CN103355043A - Method for water-saving topdressing of winter wheat in drought region by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization - Google Patents
Method for water-saving topdressing of winter wheat in drought region by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for water-saving topdressing of winter wheat in a drought region by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization. The method is characterized in that in the whole winter wheat growth cycle, urea is applied according to a ratio of 30-37.5kg/667m<2>, a use ratio of a base fertilizer is 80% and a use ratio of the fertilizer for foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization is 20%; and the method for topdressing by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization comprises the following steps of applying the base fertilizer to a winter wheat field according to a ratio of 24-30.5kg/667m<2> by one step in a period from October 2 to 7 every year, and carrying out urea topdressing by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization according to a ratio of 6-7.5kg/667m<2> respectively in green-turning, jointing and booting three stages, wherein in each process, urea is applied according to a ratio of 2-2.5kg/667m<2>, a urea solution is used according to a ratio of 50kg/667m<2>, and after four o'clock in the afternoon, the fertilizer solution is sprayed on leaf surfaces by a mist sprayer so that foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization is realized. The method for water-saving topdressing by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization realizes normal topdressing of winter wheat in drought, saves water, labor and fertilizer, and realizes fertilizer direct absorption by leaves thereby improving a fertilizer utilization rate and a fertilizer action rate.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the topdressing method of wheat, be specifically related to the method that a kind of arid area winter wheat is topdressed with the Ye Daigen water saving.
Background technology
Existing wheat topdresses to adopt and spreads manuer in holes the method for topdressing or spread fertilizer over the fields the method for topdressing.Its precondition of the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is that soil is wanted humidity, and fertilizer will could be absorbed by winter wheat root through soil moisture dissolving, differentiation, absorption; Spreading fertilizer over the fields the rule of topdressing must irrigate by water before rain or after spreading fertilizer over the fields, and winter wheat just can absorb after the fertilizer dissolving.
Donghai County is positioned at the northeast, Jiangsu Province, is positioned at 118 ° 22 ' 30 of east longitude " ~ 119 ° 11 ' 15 ", between north latitude 34 ° 17 ' 30 " ~ 34 ° 47 ' 30 ", belongs to middle latitude warm temperate zone half moistening monsoon climate.Spring temperature is changeable, and summer high temperature is rainy, and autumn, the sky is clear and the air is crisp, and winter is cold dry, makes a clear distinction between the four seasons, and illumination is sufficient, rainfall year the border be changed significantly skewness in year.Average temperature of the whole year is 14.5 ℃, annual frost-free season 228d, and the Donghai County total amount of heat is abundanter, and stable active accumulated temperature by 0 ℃ is 5216 ℃, day numbers of duration 318d, stable active accumulated temperature by 10 ℃ is 4612.2 ℃; Annual rainfall 912.3㎜。But skewness, year border changes greatly, and precipitation is also uneven in year, and 6 ~ September, precipitation accounted for about 70% of gross precipitation, and July, precipitation was maximum, easily formed flood, 4 years one chances of summer waterlogging, the January is minimum.Summer rainwater is maximum, and the undue concentration of rainfall is larger to farmland harm, and the impulsive force of effects on surface soil is large, and soil erosion are serious, and large scale soil and nutrient are easily washed away in the plot, hills, dwindle plow layer, heavy damage the ecological balance of soil.The precipitation variability is large, and be 73 ~ 87% 11 ~ February, and in 8 middle of the month of winter wheat growth, rainfall is 270.6 ㎜ only, less than 30% of the whole year, easily makes the plot of unconditional irrigation form winter drought, freeze injury and spring drought.Total area under cultivation 181.77 * 10
4* 667 ㎡, dry land area 82.37 * 10
4* 667 ㎡ account for the 45.3%. of the gross area
At present, the winter wheat topdressing method all is to spread manuer in holes to topdress or spread fertilizer over the fields the method for topdressing, there are three large contradictions in this topdressing method: first, when relatively poor without the unexpected soil moisture content of irrigation water conditioned disjunction, the rear anhydrous accent that can't topdress or topdress is fertile and can not bring into play fertilizer efficiency, particularly in Donghai County, winter wheat during Wintering Period dry year accounts for 75%, period of seedling establishment accounts for 95.8% to the shooting stage dry year, and jointing is under dry year accounts for 58.3% situation to booting stage, the whole county 50 * 10
4The wheatland of * 667 ㎡ non-irrigated conditions can't rationally topdress; Second, can not be by Growth of Wheat regulation of fertilizer requirement fertilizer as required, 400 ㎏/667 ㎡ wheats for example, need absorb purity nitrogen 5 ㎏/667 ㎡ before the general jointing, jointing need absorb purity nitrogen 4 ㎏/667 ㎡ to booting, absorbs purity nitrogen 3.0 ~ 3.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ after the booting, and adopting spreads manuer in holes topdresses, generally can only before jointing, use sufficient by fertilizer, behind the jointing because plant is in great numbers, envelope row, the root system difficult that topdresses, although soil has certain fertilizer-preserving ability, but the size of this fertilizer-preserving ability can't be grasped, and is on the high side as topdressing early stage, directly wastes fertilizer, and cause nourished and grew prosperous, remaining green when it is due to become yellow and ripe lodging of later stage; Such as the deficiency of topdressing in early stage, will cause again later stage fertilizer not meet youngster and take off power, and the High-yield Wheat economic flow rate about 90% all by forming after the heading, so the fertility deficiency will have a strong impact on output; The 3rd, the method for topdressing of the spreading manuer in holes consumption that topdresses is large, and cost is high, and economic benefit is low, and the Donghai County winter wheat method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed generally before and after turning green, and uses urea 15 ~ 20 ㎏/667 ㎡, purity nitrogen 1 ㎏/667 ㎡, volume increase wheat 4 ~ 8 ㎏/667 ㎡.
The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes should not be topdressed when the arid of field, topdresses because spread manuer in holes, and chemical nitrogen fertilizer decomposes, the ammonia volatilization, phosphorus is plain, potassium is plain easily by soil fixing, changes the slightly solubility state into by soluble status, winter wheat root can not absorb, and causes utilization rate of fertilizer low, and the economic benefit of fertilizer is low.The chemical fertilizer that the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes imposes in the soil will be through the process of dissolving, differentiation, absorption, and 5 ~ 7 days could be absorbed by winter wheat, so fertilizer efficiency speed is slow.The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes wants 2 ~ 3 people to cooperate the ability operation when operation at least, and 1 people burrows, 1 people fertilising, and 1 people covers, so operation is heavy, labour intensity is large, labor productivity is low.Spread manuer in holes the method for topdressing when burrowing, field plant is had harm, soil structure is destroyed serious.The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is when running into the disasters such as autumn drought, winter drought, spring drought, cold in the late spring, and fertilizer efficiency is slow, and plant can not in time utilize nutrition.The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes soil is had harden, acidization, improve soil salinity and alkalinity, affect soil microbial activity, polluted underground water, destruction agricultural ecological balance, wheat late growth stage early ageing problem can't solve.
Spread fertilizer over the fields the method for topdressing and have the same shortcoming of the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes, can not topdress during arid.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to: the method that a kind of arid area winter wheat is topdressed with the Ye Daigen water saving, normally topdress when the drought of winter wheat with Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method, water-saving, saving of labor, province are fertile, and fertilizer is directly absorbed by blade, utilization rate of fertilizer is high, and fertilizer efficiency speed is fast.
Technical solution of the present invention is: winter wheat is used urea 30 ~ 37.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ throughout one's life, and the base manure consumption is that 80%, 20% conduct is topdressed with Ye Daigen; The concrete grammar that topdresses with Ye Daigen is: in the sowing time in October 2 ~ 7 in every year, the fertilizer of 24 ~ 30.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ is as the disposable field of executing of base manure; 6 ~ 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide turn green, jointing, booting topdress with Ye Daigen for three times, each urea 2 ~ 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ are made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, adopt mist sprayer that fertilizer solution is sprayed onto on the blade after at 4 in afternoon and topdress with Ye Daigen.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1, topdresses with Ye Daigen and reduce the fertilizer pollution of area source; soil structure is survivable; alleviate soil salinity and alkalinity, soil is difficult for acidifying, and P in soil H does not reduce; be beneficial to soil microbial activity; reduce soil water evaporation, keep the soil water storage amount, optimize farmland ecological environment; the ecotope balance that protects the fields is development sustainable agriculture and the good fertilizing type of the ecological agriculture.
2, topdress with Ye Daigen that Yin Yese changes and regulation of fertilizer requirement when arbitrarily fertilizer, particularly winter wheat are subject to the disaster such as autumn drought, winter drought, spring drought, cold in the late spring at any time, effective, effect is fast.
3, with the Ye Daigen fertile abridged edition of province that topdresses, utilization rate of fertilizer is high, and fertilizer efficiency is timely, increases economic efficiency, and is using sufficient in the situation of base fertilizer, topdresses 3 times with Ye Daigen, and output can improve 50 ~ 100 ㎏/667 ㎡.
4, topdress with Ye Daigen and can topdress to winter wheat at soil drought, solve the difficult contradiction with later stage early ageing of Winter Wheat in Rainfed fertilising, solve winter wheat later stage root system early ageing problem, prolong functional period of leaf.
The method of 5, topdressing with Ye Daigen is simple, processing ease, and the water-saving saving of labor topdresses three times with Ye Daigen, only needs a worker.
Embodiment
Further specify technical solution of the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment, these embodiment can not be interpreted as it is restriction to technical scheme.
Embodiment 1:
Feasibility test with Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method
Autumn sowing in 2009, in the feasibility test of whole county arrangement with Ye Daigen, six processing are established in this experiment altogether, three repetitions, randomized arrangement:
(V
1) 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes makes striking root fertilizer;
(V
2) 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide spring 1,2,3,4,5,6 leaves six times with the Ye Daigen method of topdressing, each urea 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ are made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(V
3) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea make period of seedling establishment and topdress with Ye Daigen;
(V
4) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide the spring 1,2,3,4,5,6 to topdress with Ye Daigen, each urea 1.25 ㎏/667 ㎡ are made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(V
5) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide turn green, jointing, booting topdress with Ye Daigen for three times, each urea 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ are made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(V
6) spray clear water 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ compare (CK);
Table 1 each point cell production summary sheet
Table 2 associating the results of analysis of variance
Table 3 is respectively processed the Economic and Efficiency Analysis table
Interpretation of result: as shown in Table 1, (1) respectively processes equal contrast (CK) volume increase, and except 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea roots chase after the processing, all the other all reach utmost point significance level; When (2) fertilizer application amount is identical, topdress than the root system volume increase of topdressing extremely significantly with Ye Daigen, such as 7.5,15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea, all extremely significantly volume increase; When (3) equivalent is topdressed with Ye Daigen, topdress number of times to yield effect little (difference is not remarkable) with Ye Daigen, as 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide three times not remarkable with five spray differences; (4) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ topdress than the obviously volume increase of topdressing of 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea root systems with Ye Daigen; (5) same fertilizing method, fertilizing amount the more, output is higher, but economic benefit then reduces (seeing Table 3).
Embodiment 2: with Ye Daigen water saving dressing time and number of times test
The feasibility test of autumn sowing in 2009 has proved the feasibility with Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method on the one hand, also points out way for we inquire into Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method on the other hand; 2010, autumn sowing in 2011 has designed with Ye Daigen dressing time and number of times test, and test is provided with Ye Daigen and topdresses, tests with fertilizer time and number of times, is provided with:
(C
1) not topdressing compares (C
1K);
(C
2) fall two leaf stage with Ye Daigen urea 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ that topdress;
(C
3) fall two leaf stage with Ye Daigen 5% urea liquid, 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ that topdress;
(C
4) turn green, jointing, each phase in booting stage topdress with Ye Daigen, with urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(C
5) change the fertile amount of grasp and the number of times that topdresses with Ye Daigen according to the leaf look;
(C
6) base manure do not execute nitrogen, work (C does not also topdress
2K);
(C
7) base manure do not execute nitrogen, change according to the leaf look and grasp topdress number of times and fertilizer application amount with Ye Daigen;
Table 4 2010, result of the test in 2,011 two and associating variance analysis
Experimental plot and the results of analysis of variance see Table 4; As can be seen from Table 4: (1) used sufficient in the situation of base manure in early stage, taked to topdress 1 ~ 3 time with Ye Daigen, and volume increase 10.76 ~ 19.78% on average increases production 13.92%, and the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed and only increased production 3.6%; (2) two leaves once topdress with Ye Daigen, and its economic benefit is the highest, and according to test in 2011, the two leaf stage that falls topdressed once with Ye Daigen, and output 410.75 ㎏/667 ㎡ than CK volume increase 11.01%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 16.3 ㎏, are positioned at first of each processing; (3) turn green, jointing, booting stage topdress with Ye Daigen for three times, output is the highest, economic benefit is maximum, test in 2011 is turned green, jointing, booting stage three times be with Ye Daigen output 438.25 ㎏/667 ㎡ that topdress, test in 2 years, all hold pride of place with the Ye Daigen output of topdressing for three times, economic well-being of workers and staff is maximum.
Embodiment 3: with the Ye Daigen water saving suitable concentration test of using of different apparatuses of topdressing
By test, be harmless with 5% concentration urea liquid to wheat leaf blade; On this basis, further do to improve concentration, reduce water consumption, increase the fertilizer application amount test, designed differently from the Ye Daigen suitable concentration test of using of apparatus of topdressing, seven processing are as follows:
(B
1) 2% urea liquid, 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, nebulizer operation;
(B
2) 5% urea liquid, 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, nebulizer operation;
(B
3) 7.5% urea liquid, 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, nebulizer operation;
(B
4) 7.5% urea liquid, 15 ㎏/667 ㎡, the mist sprayer operation;
(B
5) 15% urea liquid, 15 ㎏/667 ㎡, the mist sprayer operation;
(B
6) 20% urea liquid, 15 ㎏/667 ㎡, the mist sprayer operation;
(B
7) spray clear water 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ make CK;
Above-mentioned test all adopts two leaf stage to topdress result of the test and analysis in table 5 with Ye Daigen.
Table 5 2010, result of the tests in 2,011 two and associating variance analysis table
Tell us with the concentration result of the test that the Ye Daigen water saving is topdressed: each processes (1) than extremely significantly volume increase of CK performance, and amount of increase in production is 5.68 ~ 14.7%, average out to 9.72%; (2) carry out the higher concentration dense fog with mist sprayer, amount of increase in production is larger, economic benefit is higher, six topdressed to process with Ye Daigen be divided into two groups, one group is 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ solution spray devices with the Ye Daigen processing of topdressing, and mean concentration is 4.83%, shares urea 7.25 ㎏/667 ㎡, average volume increase 8.76%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield 12.05 ㎏; Another group is 15 ㎏ solution, and mist sprayer is with the Ye Daigen processing of topdressing, and mean concentration is 14.17%, share urea 6.35 ㎏, average volume increase 10.67%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 16.68 ㎏, high concentration is lacked than low concentration and is used urea 12.07%, the high 1.91% Mei ㎏ urea of rate of growth is produced wheat 4.63 ㎏ more, and the reason of high concentration volume increase is that solution is few, and droplet is thin, easily absorb, availability is high; (3) with fertilizer the more, amount of increase in production is larger, but the economic benefit reduction as with urea 1 ㎏/66 urea, 7 ㎡, 1.125 ㎏/667 ㎡, only increases production 5.68% and 7.33% than KC; With urea 3.75 ㎏/667 ㎡, 3.0 ㎏/667 ㎡, then respectively than CK volume increase 11.55% and 14.7%; With urea 1 ㎏/667 ㎡, 1.125 ㎏/667 ㎡, Ping Jun Mei ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 10.175 ㎏; With urea 3.75 ㎏/667 ㎡, 3 ㎏/667 ㎡, average 1 ㎏ urea only increases production wheat 6.465 ㎏, per 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield, 3.71 ㎏.
Embodiment 4: in test, the plant photosynthetic organs has been done the record of system and investigated, seen Table 6.
Table 6 photosynthetic organs is investigated as a result table
As shown in Table 6, after topdressing with Ye Daigen, the individual plant greenery are counted showed increased, and the trend that increases with fertilizer application amount is arranged, simultaneously also thereupon elongation of the length of blade, and the width of blade is then basicly stable; Because the greenery number increases, leaf is long to be increased, thus leaf-area coefficient also increase, full heading time, individual plant greenery number increases by 1.1 ~ 3.9 than KC, on average increases 0.73, increases by 12.03%; Milk ripe stage,, individual plant greenery number increases 0.1 ~ 3.6, and 2.63 of average out to increase by 20.26%, and leaf area index increases by 0.12 ~ 1.37, on average increases 0.72, increases by 15.72%; From above-mentioned data, find, topdress with Ye Daigen keeping of photosynthetic organs acted on thereupon the postponement of breeding time and further obvious, as seen topdress with Ye Daigen and why can increase production, its main cause is the individual plant greenery number that increases after earing, prolong functional period of leaf, the leaf-area coefficient after peaking is descended slowly, increase the photosynthetic area in later stage, improve photosynthetic benefit, be the more photosynthetic product of seed manufacturing.
Embodiment 5: the large-scale demonstration situation of topdressing with Ye Daigen water saving
Test by 3 years, feasible with Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method, with the root system ratio that topdresses, have many advantages, for large scale application, in small plot experiment, organized again the larger area demonstration in 2012,2 areas are 110*667 ㎡ altogether, all at jointing, booting stage with 5% urea liquid, 50 ㎏, spray for twice, yield result sees Table 7.
Table 7 large-scale demonstration yield result
From upper table, topdress than CK increasing ears and grains increase grain-weight with Ye Daigen, volume increase 13.4%, although because with fertile on the low side, spike number lacks 1.83 than the field of topdressing, because the grain number increases, remedied deficiency, output only subtracts 0.73%, and economic benefit is than root system high 88.4%, two average yield 292.6(㎏/667 ㎡ that topdress), compare with whole county average yield, volume increase 15.28%, fertilizer application amount then lack 18.6%, obviously, if in the scope of the whole county, promote this technology, not only can further improve county's wheat yield, and can reduce greatly fertilizer application amount, increase substantially economic benefit.
Interpretation of result:
(1) topdress with Ye Daigen and process equal contrast (CK) volume increase, spread manuer in holes except 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea and topdress the method processing, all the other all reach utmost point significance level.
When (2) fertilizer application amount is identical, topdress than the method for topdressing of the spreading manuer in holes volume increase of topdressing extremely significantly with Ye Daigen, such as 7.5,15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea, all extremely significantly volume increase.
When (3) equivalent was topdressed with Ye Daigen, the number of times that topdresses was not to yield effect little (difference is not remarkable), as 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide three times not remarkable with five spray differences.
(4) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ topdress than the method for topdressing the obviously volume increase of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes of 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea with Ye Daigen.
(5) same fertilizing method, fertilizing amount the more, output is higher, but economic benefit then reduces.
(6) using sufficient in the situation of base manure, taking to topdress 3 times with Ye Daigen, volume increase 10.76 ~ 19.78% on average increases production 13.92%, and the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed and only increased production 3.6%.
(7) two leaf stage once sprays fertilizer, and its economic benefit is the highest, than CK volume increase 11.01%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 16.3 ㎏, is positioned at first of each processing.
(8) turn green, jointing, booting stage topdress with Ye Daigen for three times, output is the highest, economic benefit is maximum.
(9) each is processed than extremely significantly volume increase of CK performance, and amount of increase in production is 5.68 ~ 14.7%, average out to 9.72%.
(10) topdress than CK increasing ears and grains increase grain-weight with Ye Daigen, volume increase 13.4%, although because with fertile on the low side, spike number lacks 1.83 ten thousand fringes/667 ㎡ than the field of topdressing, but because the grain number increases, remedied deficiency, output only subtracts 0.73%, the economic benefit ratio method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed high by 88.4%, 2 average yield 292.6(㎏/667 ㎡), compare volume increase 15.28% with whole county average yield, fertilizer application amount then lacks 18.6%, obviously, if in the scope of the whole county, promote this technology, not only can further improve county's wheat yield, and can reduce greatly fertilizer application amount, increase substantially economic benefit.
Claims (1)
1. the arid area winter wheat method of topdressing with Ye Daigen water saving, it is characterized in that: winter wheat is used urea 30 ~ 37.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ throughout one's life, and the base manure consumption is 80%, 20% as topdressing with Ye Daigen; The concrete grammar that topdresses with Ye Daigen is: in the sowing time in October 2 ~ 7 in every year, the fertilizer of 24 ~ 30.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ is as the disposable field of executing of base manure; 6 ~ 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide turn green, jointing, booting topdress with Ye Daigen for three times, each urea 2 ~ 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ are made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, adopt mist sprayer that fertilizer solution is sprayed onto on the blade after at 4 in afternoon and topdress with Ye Daigen.
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| CN108142227A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-06-12 | 安徽省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | A kind of control release urea winter wheat topdressing method |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103597988A (en) * | 2013-10-31 | 2014-02-26 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | Method for performing topdressing on winter wheat by sequentially irrigating and fertilizing |
| CN103597988B (en) * | 2013-10-31 | 2015-10-21 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | One is first filled with and is executed winter wheat topdressing method afterwards |
| CN108142227A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-06-12 | 安徽省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | A kind of control release urea winter wheat topdressing method |
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