨酸。在示例性实施方式中,所使用的甲硫氨酸是对应于式(1)的甲硫氨酸的羟基类似物:
其中:
n是0至2的整数;
R1是甲基或乙基;以及
R2选自由羟基和氨基所组成的组中。
在示例性的可替换实施方式中,n是2,R1是甲基且R2是羟基(即,2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸)。
(g)抗氧化剂
膳食增补剂可以包括一种或多种合适的抗氧化剂。技术人员将理解,所给予的抗氧化剂的适用性将根据膳食增补剂所给予的物种而变化。抗氧化剂的非限制性的实例包括抗坏血酸及其盐、抗坏血酰棕榈酸酯、抗坏血酰硬脂酸酯、阿诺克索默、N-乙酰基半胱氨酸、苄基异硫氰酸酯、o-氨基苯甲酸、间氨基苯甲酸、或p-氨基苯甲酸(o是邻氨基苯甲酸,p是PABA)、丁基化羟基茴香醚(BHA)、丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)、咖啡酸、角黄素、α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝蔔素(β-caraotene)、β-阿朴-胡萝卜酸、卡诺醇、香芹酚、儿茶酸、鲸蜡基没食子酸酯、氯原酸、柠檬酸及其盐、对-香豆酸、姜黄素(curcurin)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸、N,N’-二苯基-对-苯二胺(DPPD)、二月桂基硫代二丙酸酯、二硬脂基硫代二丙酸酯、2,6-二-叔丁基苯酚、没食子酸十二烷基酯、依地酸、鞣花酸、异抗坏血酸、异抗坏血酸钠、七叶亭、七叶甙、6-乙氧基-1,2-二氢-2,2,4-三甲基喹啉、没食子酸乙酯、乙基麦芽酚、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、丁子香酚、阿魏酸、类黄酮、黄酮(例如,芹黄素、白杨素、木犀草素)、黄酮醇(例如,橡精(datiscetin)、杨梅酮、山茶酚(daemfero))、黄烷酮、皮亭、富马酸、没食子酸、龙胆根提取物、葡糖酸、甘氨酸、愈创树脂、橙皮素、α-羟基苄基次膦酸、羟基肉桂酸、羟基戊二酸、对苯二酚、N-羟基琥珀酸、羟基酪醇、羟基脲、乳酸及其盐、卵磷脂、卵磷脂柠檬酸盐;R-α-硫辛酸、叶黄素、番茄红素、苹果酸、麦芽醇、5-甲氧基色胺、没食子酸甲酯、柠檬酸单甘油酯;柠檬酸单异丙酯;桑色素、β-萘黄酮、去甲二氢愈创木酸(NDGA)、没食子酸辛酯、草酸、柠檬酸棕榈酯、吩噻嗪、磷脂酰胆碱、磷酸、磷酸酯、植酸、叶绿素重铬酸酯、没食子酸丙酯、聚磷酸酯、栎精、反式白藜芦醇、迷迭香酸、芝麻酚、水飞蓟素、芥子酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸硬脂基酯、丁香酸、酒石酸、百里酚、生育酚(即,α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚、和δ-生育酚)、三烯酚(即,α-三烯酚、β-三烯酚、γ-三烯酚、和δ-三烯酚)、酪醇、香草酸、2,6-二-叔丁基-4-羟甲基苯酚(即,Ionox100)、2,4-(三-3’,5’-二-叔丁基-4’-羟基苄基)-三甲苯(即,Ionox330)、2,4,5-三羟基丁酰苯、泛醌、叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、硫代二丙酸、三羟基丁酰苯、色胺、酪胺、尿酸、维生素K及衍生物、维生素Q10、玉米黄质、或它们的组合。
可以包含在膳食增补剂中的天然抗氧化剂包括,但不限于,苹果皮提取物、蓝莓提取物、胡萝卜汁粉末、丁香提取物、咖啡豆、咖啡豆提取物、蔓越莓提取物、桉树提取物、姜粉、葡萄籽提取物、绿茶、橄榄叶、欧芹提取物、薄荷油、辣椒提取物、果渣、石榴提取物、米糠提取物、玫瑰果、迷迭香提取物、鼠尾草提取物、酸樱桃提取物、西红柿提取物、姜黄、和小麦胚芽油。
(h)消炎剂(抗炎剂)
膳食增补剂可以可选地包含至少一种消炎剂(抗炎剂)。在一个实施方式中,消炎剂可以是合成的非类固醇类消炎药(NSAID)如乙酰水杨酸、二氯苯酸(dichlophenac)、吲哚美辛、奥沙美辛、布洛芬、吲哚洛芬、萘普生、酮洛芬、甲芬那酸、安乃近、吡罗昔康、和塞来考昔。在可替换的实施方式中,消炎剂可以是调节炎症过程的激素原(prohormone)。合适的激素原具有包括激素原转化酶1、阿片皮质素原、激素原B-型钠尿肽、SMR1激素原等的性质。在另一个实施方式中,消炎剂可以是具有消炎效果的酶。消炎酶的实例包括菠萝蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、舍雷肽酶(serrapeptidase)和蛋白水解酶如胰酶(胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、和脂肪酶的混合物)。
在又一个实施方式中,消炎剂可以是具有消炎效果的肽。例如,该肽可以是磷脂酶A2的抑制剂,如抗炎多肽-1(antiflamnnin-1),一种对应于脂皮质蛋白的氨基酸残基246-254的肽;抗炎多肽-2(antiflammin-2),一种对应于子宫球蛋白的氨基酸残基39-47的肽;S7肽,其抑制白介素6与白介素6受体之间的相互相用;RP1,一种异戊二烯基蛋白质抑制剂;以及类似的肽类。可替换地,消炎肽可以是皮质抑素,皮质抑素是一种与促生长素抑制素相关的环状神经肽,或者是对应于SV-IV蛋白的N-端片段的肽,E-选择素、L-选择素、P-选择素的保守区等。其它合适的消炎制剂包括胶原蛋白水解液和牛奶微量营养浓缩液(例如,购自Stolle MilkBiologies,Inc.,Cincinnati,OH的)、以及牛乳蛋白水解液、酪蛋白水解液、乳清蛋白水解液、和植物蛋白水解液。
在进一步的实施方式中,消炎剂可以是益生菌(probiotic),已显示益生菌可以调控炎症。合适的免疫调节益生菌包括乳酸菌,如acidophilli、乳酸杆菌、和bifidophilli。在又一个实施方式中,消炎剂可以是具有消炎性质的植物提取物。具有消炎益处的合适植物提取物的非限制性实例包括蓝莓、乳香、黑儿茶和中国黄芩、芹菜籽、甘菊、樱桃、爪钩草、桉树、月见草、姜、霍桑浆果、马尾、刺楸皮、甘草、姜黄、白柳、柳皮、和丝兰。
(i)赋形剂
通常在膳食增补剂制剂中使用的各种赋形剂可以基于该赋形剂与活性成分的相容性而选择。合适的赋形剂的非限制性实例包括选自由以下各项所组成的组中的试剂:非泡腾崩解剂、着色剂、调味剂、口服分散剂、稳定剂、防腐剂、稀释剂、压缩剂、润滑剂、填充剂、粘合剂、味道掩蔽剂、泡腾崩解剂、以及这些试剂的任何组合。
在一个实施方式中,赋形剂是粘合剂。合适的粘合剂包括淀粉、预胶化淀粉、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、纤维素、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯噁唑烷酮、聚乙烯醇、C12-C18脂肪酸醇、聚乙二醇、多元醇、糖类、低聚糖、多肽、寡肽、以及它们的组合。多肽可以是约100道尔顿至约300,000道尔顿范围内的任何排列的氨基酸。
在另一个实施方式中,赋形剂可以是填充剂。合适的填充剂包括碳水化合物、无机化合物、和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。通过非限制性的实例,填充剂可以是硫酸钙(二元(二碱的,di-basic)和三元(三碱的,tri-basic))、淀粉、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、微晶纤维素、二碱磷酸钙(磷酸氢钙(dibasic calciumphosphate))、碳酸镁、氧化镁、硅酸钙、滑石、改性淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、和山梨醇。
赋形剂可以包括非泡腾崩解剂。合适的非泡腾崩解剂的实例包括淀粉(如玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、其预胶化淀粉和改性淀粉)、增甜剂、陶土如皂土、微晶纤维素、藻酸盐、羟乙酸淀粉钠、胶质(gum)(如琼脂、瓜尔胶、槐豆胶、梧桐胶、果胶、和黄蓍胶)。
在另一个实施方式中,赋形剂可以是泡腾崩解剂。通过非限制性的实例,合适的泡腾崩解剂包括与柠檬酸组合的碳酸氢钠和与酒石酸组合的碳酸氢钠。
赋形剂可以包括防腐剂。合适的防腐剂的实例包括抗氧化剂,如α-生育酚或抗坏血酸,以及抗菌剂,如对羟苯甲酸类(parabens)、氯丁醇或苯酚。
在另一个实施方式中,赋形剂可以包括稀释剂。适合使用的稀释剂包括药用糖类如蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、微晶纤维素、果糖、木糖醇、和山梨醇;多元醇;淀粉;预制造的直接压片稀释剂;以及任何以上的混合物。
赋形剂可以包括调味剂。并入外层的调味剂选自合成的调味油类和调味芳香剂和/或天然油,该调味剂提取自植物、叶子、花朵、果实、以及其组合。通过实例,这些可以包括肉桂油、冬青油、薄荷油、苜蓿油、干草油、茴香油、桉树、香子兰、柑桔油(如柠檬油、橙油)、葡萄和葡萄柚油、水果香精(包括苹果、桃、梨、草莓、木莓、樱桃、李子、菠萝、和杏)。
在另一个实施方式中,赋形剂可以包括增甜剂。通过非限制性的实例,增甜剂可以选自葡萄糖(玉米糖浆)、葡萄糖、转化糖、果糖、以及它们的混合物(当不用做载体时);糖精和其各种盐如钠盐;二肽增甜剂如阿斯巴特;二氢查尔酮(二氢查耳酮)化合物、甘草素;甜叶菊(甜菊苷);蔗糖的氯代衍生物如三氯蔗糖;糖醇如山梨醇、甘露醇、木糖醇等。
在另一个实施方式中,赋形剂可以是润滑剂。合适的润滑剂的非限制性实例包括硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、氢化蔬菜油、氢化植物油(sterotex)、聚氧乙烯单硬脂酸酯、滑石、聚乙二醇、苯甲酸钠、月桂基硫酸钠、月桂基硫酸镁、和轻质矿物油。
赋形剂可以是分散增强剂。合适的分散剂可以包括淀粉、藻酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、瓜尔胶、高岭土、皂土、纯化木纤维素、羟乙酸淀粉钠、同构硅酸盐(同形硅酸盐,isoamorphous silicate)、和作为高HLB乳化剂表面活化剂的微晶纤维素。
根据实施方式,可以期望在外层中提供着色剂。合适的着色剂包括食物、药物、和化妆品的颜色(FD&C),药物和化妆品的颜色(D&C),或外部药物和化妆品的颜色(Ext.D&C)。根据实施方式,这些颜色或染料,与它们相应的色淀、以及某些天然和衍生着色剂一起,可以适用于本发明中。
赋形剂可以包括味道掩蔽剂。味道掩蔽材料包括,例如,纤维素羟丙基醚(HPC)如Nisswo HPC和PrimaFlo HP22;低取代的羟丙基醚(L-HPC);纤维素羟丙基甲基醚(HPMC)如Seppifilm-LC、Metolose SR、Opadry YS、PrimaFlo、MP3295A、BenecelMP824、和Benecel MP843;甲基纤维素聚合物如和乙基纤维素(EC)及其混合物如E461、Surelease;聚乙烯醇(PVA)如Opadry AMB;羟乙基纤维素如羧甲基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素的盐(CMC)如聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇共聚物如Kollicoat甘油单酸酯(Myverol)、甘油三酸酯(KLX)、聚乙二醇、改性食物淀粉、丙烯酸类聚合物以及丙烯酸类聚合物与纤维素醚的混合物(如EPO、RD100、和E100);邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素;sepifilms如HPMC与硬脂酸的混合物、环糊精、以及这些材料的混合物。在其它实施方式中,所预期的另外的味道掩蔽材料是那些在美国专利号4,851,226、5,075,114、和5,876,759中所描述的,其中的每一个通过引用以其整体结合至本文中。
在各种实施方式中,赋形剂可以包括pH调节剂。在某些实施方式中,pH调节剂可以包括碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠。在其它实施方式中,使用抗氧化剂如BHT或BHA。
在膳食增补剂中赋形剂或赋形剂的组合的重量比可以是药物组合物的总重量的约98%以下、约95%以下、约90%以下、约85%以下、约80%以下、约75%以下、约70%以下、约65%以下、约60%以下、约55%以下、约50%以下、约45%以下、约40%以下、约35%以下、约30%以下、约25%以下、约20%以下、约15%以下、约10%以下、约5%以下、约2%以下、或约1%以下。
(j)示例性制剂
一般而言,膳食增补剂可以包括与在1(b)中所描述的任何软骨保护剂组合的在1(a)中所描述的任何金属螯合物或金属盐。可选地,这些膳食增补剂可以进一步包括任何在l(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)或(i)中描述的成分。如技术人员将理解的,形成给定的膳食增补剂的成分的类型和数量可以并且将取决于哺乳动物受试者而较大地变化。根据通常已知的方法,可以配制膳食增补剂以满足一些哺乳动物受试者的需要。例如,哺乳动物受试者可以是人类、农业动物(例如,牛、猪、绵羊、或山羊)、动物园动物(例如,有蹄动物)、或宠物(狗、马、或猫)。
在用于膳食增补剂的一个示例性实施方式中,金属螯合物包含2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸的锌螯合物、2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸的锰螯合物、和2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸的铜螯合物的混合物;并且软骨保护剂包含硫酸软骨素、透明质酸、葡糖胺、和骨胶原的混合物。在该实施方式的示例性可替换实施方式中,软骨保护剂将包括在这些实施方式的每一个中,膳食增补剂可以包括一种至多种成分,该成分选自由维生素、矿物质、氨基酸、抗氧化剂、酵母培养物基、消炎剂、和必需脂肪酸所组成的组中。通过非限制性说明,实施例2详述了针对犬科配制的本发明的示例性膳食增补剂,实施例3详述了针对马属所配制的本发明的示例性膳食增补剂,以及实施例6详述了针对人类所配制的本发明的示例性膳食增补剂。
如果合适,在没有偏离本发明的范围的情况下,设想了用于形成本发明的膳食增补剂的一种或多种成分可以以互变异构体、几何异构体或立体异构体的形式存在。本发明设想了所有这种化合物,包括顺式和反式几何异构体,E-几何异构体和Z-几何异构体,R-对映异构体和S-对映异构体、非对应异构体,d-异构体,l-异构体,它们的消旋混合物以及它们的其它混合物。这种互变异构体、几何异构体或立体异构体的形式的药用盐也包括在本发明中。如在本文中使用的术语“顺式”和“反式”,表示立体异构体的形式,其中通过双键连接的两个碳原子将各自具有在双键同侧的氢原子(“顺式”)或在双键对侧的氢原子(“反式”)。所描述的化合物中的一些包含烯基基团,并且意图包括顺式和反式或者“E”和“Z”几何形式。此外,所描述的化合物中的一些包含一种或多种立体(异构)中心,并且对于每一个存在的立体(异构)中心意图包括R、S、以及R和S的混合物的形式。
此外,形成本发明的膳食增补剂的一种或多种成分可以以游离碱或其药用酸加成盐的形式。术语“药用盐”是通常用于形成碱金属盐和形成游离酸或游离碱的加成盐的盐。盐的性质可以改变,条件是其为药用盐。在本方法中使用的化合物的合适药用酸加成盐可以由无机酸或有机酸制备。这种无机酸的实例是盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硝酸、碳酸、硫酸和磷酸。合适的有机酸可以选自脂肪族、脂环族、芳香族、芳基脂肪族、杂环、羧酸和磺酸类有机酸,其实例是甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、二醇酸、葡糖酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、葡糖醛酸、马来酸、富马酸、丙酮酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸、甲磺酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、苯乙酸、扁桃酸、帕莫酸(双羟萘酸(pamoic))、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸、泛酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、甲苯磺酸、对氨基苯磺酸、环己基氨基磺酸、硬脂酸、海藻酸、羟基丁酸、水杨酸、半乳糖二酸和半乳糖醛酸。在本方法中使用的化合物的合适药用碱加成盐包括由铝、钙、锂、镁、钾、钠和锌制备的金属盐或由N,N’-二苄基乙烯二胺、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺-(N-甲基葡糖胺)和普鲁卡因制备的有机盐。通过使,例如,合适的酸或碱与一种或多种本文给出的相应化合物反应,可以通过常规方法由相应化合物制备所有这些盐类。
II.膳食增补剂剂型
可以以一种或多种剂型制备本文中详述的膳食增补剂。在示例性实施方式中,剂型将是口服剂型。合适的剂型包括片剂,包括混悬片剂、咀嚼片剂、泡腾片剂或囊片;丸剂;粉剂如无菌封装的粉剂、可分散的粉剂、和泡腾粉剂;胶囊剂包括软胶囊或硬胶囊两者或者非动物来源的聚合物,如羟丙基甲基纤维素胶囊(即,HPMC)或支链淀粉;锭剂;囊剂;喷剂;可复水的粉剂或晃动剂(shake);小片剂(troche);小球剂;颗粒剂;液体;混悬剂;乳剂;或者半固体和胶体。可替换地,可以将膳食增补剂并入食品中或与液体混合的粉剂中,或者仅在与非食品液体混合之后口服给予。技术人员将理解,除了适用于以各种剂型给予该膳食增补剂之外,也适用于使用各种给药方案给予。
整个说明书和实施例描述了在每一个这些剂型中可用的成分(即,金属螯合物、软骨保护剂、维生素、矿物质、氨基酸、抗氧化剂、酵母培养物、和必需脂肪酸)、和其它赋形剂的数量和类型。应认识到,当利用一种剂型描述成分和/或赋形剂的组合(包括这些组分的具体的量)时,相同的组合可以用于任何其它合适的剂型。此外,本领域技术人员应理解,根据本申请的教导,通过结合作为以单一剂型或分离剂型的组合给予的和在说明书的不同部分中描述的一起给予的成分的数量与类型,能够制备任何上文列出的剂型。
形成膳食增补剂的活性成分的粒径可以是重要因素,该粒径可以影响生物利用度、掺混物均一性、分离、和流动性。总体而言,较小粒径的活性成分,通过提高表面积来提高具有相当差的水溶性的活性成分的生物吸收率。活性成分和赋形剂的粒径也可以影响膳食增补剂的悬浮性质。例如,较小的颗粒较难以沉淀,从而形成较好的混悬剂。在各种实施方式中,各种成分(可以作为针对混悬剂的粉末直接给予,或以固体剂型使用)的干燥粉末的平均粒径的直径小于约500微米、或直径小于约450微米、或直径小于约400微米、或直径小于约350微米、或直径小于约300微米、或直径小于约250微米、或直径小于约200微米、或直径小于约150微米、或直径小于约100微米、或直径小于约75微米、或直径小于约50微米、或直径小于约25微米、或直径小于约15微米。在某些应用中使用直径小于15微米的颗粒可以是有利的。在这些情况下可以有利地使用15微米至10纳米的粒径范围内的胶体或纳米尺寸的颗粒。
通过常规制药技术可以制备本发明的膳食增补剂。常规制药技术包括,例如,以下方法中的一种或组合:(1)干式混合,(2)直接压片,(3)碾磨,(4)干燥或非水性的造粒,(5)湿法造粒,或(6)溶合(fusion)。参见,例如,Lachman et al.,The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy(1986)。其它方法包括,例如,造粒、喷雾干燥、平板涂敷、熔融造粒(melt granulation)、颗粒化(granulation)、Wurster包衣、切向包衣、顶部喷雾、挤压、凝聚等。
所包括的以下实施例用于证明本发明的优选实施方式。本领域技术人员应理解,在随后的实施例中公开的技术表示由本发明人发现的在实施本发明中效果良好的技术。然而,根据本发明的公开内容,本领域技术人员应当理解在没有偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以对公开的具体实施方式中做出许多改变,并且仍然获得相同或类似的结果,因此在附图中给出和示出的所有内容应被理解为是示例性的而不是限制性的意义。
实施例
以下实施例示出了本发明的各种实施方式。
实施例1.由成年马口服摄取膳食增补剂的安全性
本研究的目的是建立由成年马口服摄取膳食增补剂的安全性。该膳食增补剂包括磷酸二钙、(天然卵膜,包含葡糖胺、硫酸软骨素、透明质酸、和骨胶原)、抗坏血酸、MHA(甲硫氨酸羟基类似物)、HMBTA-Mn、HMTBA-Zn、HMBTA-Cu、生物素、Zorien Se酵母(SeY)、和维生素D。根据对行为观察的影响和利用血样获取的标准临床化学实验组(panel),将包含膳食增补剂的饮食与对照饮食相比较。
饮食。在本研究的过程中将两种饮食提供至所有的马。在第一个7天期间,向所有的马提供商购的马饮食(对照饮食),该饮食满足或超过NRC要求。在接下来的14天期间,向马提供相同的商购的马饮食并伴随添加作为表施应用(top dress application)的另外的膳食增补剂。给予膳食增补剂的初始比率是向500kg的马给予50g的膳食增补剂。在本研究的最后7天期间,向马提供最初的商购的马饮食。每周采集马的进料浓缩液的样品。取样和分析每一批膳食增补剂的矿物含量(Cu、Mn、Zn)以及葡糖胺、软骨素、和透明质酸。
动物和实验设计。来自两个地区的5匹马(2匹雄性,3匹雌性)参与本研究。将一匹雄马和两匹雌马放置在密苏里州温菲尔德的Wehmeyer农场中;一匹雄马和一匹雌马放置在密苏里州Troy的Harrell农场中。向每一匹马分配独立的畜栏以确保摄入期望量的膳食增补剂。在实验完成后,释放本研究中所有的马。
行为观察。每日观察动物最少两次,并且记录任何异常的观察。
血样。在血清分离试管中采集来自每个动物的可达10毫升的血液并且使得血液凝结至少30分钟。对于未稀释的血清使所有样品向下旋转,分成两部分并冷冻。将一部分送至Antech Veterinary Diagnostic Labs并且分析标准的血液化学状况。在研究开始时从所有马中抽取血样,在本研究期间每7天抽取1次,并且在本研究结束时抽取1次。
数据分析和统计。作为成对的观测来分析血液数据。使用SAS的一般线性模型(General Linear Model)的pdiff程序,比较在本研究的开始两周期间获取的基础饮食血样与在本研究的最后两周期间获取的实验饮食血样之间的差别,并且结果以平均值±平均值的标准误差显示。
结果。在本研究中发现膳食增补剂对于所有的马都是适口(palatable)的,食物摄取没有由于存在膳食增补剂而显著变化。此外,在任何摄取膳食增补剂的马中没有观察到不利影响。对于所有的马,所有血液化学实验组落入正常范围内,并且当给予膳食增补剂时,注意到对于任何马都没有行为变化。
实施例2.包含膳食增补剂的犬科治疗剂的适口性
进行以下研究以测定包含膳食增补剂的狗治疗剂的适口性。使用目前的药品生产质量管理规范(Good Manufacturing Practice,cGMP)制造针对犬科所配制的包含膳食增补剂的两种可咀嚼的狗片剂。一种片剂(治疗剂A)使用鸡肉消化物来调味,而第二种片剂(治疗剂B)使用牛肉和奶酪增味剂(palatant)来调味。该膳食增补剂包括MHA、磷酸三钙、抗坏血酸、HMBTA-Zn、Zorien SeY、HMTBA-Cu、HMTBA-Mn、生物素、和维生素D。
动物。根据动物福祉法案(Animal Welfare Act)利用ASDA号23-R-126记录安放在狗窝设备中的20只雄性和雌性猎犬(Beagle)。狗窝具有12小时光照和12小时黑暗的循环。根据动物福祉法案使狗窝的温度保持在目标条件下(即,50℉至85℉)。根据动物福祉法案每日清洗和消毒狗笼和喂食用碗(feed bowl)。
试验设计。将不锈钢碗中的各种治疗剂中的一种一天一次地提供至每只狗,持续2天。每天颠倒碗的位置,并提供碗多达5分钟或直到采食完第一治疗剂。在提供治疗剂之前5个小时,向每只狗提供300g的标准犬科饮食持续30min(Special Meal,Joy Pet Food,St.Marys,OH)。犬科饮食的平均消耗是85%。
数据分析和统计。通过耳部刺纹和狗笼编号识别每只狗。每天记录每只狗的第一次接近、第一次采食倾向、和采食第一治疗剂的时间(以秒计)。使用卡方(Chi-square)和t-检验分析来分析数据。
结果。表1显示了两次试验中每只狗的第一次接近倾向和第一次采食倾向。发现狗几乎同等地接近两种治疗剂,但是它们采食治疗剂A的频率比采食治疗剂B高约9倍。
表1.狗治疗剂适口性总结
在所有的狗中,治疗剂A是第一次接近倾向的次数为23次,治疗剂B是第一次接近倾向的次数为17次。在单独的狗的水平下,治疗剂A是第一次接近倾向的有3只狗(15%),治疗剂B是第一次接近倾向的有0只狗,并且同等地接近治疗剂A和治疗剂B的有17只狗(85%)。卡方分析发现第一次接近倾向没有统计学显著性。类似地,在95%的显著性水平下,t-检验分析发现第一次接近倾向没有统计学显著性。P-值是0.08281。
总地来说,治疗剂A是第一次采食倾向的次数为36次,治疗剂B是第一次采食倾向的次数为4次。在单独的狗的水平下,在2天内16只狗(80%)都采食了治疗剂A,在2天内没有狗采食治疗剂B,并且4只狗(20%)一天采食治疗剂A而另一天采食治疗剂B。卡方分析发现第一次采食倾向没有统计学显著性差异。类似地,在95%的显著性水平下,t-检验分析发现了第一次采食倾向的统计学显著性差异。P-值是0.00000。采食处理剂所消耗的时间在3秒至190秒的范围内。因为采食治疗剂B的实例非常少,统计学分析是不可能的。
本研究显示狗较喜欢包含膳食增补剂的鸡肉风味的片剂。
实施例3.在马中检测关节疾病和膳食增补剂的治疗益处
本研究的第一个目的是监测马的尿液和/或软骨的血浆/血清水平和滑膜代谢标记物,以及针对炎症和氧化应力的标记物,以在个体内和个体间确立平均水平与差异,并且寻找对应于关节病变的模式(pattern)。本研究的第二个目的是检测膳食增补剂的益处,该膳食增补剂作为患有关节疾病的马的潜在可替代治疗剂。
本研究将包括两组马,两组马将在相同的期间内接受膳食增补剂。两组马在治疗前后被监测的期间将不同。马的膳食增补剂是在如上文实施例1中所描述的。
动物 至少2岁龄的成熟家养马(Equus cabalbus)将包括在本研究中。将在之前的120天已进行关节手术的马排除在外。也将以下马排除在外,如果它们已经:1)在之前的30天中接受过系统性葡胺聚糖(GAG),2)在之前的14天中接受过食物维生素、矿物质、或关节健康增补剂,3)在之前的7天中接受过系统性类固醇,或者4)在之前的7天中接受过系统性非类固醇消炎药(NSAID)。通常在开始本研究之前马兽医将利用之前的病历和身体检查两者来评价每只马的健康。马兽医将利用美国马医协会(American Association of Equine Practitioners,AAEP)跛行(lameness)等级(参见,例如,http://www.aaep.org)来评价关节病症和分配跛行得分。使得马随意接近水,并且在试验之前将继续饲养和锻炼。
试验设计 在最初的跛行评分之后,将马随机分配为组A或组B,使得两组具有大约相同数量的马,并且年龄和跛行得分是大致匹配的。如在表2中示出的,试验可以包括4个期间。期间1和期间4分别是预治疗期间和后治疗期间,并且期间2和期间3是治疗期间,在治疗期间,一组是经治疗的而另一组是未经治疗的。在表2中,“0”表示未治疗,而“T”表示治疗。在治疗期间内,可以以每日每只动物50g剂量的给予膳食增补剂。可以将该增补剂混合入每日进食中。
表2.实验设计
在期间1开始之前,将终止给予任何药物和/或增补剂,并且如上文所描述的,将评价每个动物的一般健康。表3显示了对于试验的四个期间的详细时间表。
表3.实验流程
采集血液、尿液、和热图像 | 确定AAEP跛行得分 | |
预实验 | 第0天 | |
期间1(28天) | 第1、14、28天 | 第28天 |
期间2(56天) | 第3、7、14、28、42、56天 | 第28、56天 |
期间3(56天) | 第3、7、14、28、42、56天 | 第28、56天 |
期间4(28天) | 第14、28天 | 第28天 |
血液采集 可以从颈静脉中采集血液并将其放置在两个分离的试管中用于采集血清和血浆。可以在-20°C下冷冻样品直到分析。可以分析血浆和/或血清的软骨代谢的生物标记物(例如,PIIANP、CTX-II、COMP),以及针对炎症(例如,IL-6)或氧化应力(如,8-异-PGF2α,PGE2)的标记物。还可以测定维生素D、维生素E、抗坏血酸、锌、铜、和锰的血清水平。
尿液采集 可以使用自由流体采集来采集尿液并且在-20°C下冷冻直到分析。可以分析尿液的糖基-半乳糖基-吡啶啉(滑液代谢的标记物)和CTX-II。将通过尿的肌酸酐浓度以校正来自尿分析的所有生物标记物水平。
热成像 根据生产商的说明书,可以使用FLUKE热成像仪系统(FlukeCorp.,Everett,WA)进行热成像。可以从整个动物的前、后、和两侧采集图像。也可以在炎症的具体部位采集图像。在成像时可以记录动物的环境温度和体温。总体而言,在采集其它样品之前立即采集图像。
同时疗法 在试验期间禁止一些治疗剂(例如,GAG、类固醇、NSIAD、和其它增补剂)。兽医将在每个病例(case-by-case)的基础上评价其它疗法,并且如果这些疗法被认为不影响所选择的生物标记物,将允许使用它们。记录所有的同时疗法。此外,在试验过程中,马不可以受到针刺、推拿、脊椎指压治疗。
数据分析 生物标记物的浓度可以显示为平均值±标准偏差。使用学生t检验(Student’s t-test)可以确定统计学差异。使用年龄和跛行作为因变量,在期间1期间可以使用生物标记物分析来建立随着时间的个体间和个体内差异。在期间1期间检测的生物标记物的轨迹(pattern)可以对应于关节病变。可以检测生物标记物的轨迹或浓度的改变和/或跛行得分的改变和/或热成像的改变,该改变为使用膳食增补剂治疗的结果。
作为使用膳食增补剂治疗的结果,如果所选择的生物标记物的浓度降低和/或跛行得分降低,可以得出结论,即膳食增补剂对于治疗马的关节疾病提供了治疗益处。可以通过减轻与关节疾病有关的疼痛、和/或关节组织的生长、修复、和/或维持证明该治疗益处。
实施例4.膳食增补剂在患有关节疾病的马中的治疗益处
以下的研究的目的是确定使用膳食增补剂治疗患有跛行病史的马是否有助于控制与关节健康有关的临床病症(即,降低跛行得分、缓解关节疾病的症状、稳定或防止关节组织的进一步恶化、和/或促进关节组织的生长和/或修复)。
双盲安慰剂对照研究将比较以下两组:一组将喂食测试膳食增补剂,第二组将喂食不含活性成分的类似膳食增补剂。在上文的实施例1中详述了马的膳食增补剂。
动物 带有关节健康问题的至少2年年龄的成熟家养马(私人拥有)将包括在本研究中。关节健康问题包括关节积液、跛行、或者其它与退行性关节疾病或骨关节炎共有的临床病症。总结而言,马将具有等于或大于2.0且小于4.0的AAEP跛行得分。如果两侧跛行明显,则较严重的患病肢体将称为患肢(affected limb)。在之前的120天中进行关节手术的马将排除在外。也将以下马排除在外,如果它们已经:1)在之前的90天中在患病关节中接受过关节内注射,2)在之前的30天中接受过系统性GAG,3)在之前的14天中接受过食物维生素、矿物质、或关节健康增补剂,4)在之前的7天中接受过系统性类固醇,或5)在之前的7天中接受过系统性非类固醇消炎药(NSAID),或者6)在之前的两周中接受过马掌或修剪改变。使得马随意接近水,并提供饲料(干草,以及如果必要,谷粒)以保持体重。
在试验开始之前,动物可以经受21天的适应期。马兽医可以对该动物进行最初的评价。
实验设计 该研究将包括随机化完全区组设计,通过跛行等级和患病关节将马分组。在每一组(一对)中,将马随机分配为对照组或治疗组。对照组将摄取安慰剂膳食增补剂(即,苜蓿草粉、糖蜜、和亚麻油)。治疗组可以每天向每只动物给予50g膳食增补剂。可以将该膳食增补剂混合至饲料中。如果马不采食饲料或与饲料分离的增补剂,并且没有完全采食,可以使用水或糖蜜润湿饲料以提高适口性,并防止分离。对于治疗方案,将隐瞒临床调查员以确保所有的观察以没有偏见的方式记录。
研究的持续时间可以是6周(42天)。表4显示了研究时间表。
表4.研究活动
一般兽医的评价 可以不考虑相同马的先前评价。通常患肢和相对侧的肢体将被单独评分(针对AAEP跛行评分),并且仅患肢针对其余的参数。然而,如果马在任何评价时间都表现出两侧跛行,将针对所有参数对肢体评分。可以使用垂直线标记视觉模拟评分(VAS)参数,在10cm的线上显示出恰当的点。
跛行评分 可以使用AAEP跛行分级量表(AAEP lameness gradingscale)评价跛行。数据形式包括在评价期间所使用的立足点(footing)的描述。在研究期间用于各个马的立足点不可以改变。
在行走时的跛行(VAS) 在行走时患肢的跛行可以在10cm视觉模拟评分(VAS)上评分,其中在行走时左手侧涉及健康,右手侧涉及无承重。
在疾走时的跛行(VAS) 在疾走时患肢的跛行可以在10cm视觉模拟评分(VAS)上评分,其中在疾走时左手侧涉及健康,右手侧涉及无承重。
步长 可以抬起患肢,使用水清洗和喷射蹄部。可以将彩色粉笔(粉末)施加于蹄的底部,并使得马在适合于使蹄部撞击标记可视化的表面(例如,混凝土或公路)上疾走。从最远端的可视标记测量,可以使用卷尺测量步长。可以以英尺和英寸记录最少3且最大6的步长。
关节弯曲 可以在很小或没有阻力下将患病关节平缓地弯曲至最大程度。可以在10cm VAS上对弯曲评分,其中0=正常且10=无弯曲。如果患病关节(例如,骹、蹄槽和舟骨)具有固有的受限活动性,则不能进行该测量,并且“NA”将进入数据表格中表示“不可应用”。
对关节弯曲的响应 可以在10cm VAS上评分马对于关节弯曲的响应,其中0=正常且10=最大响应(参见上文,条件是患病关节是可以弯曲的关节)。
在关节弯曲之后的跛行 患病关节可以在弯曲的位置下保持60秒,并且在释放弯曲关节之后马立即疾走。可以在10cm VAS上评分跛行,其中0=正常和10=无承重。
生活质量指数 可以使用所有上文的参数,以及马在10cm VAS上的动作来评价生活质量,其中0=优良的生活质量,没有与DJD有关的显著不适,且10=差的生活质量。
滑液 在兽医评价之后,可以外部清洁患病关节(如果必要,可以修剪),并且可以将滑液样品无菌地采集至包含EDTA的试管中。可以分析滑液的WBC、总蛋白质、骨钙蛋白、IL-6、和TNFα。
血液 可以使用肝素化注射器和试管采集血液,并且离心以得到血浆。血浆可以用于测量骨标记物和软骨标记物(例如,骨钙蛋白、DPD、降血素、COMP、CTX-II、PIIANP)以及检测炎症(例如,细胞因子,如IL-Ιβ、11-6、TNFα、8-异-PGF2α、iNOS、COX-2)。
从研究中除去受试者 如果发生严重的健康事件,可以从研究中除去马,使用健康事件和任何给予的治疗剂的完整样本。除了在个例上基于资助人和研究监视人员的咨询外,马不可以被研究员除去。
同时疗法 在研究期间对于治疗医学病症的治疗性干预是必要的,因为测试动物是私人拥有的。单独的马的健康和福祉(well being)将是研究员、拥有者/驯兽师、和任何其它参与的兽医最优先考虑的。在本研究期间,禁止在患病关节中使用关节内疗法、使用PSGAG或透明质酸的系统性疗法、使用NSAID或皮质类固醇治疗、或使用针对关节健康的膳食增补剂(例如葡糖胺、硫酸软骨素、MSM、全氯萘贻贝),并且这些将导致淘汰来自本研究中的马。必须在个例的基础上评价偶尔使用的用于其它疾病过程的药物以确定该马是否保持在数据组中或者必须被淘汰。在给予NSAID的7天内,可以不进行作为每个方案的马的临床评价。在实验期间,在对马进行研究时,拥有者/驯兽师不应允许针刺、推拿、脊椎指压或其它可替换方式。将记录所有同时的药物和膳食增补剂。在研究期间,马可以被修剪/穿马掌;然而在修剪或修蹄模式中将允许没有改变(即角度、马掌类型、加入/去除、或趾肉(pad))。在研究期间,在训练时间表中马可以不进行显著改变。
数据分析 如果在治疗结束时,马的AAEP跛行得分降低了1以上的单位,或者如果跛行VAS中的一个降低了2cm以上,马将被归类为响应者。将比较来自每个治疗组的响应者和非响应者的数目。还将确定所有参数的平均值和标准偏差。
实施例5.膳食增补剂在小鼠骨关节炎模型中的效果
本发明的目的是测定膳食增补剂是否在骨关节炎的碘乙酸单钠(MIA)小鼠模型中降低骨关节炎的严重性。
实验设计 该研究可以包括三组小鼠:1)未食用膳食增补剂的对照组,2)提供有马的膳食增补剂的组(如上文详述),和3)补充有NEM的组(即葡糖胺、硫酸软骨素、透明质酸、和骨胶原)。通常,小鼠将是约250-300g的雄性Wistar小鼠,每组16只小鼠。小鼠可以经受长达一个月的预处理期。对于该研究,将在每只小鼠的右膝盖中注射MIA并且在左膝盖中注射盐水,喂食三种饮食中的一种,并监控56天。表5显示了研究时间表。
表5.小鼠研究时间表
关节肿胀 可以通过卡尺测量关节肿胀。可替换地,热成像也可以用于将肿胀定量化。在测量之前使用异氟烷稍微麻醉小鼠。
血液 在利用异氟烷麻醉的麻醉小鼠中,可以使用肝素化的注射器和试管通过心脏穿刺来采集血液,离心以获得血浆,冷冻直到分析。可以分析用于软骨和骨代谢的生物标记物(PIIANP、CTX-II、COMP、骨钙蛋白)的样品,并且测量炎症(IL-6、IL-1β)。
热成像 可以使用FLUKE热成像系统在指示时间上使小鼠成像。将在同一图像中评价左膝盖和右膝盖。也将记录环境温度。
组织 可以使用H&E、番红O、和甲苯胺蓝染色剂染色样品以检测结合组织病理、以及软骨和骨的生物标记物。
测痛检测 测痛检测仪产生后爪重量分布分析的评价。该测量可以提供活动性和疼痛的定量测量。注射MIA的膝盖应当更加疼痛,因此较多的重量应当分布在注射盐水的膝盖上。
数据分析 各种指标可以以平均值和标准偏差显示。可以预期所有动物在较早的时间点(在注射之后不久)显示炎症和肿胀的症状,然而骨降解和合成可以出现在较晚的时间点。在治疗组与对照组的响应差异可以显示该治疗剂缓解了与骨关节炎相关的症状和/或防止了骨关节炎的发展。
实施例6.人类制剂
实施例7.膳食增补剂在骨关节炎的小鼠模型中的效果
以下研究的目的是评价单独和组合物形式的和(HMTBA、MHA、和Se酵母的掺混物;Novus International)作为消炎增补剂和/或软骨调节增补剂在碘乙酸单钠(MIA)诱导的骨关节炎(OA)模型中的效果。MIA OA模型是模拟与人类OA相关的疼痛和结构变化的快速、可重复的动物模型。之前的研究已经证明了该模型模拟人类OA的行为、病理、和药理学特征。
动物 本研究中使用的程序是根据Novus International Inc的动物护理标准操作规程。将雄性Wistar小鼠(220g;Charles River)放置在使用玉米芯草垫的固底笼中。向动物喂食在表6中显示的食物,并且在注射膝盖之前的开始28天,动物对水可随意饮用。向54只Wistar小鼠喂食四种膳食治疗剂中的一种(n=每组12只动物+6只假小鼠):1)小鼠AIN-93M食物,2)使用0.6%的NEM并入食物中的AIN-93M,3)含有0.75%的TelaFirm的AIN-93M,和4)含有0.6%的NEM+0.75%的TelaFirm的AIN-93M。此外,六只小鼠充当对照(无MIA注射)并喂食膳食治疗剂1。在MIA注射之前向动物喂食膳食治疗剂28天,并向小鼠继续喂食这些相同的食物直到最终的组织收集。
骨关节炎的诱导 为了诱导MIA引发的关节炎,使用异氟烷麻醉小鼠,并且通过右膝盖或左膝盖的髌韧带给予1mg MIA(Sigma,St.Louis,MO;cat#12512)的单一关节内注射。注射部位(左对右)是随机分配的并且在左膝盖和右膝盖之间是均等平衡的。在生理盐水中溶解MIA并且使用26计量仪、0.5英寸的针头以50μl的体积给予MIA。带有700系列单元的端部微升注射器(型号750;Hamilton Company,Reno,NV)的Hamilton PB600-1重复分液器用于自动体积的精确注射。没有注射对照膝盖。在注射MIA时小鼠平均为330g。
评价后爪重量分布的改变 右肢和左肢之间的后爪重量分布的改变用作关节不适的指数。使用测痛检测仪(IITC Life Science,Woodland Hills,CA)作为重量分布测量法。将小鼠放置在具有角度的树脂玻璃室位置中以使每个后爪放置在分离的反作用力板上。将在3-5秒的期间内每个后肢所施加的力(g)平均化。结果以对照肢体与关节炎肢体之间的差表示,以g计。因此,值越高,施加在对照膝盖上的重量越多,表明其为疼痛的关节炎膝盖。负值表示在关节炎膝盖上比在对照膝盖施加的更多的重量。在MIA注射后的第1、2、3、7和14天进行测量。
评价膝盖肿胀的改变 使用装有弹簧的卡尺测量膝盖肿胀。在进行测量之前使用异氟烷稍微麻醉小鼠。在MIA注射后的第1、2、3、7和14天进行测量。
血清生物标记物分析 在采集血样之前使用异氟烷稍微麻醉小鼠。通过心脏穿刺获得血样。在MIA注射以后的第7天和第14天采集血清样品。所有样品在-80℃下冷冻直到分析。被分析的生物标记物包括交联的II型骨胶原的C-端肽(即,CTXII)和软骨低聚物基质蛋白(即,COMP)。使用ELISA试剂盒测量CTXII(Nordic Bioscience Diagnostic,#3CAL4000)和COMP(MDBiosceinces,#A-COMP.96)。
统计学分析 使用适于完全随机设计(SAS institute,Cary,NC,USA)的GLM(一般线性模型)进行方差分析。I类误差的概率低于0.05被认为是显著的;(P<0.10)被认为是趋势。
结果 注射碘乙酸单钠(MIA)在关节肿胀(如通过卡尺测量)中导致时间依赖性改变(图1)。对于所有治疗剂,在第1天时肿胀是最高的,此后减小。在MIA注射以后的第3天,喂食NEM+TelaFirm的组合的小鼠(P<0.05)相对于单独喂食NEM或TelaFirm(P<0.05)的小鼠观察到显著差异。
使用后爪重量分布的改变(图2)作为关节不适的间接测量。所显示的数值是对照膝盖(未注射)和测试膝盖之间的差。较小值表示小鼠在其关节炎膝盖上能够承受较大的重量。在第1天在喂食NEM+TelaFirm的小鼠和喂食对照食物的小鼠之间观察到显著差异(P<0.05),并且在第3天和第7天对于喂食NEM+TelaFirm的组合的小鼠相对于对照小鼠(AIN-93M)观察到趋势(P<0.10)。
对于仅喂食NEM的小鼠在第7天(P<0.10)和第14天(P<0.05)观察到CTXII的减小(图3),CTXII是一种软骨降解的标记物。在第7天对于喂食NEM+TelaFirm的组合的小鼠也观察到CTXII的减小(P<0.10)。在第14天对于喂食TelaFirm以及TelaFirm+NEM的组合的小鼠观察到COMP的减小(图4)(P<0.05),COMP也是一种降解标记物。
结论 两种单独测量(在第1天减小的膝盖肿胀和增加的关节炎膝盖重量负荷)表明在患骨关节炎(OA)的动物中NEM+TelaFirm的组合可以具有消炎效果。NEM+TelaFirm的组合比单独喂食NEM或TelaFirm更有效。如通过软骨降解的标记物CTXII和COMP的减少证明的,这些结果也表明NEM+TelaFirm的组合具有软骨调节作用。
实施例8.膳食增补剂在骨关节炎的小鼠模型中的效果—试验2
设计以下实施例来测试作为关节健康增补剂的NEM和TelaFirm的组合的两种不同剂量的效果。
方法 在MIA注射之前,向雄性Wistar小鼠(n=56)喂食食物治疗剂28天,并且向小鼠继续喂食该食物直到最终的组织收集。该膳食治疗剂(n=18只小鼠每组)是:1)小鼠AIN-93M食物(参见上文的表6),2)AIN-93M+1%的Steadfast马关节增补剂(SFE;NEM+TelaFirm的组合),或3)AIN-93M+2%的SFE。通过在右膝盖或左膝盖的髌韧带由关节内注射50μl MIA(0.6mg MIA)来引发骨关节炎。没有向对侧膝盖进行注射。
关节炎肢体和对侧对照肢体之间的后爪重量分布的改变用于评价关节不适。此外,使用卡尺测量炎症(膝盖肿胀)。在相同的时间点作为HPWD测量膝盖肿胀,表示为关节炎膝盖和对照膝盖之间的差。在各时间点下,在每种治疗剂的6只小鼠上采集血清生物标记物,包括软骨降解标记物CTXII和COMP、和合成的软骨标记物PIIANP。(基本如在实施例7中描述的进行测量)
结果 在注射MIA之后的第14天,喂食2%SFE的小鼠相对于喂食另一种治疗剂的小鼠在它们的关节炎肢体上能够承受显著更多的重量。在每一个时间点上(除了一个时间点),喂食2%SFE的小鼠的炎症和HPWD比对照小鼠的炎症和HPWD在数值上低。相对于对照小鼠,在第7天、第14天和第28天,喂食2%SFE的小鼠的CTXII降低(P<0.05),而在第28天,喂食1%SFE的小鼠的CTXII降低(P<0.05)。
Claims (1)
1.一种用于在需要其的哺乳动物中降低II型骨胶原的C-端肽(CTX-II)水平的方法,包括向所述哺乳动物给予基本由浓缩的蛋壳膜组成的组合物。
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