TW202337326A - 改善處於免疫壓力下之動物的營養狀態之方法 - Google Patents
改善處於免疫壓力下之動物的營養狀態之方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
揭示包含含有β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的組合物的組合物,以及藉由給動物施用該組合物來使用該組合物改善動物的營養狀況、改善生長表現和存活性的方法。重要的是,將酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼組合施用導致動物體內循環維生素A不足水平的協同恢復。
Description
相關申請的交叉引用
本專利申請案請求享有於2021年12月17日提出申請的臨時申請號63/209,876申請的優先權,其全部內容藉由引用結合於此。
本發明揭示用於改善動物營養狀況的組合物和使用該組合物的方法。
隨著人口的增長,畜牧業對食物和食品的需求預計將顯著增加。在商業養豬中,快速生長的動物利潤更高,體重增加會直接受到動物營養狀況的影響。
具體而言,在豬中,視黃醇的營養狀況(藉由維生素A的血清濃度來測量)與斷奶前哺乳豬和斷奶後豬的生長率和生存力正相關。儘管根據美國國家研究委員會(NRC;2012)決定的營養需求飼糧中補充的營養物,如維生素A,是足夠的,在免疫挑戰下仍然會發生營養不足,包括但不限於身體、心理和環境壓力、病毒感染,如PRRS、SIV以及細菌感染,如大腸桿菌和沙門氏菌。豬藉由產生免疫反應來應對這些免疫應激,這將營養物從生長轉移到免疫系統,並減少飼料消耗,這進一步減少了營養物攝入。這些生理反應導致免疫應激下的營養物缺乏。很多時候,僅僅增加膳食營養供應並不能克服這些挑戰。
為了應對這些挑戰,需要一種飼料添加劑來恢復維生素A的狀態,並消除上調免疫系統對生長和存活性的負面影響。
本案的一個態樣涵蓋改善有需要的免疫應激的非人動物的營養狀況的方法。該方法包括給動物口服施用含有β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的組合物,其中改善動物的營養狀況包括將動物體內循環維生素A的不足水平恢復到循環維生素A的充足水平,並且其中將酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用導致動物體內循環維生素A的不足水平的協同恢復。
在一些態樣,維生素A的不足水平低於約0.15 ppm,而維生素A的充足水平為約0.15 ppm或以上,從約0.15 ppm至約0.2 ppm,或約0.2 ppm或以上。
動物可以是對攻擊有免疫應激反應的動物。在一些態樣,動物對選自微生物感染、誘導的炎症(疫苗接種)、心理創傷(斷奶)和身體創傷的應激原有免疫應激反應。在一些態樣,動物對斷奶有免疫應激反應。在一些一些態樣,動物對疫苗接種有免疫應激反應。
該組合物可以在動物開始斷奶時施用。在一些態樣,將酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用給動物改善了動物的生長表現和存活性。在一些態樣,生長表現包括平均每日體重增加(ADG)和飼料轉化率
在一些態樣,動物是豬。當動物是豬時,飼料組合物可以在補充物中分別以約89%、約1%、約10%的比率包含酵母、DFM、L-肉鹼。在一些態樣,組合物在飼料組合物中以從約0.3磅/噸至約0.6磅/噸的範圍的包含率,或從約0.9磅/噸至約1.1磅/噸的範圍的包含率施用。
本案的另一態樣涵蓋一種改善有需要的動物的生長表現和存活性的方法。該方法包括給動物口服施用包含β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的組合物,其中改善動物的生長表現和存活性包括將動物中循環維生素A的不足水平恢復到循環維生素A的充足水平,並且其中將酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用導致動物中循環維生素A的不足水平的協同恢復。在一些態樣,動物是免疫應激的。
本案的另一態樣涵蓋一種減少有需要的動物的免疫應激的方法。該方法包括給動物口服施用包含β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的組合物,其中降低動物的免疫應激包括將動物體內循環維生素A的不足水平恢復到循環維生素A的充足水平,並且其中將酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用導致動物體內循環維生素A的不足水平的協同恢復。在一些態樣,動物是免疫應激的。
本案的一個態樣涵蓋預測動物的生長潛力和存活性的方法。該方法包括測量循環維生素A的水平,將循環維生素A的水平與生長潛力相關聯。循環維生素的水平與生長潛力和存活性正相關。
本案基於以下發現,即給免疫應激的非人動物口服施用包含β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的組合物,改善了免疫應激的非人動物的營養狀況,改善了其生長表現,並降低了其死亡率。
重要的是,發明人驚奇地發現,將酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用給免疫應激的非人動物,導致動物的營養狀況、生長表現和存活性的協同改善。這是因為與單獨施用酵母+DFM或L-肉鹼相比,用酵母+DFM和L-肉鹼聯合飼餵的動物表現出更高水平的改善。
I.飼料組合物
本案的一個態樣涵蓋用於非人動物的飼料組合物。該組合物包含補充有配製酵母和「直接飼餵微生物」(酵母+DFM)與L-肉鹼聯合的基礎動物飼糧。補充物中酵母、DFM、L-肉鹼的濃度分別為89%、1%、10%。
(a)直接飼餵微生物(DFM)
如本文所用,術語「直接飼餵微生物」(DFM)用於指當被動物攝入時提供健康益處的益生菌或益生元活微生物。DFM可以包括酵母、細菌及其組合。
作為非限制性實例,酵母DFM可以包含二孢酵母、布拉氏酵母、釀酒酵母、莢膜酵母、德氏酵母、發酵酵母、魯氏酵母、微橢圓酵母、巴式酵母、玫瑰香酵母、白色念珠菌、陰溝假絲酵母、熱帶假絲酵母、產朊假絲酵母、白地黴、美洲漢遜酵母、異常漢遜酵母、溫氏漢遜酵母和米麯黴。
細菌DFM的非限制性實例包括嗜酸乳桿菌、嗜熱雙歧桿菌、長雙歧桿菌、屎鏈球菌、短小芽孢桿菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、地衣芽孢桿菌、嗜酸乳桿菌、乾酪乳桿菌、屎腸球菌、雙歧雙歧桿菌、丙酸丙酸桿菌、費氏丙酸桿菌和假雙歧桿菌。
飼料組合物中DFM的量可以並且將根據DFM、將施用該飼料組合物的非人動物的類型、非人動物的體重、性別和醫學狀況以及其它變數而變化,並且可以藉由實驗決定。優選地,適用於本發明飼料組合物的DFM是地衣芽孢桿菌。當飼料組合物的DFM是地衣芽孢桿菌時,飼料組合物中地衣芽孢桿菌的濃度可以是從約1×10
1cfu/g飼料至約1×10
10cfu/g飼料,約1×10
1cfu/g飼料至約1×10
6cfu/g飼料,約1×10
5cfu/g飼料至約1×10
10cfu/g飼料,或約1×10
3cfu/g飼料至約1×10
8cfu/g飼料的範圍。優選地,地衣芽孢桿菌的濃度是從約1×10
4至約1×10
6cfu/g飼料的範圍。
(b)配製酵母
如本文所用,配製酵母可包含佔總配製酵母重量大約25-100%的釀酒酵母酵母提取物、佔總配製酵母重量大約0-40%的水解酵母、佔總配製酵母重量大約0-50%的酵母培養物的組合。配製酵母還可以包含佔總配製酵母重量的大約0-50%的石灰石。
配置酵母可以是任何酵母,前提是該酵母通常在食物或醫學應用中被認為是安全的。配置酵母衍生產品的非限制性實例可包括酵母細胞壁衍生組分,例如β-葡聚糖、阿拉伯木聚糖異麥芽糖、低聚瓊脂糖、乳蔗糖、環糊精、乳糖、低聚果糖、昆布七糖、乳果糖、β-低聚半乳糖、低聚甘露糖、棉子糖、水蘇糖、低聚果糖、葡萄糖基蔗糖、蔗糖熱低聚糖、異麥芽糖、焦糖、菊粉和低聚木糖。在一個態樣,配置酵母可以是β-葡聚糖及/或低聚甘露糖。酵母細胞壁衍生組分源包含二孢酵母、布拉氏酵母、釀酒酵母、莢膜酵母、德氏酵母、發酵酵母、魯氏酵母、微橢圓酵母、巴式酵母、玫瑰香酵母、白色念珠菌、陰溝假絲酵母、熱帶假絲酵母、產朊假絲酵母、白地黴、美洲漢遜酵母、異常漢遜酵母、溫氏漢遜酵母和米麯黴。
配置酵母還可以包括細菌細胞壁衍生的試劑,例如肽聚糖和衍生自具有高含量肽聚糖的革蘭氏陽性菌的其他組分。示例性的革蘭氏陽性菌包括嗜酸乳桿菌、嗜熱雙歧桿菌、長雙歧桿菌、屎鏈球菌、短小芽孢桿菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、地衣芽孢桿菌、嗜酸乳桿菌、乾酪乳桿菌、屎腸球菌、雙歧雙歧桿菌、丙酸丙酸桿菌、費氏丙酸桿菌和假雙歧桿菌。
本發明的飼料組合物中配置酵母的濃度可以並且將根據配置酵母、將要施用該飼料組合物的非人動物的類型、非人動物的體重、性別和醫學狀況以及其他變數而變化,並且可以藉由實驗決定。例如,飼料組合物中配製酵母的濃度可以從約0.01磅/噸飼料到約1磅/噸飼料,從約0.1磅/噸飼料到約2磅/噸飼料,從約0.5磅/噸飼料到約1磅/噸飼料,或從約0.1磅/噸飼料到約1磅/噸飼料的範圍。在一些態樣,飼料組合物中辣椒產品的濃度是從約0.3磅/噸飼料至約1.0磅/噸飼料的範圍。
(c)基礎動物飼糧
適用於本案的飼料組合物的基礎動物飼糧可以並且將根據意指的動物、動物的體重和動物的發育階段以及其他變數而變化。
術語「飼料」、「食物」和「飼料配方」在本文中可互換使用,可以指通常飼餵給動物的任何飼料組合物。通常飼餵給動物的基礎動物飼糧是本領域已知的。基礎動物飼糧可以包括動物飼料的一或多個組分。飼料物質或動物飼料物質的非限制性實例可包括但不限於:玉米或玉米組分,例如玉米粉、玉米纖維、玉米皮、玉米DDGS(含可溶物的乾酒糟)、青貯飼料、磨碎的玉米、玉米胚芽、玉米麩、玉米油或玉米植物的任何其它部分;大豆或大豆組分,例如大豆油、大豆粉、大豆皮、大豆青貯飼料、磨碎的大豆或大豆植物的任何其它部分;小麥或小麥的任何組分,例如小麥粉、小麥纖維、小麥殼、小麥糠、磨碎的小麥、小麥胚芽或小麥植物的任何其它部分;大米或大米的任何組分,例如大米粉、大米纖維、稻殼、稻糠、磨碎的大米、大米胚芽或大米植物的任何其它部分;低芥酸菜子(canola),例如低芥酸菜子油、低芥酸菜子粉、低芥酸菜子蛋白、低芥酸菜子殼、磨碎的低芥酸菜子或低芥酸菜子植物的任何其它部分;向日葵或向日葵植物的組分;高粱或高粱植物的一種組分;糖用甜菜或糖用甜菜植物的組分;甘蔗糖或甘蔗植物的組分;大麥或大麥植物的組分;棕櫚油、棕櫚仁或棕櫚植物的組分;甘油;玉米漿;來自農業加工設施的廢物流;卵磷脂;瘤胃保護脂肪;糖蜜;大豆糖蜜;亞麻;花生;豌豆;燕麥;草,如果園草和羊茅;魚粉、肉骨粉;羽毛粉;和家禽副產品粉;和用於青貯飼料或乾草的苜蓿及/或三葉草,以及本文所述的任何飼料成分的各種組合,或本領域通常已知的其它飼料成分。如本領域將認識到的,基礎動物飼糧可進一步補充氨基酸、維生素、礦物質和其它飼料添加劑,例如其它類型的酶、有機酸、精油、益生菌、益生元、抗氧化劑、色素、抗結塊劑等,如下文進一步所述。可以配製基礎動物飼糧施用於任何動物受試者。動物受試者可以如下所述。
基礎動物飼糧可任選包含至少一種額外的營養及/或藥物試劑。例如,至少一種額外的營養及/或藥物試劑可以選自維生素、礦物質、氨基酸、抗氧化劑、益生菌、必需脂肪酸和藥學上可接受的賦形劑。組合物可包括一種額外的營養及/或藥物組分或不同量的任何前述額外組分的組合。每種額外組分的合適實例詳述如下。
A.維生素
任選地,動物飼料配方可以包括一或多個維生素。適用於飼糧補充物的維生素包括維生素C、維生素A、維生素E、維生素B12、維生素K、核黃素、煙酸、維生素D、維生素B6、葉酸、吡哆醇、硫胺素、泛酸和生物素。維生素的形式可以包括維生素的鹽、維生素的衍生物、具有與維生素相同或相似活性的化合物以及維生素的代謝物。
動物飼料配方可以包括一或多個形式的有效量的本文所述或本領域已知的任何維生素。示例性的維生素包括維生素K、維生素D、維生素C和生物素。維生素的「有效量」通常數化為受試者特定維生素的美國推薦日允許量(「RDA」)的至少約10%。然而,預期某些維生素的量超過RDA可能對某些動物有益。例如,給定維生素的量可以超過適用的RDA 100%、200%、300%、400%、500%或更多。
B.礦物質
通常,動物飼料配方可以包括一或多個礦物質或礦物質源。礦物質的非限制性實例包括但不限於鈣、鐵、鉻、銅、碘、鋅、鎂、錳、鉬、磷、鉀和硒。任何前述礦物質的合適形式包括可溶性礦物鹽、微溶性礦物鹽、不溶性礦物鹽、螯合礦物、礦物錯合物、非反應性礦物如羰基礦物質和還原礦物質,以及它們的組合。
一般而言,動物飼料配方可以包括一或多個形式的有效量的本文所述或本領域已知的任何礦物質。礦物質的「有效量」通常數化為受試者特定礦物質的美國推薦每日允許量(「RDA」)的至少約10%。然而,預期某些礦物質的量超過RDA可能對某些受試者有益。例如,給定礦物質的量可以超過適用的RDA 100%、200%、300%、400%、500%或更多。通常,飼糧補充物中所含礦物質的量可為每劑量約1 mg至約1500 mg、約5 mg至約500 mg、或約50 mg至約500 mg的範圍。
C.必需脂肪酸
任選地,動物飼料配方可以包括必需脂肪酸源。必需脂肪酸可以是分離的,或者可以是含有必需脂肪酸的油源或脂肪源。在一個態樣,必需脂肪酸可以是多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA),其具有至少兩個通常為順式構型的碳-碳雙鍵。PUFA可以是具有至少18個碳原子的長鏈脂肪酸。PUFA可以是omega-3脂肪酸,其中第一個雙鍵出現在從碳鏈的甲基末端開始的第三個碳-碳鍵中(即,與羧基相反)。Omega-3脂肪酸的實例包括α-亞麻酸(18∶3,ALA)、十八碳四烯酸(18∶4)、二十碳四烯酸(20∶4)、二十碳五烯酸(20∶5;EPA)、二十二碳四烯酸(22:4)、n-3二十二碳五烯酸(22:5;n-3DPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(22∶6;DHA)。PUFA也可以是omega-5脂肪酸,其中第一個雙鍵出現在從甲基末端開始的第五個碳-碳鍵中。示例性的omega-5脂肪酸包括肉豆蔻腦酸(14∶1)、肉豆蔻腦酸酯和十六烷基肉豆蔻酸酯。PUFA也可以是omega-6脂肪酸,其中第一個雙鍵出現在從甲基末端開始的第六個碳-碳鍵中。Omega-6脂肪酸的實例包括亞油酸(18:2)、γ-亞麻酸(18:3)、二十碳二烯酸(20:2)、二高-γ-亞麻酸(20:3)、花生四烯酸(20:4)、二十二碳二烯酸(22:2)、腎上腺酸(22:4)和n-6二十二碳五烯酸(22:5)。脂肪酸也可以是omega-9脂肪酸,如油酸(18∶1)、二十碳烯酸(20∶1)、蜂蜜酸(20∶3)、芥酸(22∶1)和神經酸(24∶1)。
在另一態樣,必需脂肪酸源可以是海鮮衍生的油。海鮮可以是脊椎動物魚或海洋生物,因此油可以是魚油或海洋油(marine oil)。長鏈(20C,22C)omega-3和omega-6脂肪酸存在於海鮮中。海鮮中omega-3脂肪酸與omega-6脂肪酸的比例約為8:1至20:1。可以從其中衍生富含omega-3脂肪酸的油的海鮮包括但不限於鮑魚扇貝、長鰭金槍魚、鳳尾魚、鯰魚、蛤蜊、鱈魚、寶石魚、鯡魚(herring)、湖鱒魚、鯖魚、油鯡魚(menhaden)、鮭魚、沙丁魚、鯔魚、海鱸魚、鯊魚、蝦、魷魚、鱒魚和金槍魚。
在另一個態樣,必需脂肪酸源可以是植物衍生的油。植物和蔬菜油富含omega-6脂肪酸。一些植物衍生的油,如亞麻籽油,特別富含omega-3脂肪酸。植物或蔬菜油通常從植物的種子中提取,但也可以從植物的其他部分提取。通常用於烹飪或調味的植物或蔬菜油包括但不限於巴西莓油、杏仁油、莧菜油、杏籽油、摩洛哥堅果油、鱷梨籽油、巴巴蘇油、本油(ben oil)、黑加侖籽油、婆羅洲牛脂堅果油、琉璃苣籽油、水葫蘆油、低芥酸菜籽油、角豆莢油、腰果油、蓖麻油、椰子油、芫荽籽油、玉米油、棉籽油、月見草油、假亞麻油、亞麻籽油(flax seed oil)、葡萄籽油、榛子油、大麻籽油、木棉籽油、拉曼油、亞麻仁油(linseed oil)、夏威夷果油、繡線菊籽油、芥菜籽油、秋葵籽油、橄欖油、棕櫚油、棕櫚仁油、花生油、山核桃油、油桃木果(pequi)油、紫蘇籽油、松子油、開心果油、罌粟籽油、西梅仁油、南瓜籽油、藜麥油、盞金花油、米糠油、紅花油、芝麻油、大豆油、向日葵油、茶油、薊油、核桃油或小麥胚芽油。植物衍生的油也可以被氫化或部分氫化。
在又進一步態樣,必需脂肪酸源可以是藻類衍生的油。可商購的藻類衍生油包括來自隱甲藻和裂殖壺菌的油。可從中提取油的其它合適的藻類物種包括水華束絲藻、矽藻(Bacilliarophy sp.)、布朗葡萄藻、綠藻、杜氏藻、纖細裸藻、球等鞭金藻、鹽生微綠球藻(Nannochloropsis salina)、微綠球藻(Nannochloris sp.)、新綠藻、三角褐指藻、卡特肋黃草、小定鞭藻、雙形柵藻、螺旋藻和周氏扁藻(Tetraselmis chui)。
D.氨基酸
動物飼料配方可以任選地包括一種到幾種氨基酸。合適的氨基酸包括丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬醯胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、穀氨醯胺、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、組氨酸、異亮氨酸、亮氨酸、賴氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、絲氨酸、蘇氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和纈氨酸或它們的羥基類似物。在某些態樣,氨基酸將選自必需氨基酸。必需氨基酸通常被描述為不能被生物體重新合成的氨基酸,因此必須在飼糧中提供。作為非限制性實例,人必需氨基酸包括:L-組氨酸、L-異亮氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-賴氨酸、L-蛋氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-纈氨酸和L-蘇氨酸。
E.抗氧化劑
動物飼料配方可包括一或多個合適的抗氧化劑。如本領域技藝人士所理解的,給定抗氧化劑的適宜性將根據飼糧補充物所施用給的物種而變化。抗氧化劑的非限制性實例包括抗壞血酸及其鹽、抗壞血酸棕櫚酸酯、抗壞血酸硬脂酸酯、阿諾克索默、N-乙醯半胱氨酸、異硫氰酸苄酯、鄰-、間-或對-氨基苯甲酸(o是鄰氨基苯甲酸,p是PABA)、丁基化羥基茴香醚(BHA)、丁基羥基甲苯(BHT)、咖啡酸、角黃素、α-胡蘿蔔素、β-胡蘿蔔素、β- caraotene、β-apo-胡蘿蔔酸、鼠尾草酚、香芹酚、兒茶素、沒食子酸十六烷基酯、綠原酸、檸檬酸及其鹽、對香豆酸、curcurin、3,4-二羥基苯甲酸、N,N’-二苯基對苯二胺(DPPD)、硫代二丙酸二月桂酯、硫代二丙酸二硬脂酯、2,6-二三級丁基苯酚、沒食子酸十二烷基酯、依地酸、鞣花酸、異抗壞血酸、異抗壞血酸鈉、七葉亭、秦皮甲素、6-乙氧基-1,2-二氫-2,2,4-三甲基喹啉、沒食子酸乙酯、乙基麥芽酚、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、丁香酚、阿魏酸、類黃酮、黃酮(例如芹菜素、白楊素、木犀草素)、黃酮醇(例如橡精、楊梅素、山茶酚(daemfero))、黃烷酮、秦皮素、富馬酸、沒食子酸、龍膽草提取物、葡萄糖酸、甘氨酸、愈創樹脂、橙皮素、α-羥基苄基次膦酸; r-α-硫辛酸、葉黃素、番茄紅素、蘋果酸、麥芽酚、5-甲氧基色胺、沒食子酸甲酯、檸檬酸單甘油酯;檸檬酸單異丙酯;桑色素、β-萘黃酮、去甲二氫愈創木酸(NDGA)、沒食子酸辛酯、草酸、檸檬酸棕櫚酯、吩噻嗪、磷脂醯膽鹼、磷酸、磷酸鹽、植酸、葉綠素重鉻酸酯(phytylubichromel)、沒食子酸丙酯、多磷酸鹽、槲皮素、反式白藜蘆醇、迷迭香酸、芝麻酚、水飛薊素、芥子酸、琥珀酸、檸檬酸硬脂酯、丁香酸、酒石酸、百里酚、生育酚(即α-、β-、γ-和δ-生育酚)、生育三烯酚(即α-、β-、γ-和δ-生育三烯酚)、酪醇、香草酸、2,6-二三級丁基-4-羥甲基苯酚(即Ionox 100)、2,4-(三-3 ',5 '-二三級丁基-4 '-羥基苄基)-均三甲苯(即Ionox 330)、2,4,5-三羥基丁醯苯、泛醌、三級丁基對苯二酚(TBHQ)、硫代二丙酸、三羥基丁醯苯、色胺、酪胺、尿酸、維生素K及其衍生物、維生素Q10、玉米黃質或它們的組合。
可包含在飼糧補充物中的天然抗氧化劑包括但不限於蘋果皮提取物、藍莓提取物、胡蘿蔔汁粉末、丁香提取物、咖啡漿果、咖啡豆提取物、蔓越莓提取物、桉樹提取物、薑粉、葡萄籽提取物、綠茶、橄欖葉、歐芹提取物、薄荷、甜椒提取物、果渣、石榴提取物、米糠提取物、玫瑰果、迷迭香提取物、鼠尾草提取物、酸櫻桃提取物、番茄提取物、薑黃和小麥胚芽油。
F.抗炎劑
動物飼料配方可以任選地包括至少一種抗炎劑。在一個態樣,抗炎劑可以是合成的非甾體抗炎藥(NSAID),例如乙醯水楊酸、雙氯芬酸、吲哚美辛、奧沙辛、布洛芬、吲哚洛芬、萘普生、酮洛芬、甲芬那酸、安乃近、吡羅昔康和塞來昔布。在另一態樣,抗炎劑可以是調節炎症程序的激素原。具有這種特性的合適的激素原包括激素原轉化酶1、阿黑皮素原、激素原B型利鈉肽、SMR1激素原等。另一態樣,抗炎劑可以是具有抗炎作用的酶。抗炎酶的實例包括鳳梨蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、絲氨酸蛋白酶和蛋白水解酶,如胰酶(胰蛋白酶、澱粉酶和脂肪酶的混合物)。
另一態樣,抗炎劑可以是具有抗炎作用的肽。例如,該肽可以是磷脂酶A2的抑制劑,例如抗炎素-1,一種對應於脂皮質素的氨基酸殘基246-254的肽;抗抗炎素-2,一種對應於子宮球蛋白的氨基酸殘基39-47的肽;S7肽,其抑制白細胞介素6和白細胞介素6受體之間的相互作用;RP1,一種異戊二烯基蛋白抑制劑;和類似的肽。或者,抗炎肽可以是皮質抑素,一種與生長抑素相關的環狀神經肽,或對應於SV-IV蛋白的N-端片段、E-、L-和P-選擇素的保守區等的肽。其他合適的抗炎製劑包括膠原蛋白水解產物和乳微量營養物濃縮物(例如,可從俄亥俄州辛辛那提的Stolle Milk Biologics,Inc .獲得的MicroLactin®),以及乳蛋白水解產物、酪蛋白水解產物、乳清蛋白水解產物和植物蛋白水解產物。
在進一步態樣,抗炎劑可以是已經顯示調節炎症的益生菌。合適的免疫調節益生菌包括乳酸菌,如嗜酸菌、乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌。另一態樣,抗炎劑可以是具有抗炎特性的植物提取物。具有抗炎益處的合適植物提取物的非限制性實例包括藍莓、boswella、黑兒茶和黃芩、芹菜籽、甘菊、櫻桃、魔鬼爪、桉樹、月見草、薑、山楂果、馬尾、刺楸樹皮、甘草根、薑黃、白泥灰、柳樹皮和絲蘭。
G.草本
動物飼料配方可以任選地包括至少一種草本或草本衍生物。如本文所用,合適的草本和草本衍生物是指草本提取物,以及衍生自植物和植物部分(例如葉、花和根)的物質,但不限於此。非限制性的示例性草本和草本衍生物包括龍芽草、苜蓿、蘆薈、莧菜、當歸、茴香、小檗、羅勒、楊梅、蜂花粉、樺樹、拳參、黑莓、黑升麻、黑核桃、福薊、藍升麻、藍馬鞭草、貫葉澤蘭、琉璃苣、合香葉、鼠李、夏枯草、牛蒡、辣椒、卡宴辣椒、葛縷子、鼠李皮、貓薄荷、芹菜、百金花(centaury)、甘菊、小檞樹(chaparral)、繁縷、菊苣、金雞納、丁香、款冬、聚合草、玉米須、茅根、莢迷皮、庫佛跟(culver's root)、cyani、矢車菊(cornflower)、披散時鐘花、蒲公英、魔鬼爪、當歸、紫錐菊、土木香、麻黃、桉樹、月見草、小米草、黃地百合、茴香、胡蘆巴、玄參、亞麻籽、大蒜、龍膽草、姜、人參、金海豹、積雪草、樹膠草、山楂、啤酒花、夏至草、辣根、馬尾草、何首烏、繡球花、牛膝草、冰島苔蘚、愛爾蘭苔蘚、霍霍巴、杜松、海帶、皇后杓蘭、檸檬草、甘草、半邊蓮、曼德拉草、金盞花、馬鬱蘭、藥用蜀葵、槲寄生、毛蕊花、芥末、沒藥、蕁麻、燕麥桿、俄勒岡葡萄、木瓜、歐芹、西番蓮、桃、薄荷油、薄荷、長春花、馬利筋根、美洲商陸、美洲花椒、車前草、苦木、西洋夏雪草、紅三葉草、覆盆子、redmond clay、大黃、薔薇果、迷迭香、芸香、紅花、藏紅花、鼠尾草、聖約翰草、菝葜、檫木、鋸葉棕、黃芩、美遠志、番瀉葉、薺菜、滑榆、留蘭香、甘松、孿果藤、、皇后根、草莓、風鈴木、百里香、熊果、纈草、紫羅蘭、西洋菜、白橡木皮、白松皮、野櫻桃、野萵苣、野山芋、柳樹、冬青、金縷梅、馬先蒿、苦艾、蓍草、黃塢、散塔草、絲蘭和它們的組合。
H.色素
動物飼料配方可以任選地包括至少一種色素。合適的非限制性色素包括海葵赤素、茜素、異黃素、β-apo--2’-胡蘿蔔素醛、apo-2-石鬆烯醛、apo-6’-石鬆烯醛、蝦紅素(astacein)、蝦青素(astaxanthin)、玄參紅酸醛(azafrinaldehyde)、菌紅素、aixin、α-胡蘿蔔素、β-胡蘿蔔素、γ-胡蘿蔔素、β-胡蘿蔔素酮、角黃素、辣椒紅色素、辣椒玉紅色素、檸檬黃色素、檸黃質、藏紅花酸、藏紅花酸半醛、藏紅花素、甲殼黃素、隱辣椒質、α-隱黃質、β-隱黃質、cryptomonaxanthin、梳黃質、癸異戊二烯黃素(decaprenoxanthin)、脫氫金盞花紅素、矽甲藻黃素、1,4-二氨基-2,3-二氫蒽醌、1,4-二羥基蒽醌、2,2'-二酮螺黃質、花菱草類胡蘿蔔素、花菱草類胡蘿蔔酮、屈曲黃素、葉色素、岩藻黃質、尬贊黃素、六氫番茄紅素、霍普金斯黃質、羥基球形烯酮、異岩藻黃質、綠藻黃素、葉黃素、黃體黃質、番茄紅素、十氫番茄紅素、番茄黃素、桑酮、玉米黃質、新色素、新黃質、壬異戊二烯黃素、OH-綠菌烯、奧氏酮、顫藻黃質、paracentrone、pectenolone、果殼黃質、多甲藻素、草分枝桿菌葉黃素、phoeniconone、phoenicoxanthin、酸漿果紅素、六氫番茄紅素、吡喃黃嘌呤醇、醌類、玫紅品(rhodopin)、視紫紅質(rhodopinal)、玫紅品醇、紫菌紅醇、紫杉紫素、玉紅黃素酮、腐菌黃素、半α-胡蘿蔔酮、半-β-胡蘿蔔酮、辛塔葉黃素、管藻黃素、管藻素、球形烯、福橘黃素、圓酵母紅素、圓酵母紅菌素甲酯、圓酵母紅素醛、類胡蘿蔔素圓酵母素、1,2,4-三羥基蒽醌、臭橘黃素、金蓮花色素、藻黃素、紫黃質、wamingone、黃質、玉米黃質、α-玉米胡蘿蔔素或它們的組合。
I.藥學上可接受的試劑
動物飼料配方可任選包含至少一種藥學上可接受的試劑。合適的非限制性藥學上可接受的試劑包括酸/鹼不穩定藥物、pH依賴藥物或弱酸或弱鹼藥物。酸不穩定藥物的實例包括他汀類藥物(例如普伐他汀、氟伐他汀和阿托伐他汀)、抗生素(例如青黴素G、氨苄青黴素、鏈黴素、紅黴素、克拉黴素和阿奇黴素)、核苷類似物(例如雙去氧肌苷(ddI或去羥肌苷)、雙去氧腺苷(ddA)、雙去氧胞嘧啶(ddC)、水楊酸鹽(例如阿司匹林)、地高辛、丁氨苯丙酮、胰酶、咪達唑侖和美沙酮。僅在酸性pH下可溶的藥物包括硝苯地平、奈莫必利、尼卡地平、阿莫索洛爾、諾斯卡品、普羅帕酮、奎寧、雙嘧達莫、交沙黴素、地來洛爾、拉貝洛爾、依尼前列素和甲硝唑。弱酸性藥物包括苯巴比妥、苯妥英、齊多夫定(AZT)、水楊酸鹽(如阿司匹林)、丙酸類化合物(如布洛芬)、吲哚衍生物(如吲哚美辛)、芬那酸類化合物(如甲氯芬酸)、吡咯烷酸類化合物(如托美丁)、頭孢菌素類(如頭孢噻吩、頭孢氨苄、頭孢唑啉、頭孢拉定、頭孢匹林、頭孢孟多和頭孢西丁)、6-氟喹諾酮類和前列腺素類。弱鹼的藥物包括腎上腺素能試劑(例如,麻黃鹼、去氧麻黃鹼、苯腎上腺素、腎上腺素、沙丁胺醇和特布他林)、膽鹼能試劑(例如,毒扁豆鹼和新斯的明)、解痙試劑(例如,阿托品、溴苯辛和罌粟鹼)、箭毒試劑(例如,氯松胺)、鎮靜劑和肌肉鬆弛劑(例如,氟奮乃靜、硫利達嗪、三氟拉嗪、氯丙嗪和三氟丙嗪)、抗抑鬱藥(例如,阿米替林和去甲替林)、抗組胺藥(例如,苯海拉明、撲爾敏、茶苯海明、曲吡那敏、奮乃靜、chlorprophenazine和氯非拉明)、心臟活性劑(例如,維拉帕米、地爾硫卓、gallapomil、桂利嗪、普萘洛爾、美托洛爾和那達洛爾)、抗瘧藥(例如,氯喹)、止痛劑(例如,丙氧苯和呱替啶)、抗真菌劑(例如,酮康唑和伊曲康唑)、抗微生物劑(例如,頭孢泊肟、普克西替和依諾沙星)、咖啡因、茶鹼和嗎啡。在另一態樣,該藥物可以是雙磷酸鹽或用於治療骨質疏鬆症的另一種藥物。二膦酸鹽的非限制性實例包括阿侖膦酸鹽、伊班膦酸鹽、利塞膦酸鹽、唑來膦酸鹽、帕米膦酸鹽、奈裡膦酸鹽、奧帕膦酸鹽、依替膦酸鹽、氯膦酸鹽和替魯膦酸鹽。其他合適的藥物包括雌激素、選擇性雌激素受體調節劑(SERM)和甲狀旁腺激素(PTH)藥物。另一態樣,藥物可以是抗菌劑。合適的抗生素包括氨基糖苷類(例如,阿米卡星、慶大黴素、卡那黴素、新黴素、奈替米星、鏈黴素和妥布黴素)、碳青黴烯類(例如,氯碳頭孢)、碳青黴烯(例如,certapenem、亞胺培南和美羅培南)、頭孢菌素類(例如,頭孢羥氨苄、頭孢唑啉、頭孢氨苄、頭孢克洛、頭孢孟多、頭孢氨苄、頭孢西丁、頭孢丙烯、頭孢呋辛、頭孢克肟、頭孢地尼、頭孢托侖、頭孢呱酮、頭孢噻肟、頭孢泊肟、頭孢他啶、頭孢布烯、頭孢唑肟和頭孢曲松)、大環內酯類(例如,阿奇黴素、克拉黴素、地紅黴素、紅黴素和醋竹桃黴素)、單環菌素類、青黴素類(例如,阿莫西林、氨苄西林、羧苄西林、氯唑西林、雙氯西林、萘夫西林、苯唑西林、青黴素G、青黴素V、呱拉西林和替凱西林)、多肽(例如,桿菌肽、多黏菌素和多黏菌素B)、喹諾酮類(例如,環丙沙星、依諾沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、莫西沙星、諾氟沙星、氧氟沙星和托伐沙星)、磺胺類(例如,磺胺米隆、磺胺醋胺、磺胺甲二唑、柳氮磺胺吡啶、磺胺異惡唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶-磺胺甲惡唑)和四環素類(例如,地美環素、多西環素、米諾環素和土黴素)。在另一態樣,藥物可以是抗病毒蛋白酶抑制劑(例如,安普那韋、福沙那韋、茚地那韋、洛匹那韋/利托那韋、利托那韋、沙奎那韋和奈非那韋)。在另一態樣,藥物可以是心血管藥物。合適的心血管試劑的實例包括強心劑(例如,洋地黃(地高辛)、泛癸利酮和多巴胺)、血管擴張劑(例如,硝酸甘油、卡托普利、雙肼屈嗪、地爾硫卓和硝酸異山梨酯)、抗高血壓劑(例如,α-甲基多巴、氯噻酮、利血平、昔洛舍平、瑞西那明、呱唑嗪、酚妥拉明、非洛地平、心得安、吲哚洛爾、拉貝洛爾、可樂定、卡托普利、依那普利和賴諾普利)、β阻斷劑(例如,左布諾洛爾、吲哚洛爾、噻嗎心安、比索洛爾、卡維地洛和布托沙明)、α阻斷劑(例如,多沙唑嗪、呱唑嗪、酚苄明、酚妥拉明、坦索羅辛、阿呋唑嗪和特拉唑嗪)、鈣通道阻斷劑(例如,氨氯地平、非洛地平、尼卡地平、硝苯地平、尼莫地平、尼索地平、尼群地平、拉西地平、樂卡地平、維拉帕米、戈洛帕米和地爾硫卓)、莫能菌素、阿維拉黴素、鹽黴素、甲基鹽黴素、diclaserol、泰樂菌素、桿菌肽、桿菌肽鋅和抗結塊劑(例如,雙嘧達莫)。
J.賦形劑
基於與活性成分的相容性,可以選擇動物飼料配方中各種常用的賦形劑。合適的賦形劑的非限制性實例包括選自非泡騰崩解劑、著色劑、風味改良劑、口服分散劑、穩定劑、防腐劑、稀釋劑、壓實劑、潤滑劑、填充劑、黏合劑、掩味劑、泡騰崩解劑以及這些試劑的任意組合。
在一態樣,賦形劑是黏合劑。合適的黏合劑包括澱粉、預膠化澱粉、明膠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、纖維素、甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉、乙基纖維素、聚丙烯醯胺、聚乙烯氧唑烷酮、聚乙烯惡唑酮、C12-C18脂肪酸醇、聚乙二醇、多元醇、糖類、低聚糖、多肽、寡肽及它們的組合。多肽可以是從約100到約300,000道爾頓的範圍的氨基酸的任何排列。
在另一態樣,賦形劑可以是填充劑。合適的填充劑包括碳水化合物、無機化合物和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。作為非限制性實例,填充劑可以是二元和三元硫酸鈣、澱粉、碳酸鈣、碳酸鎂、微晶纖維素、二元磷酸鈣、碳酸鎂、氧化鎂、矽酸鈣、滑石、改性澱粉、乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇和山梨醇。
賦形劑可以包含非泡騰崩解劑。非泡騰崩解劑的合適實例包括澱粉,如玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、其預膠化和改性澱粉、甜味劑、黏土,如膨潤土、微晶纖維素、藻酸鹽、羧甲澱粉鈉、樹膠,如瓊脂、瓜爾膠、刺槐豆膠、刺梧桐樹膠、果膠和黃蓍膠。
在另一態樣,賦形劑可以是泡騰崩解劑。泡騰崩解劑的合適非限制性實例包括碳酸氫鈉與檸檬酸的組合以及碳酸氫鈉與酒石酸的組合。
賦形劑可以包含防腐劑。防腐劑的合適實例包括抗氧化劑,如α-生育酚或抗壞血酸鹽,以及抗菌劑,如對羥基苯甲酸酯、三氯三級丁醇或苯酚。
在另一態樣,賦形劑可以包括稀釋劑。適用的稀釋劑包括藥學上可接受的糖類,如蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、微晶纖維素、果糖、木糖醇和山梨醇;多元醇;澱粉;預製的直接壓縮稀釋劑;和任何前述物質的混合物。
賦形劑可以包括風味劑。加入外層的風味劑可選自合成風味油和風味芳香劑及/或天然油、植物、葉、花、果實的提取物及它們的組合。舉例來說,這些可以包括肉桂油、冬青油、薄荷油、三葉草油、乾草油、茴香油、桉樹油、香草油、柑橘油,如檸檬油、橙油、葡萄和葡萄柚油,水果香精包括蘋果、桃、梨、草莓、覆盆子、櫻桃、李子、鳳梨和杏。
在另一態樣,賦形劑可以包括甜味劑。甜味劑的非限制性實例可選自葡萄糖(玉米糖漿)、右旋糖、轉化糖、果糖及它們的混合物(當不用作載體時);糖精及其各種鹽,如鈉鹽;二肽甜味劑,如阿斯巴甜;二氫查爾酮化合物、甘草甜素;甜葉菊(甜菊糖甙);蔗糖的氯代衍生物,如三氯蔗糖;糖醇,例如,山梨醇、甘露醇、木糖醇等。
在另一態樣,賦形劑可以是潤滑劑。潤滑劑的合適的非限制性實例包括硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鋅、氫化植物油、sterotex、聚氧乙烯單硬脂酸酯、滑石、聚乙二醇、苯甲酸鈉、十二烷基硫酸鈉、十二烷基硫酸鎂和輕質礦物油。
賦形劑可以是分散增強劑。合適的分散劑可以包括澱粉、海藻酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、瓜爾膠、高嶺土、膨潤土、純化的木質纖維素、羧甲澱粉鈉、異晶矽酸鹽和微晶纖維素作為高HLB乳化劑表面活性劑。
根據該態樣,可希望在外層中提供著色劑。合適的色素添加劑包括食品、藥物和化妝品色素(FD&C)、藥物和化妝品色素(D&C)或外用藥物和化妝品著色素(Ext.D&C)。這些色素或染料,連同它們相應的色澱,以及某些天然的和衍生的著色劑,可以根據該態樣適用於本發明。
賦形劑可以包括掩味劑。掩味材料包括,例如纖維素羥丙基醚(HPC)如Klucel®、Nisswo HPC和PrimaFlo HP22;低取代羥丙基醚(L-HPC);纖維素羥丙基甲基醚(HPMC),如Seppifilm-LC、Pharmacoat®、Metolose SR、Opadry YS、PrimaFlo、MP3295A、Benecel MP824和Benecel MP843;甲基纖維素聚合物,如甲基纖維素®和甲基纖維素®;乙基纖維素(EC)及它們的混合物,如E461、Ethocel®、Aqualon®-EC、Surelease;聚乙烯醇(PVA),如Opadry AMB;羥乙基纖維素如Natrosol®;羧甲基纖維素和羧甲基纖維素(CMC)的鹽,如Aualon®-CMC;聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇共聚物,如Kollicoat IR®;甘油單酯(Myverol)、甘油三酯(KLX)、聚乙二醇、改性食品澱粉、丙烯酸聚合物和丙烯酸聚合物與纖維素醚的混合物,如Eudragit®EPO、Eudragit®RD100和Eudragit®E100;乙酸鄰苯二甲酸纖維素;sepifilms如HPMC和硬脂酸的混合物、環糊精和這些材料的混合物。在其他態樣,考慮的另外的掩味材料是美國專利號4,851,226;5,075,114;和5,876,759中描述的,其各自藉由引用整體併入本文。
在各個態樣,賦形劑可以包括pH調節劑。在一些態樣,pH調節劑可以包括碳酸鈉或碳酸氫鈉。
在整個說明書和實施例中描述了成分(即金屬螯合物、軟骨保護劑、維生素、礦物質、氨基酸、抗氧化劑、酵母培養物和必需脂肪酸)的量和類型,以及在動物飼料配方中有用的其它賦形劑。
II.飼料添加劑組合物
本案的一個態樣涵蓋用於非人動物的飼料添加劑組合物。該組合物包含補充有配製酵母和「直接飼餵微生物」(酵母+DFM)與L-肉鹼聯合的基礎動物飼糧。可以進一步包括其它任選的添加劑。該飼料添加劑組合物可以添加到基礎動物飼糧中,用於對非人動物施用。飼料添加劑組合物可以與基礎動物飼糧一起配製,以製備第I節中描述的飼料組合物。
飼料添加劑組合物中配置酵母的量可以並且將根據配置酵母、將被施用包含配置酵母的飼料添加劑組合物的非人動物的類型、將被施用飼料添加劑組合物的非人動物的體重、性別和醫學狀況而變化。通常,飼料添加劑組合物可以包含約30%至約95%的配製酵母,約40%至約90%的配製酵母,或約55%至約90%的配製酵母。在一些態樣,飼料添加劑組合物可包含約88%至約90%,或約89%。
本案的飼料添加劑組合物中DFM的量是可以從約0.05%至約15%,約0.1%至約10%,約0.5%至約5%,約0.9%至約1.1%的範圍。在一些態樣,本案的飼料添加劑組合物中DFM的量是從約0.9%至約1.1%的範圍。
本案的飼料添加劑組合物中L-肉鹼的量為10%。約1%至約20%,約5%至約15%,約7%至約13%,約9%至約11%。在一些態樣,本案的飼料添加劑組合物中L-肉鹼的量是從約9%至約11%的範圍。
在各個態樣,可以藉由各種方法將飼糧添加劑組合物引入基礎動物飼糧中,這取決於飼料添加劑組合物是液體形式還是固體形式。將飼料添加劑組合物引入基礎動物飼糧的非限制性實例可以是將飼料添加劑組合物配製到基礎動物飼糧中,對基礎動物飼糧的固體組合物進行表面添加(top-dressing),將液體飼料添加劑組合物噴灑到基礎動物飼糧上,或它們的組合。應當認識到,當將飼料添加劑引入基礎動物飼糧中時,引入基礎動物飼糧中的飼料添加劑的量足以在動物飼糧中提供配置酵母和辣椒產品的組合的治療有效量。
除了酵母產品、DFM和L-肉鹼之外,飼料添加劑組合物進一步可以包含至少一種額外成分,例如維生素、礦物質、氨基酸、抗氧化劑、除DFM中可能存在的那些以外的益生菌、必需脂肪酸和藥學上可接受的賦形劑。這些成分可以如上文第I(e)節所述。在一些態樣,飼料添加劑組合物進一步包含稻殼、礦物油和硬脂酸鈣。
III.使用方法
本案的另一態樣涵蓋使用飼料組合物的方法。該方法包括給非人動物施用本案的動物飼料組合物或飼料添加劑。在一些態樣,將飼料或飼料添加劑組合物口服施用給非人動物。飼料組合物可以如上文第(I)節所述,飼料添加劑組合物可以如上文第(II)節所述。
在一些態樣,非人動物是免疫應激的。如本文所用,術語「免疫應激的動物」是指回應於炎症或應激原,如微生物感染、誘導的炎症(如由於接種疫苗)、心理創傷(如斷奶)和身體創傷以及其它應激原而應激的非人動物。免疫應激的動物通常具有不足的營養狀況,其藉由循環維生素A不足來測量。應激原和維生素A不足可導致動物生長表現降低和死亡率增加。因此,在一些態樣,本案的方法包括改善免疫應激的非人動物的營養狀況。在一些態樣,本案的方法包括改善動物的生長表現和存活性。在一些態樣,本案的方法包括減少動物的炎症。
向動物施用本案內容的組合物的時間和持續時間可以並且將會變化。飼料組合物可以在飼餵動物的整個程序中施用。或者,飼料組合物可以在動物生長和發育的特定時期施用。例如,該飼料組合物可以在動物對感染高度敏感的時期,如嬰兒期施用。也可以在偵測到微生物感染後並在感染期間施用組合物。組合物也可以以不同的時間間隔施用。例如,組合物可以每天、每週、每月或數月施用。在一些態樣,組合物每週施用。在其他態樣,組合物每月施用。在一些態樣,組合物每天施用。正如本領域所認識到的,治療的持續時間可以並且將根據動物的生長和健康而變化。
(a)非人動物
從廣義上講,非人動物可以定義為在施用飼料添加劑組合物後表現出生長改善、健康改善、腸道健康改善和微生物病原體數量減少的任何動物。在各個態樣,非人動物可以是年齡和健康狀況不同的家畜哺乳動物。合適家畜哺乳動物的非限制性實例可以是肉牛、馬、奶牛、小牛、豬、山羊、綿羊、野牛、美洲駝或羊駝。在其他態樣,非人動物可以是年齡和健康狀況不同的鳥類。合適的鳥類或家禽的非限制性實例可以是雞,包括肉雞、蛋雞和種雞、鴨、小母雞、鵝、野雞、珍珠雞/母雞、鵪鶉、火雞和平胸類動物,例如鴯鶓和鴕鳥以及水產養殖動物。在另一態樣,非人動物可以是年齡和健康狀況不同的伴侶動物。伴侶動物的非限制性實例可以是狗、貓、鳥、倉鼠或豚鼠。在一些態樣,所述非人動物選自生長豬、小牛、小馬駒、小山羊、羊羔、小鳥(cira)、雛禽、小鴨、小狗、小貓或它們的組合。在一些態樣,非人動物是豬。在一些態樣,非人動物是免疫應激的豬。在一些態樣,非人動物是免疫應激的育嬰豬。
(b)改善的表現
在一些態樣,該方法包括使用飼料添加劑來改善動物的表現。本文所定義的「改善的表現」是指非人動物在一段時間內在大小及/或成熟方面的積極變化。在各個態樣,所述非人動物表現出改善的生長表現,包括例如體重增加、飼料攝入量、平均每日體重增加(ADG)的增加,飼料轉化率(FCR)降低,平均每日食物攝入量(ADFI)增加,整體體重和F/G比的改善,其中F/G比定義為ADFI/ADG。
與沒有補充飼料添加劑組合物的對照組相比,非人動物的飼料轉化率可表現出從約2%至約5%,約2%至約5%,或約3.0%或更多的範圍的降低。與沒有補充飼料添加劑組合物的對照組相比,非人動物的死亡率可表現出從約0.5%至約10%、約1%至約8%、約1%至約5%、或至少2.0%或更多的範圍的降低。非人動物可以表現出改善的體重增加,其定義為從約1%到約10%,從約3%到約5%的範圍的百分比增加。或者與沒有補充飼料添加劑組合物的對照組相比增加至少3.0%。
(c)改善的健康
本案的另一態樣涵蓋改善非人動物健康的方法。本文所定義的「改善的健康」是指與對照組相比,非人動物中腹瀉發病率的降低、腹瀉天數的減少、死亡率的降低、腸道健康的改善、動物腸道中微生物病原體的減少、測量TNF-α的細胞因數組的減少、免疫細胞(immunocrit)水平的降低或它們的組合。
(d)減少的微生物病原體的影響
本案的另一個態樣涵蓋減少微生物病原體對非人動物的影響的方法。減少微生物病原體的影響可以包括改善非人動物的腸道健康和減少微生物病原體。減少微生物病原體的影響還可以包括改善暴露於微生物病原體的非人動物的整體健康和表現。
本文定義的術語「微生物病原體」是指具有致病潛力的微生物。感染是病原微生物在受試者體內的入侵和繁殖。疾病是指感染對受試者的重要功能或系統造成損害。
「改善的腸道健康」和「微生物病原體的減少」是指與對照組相比,非人動物中病原體數量的減少和由微生物病原體引起的炎症的減少。可以使用本案的飼料添加劑組合物控制的病原菌的非限制性實例包括產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢桿菌、巨型艾美球蟲、嗜水氣單胞菌、小腸結腸炎耶爾森菌、弧菌屬、鉤端螺旋體屬、潰瘍分枝桿菌、李斯特菌屬、大腸桿菌致病株、假單胞菌屬,如綠膿桿菌、腸球菌屬、沙門氏菌屬、彎曲桿菌屬、葡萄球菌屬,如金黃色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、恥垢分枝桿菌、鏈球菌屬、梭狀芽胞桿菌和海洋分枝桿菌。
在這些態樣的優選替代方案中,降低微生物病原體的影響包括降低肉雞中產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢桿菌的影響。在另一態樣,減少微生物病原體的影響包括控制雞的壞死性腸炎。在另一個替代方案中,減少微生物病原體的影響包括控制產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢桿菌的影響以及控制在患病肉雞中的球蟲病攻擊。
定義
除非另有定義,本文使用的所有技術和科學術語具有本發明所屬領域的技藝人士通常理解的含義。以下參考文件為本領域技藝人士提供了本發明中使用的許多術語的一般定義:Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale & Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991)。如本文所用,以下術語具有賦予它們的含義,除非另有說明。
當介紹本案的元素或其優選態樣時,冠詞「一」、「該」和「所述」意在表示存在一或多個元素。術語「包含」、「包括」和「具有」旨在是包含性的,並且意味著除了所列出的元素之外,還可以有另外的元素。
在不脫離本發明的範圍的情況下,可以對上述細胞和方法進行各種改變,包含在以上描述和以下提供的實施例中的所有內容應被解釋為說明性的,而不是限制性的。
實施例
說明書中提到的所有專利和出版物表明了本案所屬領域的技藝人士的水平。所有專利和出版物藉由引用併入本文,其程度如同每個單獨的出版物被具體和單獨地指出藉由引用併入。
提供通篇討論的出版物僅僅是為了在本案的申請日之前公開它們。本文中的任何內容都不應被解釋為承認本發明無權憑藉在先發明而先於此類公開。
包括以下實施例來說明本案。本領域技藝人士應該理解,在以下實施例中公開的技術代表了發明人發現的在本案的實踐中運行良好的技術。然而,根據本案,本領域的技藝人士應當理解,在不脫離本案的精神和範圍的情況下,可以對本案進行許多改變,並且仍然可以獲得相似或類似的結果,因此,所闡述的所有內容應當被解釋為說明性的,而不是限制性的。
實施例1:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)提高了循環維生素A濃度,並改善了斷奶後育嬰豬的生長表現。
進行了一項研究,以評估飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合的效果。在該研究中使用了總共36個豬欄,每個豬欄有27頭混合性別的豬。豬到達後在豬欄基礎上稱重。按體重對豬欄進行分區,並將區組內的豬欄隨機分配到隨機完全區組設計中的三種飼糧處理中的一種,導致每種處理12個豬欄(表1)。
表1:飼糧處理
處理 | 添加劑 | 包含率 | 豬欄的數量 | 豬的數量/豬欄 | 豬的總數量 |
1. 對照 | 無 | N/A | 12 | ~27 | 323 |
2. Combo | β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/DFM/L-肉鹼 | 0.5磅/噸 | 12 | ~27 | 325 |
3. 酵母+DFM | β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/DFM | 0.5磅/噸 | 12 | ~27 | 324 |
總計 | 972 |
Combo分析表明,β-葡聚糖、總葡聚糖和甘露糖的濃度分別不低於5.7%、10.0%和9.0%。DFM的濃度不低於7.5×108 cfu/g產品。
該試驗在斷奶後立即以4階段飼餵計畫進行了49天。商業對照飼糧的組成如表2所示。飼料是藉由FeedLogic®系統提供的,該系統允許按照豬欄來收集飼料攝入資料。
豬在到達時和到大多數豬欄完成每個階段時,在豬欄基礎上稱重。在豬稱重的同一天,也測量每個豬欄的飼料剩餘量。FeedLogic®系統中的資料會針對每次飼餵活動進行保存。該資料用於計算每個豬欄的ADG、ADFI和F/G。
在4個時間點從每欄的2頭豬中收集血液樣品:在母豬單元斷奶前2天、在育嬰單元第0天(斷奶後立即)、第7天和第48天。血清樣品儲存在-20°C下,直到進行分析。在第3天、第5天和第7天,在育嬰所使用以下標度測量每個豬欄的主觀糞便評分:0=無;1=輕度;2=實質性;3=嚴重的腹瀉症狀。
表2:對照飼糧(Trt 1)的飼糧組成。
結果:
第1部分:斷奶前疫苗接種和斷奶降低循環維生素A濃度
成分名稱 | Ph1CWG | Ph2CWG | Ph3CWG | Ph4CWG |
9-15 磅 | 15-22 磅 | 22 – 37 磅 | 37 – 52 磅 | |
磨碎的玉米 | 772.98 | 854.92 | 1033.37 | 977.88 |
乾酒糟 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 300.00 | 400.00 |
SBM 46%蛋白質 | 200.00 | 445.50 | 566.72 | 512.93 |
牛奶和特殊蛋白質 | 950.00 | 475.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
血漿 | 6.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
精選白脂 | 20.00 | 50.59 | 47.85 | 49.65 |
賴氨酸98.5% | 6.59 | 6.43 | 9.22 | 9.67 |
蛋氨酸99%DL | 4.07 | 3.26 | 2.49 | 2.16 |
蘇氨酸80% | 3.68 | 3.03 | 3.41 | 3.16 |
色氨酸98.5% | 1.01 | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.89 |
纈氨酸-L AEL | 1.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
異亮氨酸L | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
石灰石 | 0.00 | 14.36 | 18.72 | 19.66 |
21% MONOCAL | 13.07 | 20.07 | 5.70 | 2.10 |
鹽 | 7.00 | 10.24 | 9.00 | 9.00 |
Optiphos 2500 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
維生素和微量礦物質 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
維生素和微量礦物質 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
微量示蹤劑 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
CTC 90 | 6.70 | 8.90 | 0.00 | 6.70 |
DENAGARD 10 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 |
成分總計: | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 |
營養物名稱 | ||||
乾物質,% | 88.77 | 88.45 | 87.76 | 87.98 |
Mod ME,kcal/lb | 1507.93 | 1502.00 | 1500.00 | 1500.00 |
蛋白質,% | 21.51 | 21.87 | 21.38 | 21.48 |
賴氨酸,% | 1.56 | 1.52 | 1.47 | 1.45 |
SID賴氨酸,% | 1.40 | 1.35 | 1.29 | 1.26 |
SID Lys:ME g Lys/mcal | 4.21 | 4.08 | 3.90 | 3.81 |
SID m+c:Lys | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
SID Thr:Lys | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 |
SID Tryp:Lys | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
SID Iso:Lys | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
SID Val:Lys | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
澱粉,% | 31.22 | 32.21 | 36.57 | 34.83 |
總糖,% | 4.13 | 5.76 | 7.05 | 6.94 |
乳糖,% | 15.00 | 7.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
ADF,% | 1.69 | 2.56 | 3.58 | 3.78 |
NDF,% | 4.43 | 6.43 | 9.48 | 10.43 |
粗纖維百分比 | 1.48 | 1.98 | 2.64 | 2.86 |
脂肪,% | 4.60 | 5.52 | 5.22 | 5.59 |
灰分,% | 6.08 | 6.43 | 4.58 | 4.55 |
鈣,% | 0.64 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.70 |
Anzl鈣,% | 0.63 | 0.80 | 0.55 | 0.52 |
非植酸酶TTD Ca,% | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.30 |
植酸酶TTD Ca | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
TTD Ca,% | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.33 |
Ca STTD係數,% | 24.46 | 35.73 | 48.17 | 48.40 |
磷,% | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
可用Phos等量,% | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.38 |
非植酸酶aPhos,% | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
aP釋放% | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
P可用係數,% | 8.60 | 15.95 | 25.28 | 27.91 |
植酸酶,FTU/kg | 0.00 | 0.00 | 827.43 | 750.58 |
非植酸酶TTD P,% | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
植酸酶TTD P | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
TTD P,% | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.35 |
P STTD係數,% | 14.48 | 23.35 | 33.35 | 34.70 |
AOAC植酸酶,FTU/kg | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2068.56 | 1876.44 |
肌醇六磷酸磷(預計),% | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.29 |
鈣/aP,% | 0.51 | 18.18 | 23.55 | 24.64 |
鹽,% | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
鈉,% | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.23 |
氯,% | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.44 |
豬在斷奶前2天接受的疫苗接種(PRRS/PCV2/支原體)聯合來自斷奶程序的應激導致斷奶當天血清維生素A濃度降低27%(P<0.001)(圖1)。在斷奶後第48天,血清維生素A濃度逐漸恢復到與斷奶前2天觀察到的水平相似的水平。
許多時候,血清維生素水平不足被認為是飼糧/攝取不足的症狀。然而,情況並不總是如此。在該實施例和以下實施例中,維生素A補充為乙酸視黃酯,以在飼糧中提供8,819.4 IU/kg維生素A,其比美國國家研究委員會(NRC;2012)對於5至25kg的育嬰豬所述的所需維生素A濃度(2,200IU/kg)高4倍。資料表明,斷奶時的血清維生素A濃度與血清C-反應蛋白(CRP)負相關,血清C-反應蛋白(CRP)是由於豬中的攻擊而導致在血清中升高的主要急性期蛋白之一(圖2)。
第2部分:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)可恢復斷奶後循環維生素A濃度
循環維生素A濃度逐漸恢復到與斷奶前測量的水平相似的水平,因為斷奶後豬從免疫應激中恢復(圖3)。來自取樣豬的子集的資料表明,與飼餵對照和酵母+DFM處理的豬相比,飼餵含有β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)的飼糧的豬分別具有從斷奶至斷奶後第7天的最大血清維生素A濃度增加(38.4%)和從斷奶至斷奶後第48天的最大血清維生素A濃度增加(64.3%;表3)。
在飼餵酵母+DFM處理的豬中,來自斷奶的血清維生素A濃度的增加是中等的(分別為25.8%和60.1%)。另外,與飼餵對照飼糧的豬相比,飼餵組合處理的豬具有20%顯著更高的育嬰ADG(0.76對比0.64lb/天,P=0.01),而飼餵酵母+DFM處理的豬僅略微改善豬ADG(0.73對比0.64lb/天,P=0.10)。
表3:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對斷奶前後豬血清維生素A濃度的影響(值為最小二乘均值)
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d表示沒有共同的上標傾向不同(P<0.10)
項目 | 處理 | PSE | P值 | ||
對照 | 組合 | 酵母+DFM | |||
血清維生素A與所有取樣豬的表現 | |||||
在母豬場 | |||||
測量的豬的數量 | 17 | 20 | 24 | ||
斷奶前2-d的維生素A,ppm | 0.221 a | 0.193 b | 0.200 b | 0.011 | 0.02 |
斷奶時(基線)-開始飼糧處理 | |||||
測量的豬的數量 | 21 | 24 | 24 | ||
斷奶體重,lb | 10.8 ab | 10.6 a | 11.9 b | 0.6 | 0.04 |
維生素A,ppm | 0.169 a | 0.140 b | 0.142 b | 0.014 | 0.02 |
維生素A斷奶前至斷奶的變化,% | -28.8 | -27.4 | -25.1 | 5.2 | 0.71 |
CRP,μg/ml | 193.8 | 177.3 | 209.6 | 42.9 | 0.75 |
育嬰第7天 | |||||
測量的豬的數量 | 21 | 24 | 23 | ||
D7的BW,lb | 11.8 c | 12.3 d | 11.7 c | 0.2 | 0.04 |
第0至7天ADG,lb/天 | 0.06 a | 0.15 b | 0.07 a | 0.02 | 0.01 |
維生素A,ppm | 0.195 | 0.183 | 0.188 | 0.011 | 0.64 |
維生素A在斷奶至D7的變化,% | 26.5 | 38.4 | 25.8 | 10.8 | 0.57 |
CRP,μg/ml | 60.3 | 63.4 | 50.4 | 28.7 | 0.77 |
育嬰第48天 | |||||
測量的豬的數量 | 20 | 21 | 24 | ||
D48的BW,lb | 43.2 c | 48.1 d | 45.9 cd | 2.0 | 0.08 |
第7至48天ADG,lb/天 | 0.74 a | 0.86 b | 0.84 ab | 0.04 | 0.02 |
第0至48天ADG,lb/天 | 0.64 a | 0.76 b | 0.73 ab | 0.03 | 0.01 |
維生素A,ppm | 0.227 | 0.223 | 0.231 | 0.011 | 0.87 |
維生素A在斷奶至D48的變化,% | 41.4 | 64.3 | 60.1 | 13.1 | 0.34 |
CRP,μg/ml | 467.5 c | 368.3 cd | 329.6 d | 53.7 | 0.09 |
還評估了血清維生素A的分佈。儘管分配到組合處理的豬在斷奶前以具有維生素A充足(>=0.15ppm)的豬的最低百分比(95%)開始,但是與對照和酵母+DFM處理(分別為95.0%和91.7%,表4)相比,在育嬰期飼餵組合導致在49天育嬰期結束時具有維生素A充足的豬的最高百分比(95.2%)。在第48天,飼餵組合飼糧的豬中CRP的血清濃度也比飼餵對照飼糧的豬低21%(368.3對比467.5μg/ml,P=0.10,表3)。這些資料表明,Combo飼糧補充有效地恢復了斷奶後的循環維生素A濃度,這表明從斷奶引起的免疫應激中恢復最大。
表4.飼糧處理斷奶前後血清維生素A濃度的分佈
*根據參考R.Puls,1994,維生素A不足定義為血清維生素A濃度<0.15ppm,而維生素A充足定義為血清維生素A濃度>=0.15ppm。第3部分:循環維生素A濃度與豬生長表現的關係
維生素A, ppm | 斷奶前2-d | 斷奶時 | 斷奶後D7 | 斷奶後D48 | ||||||||
對照 | 組合 | Evosure + DFM | 對照 | 組合 | Evosure + DFM | 對照 | 組合 | Evosure + DFM | 對照 | 組合 | Evosure + DFM | |
<0.15 | 0.0% | 5.0% | 4.2% | 47.6% | 62.5% | 54.2% | 9.5% | 16.7% | 17.4% | 5.0% | 4.8% | 8.3% |
0.15 - 0.20 | 17.6% | 40.0% | 20.8% | 19.0% | 25.0% | 25.0% | 28.6% | 54.2% | 47.8% | 15.0% | 28.6% | 16.7% |
0.20 - 0.25 | 41.2% | 30.0% | 50.0% | 14.3% | 12.5% | 16.7% | 42.9% | 16.7% | 21.7% | 40.0% | 52.4% | 50.0% |
0.25 - 0.30 | 35.3% | 25.0% | 20.8% | 19.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 19.0% | 4.2% | 8.7% | 30.0% | 9.5% | 25.0% |
>0.30 | 5.9% | 0.0% | 4.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 4.2% | 0.0% | 8.3% | 4.3% | 10.0% | 4.8% | 0.0% |
不足* | 0.0% | 5.0% | 4.2% | 47.6% | 62.5% | 54.2% | 9.5% | 16.7% | 17.4% | 5.0% | 4.8% | 8.3% |
充足* | 100.0% | 95.0% | 95.8% | 52.4% | 37.5% | 45.8% | 90.5% | 83.3% | 82.6% | 95.0% | 95.2% | 91.7% |
採用線性相關分析方法研究斷奶前後血清維生素A濃度與育嬰期個體生長表現(ADG和BW)之間的相關性。在24對相關分析中,決定了數值上或顯著的正相關(表5)。尤其是斷奶時血清維生素A與整個育嬰期的ADG和BW呈正相關。育嬰末期豬BW與斷奶前後血清維生素A呈正相關(P<0.052)。血清維生素A與豬ADG/BW呈大量正相關,表明循環維生素A可以指示豬生長表現。
表5:血清維生素A濃度與豬生長表現的關係
第4部分:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)改善育嬰豬斷奶後的生長表現和存活性
Pearson相關係數 Prob > |r|在H0下:Rho=0 觀察次數 | ||||
斷奶前_VitA | VitA_斷奶 | VitA_D7 | VitA_D48 | |
斷奶至D7ADG P 值 | -0.03499 0.7889 61 | 0.19918 0.1034 68 | 0.26808 0.0271 68 | 0.02914 0.8178 65 |
D7至D48 ADG P 值 | 0.19241 0.1443 59 | 0.37513 0.0021 65 | 0.20262 0.1055 65 | 0.35489 0.0037 65 |
斷奶至D48ADG P 值 | 0.18126 0.1695 59 | 0.38770 0.0014 65 | 0.23397 0.0607 65 | 0.33414 0.0065 65 |
BW_斷奶 P 值 | 0.43674 0.0004 61 | 0.45798 <.0001 69 | 0.12447 0.3118 68 | 0.01392 0.9124 65 |
BW_D7 P 值 | 0.40425 0.0012 61 | 0.49872 <.0001 68 | 0.21158 0.0833 68 | 0.02329 0.8539 65 |
BW_D48 P 值 | 0.25467 0.0516 59 | 0.50016 <.0001 65 | 0.28635 0.0207 65 | 0.26421 0.0334 65 |
如表6所示,當分析所有豬的表現資料時,與飼餵對照飼糧的豬相比,飼餵含有Combo的育嬰飼糧導致在49天育嬰期結束時顯著更高的豬ADG和BW(分別為0.69lb/天對比0.65lb/天,P<0.05,45.5lb/天對比43.4lb/天,P<0.05)。飼餵酵母+DFM的豬具有中等ADG和BW,其與飼餵對照處理的豬沒有顯著差異。另外,與飼餵對照處理相比,飼餵組合和酵母+DFM顯示出較低的死亡率(1.85%對比3.41%)。與飼餵對照飼糧的豬相比,飼餵Combo的豬也傾向於需要更少的單獨抗生素處理(6.5對比10.5%,P<0.10)。這些結果表明,飼餵Combo改善了斷奶後豬的生長表現和存活性。
表6:β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合飼餵對育嬰豬生長表現的影響
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d表示沒有共同的上標傾向不同(P<0.10)
實施例2:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)改善生長豬的飼餵效率
項目 | 處理 | PSE | P值 | ||
對照 | 組合 | 酵母+DFM | |||
豬欄的數量 | 12 | 12 | 12 | ||
豬的數量 | 323 | 325 | 324 | ||
斷奶年齡,d | |||||
開始BW,lb | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 0.3 | 0.98 |
早期育嬰;階段1至2;21d | |||||
ADG,lb/天 | 0.36 a | 0.39 b | 0.37 ab | 0.01 | 0.03 |
ADFI,lb/天 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
F/G | 1.99 a | 1.84 b | 1.87 ab | 0.04 | 0.009 |
BW階段2結束,lb | 18.5 a | 19.2 b | 18.7 ab | 0.2 | 0.04 |
死亡率,% | 1.24 | 1.23 | 0.93 | N/A | 0.91 |
回退,% | 0.93 ab | 1.23 b | 0.00 a | N/A | 0.16 |
清除率,% | 2.17 | 2.46 | 0.93 | N/A | 0.31 |
經抗生素處理的豬,% | 10.2 a | 5.8 b | 5.6 b | N/A | 0.05 |
收尾ADG,lb/天 | 0.35 a | 0.37 b | 0.36 ab | 0.01 | 0.07 |
收尾F/G | 2.02 a | 1.86 b | 1.87 ab | 0.06 | 0.02 |
後期育嬰;階段3至4;28d | |||||
ADG,lb/天 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
ADFI,lb/天 | 1.32 a | 1.43 b | 1.37 ab | 0.03 | 0.03 |
F/G | 1.52 | 1.53 | 1.51 | 0.02 | 0.50 |
BW階段4結束,lb | 43.4 a | 45.5 b | 44.3 ab | 0.5 | 0.02 |
死亡率,% | 2.17 c | 0.62 d | 0.93 cd | N/A | 0.17 |
回退, % | 0.93 | 1.54 | 0.31 | N/A | 0.27 |
清除率,% | 3.10 | 2.15 | 1.23 | N/A | 0.27 |
經抗生素處理的豬,% | 0.3 a | 0.6 AB | 2.2 b | N/A | 0.05 |
收尾ADG,lb/天 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
收尾F/G | 1.56 | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.02 | 0.39 |
整體;階段1至4;49d | |||||
ADG, lb/天 | 0.65 a | 0.69 b | 0.67 ab | 0.01 | 0.03 |
ADFI,lb/天 | 1.05 c | 1.11 d | 1.08 cd | 0.02 | 0.08 |
F/G | 1.63 a | 1.60 ab | 1.58 b | 0.01 | 0.05 |
死亡率,% | 3.41 | 1.85 | 1.85 | N/A | 0.33 |
回退, % | 1.86 a | 2.77 a | 0.31 b | N/A | 0.05 |
清除率,% | 5.26 b | 4.62 b | 2.16 a | N/A | 0.12 |
經抗生素處理的豬,% | 10.5 c | 6.5 d | 7.7 cd | N/A | 0.18 |
收尾ADG,lb/天 | 0.63 a | 0.68 b | 0.67 ab | 0.01 | 0.04 |
收尾 F/G | 1.67 a | 1.63 ab | 1.60 b | 0.02 | 0.05 |
糞便評分 | |||||
D3 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.61 |
D5 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.21 | 0.86 |
D7 | 0.58 a | 0.67 ab | 1.00 b | 0.21 | 0.04 |
平均 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.15 | 0.27 |
進行了為期11周的研究,以評估飼餵組合和酵母+DFM對免疫應激生長豬組的生長表現和存活性的影響。該組免疫應激豬被表徵為PRRS和SIV陽性,具有比其生產標準相對更高的死亡率和發病率。在到達時,將豬(~35lb)分選到豬欄中,每個豬欄17-26頭豬,並在性別上儘可能接近地平衡。向豬飼餵普通飼糧,直到試驗開始,大約2至3周後。在實驗的第一天,將豬欄稱重並按平均BW進行分區,並以隨機化完全區組設計將區組內的豬欄隨機分配到3種飼糧處理中的一種(表7)。這導致每次處理有11個豬欄用於評估生長表現和健康狀況。
表7:飼糧處理
處理 | 添加劑 | 包含率 | 豬欄的數量 | 豬的數量/豬欄 | 豬的總數量 |
1.對照 | 無 | N/A | 11 | 17-26 | 235 |
2.Combo | β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/DFM/L-肉鹼 | 0.5 磅/噸 | 11 | 17-26 | 243 |
3.酵母+DFM | β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/DFM | 0.5磅/噸 | 11 | 17-26 | 223 |
總計 | 701 |
除了棚頂和延伸之間,每2周(+/-1天)對豬進行豬欄稱重。在每個豬欄稱重時測量飼料殘餘。這允許藉由豬欄計算ADG、ADFI和F/G。基礎飼糧的組成示於表8中。
在試驗開始之前從每個豬欄的兩個平均大小的手推車收集血液樣品作為基線測量。在試驗開始後第32天和第76天,將這些取樣豬標記用於隨後的出血。將血清樣品儲存在-20℃直至進行維生素A分析。
表8:對照飼糧(Trt 1)的飼糧組成
結果:
第1部分:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)改善免疫應激生長豬的飼餵效率和存活性
成分名稱 | 55-75 CWG | 75-95 CWG | 95-135 CWG | 135-165 CWG | 165-190 CWG | 190-215 CWG |
磨碎的玉米 | 896.65 | 958.98 | 1025.79 | 1096.13 | 1140.99 | 1183.52 |
乾酒糟 | 600.00 | 600.00 | 600.00 | 600.00 | 600.00 | 600.00 |
SBM 46%蛋白質 | 376.90 | 313.30 | 240.80 | 177.12 | 133.61 | 97.40 |
精選白脂 | 75.34 | 75.92 | 76.31 | 77.52 | 75.67 | 74.74 |
脂酸鹽 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
賴氨酸98.5% | 10.39 | 10.10 | 9.79 | 9.51 | 9.33 | 9.17 |
蛋氨酸99%DL | 1.33 | 0.89 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
蘇氨酸80% | 2.21 | 1.92 | 1.83 | 1.51 | 1.30 | 1.32 |
色氨酸98.5% | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.71 |
石灰石 | 23.79 | 25.47 | 23.65 | 24.82 | 22.18 | 20.50 |
鹽 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
INTELLIBOND C(TBCC) | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
Optiphos 2500 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
維生素和微量礦物質預混料 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.80 |
金黴素90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Denagard 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 |
微量示蹤劑 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
成分總計: | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 |
營養物組成 | ||||||
乾物質,% | 88.57 | 88.50 | 88.39 | 88.32 | 88.23 | 88.17 |
Mod ME,kcal/lb | 1519.00 | 1521.00 | 1526.00 | 1529.00 | 1531.00 | 1533.00 |
蛋白質,% | 21.00 | 19.70 | 18.24 | 16.94 | 16.07 | 15.36 |
賴氨酸,% | 1.36 | 1.26 | 1.15 | 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.94 |
SID賴氨酸,% | 1.16 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.77 |
SID Lys:ME g Lys/mcal | 3.45 | 3.18 | 2.87 | 2.60 | 2.42 | 2.27 |
SID m+c:Lys | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.61 |
SID Thr:Lys | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 |
SID Tryp:Lys | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
SID Iso:Lys | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
SID Val:Lys | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.77 |
澱粉,% | 31.32 | 33.45 | 36.00 | 38.13 | 39.78 | 41.11 |
總糖,% | 6.53 | 6.19 | 5.81 | 5.47 | 5.25 | 5.06 |
ADF,% | 4.12 | 4.00 | 3.87 | 3.75 | 3.67 | 3.61 |
NDF,% | 12.21 | 12.10 | 11.98 | 11.87 | 11.81 | 11.75 |
粗纖維,% | 3.23 | 3.15 | 3.06 | 2.97 | 2.92 | 2.87 |
脂肪,% | 7.39 | 7.46 | 7.53 | 7.63 | 7.58 | 7.56 |
IV,meq/kg f | 109.73 | 110.47 | 111.53 | 112.29 | 113.08 | 113.69 |
IVP,實際 | 65.05 | 65.89 | 66.83 | 67.89 | 67.81 | 67.93 |
灰分,% | 4.81 | 4.73 | 4.45 | 4.34 | 4.09 | 3.92 |
Anzl鈣,% | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.44 |
非植酸酶TTD Ca,% | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.26 |
植酸酶TTD Ca | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
TTD Ca,% | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.29 |
Ca STTD係數,% | 48.49 | 48.60 | 48.71 | 48.81 | 48.92 | 48.99 |
可用Phos等量,% | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
非植酸酶aPhos,% | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
aP釋放% | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
P可用係數,% | 33.11 | 32.82 | 32.51 | 32.21 | 32.05 | 31.91 |
植酸酶,FTU/kg | 375.00 | 375.00 | 375.00 | 375.00 | 375.00 | 375.00 |
非植酸酶TTD P,% | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
植酸酶TTD P | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 |
TTD P,% | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
P STTD係數,% | 37.25 | 37.17 | 36.98 | 36.89 | 36.76 | 36.66 |
AOAC植酸酶,FTU/kg | 937.50 | 937.50 | 937.50 | 937.50 | 937.50 | 937.50 |
肌醇六磷酸磷(預計),% | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.22 |
鈣/aP,% | 29.53 | 31.53 | 29.25 | 30.62 | 27.38 | 25.31 |
鹽,% | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
鈉,% | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
氯,% | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 |
表9的結果顯示,與飼餵對照的豬相比,飼餵組合的豬的收尾F/G降低5點(2.22對比2.27,P=0.28)。然而,飼餵酵母+DFM的豬對飼餵效率沒有顯示任何影響。另外,與飼餵對照飼糧相比,飼餵組合傾向於降低死亡率(0.82對比2.98%,P=0.09),並且顯著降低健康受損豬的總清除率(2.47對比2.98%,P=0.04)。這些結果表明,組合飼餵提高了免疫應激生長豬的飼餵效率和存活性。
表9:β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對免疫應激生長豬生長表現的影響
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d表示沒有共同的上標傾向不同(P<0.10)
第2部分:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)改善了循環維生素A濃度,這與豬的更好表現相關
項目 | 對照 | 組合 | 酵母+DFM | PSE | P值 |
豬欄的數量 | 11 | 11 | 11 | ||
豬的數量 | 235 | 243 | 223 | ||
開始BW,lb | 61.5 | 61.8 | 62.0 | 1.2 | 0.59 |
ADG,lb/天 | 1.93 | 1.92 | 1.93 | 0.02 | 0.77 |
ADFI,lb/天 | 4.22 | 4.23 | 4.31 | 0.05 | 0.40 |
收尾F/G | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.28 | 0.03 | 0.35 |
第11周結束BW,lb | 213.4 | 210.7 | 212.3 | 1.5 | 0.44 |
死亡率,% | 2.98 c | 0.82 d | 0.90 cd | N/A | 0.11 |
總清除率,% | 6.38 a | 2.47 b | 4.04 ab | N/A | 0.12 |
在實驗的第0天(基線)、第32天和第76天,在每次處理的22只取樣豬中評估血清維生素A濃度(表10)。與對照相比,飼餵Combo在D32和D76時血清維生素A濃度分別在數值上提高了0.9%和4.1%。然而,飼餵酵母+DFM沒有改善或具有中等改善。
表10:β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對免疫應激生長豬血清維生素A濃度的影響
1基線維生素A濃度用作分析第32天和第76天維生素A濃度的協變數
血清維生素A濃度,ppm | 對照 | 組合 | 酵母+DFM | PSE | P值 |
樣品數 | 22 | 22 | 22 | ||
血清維生素A-D0(基線) 1 | 0.180 | 0.186 | 0.188 | 0.008 | 0.77 |
血清維生素A-D32 | 0.191 | 0.193 | 0.191 | 0.010 | 0.98 |
血清維生素A-D76 | 0.197 | 0.205 | 0.202 | 0.009 | 0.78 |
使用來自每次處理的收尾F/G、總清除率和血清維生素A的平均值進行一般線性模型。第32天的血清維生素A與豬F/G負相關,並且可以用於使用以下等式預測豬F/G(圖4):
F/G (60至200磅體重)= -26.096 x血清維生素A (D32)+7.2606,R2 = 0.99
D76時的血清維生素A與清除率負相關,並且可以用於使用以下等式預測豬總清除率(圖5):
總清除率(%)= -480.75×血清維生素A(D76)+101.26,R2=1.00
血清維生素A在豬的F/G值和清除率之間具有較強的線性相關性和可預測性,表明血清維生素A在免疫應激生長豬中可以指示表現。飼餵組合改善了免疫應激豬的飼料轉化率、營養狀況和健康狀況。
實施例3:β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對育嬰豬和生長豬飼餵的劑量反應
為了評估飼餵Combo對育嬰豬的劑量反應,在實施例1中描述的研究中,將高(1.0磅/噸)和低(0.5磅/噸)飼糧濃度的Combo飼餵給斷奶豬。對於沒有重大健康問題的相對更健康的育嬰豬,與以1.0磅/噸的較高劑量飼餵組合相比,以0.5磅/噸的較低劑量飼餵組合導致更好的生長表現(表11)和斷奶後血清維生素A的更大增加(表12)。與飼餵對照處理相比,較高劑量飼餵組合顯示出中等改善。
為了評估飼餵Combo對生長豬的劑量反應,在實施例2中描述的研究中,將高(1.0磅/噸)和低(0.5磅/噸)飼糧濃度的Combo飼餵給生長豬。在免疫應激生長豬中,與以1.0磅/噸的較高劑量飼餵Combo相比,以0.5磅/噸的較低劑量飼餵Combo導致更好的飼料效率和存活性(表13)。在育嬰和生長豬中飼餵組合的劑量反應可取決於豬的健康和免疫狀況。
表11:飼餵高(1.0磅/噸)和低(0.5磅/噸)飼糧濃度的β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對育嬰豬生長表現的影響
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d表示沒有共同的上標傾向不同(P<0.10)
表12:飼餵高(1.0磅/噸)和低(0.5磅/噸)飼糧濃度的β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對斷奶前和斷奶後豬血清維生素A濃度的影響(值為最小二乘均值)
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d:表示沒有共同的上標傾向不同(P<0.10)
表13:飼餵高(1.0磅/噸)和低(0.5磅/噸)飼糧濃度的β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對免疫應激生長豬生長表現的影響
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d表示沒有共同上標則傾向不同(P<0.10)
實施例4:給8至45磅體重的育嬰豬飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)的全部組分與飼餵部分組分相比,導致更好的生長表現、生存力和增加的循環維生素A濃度
項目 | 處理 | PSE | P值 | Combo_1.0對比CON | Combo_0.5對比CON | ||
對照 | Combo_1.0 | Combo_0.5 | |||||
豬欄的數量 | 12 | 12 | 12 | ||||
豬的數量 | 323 | 324 | 325 | ||||
斷奶年齡,d | |||||||
開始BW,lb | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 0.3 | 1.00 | ||
早期育嬰;階段1至2;21d | |||||||
ADG,lb/天 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 3% | 8% |
ADFI,lb/天 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.43 | -1% | -1% |
F/G | 1.99 a | 1.91 ab | 1.84 b | 0.04 | 0.05 | -4% | -8% |
階段2結束BW,lb | 18.5 | 18.7 | 19.2 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 1% | 3% |
死亡率,% | 1.24 | 0.31 | 1.23 | N/A | 0.57 | ||
回退, % | 0.93 | 1.23 | 1.23 | N/A | 0.27 | ||
總清除率,% | 2.17 | 1.54 | 2.46 | N/A | 0.47 | ||
經處理的豬,% | 10.2 a | 6.5 ab | 5.8 b | N/A | 0.09 | ||
收尾ADG,lb/天 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 4% | 8% |
收尾F/G | 2.02 c | 1.93 cd | 1.86 d | 0.06 | 0.08 | -5% | -8% |
後期育嬰;階段3至4;28d | |||||||
ADG,lb/天 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 5% | 7% |
ADFI,lb/天 | 1.32 c | 1.39 cd | 1.43 d | 0.03 | 0.07 | 5% | 8% |
F/G | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.53 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 0% | 1% |
階段4結束BW,lb | 43.4 a | 44.6 ab | 45.5 b | 0.5 | 0.04 | 3% | 5% |
死亡率,% | 2.17 c | 1.54 cd | 0.62 d | N/A | 0.32 | ||
回退, % | 0.93 | 0.31 | 1.54 | N/A | 0.22 | ||
總清除率,% | 3.10 | 1.85 | 2.15 | N/A | 0.42 | ||
經處理的豬,% | 0.3 a | 2.2 b | 0.6 ab | N/A | 0.06 | ||
收尾ADG,lb/天 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 6% | 8% |
收尾F/G | 1.56 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 0.02 | 0.49 | -1% | -1% |
整體;階段1至4;49d | |||||||
ADG, lb/天 | 0.65 a | 0.68 ab | 0.69 b | 0.01 | 0.03 | 5% | 7% |
ADFI,lb/天 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 3% | 5% |
F/G | 1.63 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.49 | -1% | -2% |
死亡率,% | 3.41 | 1.85 | 1.85 | N/A | 0.45 | ||
回退, % | 1.86 | 1.54 | 2.77 | N/A | 0.10 | ||
總清除率,% | 5.26 | 3.40 | 4.62 | N/A | 0.19 | ||
經處理的豬,% | 10.5 c | 8.6 cd | 6.5 d | N/A | 0.33 | ||
收尾ADG,lb/天 | 0.63 a | 0.67 ab | 0.68 b | 0.01 | 0.05 | 6% | 8% |
收尾F/G | 1.67 a | 1.63 b | 1.63 b | 0.02 | 0.05 | -2% | -3% |
糞便評分 | |||||||
D3 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.88 | ||
D5 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.21 | 0.93 | ||
D7 | 0.58 c | 0.83 cd | 0.67 cd | 0.21 | 0.06 | ||
平均 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.40 |
項目 | 處理 | PSE | P值 | Combo_1.0對比CON | Combo_0.5對比CON | ||
對比 | Combo_1.0 | Combo_0.5 | |||||
在母豬場 | |||||||
測量的豬的數量 | 17 | 18 | 20 | ||||
斷奶前2-d維生素A,ppm | 0.221 | 0.200 | 0.193 | -10% | 0.17 | -10% | -13% |
在育嬰斷奶時(基線)-開始飼糧處理 | |||||||
測量的豬的數量 | 21 | 22 | 24 | ||||
斷奶BW,lb | 10.8 ab | 11.1 b | 10.6 a | 0.6 | 0.04 | 3% | -1% |
維生素A,ppm | 0.169 c | 0.161 cd | 0.140 d | 0.014 | 0.04 | -5% | -17% |
維生素A斷奶前至斷奶的變化,ppm | -0.052 | -0.039 | -0.054 | 0.012 | 0.21 | -26% | 2% |
維生素A斷奶前至斷奶的變化,% | -28.8 | -17.1 | -27.4 | 5.2 | 0.17 | -41% | -5% |
育嬰第7天 | |||||||
測量的豬的數量 | 21 | 22 | 24 | ||||
D7的BW,lb | 11.8 c | 12.0 cd | 12.3 d | 0.2 | 0.05 | 2% | 5% |
斷奶至D7的BW變化,lb | 0.55 c | 0.82 cd | 1.12 d | 0.18 | 0.05 | 50% | 104% |
第0至7天ADG,lb/天 | 0.06 a | 0.10 ab | 0.15 b | 0.02 | 0.02 | 78% | 164% |
維生素A,ppm | 0.195 | 0.199 | 0.183 | 0.011 | 0.60 | 2% | -6% |
斷奶至D7維生素A的變化,ppm | 0.026 | 0.038 | 0.044 | 0.012 | 0.93 | 46% | 69% |
斷奶至D7維生素A的變化,% | 26.5 | 26.4 | 38.4 | 10.8 | 0.71 | 0% | 45% |
育嬰第48天 | |||||||
測量的豬的數量 | 20 | 19 | 21 | ||||
D48的BW,lb | 43.2 | 45.0 | 48.1 | 2.0 | 0.17 | 4% | 11% |
D7至D48的BW變化,lb | 31.5 | 33.0 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 0.24 | 5% | 13% |
斷奶至D48的BW變化,lb | 31.9 | 33.7 | 36.8 | 2.0 | 0.17 | 6% | 15% |
第7至48天ADG,lb/天 | 0.74 c | 0.79 cd | 0.86 d | 0.04 | 0.08 | 8% | 17% |
第0至48天ADG,lb/天 | 0.64 a | 0.69 ab | 0.76 b | 0.03 | 0.05 | 9% | 20% |
維生素A,ppm | 0.227 | 0.222 | 0.223 | 0.011 | 0.89 | -2% | -2% |
斷奶至D48的維生素A變化,ppm | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.083 | 0.016 | 0.49 | 5% | 42% |
斷奶至D48的維生素A變化,% | 41.4 | 40.6 | 64.3 | 13.1 | 0.27 | -2% | 55% |
項目 | 對比 | Combo_1.0 | Combo_0.5 | PSE | P值 |
豬欄的數量 | 11 | 11 | 11 | ||
豬的數量 | 235 | 243 | 223 | ||
開始BW,lb | 61.5 | 62.0 | 61.8 | 1.2 | 0.59 |
ADG,磅/天 | 1.93 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 0.02 | 0.90 |
ADFI,lb/天 | 4.22 | 4.30 | 4.23 | 0.05 | 0.52 |
收尾F/G | 2.27 | 2.33 | 2.22 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
第11周結束BW,lb | 213.4 | 211.6 | 210.7 | 1.5 | 0.61 |
死亡率,% | 2.98 c | 2.53 cd | 0.82 d | N/A | 0.11 |
總清除率,% | 6.38 a | 5.91 a | 2.47 b | N/A | 0.12 |
為了評估飼糧補充β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)的全部組分與部分組分的效果,設計了一項研究,以向斷奶後大約8至45lb BW的育嬰豬飼餵如表14所示的飼糧處理。具體地,將總共216頭混合性別的豬隨機置於豬欄中,其中斷奶時每豬欄27頭豬。按斷奶重量將豬欄進行分區,並將區組內的豬欄隨機分配到4種飼糧處理中的一種,導致每種處理兩個豬欄。該研究在斷奶後立即在4階段飼餵計畫中進行65天。基礎飼糧的組成示於表15中。維生素A作為維生素和微量礦物質預混物中的乙酸視黃酯補充,以在飼糧中提供8,819.4 IU/kg的維生素A,其比美國國家研究委員會(NRC;2012)針對5至25kg的育嬰豬所述的所需維生素A濃度(2,200 IU/kg)高4倍。
Combo的分析表明,β-葡聚糖、總葡聚糖和甘露糖的濃度分別不低於5.7%、10.0%和9.0%。DFM的濃度不低於7.5×108 cfu/g產品。如果包括在飼糧中,每種處理的β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、DFM和肉鹼的飼糧濃度是相同的。
表14:飼糧處理
表15:基礎飼糧的飼糧組成
處理 | 添加劑 | 包含率 |
1.對照 | 無 | N/A |
2.酵母/DFM | β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/DFM | 1.0磅/噸 |
3.肉鹼 | L-肉鹼 | 50 ppm |
4.Combo | β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/DFM/肉鹼 | 1.0磅/噸 |
成分名稱 | 9-15磅 | 15-22磅 | 22-37磅 | 37-52磅 |
Ph1CWG | Ph2CWG | Ph3CWG | Ph4CWG | |
磨碎的玉米 | 764.68 | 846.62 | 1033.37 | 977.88 |
乾酒糟 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 300.00 | 400.00 |
SBM 46%蛋白質 | 200.00 | 445.50 | 566.72 | 512.93 |
NQ研究碎粒基礎混合料 | 950.00 | 475.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
BETAGRO | 6.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
精選白脂 | 20.00 | 50.59 | 47.85 | 49.65 |
賴氨酸98.5% | 6.59 | 6.43 | 9.22 | 9.67 |
蛋氨酸99%DL | 4.07 | 3.26 | 2.49 | 2.16 |
蘇氨酸80% | 3.68 | 3.03 | 3.41 | 3.16 |
色氨酸98.5% | 1.01 | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.89 |
纈氨酸-L AEL | 1.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
異亮氨酸L | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
石灰石 | 0.00 | 14.36 | 18.72 | 19.66 |
21%MONOCAL | 13.07 | 20.07 | 5.70 | 2.10 |
食鹽 | 7.00 | 10.24 | 9.00 | 9.00 |
Optiphos 2500 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
CTC 90 | 6.70 | 8.90 | 0.00 | 6.70 |
DENAGARD 10 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 |
NHF母豬4#VTM | 4.00 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
NHF GF 2#VTM | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
ZnO | 8.30 | 8.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
微量示蹤紫 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
成分總計: | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 | 2000.00 |
營養物名稱 | ||||
乾物質,% | 88.77 | 88.45 | 87.76 | 87.98 |
Mod ME,kcal/lb | 1507.93 | 1502.00 | 1500.00 | 1500.00 |
蛋白質,% | 21.51 | 21.87 | 21.38 | 21.48 |
賴氨酸,% | 1.56 | 1.52 | 1.47 | 1.45 |
SID賴氨酸,% | 1.40 | 1.35 | 1.29 | 1.26 |
SID Lys:ME g Lys/mcal | 4.21 | 4.08 | 3.90 | 3.81 |
SID m+c:Lys | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
SID Thr:Lys | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 |
SID Tryp:Lys | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
SID Iso:Lys | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
SID Val:Lys | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
澱粉,% | 31.22 | 32.21 | 36.57 | 34.83 |
總糖,% | 4.13 | 5.76 | 7.05 | 6.94 |
乳糖,% | 15.00 | 7.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
ADF,% | 1.69 | 2.56 | 3.58 | 3.78 |
NDF,% | 4.43 | 6.43 | 9.48 | 10.43 |
粗纖維, % | 1.48 | 1.98 | 2.64 | 2.86 |
脂肪,% | 4.60 | 5.52 | 5.22 | 5.59 |
IV,meq/kg f | 61.30 | 85.22 | 113.00 | 112.15 |
IVP,實際 | 21.44 | 38.37 | 48.68 | 51.73 |
灰分,% | 6.08 | 6.43 | 4.58 | 4.55 |
鈣,% | 0.64 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.70 |
Anzl鈣,% | 0.63 | 0.80 | 0.55 | 0.52 |
非植酸酶TTD Ca,% | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.30 |
植酸酶TTD Ca | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
TTD Ca,% | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.33 |
Ca STTD係數,% | 24.46 | 35.73 | 48.17 | 48.40 |
磷,% | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
可用Phos等量,% | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.38 |
非植酸酶aPhos,% | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
aP釋放% | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
P可用係數,% | 8.60 | 15.95 | 25.28 | 27.91 |
植酸酶,FTU/kg | 0.00 | 0.00 | 827.43 | 750.58 |
非植酸酶TTD P,% | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
植酸酶TTD P | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
TTD P,% | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.35 |
P STTD係數,% | 14.48 | 23.35 | 33.35 | 34.70 |
AOAC植酸酶,FTU/kg | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2068.56 | 1876.44 |
肌醇六磷酸磷(預計),% | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.29 |
鈣/aP,% | 0.51 | 18.18 | 23.55 | 24.64 |
鹽,% | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
鈉,% | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.23 |
氯,% | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.44 |
DDGS,% | 0.00 | 5.00 | 15.00 | 20.00 |
從每個豬欄中隨機選擇的兩頭豬收集血清樣品,在斷奶時(在獲得實驗飼糧之前)和在豬達到大約45lb BW時的育嬰階段結束時,每次處理總共4頭豬。分析血清樣品的維生素A濃度。
圖6中的結果顯示斷奶時的平均血清維生素A濃度為0.08 ppm,比R.Puls(1994)所述的血清維生素A充足水平(0.15 ppm)低47%。斷奶時營養維生素A狀況不足可能是由於斷奶程序期間豬經歷的免疫應激。與飼餵對照(0.461ppm)、酵母/DFM(0.491ppm)或肉鹼(0.503ppm)處理的豬相比,飼餵組合的豬在育嬰結束時具有最高的血清維生素A濃度(0.541ppm)。對於對照、酵母/DFM、肉鹼和組合處理,從斷奶到育嬰結束的血清維生素A濃度的百分比增加分別為117%、72%、114%和140%(圖6)。另外,與所有其他處理相比,飼餵組合還顯示出在育嬰階段結束時血清維生素A濃度範圍(0.175-0.189ppm)的最大改善(表16)。除了組合處理之外,其他三種處理在育嬰階段結束時血清維生素A的最小濃度都低於0.15 ppm的足夠水平,表明儘管豬被飼餵維生素A足夠的飼糧,但它們仍然可能發展為維生素A缺乏。這些結果表明,與對照、酵母/DFM和肉鹼處理相比,Combo飼糧補充提供了斷奶後維生素A營養狀況的最大恢復。
表16:育嬰豬斷奶期和育嬰期結束血清維生素A濃度的最小值、最大值和平均值
處理 | 斷奶時 | 育嬰結束 | ||||
最小值(ppm) | 最大(ppm) | 平均值(ppm) | 最小值(ppm) | 最大(ppm) | 平均值(ppm) | |
對照 | 0.040 | 0.094 | 0.071 | 0.149 | 0.160 | 0.154 |
酵母/DFM | 0.066 | 0.117 | 0.095 | 0.147 | 0.174 | 0.164 |
肉鹼 | 0.064 | 0.102 | 0.078 | 0.143 | 0.198 | 0.168 |
Comho | 0.045 | 0.111 | 0.075 | 0.175 | 0.189 | 0.180 |
與飼餵Combo的部分組分相比,藉由向新斷奶豬飼餵組合來恢復維生素A營養狀況導致生長表現和生存力的協同相應。表17的結果表明,與對照相比,飼餵組合的全部組合物分別導致129%和108%更大的育嬰收尾ADG和收尾G/F。這些改善大於分別飼餵酵母/DFM(分別為79%和41%)或肉鹼(分別為29%和29%)的疊加效應。另外,與飼餵Combo的部分組合物和對照處理的豬相比,飼餵Combo的全部組合物的豬也顯示出最低的死亡率(P=0.14)。當循環維生素A的營養狀況由於斷奶時的免疫應激而低時,在斷奶後的前22天期間,生存力的改善似乎是最大的(圖6)。
表17:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)或其單獨組分對8~45lb體重育嬰豬生長表現和生存力的影響
a,b表示沒有共同的上標則不同(P<0.05)
c, d表示沒有共同上標則傾向不同(P<0.10)
1使用非參數模型分析變數
實施例5:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對12~53lb育嬰豬生長表現和生存力影響的Meta分析
項目 | 處理 | PSE | P值 | |||
對照 | 酵母/DFM | 肉鹼 | Combo | |||
豬欄的數量 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
豬的數量 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | ||
斷奶年齡 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | ||
開始BW,lb | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.4 | ||
早期育嬰;階段1至2;-斷奶後22天 | ||||||
ADG,lb/天 1 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.3010 |
ADFI,lb/天 1 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.2097 |
G:F 1 | 0.007 a | 0.217 b | 0.241 b | 0.273 b | 7.44 | <0.0001 |
階段2結束BW,lb 1 | 10.3 a | 13.5 b | 13.3 b | 14.1 b | 0.73 | 0.0050 |
死亡率, % 1 | 53.70 | 40.74 | 31.48 | 25.93 | 6.21 | 0.3610 |
後期育嬰;階段3至4;斷奶後43天 | ||||||
ADG,lb/天 1 | 0.93 d | 0.83 c,d | 0.78 c | 1.00 d | 0.00 | 0.0578 |
ADFI,lb/天 1 | 1.52 a,b | 1.40 a | 1.32 a | 1.62 b | 0.06 | 0.0065 |
F/G 1 | 1.66 | 1.72 | 1.69 | 1.62 | 0.08 | 0.6281 |
收尾BW階段4結束,lb 1 | 43.6 | 44.6 | 43.2 | 48.8 | 6.07 | 0.3300 |
死亡率, % 1 | 9.26 | 9.26 | 14.81 | 9.26 | 5.38 | 0.6740 |
整個育嬰期;階段1至4;斷奶後65天 | ||||||
ADFI,lb/天 1 | 1.08 a,b | 1.00 a | 1.01 a | 1.21 b | 0.05 | 0.0119 |
ADG,lb/天 1 | 0.24 a | 0.34 a(+79%) | 0.31 a(+29%) | 0.55 b(129%) | 0.07 | 0.0141 |
G/F 1 | 0.219 b | 0.308 a,b(+41%) | 0.282 b(+29%) | 0.455 a(+108%) | 0.46 | 0.0266 |
死亡率, % 1 | 62.96 | 50.00 | 46.30 | 35.19 | 10.25 | 0.1438 |
按照相同的程式進行三項研究,以評估向斷奶後12至53lb的育嬰豬飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對生長表現和生存力的影響。在每個實驗中,將斷奶豬(初始BW=12.0±0.3lb)圈養在豬欄中,每個豬欄27頭豬,並隨機分配給對照飼糧(對照)或含有組合的飼糧,其中包含水平為0.5磅/噸飼料。在3次研究中,這導致對照處理在30個豬欄中總共有809頭豬,並且組合處理在30個豬欄中總共有811頭豬。所有研究中都包括飼料級藥物、藥理學水平的Zn(3,000 ppm)和Cu(150 ppm)。
表18中的資料表明,以0.5磅/噸飼料的包含水平向斷奶豬飼餵含有12至53磅BW的組合的飼糧一致且可重複地改善豬生長表現和生存力。具體地,在meta分析中,與對照相比,飼餵組合的豬的育嬰ADG在3個研究中的每一個平均改善4.1%(0.76對比0.73 lb/天;P<0.10)。與對照相比,在3項研究中的2項中,育嬰飼料轉化率平均改善了1.2%(1.59對比1.61;P=0.81)。與對照相比,較大的ADG導致飼餵組合的豬的收尾育嬰BW平均重1.3lb(P=0.03)。另外,與對照相比,在組合處理中,總清除豬(死亡率和回退豬的總和)從12.9%降低至10.6%(P=0.19),並且醫學處理的豬從19.0%降低至15.7%(P=0.10)。該meta分析表明,飼餵組合一致且可重複地改善了12至53lb BW的育嬰豬的生存力和生長表現。如先前實施例中所示,在育嬰豬中的這些有益效果可能是由斷奶後維生素A的恢復的營養狀況驅動的。
表18:飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(Combo)對育嬰豬生長表現和生存力影響的Meta分析
1斷奶時的BW用作所有分析的協變數
無
專利或申請文件含有至少一幅彩色附圖。專利局將應要求並在支付必要的費用的基礎上,提供有彩色附圖的本專利或專利申請出版物的副本。
圖1圖示了顯示斷奶前後豬血清維生素A濃度的繪圖。
圖2圖示了顯示斷奶時血清維生素A和C-反應蛋白濃度之間相關性的繪圖。
圖3圖示了顯示飼糧處理斷奶前後豬血清維生素A濃度變化的繪圖。
圖4圖示了顯示血清維生素A和生長豬(60至200磅體重)的飼料效率之間相關性的繪圖。
圖5描述了血清維生素A和生長豬(60至200磅體重)的清除率之間相關性的繪圖。
圖6圖示了顯示從斷奶到育嬰期結束飼餵β-葡聚糖/酵母細胞壁/直接飼餵微生物/L-肉鹼組合(組合)的全部或部分組合物的育嬰豬中血清維生素A濃度變化的繪圖。
國內寄存資訊(請依寄存機構、日期、號碼順序註記)
無
國外寄存資訊(請依寄存國家、機構、日期、號碼順序註記)
無
Claims (17)
- 一種改善有此需要的一免疫應激的非人動物的一營養狀況的方法,該方法包括以下步驟:給該動物口服施用包含β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的一組合物,其中改善該動物的營養狀況之步驟包括以下步驟:將該動物中循環維生素A的一不足水平恢復到循環維生素A的充足水平,並且其中將該酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用導致該動物中循環維生素A的不足水平的一協同恢復。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該維生素A的不足水平低於約0.15 ppm,該維生素A的充足水平為約0.15 ppm或以上,約0.15 ppm至約0.2 ppm,或約0.2 ppm或以上。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該動物是對一攻擊有反應的免疫應激動物。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該動物回應於選自微生物感染、誘導的炎症(疫苗接種)、心理創傷(斷奶)和身體創傷的一應激原而受到免疫應激。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該動物響應於斷奶而受到免疫應激。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該動物響應於疫苗接種而受到免疫應激。
- 根據請求項3之方法,其中該組合物在動物斷奶時開始施用。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中將該酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用給該動物改善了該動物的生長表現和存活性。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中生長表現包括平均每日體重增加(ADG)和飼料轉化率。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該動物是一豬。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中該飼料組合物在該補充物中分別以約89%、約1%、約10%的比率包含酵母、DFM、L-肉鹼。
- 根據請求項1之方法,其中組合物在該飼料組合物中以從約0.3磅/噸至約0.6磅/噸的範圍的一包含率,或從約0.9磅/噸至約1.1磅/噸的範圍的一包含率施用。
- 一種改善有此需要的一動物的生長表現和存活性的方法,該方法包括以下步驟:給該動物口服施用包含β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的一組合物,其中改善該動物的生長表現和存活性之步驟包括以下步驟:將該動物體內循環維生素A的一不足水平恢復到循環維生素A的充足水平,並且其中將該酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用導致該動物體內循環維生素A的不足水平的一協同恢復。
- 根據請求項13之方法,其中該動物受到免疫應激。
- 一種減少有此需要的一動物的免疫應激的方法,該方法包括以下步驟:給該動物口服施用包含β-葡聚糖、酵母細胞壁、直接飼餵微生物(酵母+DFM)和L-肉鹼的一組合物,其中減少該動物的免疫應激之步驟包括以下步驟:將該動物體內循環維生素A的一不足水平恢復到循環維生素A的充足水平,並且其中將該酵母+DFM與L-肉鹼聯合施用導致該動物體內循環維生素A的不足水平的一協同恢復。
- 根據請求項15之方法,其中該動物受到免疫應激。
- 一種預測一動物生長潛力和存活性的方法,該方法包括以下步驟:測量循環維生素A的水平,將該循環維生素A的水平與生長潛力相關聯,其中該循環維生素A的水平與該生長潛力和存活性正相關。
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---|---|---|---|---|
US4851226A (en) | 1987-11-16 | 1989-07-25 | Mcneil Consumer Products Company | Chewable medicament tablet containing means for taste masking |
US5075114A (en) | 1990-05-23 | 1991-12-24 | Mcneil-Ppc, Inc. | Taste masking and sustained release coatings for pharmaceuticals |
CA2128820A1 (en) | 1993-07-27 | 1995-01-28 | Walter G. Gowan, Jr. | Rapidly disintegrating pharmaceutical dosage form and process for preparation thereof |
US7595079B2 (en) * | 2005-07-08 | 2009-09-29 | Bomac Vets Plus, Inc. | Nutritional conjunctive support therapy for recovery in animals following stress or illness |
EP3609513B1 (en) * | 2017-04-11 | 2021-12-08 | Church & Dwight Co., Inc. | Yeast and bacterial probiotics combinations and methods of use to improve swine production |
-
2022
- 2022-12-19 KR KR1020247021897A patent/KR20240122474A/ko unknown
- 2022-12-19 CA CA3240771A patent/CA3240771A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-19 WO PCT/US2022/081979 patent/WO2023115066A1/en active Application Filing
- 2022-12-19 TW TW111148736A patent/TW202337326A/zh unknown
- 2022-12-19 EP EP22850976.6A patent/EP4447701A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-19 AU AU2022409867A patent/AU2022409867A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-19 MX MX2024007416A patent/MX2024007416A/es unknown
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CA3240771A1 (en) | 2023-06-22 |
AU2022409867A1 (en) | 2024-07-04 |
MX2024007416A (es) | 2024-07-04 |
EP4447701A1 (en) | 2024-10-23 |
KR20240122474A (ko) | 2024-08-12 |
WO2023115066A1 (en) | 2023-06-22 |
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