CN103459424B - 抗il1rap抗体及其治疗人类的用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了包含对白细胞介素‑1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)具有特异性的结合部分或由其组成的试剂,其用于诱导与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的细胞死亡和/或抑制与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的生长和/或增殖,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。本发明的相关方面提供了包含对白细胞介素‑1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)具有特异性的结合部分或由其组成的试剂,其用于检测与实体肿瘤相关的病理细胞,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。进一步提供了包含本发明试剂的药理学组合物及其使用方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用于实体肿瘤的治疗和诊断的试剂,所述实体肿瘤如前列腺癌、乳癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、黑素瘤、膀胱癌、脑/中枢神经系统癌症、子宫颈癌、食道癌、胃癌、头/颈癌、肾癌、肝癌、淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌和肉瘤。
背景
抗药性是限制化疗在实体肿瘤中的效率的主要因素。这样的肿瘤可能在化疗前本身就是抗药性的,或最初对化疗敏感的肿瘤在治疗过程中获得了抗药性。
此外,在获得抗药性的过程中,肿瘤可能变得对多种化疗是交叉抵抗的,并且导致抗药性,这最终导致超过90%的患有转移性疾病的患者中的治疗失败。
因此,本发明设法提供用于实体肿瘤治疗和诊断中的新试剂和方法。
发明概述
本发明的第一个方面提供了包含对白细胞介素-1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)具有特异性的结合部分或由其组成的试剂,所述试剂用于诱导与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的细胞死亡(直接诱导或通过引发免疫系统间接诱导)和/或抑制与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的生长(即,大小)和/或增殖(即,数量),其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。因此,本发明提供了用于治疗或预防患者实体肿瘤的试剂。
本发明的第二个相关方面提供了包含对白细胞介素-1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)具有特异性的结合部分或由其组成的试剂,所述试剂用于检测与实体肿瘤相关的细胞,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。
“白细胞介素-1受体辅助蛋白”、“IL1RAP”和“IL1-RAP”特定地包括人IL1RAP蛋白,例如在GenBank Accession No.AAB84059,NCBI Reference Sequence:NP_002173.1和UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Accession No.Q9NPH3-1中公开的(另见Huang等人,1997,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.94(24),12829-12832)。IL1RAP在科学文献中也已知为IL1R3、C3orf13、FLJ37788、IL-1RAcP和EG3556。
“结合部分”包括能够结合至IL1RAP的所有类型的化学实体(例如寡核苷酸、多聚核苷酸、多肽、拟肽类(peptidomimetics)和小化合物)。有利地,所述结合部分在生理条件下能够选择性地(即优先地)结合至IL1RAP。所述结合部分优选对人IL1RAP具有特异性,所述人IL1RAP可位于细胞(例如实体肿瘤细胞)表面。
关于“与实体肿瘤相关的细胞”,我们包括实体肿瘤细胞本身。此外,这样的细胞包括病理干细胞(即,癌干细胞,或CSC)和直接或间接负责个体中产生实体肿瘤的祖细胞。CSC的实例公开于Visvader&Lindeman,2008,Nat Rev Cancer8:755-768中。
在本发明的第一个方面的一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤选自前列腺癌、乳癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、黑素瘤、膀胱癌、脑/中枢神经系统癌症、子宫颈癌、食道癌、胃癌、头/颈癌、肾癌、肝癌、淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌和肉瘤。例如,实体肿瘤可以选自前列腺、乳房、皮肤、结肠、肺、泌尿器官和子宫的癌症。在另一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤可以选自前列腺癌、黑素瘤、子宫颈癌、食道癌以及头和/或颈癌。
在本发明的第一个方面的再一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤是黑素瘤。
对本发明的诊断方面而言,所述试剂仅仅需能够结合至存在于所述与实体肿瘤相关的细胞表面的IL1RAP就足够了(而对这些细胞没有任何功能上的影响)。
对本发明的治疗和预防而言,本领域技术人员应理解,所述试剂与存在于所述与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的表面的IL1RAP的结合可引起IL1RAP的生物活性的调节(即增加或减少)。然而,这样的调节作用不是必要的;例如,本发明的试剂可简单地通过结合至所述与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的表面上的IL1RAP而引起治疗和预防作用,这接下来可触发免疫系统诱导细胞死亡(例如通过ADCC和/或通过试剂中存在的细胞毒性/放射性部分来诱导)。
“IL1RAP的生物活性”包括涉及与实体肿瘤相关的细胞上的IL1RAP的任何相互作用或信号传递事件。例如,在一个实施方案中,所述试剂能够阻断一个或多个共同受体(co-receptor)(例如IL1R1、ST2、C-KIT和/或IL1RL2)与IL1RAP的结合。
IL1RAP的生物活性通过本发明的试剂的这种抑制可以是完全的或部分的。例如,与未暴露于所述试剂的与实体肿瘤相关的细胞中的IL1RAP的生物活性相比,所述试剂可抑制IL1RAP的至少10%,优选至少20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%或90%,且最优选100%的生物活性。在优选的实施方案中,与未暴露于所述试剂的与实体肿瘤相关的细胞中的IL1RAP的生物活性相比,所述试剂能够抑制IL1RAP的生物活性50%或更多。
同样,应理解所述与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的生长和/或增殖的抑制可以是完全的或部分的。例如,与未暴露于所述试剂的与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的生长和/或增殖相比,所述试剂可抑制与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的至少10%,优选至少20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%或90%,且最优选100%的生长和/或增殖。
在另一优选的实施方案中,所述试剂能够杀灭所述与实体肿瘤相关的细胞。具体地,所述试剂可能够诱导细胞通过凋亡或自吞噬而死亡。例如,所述试剂可通过抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)诱导凋亡。
如上所述,本发明的试剂可包含以下或由以下组成:构成对IL1RAP有特异性的结合部分的任何合适的化学实体。
检测试验化学实体和IL1RAP之间相互作用的方法是本领域已知的。例如,可用使用离子喷雾质谱/HPLC方法的超滤或其他物理和分析方法。另外,可用荧光能量共振转移(FRET)方法,其中当彼此紧密接近时通过测量荧光标记的相互作用,可测定两个荧光标记的实体之间的结合。
检测IL1RAP与大分子(例如DNA、RNA、蛋白和磷脂)的结合的替代性方法包括表面等离子体共振测试(surface plasmon resonance assay),其例如公开于Plant等人,1995,Analyt Biochem226(2),342-348中。所述方法可使用经标记的多肽,例如经放射性标记或荧光标记标记的多肽。
另一种鉴别能够结合至IL1RAP的化学实体的方法是将蛋白质暴露于该化合物并检测和/或测量该化合物与所述蛋白的任何结合的方法。可测定该化合物与多肽的结合常数。检测和/或测量(定量)化合物与多肽的结合的合适的方法是本领域技术人员已知的,并且例如可使用能够高通量操作的方法,例如基于芯片的方法。称之为VLSIPSTM的新技术已使含有成千上万或更多不同的分子探针的极小芯片的制造成为可能。这些生物芯片具有以阵列排列的探针,各探针指定特定的位置(location)。已制造出了其中各位置具有例如10微米的标度的生物芯片。可用该芯片确定靶分子是否与芯片上的任何探针发生相互作用。在所选择的试验条件下将所述阵列与靶分子接触之后,扫描设备可检测该阵列中的各位置,并确定靶分子是否已与该位置的探针发生了相互作用。
鉴定化合物对IL1RAP是否有结合亲和性的另一方法是酵母双杂交系统,其中本发明的多肽可用于“捕获”与IL1RAP结合的蛋白。该酵母双杂交系统公开于Fields&Song,Nature340:245-246(1989)中。
在一个优选的实施方案中,所述试剂包含多肽或由多肽组成。
例如,所述试剂可包含以下或由以下组成:对IL1RAP具有结合特异性的抗体或其抗原结合片段,或所述抗体或抗原结合片段的变体、融合体或衍生物,或所述变体或其衍生物的保持对IL1RAP的结合特异性的融合体。
“抗体”包括基本上完整的抗体分子,以及嵌合抗体(chimaeric antibodies)、人源化抗体、人抗体(其中至少一个氨基酸相对于天然存在的人抗体发生突变)、单链抗体、双特异性抗体、抗体重链、抗体轻链、抗体重链和/或轻链的同二聚体和异二聚体、以及抗原结合片段及其衍生物。
“抗原结合片段”是指抗体的能够结合至IL1RAP的功能性片段。
优选地,所述抗原结合片段选自Fv片段(例如单链Fv和二硫键键合的Fv)、Fab样片段(例如Fab片段、Fab’片段和F(ab)2片段)、单可变域(例如VH和VL域)和域抗体(dAbs,包括单一形式和二重形式[即dAb-连接基-dAb])。
使用抗体片段而不是整个抗体具有多重优势。所述片段较小的尺寸可改善药理性质,例如对实体组织更好的渗透。另外,抗原结合片段(例如Fab、Fv、ScFv和dAb抗体片段)可在大肠杆菌中表达和分泌,因此允许了大量所述片段容易产生。
本发明的范围还涵盖了抗体及其抗原结合片段的修饰形式,例如经聚乙二醇或其他合适的聚合物共价连接而修饰(参见下文)。
产生抗体和抗体片段的方法是本领域已知的。例如,抗体可通过筛选免疫球蛋白文库使用诱导抗体分子体内生成的任何一种或数种方法产生(Orlandi.等人,1989.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.86:3833-3837;Winter等人,1991,Nature349:293-299)或通过培养细胞系产生单克隆抗体分子。这些包括但不限于杂交瘤技术、人B细胞杂交瘤技术以及Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)-杂交瘤技术(Kohler等人,1975.Nature256:4950497;Kozbor等人,1985.J.Immunol.Methods81:31-42;Cote等人,1983.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA80:2026-2030;Cole等人,1984.Mol.Cell.Biol.62:109-120)。
所选抗原的合适的单克隆抗体可通过已知技术制备,例如“MonoclonalAntibodies:A manual of Techniques”,H Zola(CRC Press,1988)和“MonoclonalHybridoma Antibodies:Techniques and Applications”,J G R Hurrell(CRC Press,1982)中所公开的技术。
同样,可使用本领域已知的方法获得抗体片段(参见例如,Harlow&Lane,1988,“Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual”,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,New York)。例如,根据本发明的抗体片段,可通过所述抗体的蛋白水解或编码该片段的DNA在大肠杆菌或哺乳动物细胞中(例如中国仓鼠卵巢细胞培养或其他蛋白表达系统)的表达而制备。或者,抗体片段可通过常规方法用胃蛋白酶或木瓜蛋白酶消化整个抗体而获得。
本领域技术人员应理解,对于人的治疗或诊断,优选使用人抗体或人源化抗体。非人(例如鼠)抗体的人源化形式,是优选具有衍生自非人抗体的最小部分的遗传工程的嵌合抗体或抗体片段。人源化抗体包括以下抗体:其中用具有所需功能的非人物种(供者抗体)的互补决定区的残基替代人抗体(受者抗体)的互补决定区,所述非人物种例如小鼠、大鼠或兔。在一些实例中,所述人抗体的Fv框架残基被相应的非人残基替代。人源化抗体还可包括在所述受者抗体或者所引入的互补决定区或框架序列中都没有发现的残基。通常,所述人源化抗体将包括至少一个(通常包括两个)可变区域的基本上全部,其中所有或基本上所有所述互补决定区对应于非人抗体的那些,且所有或基本上所有所述框架区对应于相关的人共有序列的那些。人源化抗体最好还包括至少一部分的抗体恒定区,例如Fc区,其通常来自人抗体(参见例如:Jones等人,1986.Nature321:522-525;Riechmann等人,1988,Nature332:323-329;Presta,1992,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596)。
非人抗体的人源化方法是本领域已知的。通常,所述人源化抗体将一个或多个来自非人来源的氨基酸残基引入其中。这些非人氨基酸残基,通常也称为引入的残基,通常取自引入的可变区域。人源化基本上可如文献所公开那样通过相应的啮齿类互补决定区取代人互补决定区而进行(参见例如,Jones等人,1986,Nature321:522-525;Reichmann等人,1988.Nature332:323-327;Verhoeyen等人,1988,Science239:1534-1536l;US4,816,567)。因此,所述人源化抗体为嵌合抗体,其中完整人可变区域的一小部分被来自非人物种的相应序列取代。实践中,人源化抗体通常可为其中一些互补决定区残基以及可能地一些框架残基被来自啮齿类抗体中类似位点的残基取代的人抗体。
也可使用多种本领域已知的技术鉴定人抗体,所述技术包括噬菌体展示文库(参见例如,Hoogenboom&Winter,1991,J.Mol.Biol.227:381;Marks等人,1991,J.Mol.Biol.222:581;Cole等人,1985,In:Monoclonal Antibodys and Cancer Therapy,Alan R.Liss,pp.77;Boerner等人,1991.J.Immunol.147:86-95)。
一旦获得合适的抗体,可检测它们的活性,例如通过ELISA。
在本发明的第一个方面的替代性实施方案中,所述试剂包含以下或由以下组成:非免疫球蛋白结合部分,例如Skerra,Curr Opin Biotechnol.2007Aug;18(4):295-304中所公开的。
在另一替代性实施方案中,所述试剂包含适体(aptamer)或由适体组成。例如,所述试剂可包含以下或由以下组成:肽适体或核酸适体(参见Hoppe-Seyler&Butz,2000,JMol Med.78(8):426–30;Bunka DH&Stockley PG,2006,Nat Rev Microbiol.4(8):588–96和Drabovich等人,2006,Anal Chem.78(9):3171–8)。
在另一替代性实施方案中,所述试剂包含以下或由以下组成:小化学实体。所述具有IL1RAP结合性质的实体,可通过筛选小化合物的商业文库(例如可得自ChemBridgeCorporation,San Diego,USA的文库)而鉴定。
除了所述结合部分,本发明的试剂还可含有用于提高试剂体内半衰期的部分,例如但不限于聚乙二醇(PEG)、人血清白蛋白、糖基化基团、脂肪酸和葡聚糖。使用本领域已知的方法,可将所述其他部分与所述结合部分缀合或结合。
同样,应理解本发明的试剂还可含有细胞毒性部分。
例如,所述细胞毒性部分可包括以下或由以下组成:放射性同位素,例如砹-211、铋-212、铋-213、碘-131、钇-90、镥-177、钐-153和钯-109。
或者,所述细胞毒性部分可包括毒素(例如皂草素(saporin)或卡奇霉素(calicheamicin))或由所述毒素组成。
在另一替代性实施方案中,所述细胞毒性部分可包括化学治疗剂(例如抗代谢物)或由所述化学治疗剂组成。
同样,应理解本发明的试剂还可含有可检测的部分。
例如,所述可检测的部分可包括以下或由以下组成:放射性同位素,例如锝-99m、铟-111、镓-67、镓-68、砷-72、锆-89、碘-12或铊-201。
或者,所述可检测的部分包括以下或由以下组成:顺磁性同位素,例如钆-157、锰-55、镝-162、铬-52或铁-56。
使用本领域已知的方法,可将细胞毒性和可检测的部分与所述结合部分缀合或结合(例如现有的免疫缀合物治疗,吉妥单抗(gemtuzumab ozogamicin)[商品名:],其包括连接至细胞毒素卡奇霉素的单克隆抗体)。
本发明第三个方面提供药物组合物,其包含有效量的如本发明第一和第二方面所定义的试剂,以及药学上可接受的缓冲液、稀释剂、载剂、佐剂或赋形剂。
所述组合物中还可包括其他的化合物,包括螯合剂,例如EDTA、柠檬酸盐、EGTA或谷胱甘肽。
所述药物组合物可以以本领域已知的方式制备,所述方式具有充分的储存稳定性并且适于给药于人和动物。例如,所述药物组合物可被冻干,例如通过冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、喷雾冷却,或通过使用从超临界颗粒形成的颗粒形成。
“药学上可接受的"是指不降低本发明的试剂的IL1RAP结合活性的有效性的非毒性材料。所述药学上可接受的缓冲液、载剂或赋形剂是本领域公知的(参见Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences,18th edition,A.R Gennaro,ED.,Mack Publishing Company(1990)和handbook of Pharmaceutical excipients,3rd edition,A.Kibbe,Ed.,Pharmaceutical Press(2000),其公开在本文中整体引用并作参考)。
术语"缓冲液"意指含酸-碱混合物的水溶液,其目的在于稳定pH值。缓冲液的实例为:Trizma、Bicine、Tricine、MOPS、MOPSO、MOBS、Tris、Hepes、HEPBS、MES、磷酸盐、碳酸盐、乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、羟乙酸盐、乳酸盐、硼酸盐、ACES、ADA、酒石酸盐、AMP、AMPD、AMPSO、BES、CABS、二甲胂酸盐、CHES、DIPSO、EPPS、乙醇胺、甘氨酸、HEPPSO、咪唑、咪唑乳酸、PIPES、SSC、SSPE、POPSO、TAPS、TABS、TAPSO和TES。
术语"稀释剂"意指水溶液或非水溶液,其目的在于稀释药物制剂中的所述试剂。所述稀释剂可为以下的一种或多种:盐水、水、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、乙醇或油(例如红花油、玉米油、花生油、棉子油或芝麻油)。
术语"佐剂"意指加入制剂中以增加本发明的试剂的生物作用的任何化合物。所述佐剂可为与不同阴离子形成的一种或多种锌、铜或银盐,例如但不限于氟化物、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硫氰酸盐(tiocyanate)、亚硫酸盐、氢氧化物、磷酸盐、碳酸盐、乳酸盐、羟乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、硼酸盐、酒石酸盐以及具有不同酰基组成的乙酸盐。所述佐剂还可为阳离子聚合物,例如阳离子纤维素醚、阳离子纤维素酯、去乙酰透明质酸、壳聚糖、阳离子树枝状聚合物(cationic dendrimers)、阳离子合成聚合物(例如聚(乙烯基咪唑))和阳离子多肽,例如多组氨酸、多聚赖氨酸、多聚精氨酸以及含这些氨基酸的肽)。
所述赋形剂可为碳水化合物、聚合物、脂质和无机物中的一种或多种。碳水化合物的实例包括乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇和环糊精,将这些赋形剂加入所述组合物中,例如用于促进冻干。聚合物的实例为淀粉、纤维素醚、纤维素羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、乙基羟乙基纤维素、海藻酸盐、鹿角菜胶、透明质酸及其衍生物、聚丙烯酸、聚磺酸盐、聚乙二醇/聚氧化乙烯、聚氧化乙烯/聚氧化丙烯共聚物、不同水解度的聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯乙酸酯、和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,其分子量全都不同,将其加入所述组合物中,例如用于粘度控制、达到生物粘附或防止脂质发生化学和蛋白水解方面的降解。脂质的实例为脂肪酸、磷脂、甘油一酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯、神经酰胺、鞘脂类和糖脂,其酰基链长度和饱和度全都不同,蛋卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂、氢化蛋卵磷脂和氢化大豆卵磷脂,以与聚合物相似的原因将其加入所述组合物中。无机物的实例为滑石、氧化镁、氧化锌和氧化钛,将其加入所述组合物中以得到益处,例如减少液体蓄积或获得有利的色素性质。
本发明的试剂可配制成本领域已知的任何类型的药物组合物,以适于所述试剂的递送。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的药物组合物可为脂质体的形式,除了其他药学上可接受的载剂外,所述试剂还与两亲试剂(例如脂质)组合,所述两亲性试剂以聚集的形式存在,例如胶团,不溶性单层和液晶。用于脂质体制剂的合适的脂质包括但不限于甘油一酯、甘油二酯、硫脂类、溶血卵磷脂、磷脂、皂苷、胆汁酸等。合适的脂质还包括在极性头基经聚(乙二醇)修饰以延长血流循环时间的上述脂质。所述脂质体制剂的制备参见例如US4,235,871,其公开在本文中整体引用并作参考。
本发明的药物组合物还可为生物可降解的微球的形式。脂肪族聚酯,例如聚(乳酸)(PLA)、聚(羟乙酸)(PGA)、PLA和PGA(PLGA)或聚(己内酯)(PCL)的共聚物和聚酐,在微球的制备当中已广泛地用作生物可降解的聚合物。所述微球的制备参见US5,851,451和EP0213303,其公开在本文中整体引用并作参考。
在另一实施方案中,本发明的药物组合物以聚合物凝胶剂的形式提供,其中聚合物,例如淀粉、纤维素醚、纤维素羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、乙基羟乙基纤维素、海藻酸盐、鹿角菜胶、透明质酸及其衍生物、聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯基咪唑、聚磺酸盐、聚乙二醇/聚氧化乙烯、聚氧化乙烯/聚氧化丙烯共聚物、不同水解度的聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯乙酸酯、和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,用于将含所述试剂的溶液增稠。所述聚合物还可包括明胶或胶原。
或者,所述试剂可简单地溶解于盐水、水、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、乙醇或油(例如红花油、玉米油、花生油、棉子油或芝麻油)、黄蓍胶、和/或多种缓冲液中。
应理解,本发明的药物组合物可包括离子和确定的pH增强所述活性试剂的作用。此外,所述组合物可进行常规药学操作(例如灭菌)和/或可包含常规佐剂(例如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂、乳化剂、缓冲剂、填充剂等)。
根据本发明的药物组合物可经本领域技术人员已知的任何合适的途径给药。因此,给药的可能途径包括肠胃外(静脉内、皮下和肌内)、局部、经眼部、经鼻、经肺、口含、口服、肠胃外、经阴道和经直肠。埋植剂给药也是可能的。
在一个优选的实施方案中,所述药物组合物经肠胃外给药,例如静脉内、脑室内、关节内、动脉内、腹膜内、鞘内、心室内、胸骨内、颅内、肌内或皮下给药,或所述组合物可以通过输注技术给药。所述组合物可以以无菌水溶液的形式方便地使用,所述无菌水溶液可含有其他物质(例如充足的盐或葡萄糖)以使该溶液与血液等张。若需要,所述水溶液应合适地缓冲(优选缓冲至3至9之间的pH)。在无菌条件制备合适的肠胃外制剂,通过本领域技术人员已知的标准药学技术可轻易实现。
适于肠胃外给药的制剂包括水性和非水性无菌注射溶液,其可包含抗氧化剂、缓冲液、抑菌剂和使所述制剂与预期受试者的血液等张的溶质;以及可包含助悬剂和增稠剂的水性和非水性无菌混悬剂。所述制剂可存在于单位剂量或多剂量容器(例如密封的安瓿和瓶)中,并且可储存于冻干(冷冻干燥)条件下,只需要在紧接使用之前加入无菌液体载剂(例如注射用水)。临时调配的注射溶液(extemporaneous injection solution)和混悬剂可从此前描述种类的无菌粉末、颗粒和片剂中制备。
因此,本发明的药物组合物尤其适于肠胃外给药,例如静脉内给药。
或者,所述药物组合物可经鼻内或吸入给药(例如为存在于加压容器、泵、喷雾器或雾化器中的喷雾剂形式,并且同时使用合适的推进剂,例如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟-甲烷、二氯四氟-乙烷、氢氟烷烃例如1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFA 134A3)或1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFA227EA3)、二氧化碳或其他合适的气体)。在加压喷雾剂的情况下,可通过提供阀以递送确定的量,从而确定剂量单位。所述加压容器、泵、喷雾器或雾化器中可包含所述活性多肽的溶液或混悬液,例如使用乙醇和所述推进剂的混合物作为溶剂;其还可另外包含润滑剂,例如去水山梨糖醇三油酸酯。用于吸入器或吹入器的囊和药筒(例如由明胶制成)可配制为包含本发明的化合物与合适的粉末基质(例如乳糖或淀粉)的粉末混合物。
所述药物组合物将以药学有效的剂量给药于患者。本文所用的‘治疗有效量’或‘有效量’或‘治疗有效’,是指对于给定的条件和给药疗法提供治疗效果的量。其为预先确定的活性成分量,与需要的添加剂和稀释剂(即载剂或给药媒剂)联合,所述量经计算可产生所需治疗效果。另外,其意指足以降低且最优选防止在活性、功能和宿主响应方面的临床显著缺陷的量。或者,治疗有效量足以引起宿主的临床显著症状的改善。如本领域技术人员所理解,化合物的量可依其特异活性而不同。合适的剂量可包含预先确定的量的活性组合物,与所需稀释剂联合,所述量经计算可产生所需治疗效果。在生产本发明的组合物的方法和用途中,提供治疗有效量的所述活性成分。如本领域所已知,治疗有效量可由医学和兽医的普通技术人员基于患者的特征而确定,所述特征例如年龄、体重、性别、症状、并发症和其他疾病等。药学有效的剂量的给药,既可以以单个剂量单元的形式单一给药或以若干个更小的剂量单元的形式给药,也可以以特定的间隔多次给药细分的剂量。或者,所述剂量可以以较长时期内的持续输注的形式给予。
依据所用化合物效能/毒性,所述多肽可以配制为多种浓度。优选地,所述制剂包含以下浓度的所述活性试剂:0.1μM至1mM之间,更优选1μM至500μM之间、500μM至1mM之间、300μM至700μM之间、1μM至100μM之间、100μM至200μM之间、200μM至300μM之间、300μM至400μM之间、400μM至500μM之间,且最优选约500μM。
本领域技术人员将认识到本发明的药物组合物可以单独给药或结合实体肿瘤治疗中使用的其他治疗剂一起给药,所述其他治疗剂如抗代谢物、烷化剂、蒽环类和其他细胞毒性抗生素、长春碱、足叶乙甙、铂化合物、紫杉烷、拓扑异构酶I抑制剂、抗增殖免疫抑制剂、皮质类固醇、性激素和激素拮抗剂,以及其他治疗性抗体(如,曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab))。
本发明的第四个方面提供试剂盒,其包括如本发明第一和第二方面所定义的试剂或根据本发明第三方面的药物组合物。
本发明的第五个方面提供如本发明第一和第二方面所定义的试剂在制备用于诱导与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的细胞死亡和/或抑制所述细胞的生长和/或增殖的药物中的用途,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。
本发明的第六个相关方面提供了关于本发明第一个或第二个方面中限定的试剂在用于检测与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的诊断试剂的制备中的用途,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。因此,试剂用于治疗或预防患者的实体肿瘤。
本发明相关的第七个方面提供了关于本发明第一个或第二个方面中限定的试剂用于检测与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的用途,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。
在本发明以上用途方面的一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤选自前列腺癌、乳癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、黑素瘤、膀胱癌、脑/中枢神经系统癌症、子宫颈癌、食道癌、胃癌、头/颈癌、肾癌、肝癌、淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌和肉瘤。例如,实体肿瘤可以选自前列腺、乳房、皮肤、结肠、肺、泌尿器官和子宫的癌症。在另一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤可以选自前列腺癌、黑素瘤、子宫颈癌、食道癌以及头和/或颈癌。
在本发明的第一个方面的再一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤是黑素瘤。
本发明的第八个方面提供了用于诱导个体中与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的细胞死亡和/或抑制与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的生长和/或增殖的方法,其包括将有效量的关于本发明第一个或第二个方面中限定的试剂或根据本发明第三个方面的药物组合物给药于个体的步骤,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。
因此,本发明提供用于治疗实体肿瘤的方法。关于“治疗”,我们包括治疗性和预防性的患者治疗。术语“预防性”用于包括使用本文中所述的多肽或制剂预防或降低患者或受试者中实体肿瘤的可能性。
本发明的第九个方面提供了用于检测个体中与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的方法,其包括将有效量的关于本发明第一个或第二个方面中限定的试剂或根据本发明第三个方面的药物组合物给药于个体的步骤,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP。
在本发明以上方法方面的一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤选自前列腺癌、乳癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、黑素瘤、膀胱癌、脑/中枢神经系统癌症、子宫颈癌、食道癌、胃癌、头/颈癌、肾癌、肝癌、淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌和肉瘤。例如,实体肿瘤可以选自前列腺、乳房、皮肤、结肠、肺、泌尿器官和子宫的癌症。在另一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤可以选自前列腺癌、黑素瘤、子宫颈癌、食道癌以及头和/或颈癌。
在本发明的第一个方面的再一个实施方案中,实体肿瘤是黑素瘤。
现描述本发明的一些方面具体化的优选的非限制性实施例,并参考下图:
图1.P210 BCR/ABL1的表达诱导脐带血CD34+细胞中IL1RAP的表达
流式细胞计数分析证实,在转导三天之后,紧随着脐带血CD34+细胞中的逆转录病毒的P210 BCR/ABL1的表达IL1RAP的表达被诱导。根据点图中的门来对CD34+GFP+细胞设门。直方图显示阴性对照染色(白色)、MIG对照(浅灰色)和MIG-P210(深灰色)的IL1RAP的表达。点图中的数字显示在个体的门/象限(quadrant)中细胞的百分比。显示三个实验中一个有代表性的实验。
图2.IL1RAP在原始CML细胞中被上调
对5位CML患者和2例正常bm样品的CD34+细胞进行FACS分析。(A)为显示代表性的CML患者中CD34+CD38+或CD34+CD38-细胞的设门的FACS点图。(B)为显示CD34+CD38+细胞中的IL1RAP的表达的直方图。(C)为显示CD34+CD38-细胞中的IL1RAP的表达的直方图。白色表示对照染色的样品且灰色表示IL1RAP染色的样品。CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-和CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞的分选门概述于直方图中。点图和直方图中的数字显示在个体的门/象限中细胞的百分比。
图3.在CD34+CD38-细胞区域中,IL1RAP的表达区分Ph+和Ph-CML细胞
对源自5位CML患者样品的CML CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-和CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞进行的Flow-drop-FISH,分别显示了BCR/ABL1-和BCR/ABL1+细胞的几乎完全的分离。黑色柱表示BCR/ABL1阴性细胞,白色柱表示BCR/ABL1阳性细胞。各柱的顶部显示了所评分的总细胞核(total nuclei)的Ph+细胞的数量。
图4.IL1RAP的表达区分了正常HSC和Ph+CML干细胞
(A)为源自CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-和CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞的LTC-CFC数量。黑色柱表示IL1RAP-细胞,白色柱表示IL1RAP+细胞。(B)为对LTC-CFC的间期FISH。黑色柱表示BCR/ABL1阴性细胞,白色柱表示BCR/ABL1阳性细胞。各柱的顶部显示了所记分的总细胞核(total nuclei)的Ph+细胞的数量。
图5.通过靶向于IL1RAP的抗体杀灭CML细胞系
(A)为显示来自CML患者并且含费城染色体的KU812细胞上的IL1RAP的表达,与缺少费城染色体的KG-1细胞上的表达对比的直方图。白色显示对照染色的样品,灰色显示KMT-1染色的样品。白血病细胞系KG-1缺乏IL1RAP的表达,而KU812表达IL1RAP(B)。因此,KG-1中观察到低水平的抗体诱导的细胞死亡,而使用KMT-1在KU812细胞上观察到剂量依赖的ADCC作用(B)。作为非特异性ADCC作用的对照,该实验中也使用兔IgG抗体。图中显示三个独立的实验中抗体诱导的细胞死亡的平均数和标准差。
图6.通过靶向于IL1RAP的抗体杀灭CML干细胞
通过使用KMT-1,正常骨髓CD34+CD38-细胞对IL1RAP染色为阴性,而CML CD34+CD38+和CD34+CD38-细胞表达了IL1RAP。(A)显示代表性的实验的CML-1的直方图。白色显示对照染色的样品,灰色显示KMT-1染色的样品。与IL1RAP的表达水平相一致,使用正常骨髓CD34+CD38-细胞没有见到明显的ADCC作用,而KMT-1在CML CD34+和CD34+CD38-细胞中都诱导了强的剂量依赖的ADCC作用(B)。作为非特异性ADCC作用的对照,该实验中也使用兔IgG抗体。图中显示三个使用CML-1、CML-3、CML-4和4例正常骨髓样品的独立的实验中抗体诱导的细胞死亡的平均数和标准差。
图7.IL1RAP也在原代ALL和AML干细胞上表达
从确诊患者获得了急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞。(A)显示代表性的AML患者中CD34+CD38-和CD34+CD38+细胞上IL1RAP的表达。AML细胞系MONO-MAC-6和ALL细胞系REH表达了IL1RAP(B)。从确诊患者获得了急性淋巴性白血病(ALL)细胞。(C)显示代表性的Ph+ALL患者中CD34+CD38-和CD34+CD38+细胞上的IL1RAP的表达。白色显示对照染色的样品,灰色显示IL1RAP染色的样品。
图8.通过靶向于IL1RAP的抗体杀灭AML和ALL细胞系
在ADCC测定中,在MONO-MAC-6和REH细胞系中都诱导了KMT-1剂量依赖性细胞死亡,这表明,靶向IL1RAP的抗体可具有比仅仅CML更宽的治疗窗。作为非特异性ADCC作用的对照,该实验中也使用兔IgG抗体。图中显示三个独立的实验中抗体诱导的细胞死亡的平均数和标准差。
图9.通过靶向于IL1RAP的抗体杀灭AML和ALL干细胞
在ADCC测定中,在原代AML CD34+CD38-(A)和ALL CD34+CD38-(B)细胞中都观察到了KMT-1诱导的细胞死亡,这证实了靶向IL1RAP的抗体对于IL1RAP在其细胞表面上调的AML和ALL也具有治疗效果。作为非特异性ADCC作用的对照,该实验中也使用兔IgG抗体。图中显示特异抗体诱导的细胞死亡。
图10.IL1RAP在MPD和MDS患者的白血病干细胞上表达。
(A)显示2位MPD患者(MPD-1和MPD-2)的CD34+CD38-细胞中IL1RAP的表达(伴随和不伴随JAK2突变)的等值线图(Contour plot)。(B)显示发展成为AML的MDS患者中IL1RAP的表达的直方图。白色显示对照染色的样品,灰色显示用抗IL1RAP抗体染色的样品。
图11.来自实体肿瘤的癌细胞表面上表达了IL1RAP
用抗人IL-1 RAcP/IL-1 R3-APC(目录号FAB676A,R&D system)(黑线)和同种型对照(灰线)将源自人实体肿瘤的不同细胞系染色。流式细胞计数分析显示了COLO829(恶性黑素瘤)、HCC1954(乳房导管癌)、NCI-8228(肺腺癌)、NCI-H716(结肠癌)、OV-90(卵巢腺癌)、H716(结肠癌)、H2228(肺腺癌)、SH-4(黑素瘤)、SR(淋巴瘤)和SW1783(星形细胞瘤)上的IL1RAP的表达。
图12.来自实体肿瘤的癌细胞表面上表达了IL1RAP
对来自用mab81.2(抗IL1RAP抗体)标记的四个不同人癌细胞系的细胞进行的流式细胞计数分析的柱状图,显示出H716(结肠癌)、H2228(肺腺癌)、HCC1954(乳房导管癌)和SH-4(黑素瘤)上的IL1RAP表达。
图13.IL1RAP的抗体靶向在人癌细胞上将人NK细胞导向至ADCC
图中显示了ADCC测定中通过抗人IL1RAP抗体mab81.2和人NK细胞诱导的特异性细胞死亡的程度。作为同种型对照,实验中包括了非特异性人IgG1抗体。
图14.mAb81.2对SK-MEL-5黑素瘤细胞系的体内生长的作用
每周两次腹膜内给药10mg/kg体重的MAb81.2。用相等体积的PBS处理对照小鼠。每个实验组含有十只小鼠。结果表示为平均肿瘤体积(mm3);误差棒表示平均值的标准误差(SEM)。
实施例1
IL1RAP为慢性髓性白血病干细胞的细胞表面生物标记
概述
慢性髓性白血病(CML)的以达到永久性治愈该病症为目的的治疗策略,需要完全根除CML干细胞。CML干细胞,与正常的造血干细胞(HSC)同样具有自我更新能力,代表了迄今不能用细胞表面标记与正常HSC区分的一小群白血病细胞。靶向于CML干细胞的一种策略是鉴定CML干细胞的细胞表面生物标记,未来的治疗性抗体可针对该标记。这一研究中,我们使用全基因(global gene)表达分析鉴定了,IL1RAP在原始CML CD34+细胞中被通常上调,以及由于异位P210 BCR/ABL1的表达而被上调。我们还阐明了,IL1RAP的表达将包含CML和正常HSC两者的罕见的CD34+CD38-细胞群划分为两部分:一部分具有低表达/无表达,另一部分具有较高的IL1RAP的表达。建立允许用FISH检测少量的分选的细胞中的BCR/ABL1的试验方案之后,我们观察到在CML CD34+CD38-细胞之中,IL1RAP+细胞为BCR/ABL1+,而IL1RAP-细胞几乎完全是BCR/ABL1-。通过对所述两个细胞群进一步进行长期培养-起始细胞(LTC-IC)测定,我们发现候选CML干细胞和正常HSC可预期分离。因此该研究鉴定IL1RAP为第一个可区分CML干细胞与正常HSC的细胞表面生物标记,并且为CML以及相关病症(例如急性髓性白血病(AML)、急性成淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)、骨髓增生病(MPD)和骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS))的治疗和诊断策略开拓了新的途径。
导言
为了对CML干细胞鉴定细胞表面生物标记,我们进行了全基因表达分析并鉴定白细胞介素1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)为首要的候选,所述IL1RAP在原始CML患者细胞中被上调,且由于异位P210BCR/ABL1的表达而被上调。通过开发出一种少数分选的细胞中检测BCR/ABL1的测定法,我们阐明IL1RAP的表达有望能够分离原始白血病细胞和正常细胞。通过长期培养-起始细胞测定,我们还阐明了IL1RAP是CML干细胞的细胞表面生物标记,首次使得预期可从正常HSC分离CML干细胞。
材料和方法
收集CML患者细胞
分离和转导脐带血CD34+细胞
在确诊时并且在启动治疗前,在获得了知情同意之后根据本地伦理委员会批准的试验方案获得CML患者的血液样品,偶尔还获得骨髓样品。从瑞典Lund大学医院血液科和丹麦哥本哈根Rigshospitalet获得样品。定期地使用LymphoprepTM(Axis-Shield PoC AS,Oslo,Norway)根据生产者的说明书对单核细胞(MNC)进行分离,并且如此前所公开的22,使用CD34+细胞分离试剂盒(Miltenyi Biotech,Bergisch Gladbach,Germany)富集CD34+细胞,这产生了高于95%的CD34+细胞纯度。在抗体染色开始前,将单核细胞的亚级分有活力地储存于液氮中。CD34+细胞分为两部分;一部分用PBS洗涤、重新混悬于Trizol中并在-80℃冷冻,而另一部分在液氮中冷冻。在取得知情同意之后在Lund大学医院获得了来自健康志愿者的骨髓样品作为参考样品,然后如上所述地分离CD34细胞。
微阵列分析
使用来自瑞典Lund大学Swegene DNA Microarray Resource Center的寡核苷酸载玻片(oligonucleotide slide)进行微阵列分析。使用Pronto通用杂交试剂盒(ProntoUniversal Hybridization;Corning Inc,Corning,NY)进行杂交。基本上如此前的公开23来进行RNA分离和微阵列分析。使用软件Qlucore Omics Explorer2.0(Qlucore,Lund,Sweden)进行数据可视化。
流式细胞分析
在FACS Canto中进行流式细胞分析,并在FACS Aria中完成流式细胞计数细胞分选(两者都来自BD)。在细胞染色前,根据标准操作使CD34+细胞解冻,并用含2%FCS的PBS(洗涤介质)洗涤一次。使用以1:100的比例稀释的生物素标记的山羊抗人IL1RAP多克隆抗体(批次667,R&D Systems,Abingdon,UK),在冰上对所述细胞染色30分钟。接下来洗涤所述细胞,并使用1:200稀释的PE-缀合的抗生物素蛋白链菌素30分钟。使用APC-缀合的抗-CD34和FITC-缀合的抗-CD38单克隆抗体共同染色(除IL1RAP外,所有所用的抗体均购自Beckton-Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems,Mountain View,CA)。在细胞分选之前,洗涤细胞两次以避免PE-缀合的抗生物素蛋白链菌素的非特异性结合。将同种型匹配对照抗体用作阴性对照。
细胞分选和间期FISH
保持在保湿室中,用0.01%聚L-赖氨酸(Sigma-Aldrich,Stockholm,Sweden)处理载玻片2小时,用水洗涤一次,并在37℃热板上干燥至干。接下来,用疏水笔(Daido SangyoCo.,Ltd.Tokyo,Japan)以96孔组织培养板作为模板画圈。细胞分选之前但在室温中干燥至少2小时之后,将25μL PBS施加于环中以形成液滴。在细胞分选中,同时将30至3000个细胞直接分选入两个液滴中。为了允许所述细胞附着至表面并避免液滴干燥,将载玻片在保湿室中保持于冰上30分钟,然后用甲醇:乙酸(3:1)固定细胞10分钟。接下来,载玻片在70℃烘箱中温育过夜,然后进行FISH。使用BCR/ABL1的双色探针(Abbot,Wiesbaden,Germany)。
长期培养-起始细胞(LTC-IC)
如此前所公开的24,25,在补充10%FCS的RPMI-1640培养基中培养M210B4基质细胞。在细胞分选之前2天,以50,000细胞/mL的密度将基质细胞接种于96孔板的孔中的200μL含10-6M氢化可的松(Sigma-Aldrich,Stockholm,Sweden)的Myelocult培养基(Stem CellTechnologies,Vancouver,Canada)中。在细胞分选之前24小时,基质细胞经1000Rad辐照。在细胞分选中,将100-500个细胞直接分选入基质-预涂布的孔中,一式二份,并在3小时后交换100μL培养基。所述100μL培养基的交换每周重复一次。5-6周的培养后,洗涤细胞并将细胞铺板于24孔板中的甲基纤维素培养基(MethoCult H44435;Stem Cell Technologies)中。2周后,对集落的数量进行记录。集合单个孔中的集落,洗涤,施加于载玻片上的PBS液滴,然后进行上述的FISH分析。
脐带血CD34+细胞中P210 BCR/ABL1的表达
根据本地伦理委员会批准的试验方案,在获得知情同意后从正常分娩收集脐带的脐带血样品。如前所述地22富集CD34+细胞,这产生了高于95%的CD34+细胞纯度。本研究中使用RD114假型化的MSCV-IRES-GFP(MIG)和MIG-P210病毒载体23。在补充血小板生成素(TPO;50ng/mL)、干细胞因子(SCF;100ng/mL)和Flt-3-配体(FL;100ng/mL)的SFMM培养基(StemCell Technology,Vancouver,Canada)中培养和转导CD34+细胞,如前文所述23。
结果与讨论
全基因表达分析鉴定CML CD34+细胞上IL1RAP的上调
为实现鉴定Ph+CML干细胞的细胞表面生物标记的目标,已进行了很多研究上的努力(C Eaves的综述14)。用FISH检测白血病特异性BCR/ABL1融合基因之后很容易回顾性地鉴定CML中的白血病和正常细胞,这使得CML成为评估对于预期的白血病和正常细胞分离的尝试的理想的病症。然而迄今为止,还没有鉴定出能够允许CML干细胞与正常HSC预期分离的细胞表面标记。已证实全基因表达分析是一种有效的寻找新HSC标记的策略,所述新HSC标记例如区分造血干细胞和祖细胞的SLAM受体15。为了寻找编码CML干细胞的候选细胞表面生物标记的上调的基因,对比了11位CML患者样品和5例正常骨髓(bm)样品的CD34+细胞的转录概况。所鉴定的CML中上调的基因匹配基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)类别“整合至质膜(integral to plasma membrane)”,该类别已经过手工整理以包括所有已知的CD分子(详见材料和方法)。CML CD34+细胞中总计13个上调的基因匹配所述的“整合至质膜”的基因类别(数据未显示)。为进一步地将上调的基因与P210 BCR/ABL1表达更直接地联系起来,我们平行地产生了由于脐带血CD34+细胞中P210 BCR/ABL1的表达而上调的一系列基因的列表。该分析的结果是,23个上调的基因匹配相同的GO类别基因列表(数据未显示)。有趣的是,只有一个基因即白细胞介素1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)由于P210 BCR/ABL1的表达在CD34+ CML细胞中和脐带血CD34+细胞中都显示了较强的上调。IL1RAP存在于两种基因列表上这一发现表明,其在原始CML细胞上的上调与P210 BCR/ABL1表达紧密联系,并表明IL1RAP是原始CML细胞上的一种新的与白血病相关的抗原。
IL1RAP在CML患者的CD34+CD38-细胞上上调,并且由于异位P210 BCR/ABL1的表达而诱导
IL1RAP是Toll样受体超家族成员之一,并且是1型白细胞介素1受体(IL-1R1)的一种公知的共同受体16。因此IL1RAP在介导促炎症细胞因子IL-1的作用中是关键的,但其还涉及介导IL-33的信号,所述IL-33是通过结合其受体ST2激活T-细胞和肥大细胞的细胞因子,其接下来与IL1RAP二聚化17。IL-1R1的激活之前已显示刺激对干扰素敏感的CML细胞的集落生长18,然而,据我们所知IL1RAP此前并未直接与CML相关联。
由于P210 BCR/ABL1存在于CML细胞中作为疾病的标志,CML中可靠的细胞表面生物标记在理想情况下应直接与P210 BCR/ABL1的存在和表达相关联。与微阵列数据一致,IL1RAP的表达实际上在逆转录病毒的P210BCR/ABL1表达之后在CB CD34+细胞的细胞表面上被上调(图1)。这表明P210BCR/ABL1通过直接或间接作用调节IL1RAP的表达,这加强了其作为CML生物标记候选的地位。
我们接下来研究了CML CD34+CD38+细胞上细胞表面IL1RAP的表达,所述细胞代表了主要的和更成熟的CD34+细胞。在该细胞群中,对比相应的正常骨髓(bm)细胞中的表达,观察到IL1RAP的上调(图2A、2B)。正常CD34+CD38+细胞显示更低的IL1RAP的表达,其部分地与CML细胞上的表达重叠。我们然后转向至正常细胞(包括HSC)的CD34+CD38-细胞区域。与前述研究一致,该细胞群显示IL1RAP低表达/无表达(图2C)19。令人震撼的是,包含Ph+CML干细胞和正常HSC两者的CML患者的CD34+CD38-细胞被划分为两个群体:一个群体具有IL1RAP的低表达/无表达,另一群体具有较高的IL1RAP表达(图2C)。在5位CML患者的外周血液(PB)中,IL1RAP阳性细胞部分构成CD34+CD38-细胞的75%至95%(n=5)。基于这些发现,我们推断IL1RAP的表达可在CML中CD34+CD38-细胞区域内区分正常细胞和白血病细胞。由于所有CML干细胞和正常HSC只发现于CD34+CD38-细胞中,所述正常细胞和白血病细胞的区分,将允许CML干细胞从正常HSC的预期分离。
Flow-drop-FISH显示IL1RAP的表达在CML CD34+CD38-细胞内区分正常细胞和白血病细胞
为检验IL1RAP的表达是否可在CML CD34+CD38-细胞区域内区分正常(Ph-)细胞和白血病(Ph+)细胞,我们建立了对少量的分选细胞进行荧光原位杂交(FISH)的新的试验方案(参见材料和方法)。该试验方案的第一步部分地基于将细胞分选入载玻片上的液滴中然后进行单细胞免疫染色的方法20。通过应用这一涉及将细胞直接分选入载玻片上的液滴中然后进行FISH的试验方案(下文称为Flow-drop-FISH),我们将少达30个细胞分选入一滴中,由此通过FISH成功地对15个细胞核进行了评分(CML-5,图3)。有趣的是,我们通过Flow-drop-FISH发现,CML CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞为BCR/ABL1+,而CML CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-细胞几乎全部是Ph-(n=5,图3)。这些数据显示,IL1RAP的表达在CML CD34+CD38-细胞区域内区分了白血病细胞和正常细胞,表明CML干细胞和正常HSC可预期分离。
CML干细胞为CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+,而正常HSC为CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-/低
对慢性期CML干细胞的研究,目前依赖于对罕见CML患者的接近,所述患者中经长期测定后干细胞区域已主要被白血病细胞占据14。由于免疫缺陷小鼠中CML干细胞通常显示较弱的移植物移入,因此广泛使用长期培养起始细胞(long-term culture initiatingcell,LTC-IC)-测试,作为候选CML干细胞检测的替代性测试。为检测CML CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+和CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-/低是否分别独特地包含候选CML干细胞和正常HSC,我们在LTC-IC测定中检测这两个细胞群。对于来自正常对照的骨髓CD34+细胞,发现与CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞中相比,CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-细胞中的长期培养-集落形成细胞(LTC-CFC)的频率高出>100倍(图4A,n=2),表明正常CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-分层地(hierarchically)位于CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞顶部。在CML中,与CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞相比,我们观察到CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-细胞中的LTC-CFC具有平均3.6倍的更高频率(n=5,图4A),这表明对于原始细胞CML CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-细胞更加富集。重要的是,尽管CML患者样品和正常对照两者中都发现了,CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-细胞中的LTC-IC数量比CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+细胞中的LTC-IC数量更高,对CMLLTC-集落进行的FISH显示了两组中Ph-和Ph+细胞几乎完全的区分(图4B)。来自CD34+CD38-IL1RAP-细胞的CML LTC-集落几乎全部为Ph-,而CD34+CD38-IL1RAP+几乎全部为Ph+。这些数据表明IL1RAP是可用于区分CML干细胞与正常HSC的新的细胞表面生物标记。
本文中,我们通过全基因表达分析鉴定了新的细胞表面抗原IL1RAP,其在多重测定的挑战后,满足了成为Ph+CML干细胞的新的细胞表面生物标记的标准。基于这一发现,未来针对CML的治疗可设计为:通过使用指向IL1RAP的治疗性抗体,靶向至CML干细胞同时保留正常HSC。另外,出于诊断目的以及为了对不同治疗下的CML患者进行随访研究,可使用含抗-CD34、抗-CD38和抗-IL1RAP抗体的抗体混合物(cocktail)。重要的是,正常和CML干细胞的预期分离,将使这两种细胞群的未来的机理研究成为可能。另外,本文还显示,Flow-drop-FISH可作为在少量的分选的细胞中表征遗传畸变的有用的方法(所述少量的分选的细胞例如白血病干细胞,其为已纯化至越来越小和越来越纯的细胞群的一种细胞型21)。对于未来的研究,该方法将例如允许在多种较小的白血病干细胞和祖细胞群中检测遗传学畸变,已获得可能为多种畸变的指令提供新见解的发现,其为理解白血病生成的关键知识。另外,Flow-drop-FISH可用于在治疗中监测对白血病干细胞的治疗效果。重要的是,我们在此通过使用Flow-drop-FISH鉴定了,IL1RAP是CML干细胞区分于正常HSC的首要的细胞表面生物标记,这一发现为CML和与IL1RAP在干细胞和/或祖细胞上的上调相关的其他血液肿瘤病症开拓了新的治疗机遇。
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实施例2
在白血病干细胞和祖细胞上的IL1RAP的抗体-靶向引起抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)
概述
白血病的以达到永久性治愈该病症为目的的治疗策略,需要完全根除白血病干细胞。所述白血病干细胞代表了白血病细胞的一个小的群体,其迄今不能用细胞表面标记从正常造血干细胞(HSC)区分。一种靶向白血病干细胞的新观念,将鉴定白血病干细胞的细胞表面生物标记,且未来治疗性抗体将指向该生物标记(参见实施例1)。
该研究中,我们生成了抗-IL1RAP抗体,并提供了以下概念验证:靶向于慢性髓性白血病(CML)干细胞、急性髓性白血病(AML)干细胞和急性成淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)干细胞的抗-IL1RAP抗体可用于诱导抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC),而在正常HSC中未观察到细胞毒性作用。此外,我们证明了在IL1RAP阳性细胞系KU812(CML)、MONO-MAC-6(急性髓性白血病;AML)和REH(急性成淋巴细胞细胞系;ALL)中靶向于IL1RAP的剂量依赖的ADCC。我们还阐明了MDS和MPD干细胞增加了IL1RAP的表达,这表明未来的治疗性的抗-IL1RAP靶向抗体在这些病症中将也有效。
通过靶向于白血病干细胞上IL1RAP的抗体,该研究因此为CML、AML、ALL、MDS和MPD开拓了新的治疗机遇。
材料和方法
KMT-1(一种多克隆兔抗人IL1RAP抗体)的产生
用IL1RAP的胞外域免疫兔。根据标准操作纯化来自兔的血清,不同是在其中加入另外的步骤,其中将结合至免疫球蛋白域(存在于免疫蛋白上以增加半衰期)的抗体通过结合至装载免疫球蛋白的柱而舍弃。经ELISA证实,纯化的抗体与IL1RAP的胞外域结合,并且缺乏结合人免疫球蛋白域的抗体。在流式细胞计数中使用时,将PE-缀合的山羊抗-兔IgG抗体用作二级试剂(secondary reagent)。
ADCC测定
ADCC测定是基于此前公开的试验方案1。简言之,根据生产者的说明书用PKH26(Sigma-Aldrich,St Louis,Missouri)标记靶细胞,并且或者将细胞直接置于96孔板的孔中,或者在CD34+CD38-细胞分选之后将细胞接种于所述孔中。KU812和KG-1细胞系和原代CD34+细胞以10,000细胞/孔接种,而原代CD34+CD38-细胞以2,000-3,000细胞/孔接种。接下来,将抗体以不同浓度加入孔中并培养20分钟,然后向各孔中加入100,000NK-效应细胞。NK细胞是在获得知情同意后从健康的志愿者提取的,所述提取是使用NK细胞阴性细胞分离试剂盒(Miltenyi Biotech,Bergisch Gladbach,Germany)根据生产者的说明书进行的。实验中使用从未经免疫的兔提纯的兔IgG抗体作为对照抗体(R&D Systems Abingdon,UK)。使用FACS CANTO流式细胞器(BD)测定用于检测细胞死亡的7-AAD阳性细胞。从至少三个独立的实验(除了图9;只有一个实验),根据以下等式计算抗体诱导的细胞死亡的平均数和标准差:(在确定的抗体浓度的7-AAD+细胞的百分比-无抗体的7-AAD+细胞的百分比)/(0.01×无抗体的7-AAD-细胞的百分比)。
从Lund大学医院获得来自11位AML患者和2位Ph+ALL患者的样品,且在CD34+CD38+和CD34+CD38-细胞群中使用与CML细胞的分析的相同设置来分析IL1RAP的表达。使用与KG-1和KU812细胞系相同的设置,在ADCC测定中还检测了AML细胞系MONO-MAC-6和ALL细胞系REH。
结果
在CML干细胞和祖细胞上以及在CML细胞系上的IL1RAP的抗体-靶向,将NK细胞导向ADCC
抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)是先天免疫系统的保存的机理,认为一些治疗性抗体(例如对抗CD20的利妥昔单抗)至少部分地通过该机理发挥其治疗效果2。为检验使用IL1RAP作为靶点是否可实现ADCC,我们生成了多克隆兔抗人IL1RAP抗体(下文中称为KMT-1),因为与山羊抗体不同,兔抗体的Fc区域可被所述人免疫系统的细胞所识别。
正如预期的那样,在IL1RAP阴性/低的白血病细胞系KG-1中观察到低水平的ADCC,即使是在高的KMT-1浓度下(图5A、B)。相反,在表达IL1RAP的CML细胞系KU812中,在KMT-1存在下观察到自然杀伤(NK)细胞介导的ADCC(图5A,B),表明KMT-1具有通过将细胞毒性免疫细胞招募至IL1RAP+靶细胞而诱导ADCC的潜力。
在来自CML患者和正常对照的原代细胞中,KMT-1显示了与前面所用的多克隆山羊抗人IL1RAP抗体相比稍弱一些但类似的染色模式(实施例1,图6A)。在ADCC测定中,平行于来自健康的对照样品的细胞,检测了来自CML-1、CML-3和CML-4的不成熟细胞(CML-2和CML-5没有留下更多的细胞)。在CML CD34+细胞中,KMT-1的结合导致的ADCC的水平比正常CD34+对照细胞中的水平高,这与IL1RAP的表达水平相关,特别是在较低的抗体浓度下(图6B)。更令人震撼的是,在干细胞富集的CD34+CD38-细胞中,KMT-1未诱导正常CD34+CD38-细胞的ADCC,而在CML CD34+CD38-细胞中清楚地观察到了剂量依赖性ADCC作用(图6B),这再次显示了与在这些细胞类型上IL1RAP表达模式的较强的相关性。
靶向于AML和ALL细胞上的IL1RAP的抗体将NK细胞导向ADCC
在11个所测试样品的9个样品中,在AML CD34+CD38-细胞中观察到了IL1RAP的表达(图7A)。在CD34+CD38+细胞群中,观察到了类似的IL1RAP表达模式(图7A)。另外,IL1RAP在AML细胞系MONO-MAC-6和ALL细胞系REH中表达(图7B)。在全部的2个所测试样品中,在Ph+ALLCD34+CD38-细胞中也观察到了IL1RAP的表达(图7C)。使用IL1RAP作为靶点,在ADCC测定中也检验了MONOMAC-6和REH细胞系。在这两种细胞系中都观察到了靶向于IL1RAP的剂量依赖性ADCC作用(图8),表明治疗性的抗-IL1RAP靶向抗体有着比仅仅CML更宽的应用。
我们对原代AML和ALL CD34+CD38-细胞也进行了ADCC实验,并阐明了如下原理的证据:在这些病症中,使用KMT-1可实现细胞死亡的增加(图9)。
另外,用靶向IL1RAP的抗体对来自1位发展成为AML的MDS患者和2位MPD患者(其中一位为JAK2突变+)的CD34+CD38-细胞进行染色。与正常骨髓CD34+CD38-细胞相比,观察到IL1RAP的表达增加(图10,图2C)。
讨论
本研究中,我们已鉴定IL1RAP为第一个可区分候选CML干细胞与正常HSC的细胞表面生物标记,并运用这一知识来诱导CML干细胞的抗体-依赖性细胞杀灭。另外,我们鉴定IL1RAP在AML干细胞、ALL干细胞、MPD干细胞和MDS干细胞上是上调的,并且显示AML和ALL干细胞两者都可使用IL1RAP-靶向抗体进行杀灭,而正常干细胞不受影响。基于CML、ALL和AML干细胞可由靶向IL1RAP的抗体杀灭这一发现,我们预期MPD和MDS干细胞也可在ADCC测定中被杀灭。这些发现通过白血病干细胞的定向靶向为白血病患者的治疗开拓了新的观念,这一观念不同于目前所用的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,后者优先地将细胞靶向于CML干细胞的下游3,4。
CML干细胞为何对试剂(例如Glivec)有抗性的的原因还有一部分不清楚,但可能有贡献的因素为以下特征:例如静止期和相对高水平的BCR/ABL1表达,以及这些细胞中特定膜传递蛋白的组合表达3,5,6。在给定CML干细胞的这些特征的情况下,十分需要寻找新的治疗途径以最终根除CML干细胞。由于所述抗体的作用方式独立于已知的导致CML干细胞对激酶抑制剂治疗无应答的耐药机理,一种直接靶向于CML干细胞的基于抗体的治疗可用于所述的策略。所述开发的主要限制是,完全缺乏区分CML Ph+干细胞与正常、健康的(Ph-)干细胞的细胞表面受体。我们在本文中由全基因表达分析鉴定IL1RAP是这样的靶点,并且重要的是将其表达与BCR/ABL1表达相联系(参见上述实施例1)。
重要的是,通过生成靶向于IL1RAP的抗体,我们在本文中首次提供了下述概念验证:可靶向于候选CML干细胞,而同时保存正常HSC。重要的是,ADCC中所述抗体的作用方式是使免疫细胞指向靶细胞杀灭,其治疗机理独立于已知的导致目前的治疗中CML对激酶抑制剂耐药的机理。因此,无论是单独使用还是与目前的疗法组合使用,CML干细胞的抗体靶向都具有根除CML干细胞的能力,最终使得CML患者得到永久性治愈。
有趣的是,我们还观察到靶向IL1RAP的抗体可引起AML(成年人中最普遍的具有预后不良的急性白血病类型)干细胞以及ALL(最普遍的儿童白血病类型)干细胞的ADCC。总之,在CML、AML、ALL、MDS和MPD中IL1RAP在具有CD34+CD38-免疫表型的白血病干细胞上表达的这一发现,以及阐明以依赖IL1RAP的方式杀灭细胞的ADCC实验,表明了可用抗-IL1RAP治疗性抗体治疗这些病症。
在本文所述的ADCC实验中使用多克隆抗人IL1RAP抗体(其基本上为若干种不同单克隆抗体的混合物)。然而,本领域技术人员应理解,也可鉴定具有ADCC潜力的靶向于IL1RAP的单个的单克隆抗体。
参考文献
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实施例3-实体肿瘤上的基因表达
材料和方法
使用Oncomine搜索引擎(www.oncomine.org),我们鉴定出含有从不同肿瘤类型建立的各种细胞系的所有数据集。鉴定的最大数据集是数据集“Wooster Cell Line2”。该数据集含有308个癌细胞系,代表20种不同的肿瘤类型。所用的询问项是“IL1RAP”,报告子设定为“205277_at”。
结果
我们共鉴定了17种不同的由符合我们的IL1RAP上调表达标准的细胞系表示的实体肿瘤类型(参见表1)。显示出IL1RAP的每个肿瘤类型内的细胞系上调的百分比范围为4%(结直肠癌)至67%(黑素瘤、前列腺癌)。在各肿瘤类型中,我们鉴定出一些人类中最常见的癌症实体,包括来自乳房、结肠、肺、前列腺和膀胱的恶性肿瘤。此外,与差的临床结果相关的一些肿瘤类型,如黑素瘤和脑肿瘤,呈现出IL1RAP的表达上调很多。
结论
我们推断出几种不同的肿瘤实体显示出IL1RAP的基因表达水平上调。
这些数据表明用针对IL1RAP的抗体的治疗将为几种不同人类癌症类型提供新治疗途径。
表1
表示不同肿瘤类型的308种癌细胞系中的IL1RAP的上调
肿瘤类型 | 呈现出IL1RAP上调的肿瘤的数量** |
膀胱癌 | 3/9(33%) |
脑和中枢神经系统癌症 | 7/16(44%) |
乳癌 | 4/19(21%) |
子宫颈癌 | 4/7(57%) |
结直肠癌 | 1/23(4%) |
食道癌 | 3/4(75%) |
胃癌 | 1/5(20%) |
头颈癌 | 3/6(50%) |
肾癌 | 1/8(12%) |
肝癌 | 3/9(33%) |
肺癌 | 14/73(19%) |
淋巴瘤 | 2/38(5%) |
黑素瘤 | 8/12(67%) |
卵巢癌 | 2/5(40%) |
胰腺癌 | 3/9(33%) |
前列腺癌 | 2/3(67%) |
肉瘤 | 5/13(38%) |
*使用Oncomine(www.oncomine.org)搜索308种癌细胞系上的Wooser数据集。使用的询问项为“IL1RAP”,报告子设定为“205227_at”。所用的平台是Human Genome U133Plus2.0Arrays(Affymetrix Inc.)
**只有呈现出与费城阳性细胞系KU812相等或更高的IL1RAP表达水平的肿瘤细胞系才评分为“上调的”。我们之前已经表明KU812在细胞表面具有上调的IL1RAP的蛋白表达(等,2010,PNAS107(14):16280-5)。
实施例4-通过流式细胞计数分析人细胞系上的IL1RAP表达
材料和方法
试剂
来自BD Biosciences的Fc-受体阻断剂
抗人CD16(目录号555404)
抗人CD32(目录号555447)
来自BD Biosciences的APC-小鼠IgG1 k同种型对照(目录号555751)
来自R&D system的抗人IL-1 RAcP/IL-1 R3-APC(目录号FAB676A)
细胞系
表2
在供应商推荐的培养基中,在标准条件下,培养细胞系。
FACS分析
将细胞(350000)重悬浮于2ml FACS缓冲液中(不含钙和镁的补充了0.5%BSA的PBS),并且在300×g下离心4分钟。丢弃上清液,并且通过在室温用30μl体积、3μg/ml浓度的抗-CD16/CD32 mAb孵育细胞5分钟来阻断Fc-受体。然后,将55μl FACS缓冲液和4μl APC-标记的同种型抗体或5μl APC-标记的针对人IL1RAP的单克隆抗体加入细胞中,并在+4℃培养30分钟。用3ml FACS缓冲液洗涤细胞,并在300×g下离心4分钟,并丢弃上清液。最后将细胞悬浮于200μl FACS缓冲液中,并且根据标准设定在FACS Cantoll流式细胞计数器(BDBiosceiences)上进行了流式细胞计数分析。
结果
在所测试的实体肿瘤细胞系上的IL1RAP表达水平显示于以下的表3和图11中。
表3
不同人细胞系上的IL1RAP的表达
数值表示平均荧光强度
细胞系 | 空白 | 同种型 | 抗-IL1RAP |
KG-1 | 46 | 52 | 113 |
KU-812 | 62 | 69 | 451 |
NCI-H2228 | 80 | 96 | 587 |
NCI-H716 | 60 | 96 | 2043 |
HCC1954 | 112 | 119 | 410 |
SR | 51 | 54 | 2257 |
OV-90 | 78 | 89 | 1921 |
COLO829 | 77 | 82 | 3732 |
SH-4 | 40 | 51 | 5189 |
SW1783 | 119 | 153 | 341 |
结论
在实体肿瘤细胞系NCI-H2228、NCI-H716、HCC1954、SR、OV-90、COLO829、SH-4和SW1783上观察到了IL1RAP的表达。与人慢性髓性白血病细胞系KU-812上的表达相比,这些细胞系上的表达水平相当或更高。
实施例5-实体肿瘤细胞上的IL1RAP的抗体靶向引起抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)
材料和方法
嵌合单克隆抗体81.2hIgG1的研发和生产
通过标准程序产生了分泌特异于人IL1RAP胞外部分的单克隆抗体的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系。简而言之,用由IL1RAP的胞外部分和人IgG1的Fc-部分(Pro100-Lys330)组成的融合蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠。将脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系Sp2/0融合,通过用用于免疫的融合蛋白筛选来分离生产针对IL1RAP胞外部分的抗体的克隆,并用人IgG1反筛选。
通过杂交瘤细胞系克隆81.2产生的抗体是IgG1/κ型,并且发现其对IL1RAP-阳性细胞和重组蛋白人IL1RAP(21-367)具有高特异性。从这个细胞系,分离了总RNA,并且通过PCR扩增了表示重链和轻链可变区VH和VK的cDNA,克隆并测序。
合成了编码小鼠框内具有人κ基因恒定区的VK的遗传元件,并且克隆至质粒型哺乳动物表达载体中。
将编码小鼠VH的PCR片段与人IgG1的恒定区结合,并克隆至质粒型哺乳动物表达载体中。
用两种质粒共同转染HEK293细胞,并且在补充了100ng/ml基夫碱(kifunensine)的无血清培养基中培养细胞。通过蛋白G色谱从培养基中纯化出嵌合抗体81.2hIgG1。
流式细胞计数
收集来自四种不同的人实体癌细胞系,即H2228(腺癌;非小细胞肺癌)、H716(结直肠腺癌)、HCC1954(导管乳癌)和SH-4(黑素瘤)的细胞,并用mab81.2染色,所述mab81.2是一种抗人IL1RAP抗体(Cantargia AB,Lund,瑞典)。为了检测,用抗人IgG PE-缀合的二抗(Thermo-Fisher,Waltham,MA)将细胞染色,并且使用FACS CANTO流式细胞计数器(BDImmunocyteometry Systems,Mountain View,CA)分析细胞。
ADCC测定
ADCC测定是基于之前所述的实验方案(参见以上的实施例2)。简而言之,根据生产者的说明,用PKH26(Sigma-Aldrich,St Louis,MO)标记靶细胞,并以10,000细胞/孔的密度接种于96-孔板中。随后,将抗体以不同的浓度加入孔中,并孵育30分钟,接着将100,000个NK-效应细胞加入每个孔中。获得知情同意后,根据生产者的说明(Miltenyi Biotech,Bergisch Gladbach,德国),使用NK细胞阴性细胞分离试剂盒,从健康志愿者提取NK细胞。将非特异性人IgG1抗体用作实验中的对照(Eukeka Therapeutics,Emeryville,CA)。
通过使用FACS CANTO流式细胞计数器(BD)检测7-AAD阳性细胞来确定细胞死亡的程度。根据以下等式计算抗体诱导的细胞死亡的水平:特定抗体浓度下的7-AAD+细胞百分比-无抗体的7-AAD+细胞百分比。
结果
流式细胞计数中抗人IL1RAP的抗体标记了人非白血病癌细胞,并且将NK细胞导向至ADCC,导致人癌细胞的杀灭
我们已经显示了KMT1(一种抗人IL1RAP的多克隆抗体)能够将NK细胞导向至ADCC,并诱导高表达IL1RAP的CML细胞系KU812的细胞死亡,但在低表达IL1RAP的KG1细胞没有此作用(参见上述实施例2)。
来自该研究的结果显示了不仅白血病细胞对IL1RAP介导的ADCC敏感,而且来自人实体癌症的细胞也是如此。研究了代表四种不同的人实体癌症类型的四种不同的人癌细胞,并且全部在细胞表面上显示出IL1RAP的表达(图12)。
所有检测的四个细胞系还显示以似乎是剂量依赖性的方式对mab81.2介导的ADCC敏感,mab81.2是抗人IL1RAP的抗体(图13)。
结论
该研究证实了在几种人癌症类型的细胞表面上表达IL1RAP,所述人癌症类型包括肺癌、结肠癌、乳癌和恶性黑素瘤。
使用针对IL1RAP的抗体,通过ADCC测定中的特定NK-介导的杀灭,显示出所测试的所有四种实体肿瘤细胞系的细胞都受到靶向。
实施例6-单克隆抗体81.2在人黑素瘤SK-MEL-5异种移植物小鼠模型中的体内功效
材料和方法
IgG1和IgG2a同种型的小鼠单克隆抗体81.2的研发和生产
通过标准程序产生分泌特异于人IL1RAP的胞外部分的单克隆抗体的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系。简而言之,用由IL1RAP的胞外部分和人IgG1的Fc-部分(Pro100-Lys330)组成的融合蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠。将脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系Sp2/0融合,通过用用于免疫的融合蛋白筛选来分离生产针对IL1RAP胞外部分的抗体的克隆,并用人IgG1反筛选。
通过杂交瘤细胞系克隆81.2产生的抗体是IgG1/κ型,并且发现其对IL1RAP-阳性细胞和重组蛋白人IL1RAP(21-367)具有高特异性。从这个细胞系,分离了总RNA,并且通过PCR扩增了表示重链和轻链可变区VH和VK的cDNA,克隆并测序。
合成了编码小鼠框内具有人κ基因恒定区的VK的遗传元件,并且克隆至质粒型哺乳动物表达载体中。
将编码小鼠VH的PCR片段与小鼠IgG2a的恒定区结合,并克隆至质粒型哺乳动物表达载体中。
用两种质粒共同转染HEK293细胞,并且在无血清培养基中培养所述细胞。通过蛋白G色谱从培养基中纯化出IgG2a的小鼠抗体81.2。
流式细胞计数
为了证实人恶性黑素瘤细胞系SK-MEL-5上的IL1RAP表达并且将其与人CML细胞系KU812的表达相比较,根据标准程序培养两个细胞系,并且维持在对数生长期。在细胞收集时,用1-50μg/mL的小鼠IgG181.2单克隆抗体标记3.5-5.0×105细胞/mL。将IgG1同种型对照抗体用作对照。使用Accuri C6流式细胞计数器分析染色。
试剂和治疗
表4
人IL1RAP特异性mAb81.2或媒剂的体内给药
给8至12-周龄的雌性CD.17SCID小鼠,每只在肋部皮下注射了50%Matrigel中的1×107SK-MEL-5肿瘤细胞。在黑素瘤细胞注入后大约一周,当肿瘤达到108-128mm3的大小时,开始治疗。对20只动物进行肿瘤大小的配对,两个处理组中各自10只动物。
制备了10mg/kg剂量的81.2(一种小鼠IgG2a单克隆抗体),并且使用10mL/kg的PBS体积。对照动物给予了相等体积的PBS。通过腹膜内途径给予治疗。每周两次监控肿瘤体积(通过卡尺测量)和总重量。
研究的终点是肿瘤生长延缓。
结果
流式细胞计数
表5
SK-MEL-5人黑素瘤细胞系和人CML细胞系KU812上的IL1RAP的表达。数值表示荧光强度
示例性mAb81.2的体内活性
自给药开始的第33天的研究分析显示,在第22天(p<0.05)、26和29天(p<0.01)和第33天(p<0.0001),与对照组相比,治疗组中肿瘤生长出现统计学上显著的延缓(参见图14)。
结论
通过黑素瘤肿瘤细胞系SK-MEL-5上的流式细胞计数证实了IL1RAP的表达,并且显示所述表达高于人慢性髓性白血病细胞系KU-812上的表达。
体内数据表明每周给药两次剂量为10mg/kg的人IL1RAP特异性单克隆抗体81.2,引起了表达IL1RAP的人黑素瘤细胞系SK-MEL-5的肿瘤细胞生长抑制。
Claims (33)
1.试剂在制备用于诱导与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的细胞死亡和/或抑制与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的生长和/或增殖的药物中的用途,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP,所述试剂包含以下或由以下组成:对白细胞介素-1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)具有特异性的抗体或其抗原结合片段,
其中所述实体肿瘤选自下组:乳癌、肺癌、结直肠癌和黑素瘤。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中所述药物用于治疗或预防患者中的实体肿瘤。
3.试剂在制备用于检测与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的诊断剂中的用途,其中所述细胞表达IL1RAP,所述试剂包含以下或由以下组成:对白细胞介素-1受体辅助蛋白(IL1RAP)具有特异性的抗体或其抗原结合片段,
其中所述实体肿瘤选自下组:乳癌、肺癌、结直肠癌和黑素瘤。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述实体肿瘤是乳癌。
5.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述实体肿瘤是肺癌。
6.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述实体肿瘤是结直肠癌。
7.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述实体肿瘤是黑素瘤。
8.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述抗体或其抗原结合片段对人IL1RAP具有特异性。
9.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中IL1RAP位于细胞表面上。
10.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述试剂能够阻断一种或多种共同受体与IL1RAP的结合。
11.根据权利要求10的用途,其中一种或多种共同受体选自IL1R1、ST2、C-KIT和IL1RL2。
12.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述试剂能够杀灭与实体肿瘤相关的细胞。
13.根据权利要求12的用途,其中所述试剂能够诱导与实体肿瘤相关的细胞的凋亡。
14.根据权利要求12的用途,其中通过抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)来诱导细胞的杀灭。
15.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中所述试剂包含完整的抗体或由完整的抗体组成。
16.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的用途,其中所述试剂包含抗体的抗原结合片段或由抗体的抗原结合片段组成。
17.根据权利要求16的用途,其中抗原结合片段选自Fv片段和Fab样片段。
18.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中抗体是重组抗体。
19.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中抗体是单克隆抗体。
20.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中抗体是多克隆抗体。
21.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其中抗体或其抗原结合片段是人的或人源化的。
22.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,进一步包含用于提高试剂体内半衰期的部分,其选自聚乙二醇(PEG)、人血清白蛋白、糖基化基团、脂肪酸和葡聚糖。
23.根据权利要求22的用途,其中所述试剂是PEG化的。
24.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,其进一步包含选自放射性同位素、毒素和化疗剂的细胞毒性部分。
25.根据权利要求24的用途,其中细胞毒性部分包括放射性同位素或由放射性同位素组成。
26.根据权利要求25的用途,其中放射性同位素选自砹-211、铋-212、铋-213、碘-131、钇-90、镥-177、钐-153和钯-109。
27.根据权利要求24的用途,其中细胞毒性部分包含毒素或由毒素组成。
28.根据权利要求24的用途,其中细胞毒性部分包括化疗剂或由化疗剂组成。
29.根据权利要求1至3任一项的用途,进一步包含选自放射性同位素和顺磁性同位素的可检测部分。
30.根据权利要求29的用途,其中可检测部分包括放射性同位素或由放射性同位素组成。
31.根据权利要求30的用途,其中放射性同位素选自:锝-99m;铟-111;镓-67;镓-68;砷-72;锆-89;碘-12;铊-201。
32.根据权利要求29的用途,其中可检测部分包括顺磁性同位素或由顺磁性同位素组成。
33.根据权利要求32的用途,其中顺磁性同位素选自:钆-157;锰-55;镝-162;铬-52;铁-56。
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