CN103355043B - Method for water-saving and topdressing of foliar fertilization for replacing root fertilization for winter wheat in drought region - Google Patents
Method for water-saving and topdressing of foliar fertilization for replacing root fertilization for winter wheat in drought region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for water-saving topdressing of winter wheat in a drought region by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization. The method is characterized in that in the whole winter wheat growth cycle, urea is applied according to a ratio of 30-37.5kg/667m<2>, a use ratio of a base fertilizer is 80% and a use ratio of the fertilizer for foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization is 20%; and the method for topdressing by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization comprises the following steps of applying the base fertilizer to a winter wheat field according to a ratio of 24-30kg/667m<2> by one step in a period from October 2 to 7 every year, and carrying out urea topdressing by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization according to a ratio of 6-7.5kg/667m<2> respectively in green-turning, jointing and booting three stages, wherein in each process, urea is applied according to a ratio of 2-2.5kg/667m<2>, a urea solution is used according to a ratio of 50kg/667m<2>, and after four o'clock in the afternoon, the urea solution is sprayed on leaf surfaces by a mist sprayer so that foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization is realized. The method for water-saving topdressing by foliar fertilization replacing root fertilization realizes normal topdressing of winter wheat in drought, saves water, labor and fertilizer, and realizes fertilizer direct absorption by leaves thereby improving a fertilizer utilization rate and a fertilizer action rate.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the topdressing method of wheat, be specifically related to a kind of winter wheat in drought region and economize on water the method for topdressing with Ye Daigen.
Background technology
The employing of topdressing of existing wheat is spreaded manuer in holes the method for topdressing or spread fertilizer over the fields the method for topdressing.Its precondition of the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is that soil wants moist, and fertilizer will dissolve through soil moisture, break up, adsorb and could be absorbed by winter wheat root; Spread fertilizer over the fields rule of topdressing to irrigate with water before rain or after spreading fertilizer over the fields, after fertilizer dissolves, winter wheat just can absorb.
Donghai County is positioned at northeast, Jiangsu Province, is positioned at east longitude 118 ° 22 ' 30 " ~ 119 ° 11 ' 15 ", between north latitude 34 ° 17 ' 30 " ~ 34 ° 47 ' 30 ", belongs to the moistening monsoon climate in middle latitude warm temperate zone half.Spring temperature is changeable, and summer high temperature is rainy, and autumn, the sky is clear and the air is crisp, and winter is cold dry, makes a clear distinction between the four seasons, and illumination is sufficient, and rainfall Annual variations is remarkable, skewness in year.Average temperature of the whole year is 14.5 DEG C, annual frost-free season 228d, and Donghai County total amount of heat is abundanter, and the stable active accumulated temperature by 0 DEG C is 5216 DEG C, day numbers of duration 318d, and the stable active accumulated temperature by 10 DEG C is 4612.2 DEG C; Annual rainfall 912.3㎜。But skewness, Annual variations is comparatively large, and in year, precipitation is also uneven, and 6 ~ September, precipitation accounted for about 70% of gross precipitation, and July, precipitation was maximum, easily formed flood, and summer flood 4 years one chances, the January is minimum.Summer rainwater is maximum, the undue concentration of rainfall is comparatively large to farmland harm, and the impulsive force of effects on surface soil is large, and soil erosion are serious, and large scale soil and nutrient are easily washed away in plot, hills, reduce plow layer, the heavy damage ecological balance of soil.Precipitation variable is large, and 11 ~ February is 73 ~ 87%, and in 8 middle of the month of winter wheat growth, rainfall is 270.6 ㎜ only, less than 30% of the whole year, easily makes the unconditional plot irrigated form winter drought, freeze injury and spring drought.Total area under cultivation 181.77 × 10
4× 667 ㎡, dry land area 82.37 × 10
4× 667 ㎡, account for the 45.3%. of the gross area
At present, winter wheat topdressing method is all spread manuer in holes topdress or spread fertilizer over the fields the method for topdressing, there are three large contradictions in this topdressing method: first, when poor without the unexpected soil moisture content of irrigation water conditioned disjunction, after cannot topdressing or topdress, anhydrous tune be fertile and can not play fertilizer efficiency, particularly in Donghai County, winter wheat Wintering Period dry year accounts for 75%, period of seedling establishment accounts for 95.8% to shooting stage dry year, and jointing is when to booting stage, dry year accounts for 58.3%, the whole county 50 × 10
4the wheatland of × 667 ㎡ non-irrigated conditions cannot rationally topdress, second, can not by Growth of Wheat regulation of fertilizer requirement fertilizer as required, such as 400 ㎏/667 ㎡ wheats, need before general jointing to absorb purity nitrogen 5 ㎏/667 ㎡, jointing need absorb purity nitrogen 4 ㎏/667 ㎡ to booting, purity nitrogen 3.0 ~ 3.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ is absorbed after booting, employing is spreaded manuer in holes and is topdressed, generally can only use sufficient by fertilizer before jointing, because plant is in great numbers after jointing, Feng Hang, root system topdresses quite difficult, although soil has certain fertilizer-preserving ability, but the size of this fertilizer-preserving ability cannot be grasped, as early stage topdresses on the high side, direct waste fertilizer, and cause nourished and grew prosperous, lodging that later stage is remaining green when it is due to become yellow and ripe, as deficiency of topdressing early stage, later stage fertilizer will be caused again not meet youngster and take off power, and about 90% of High-yield Wheat economic flow rate is all formed after earing, therefore fertility deficiency will have a strong impact on output, 3rd, the method for topdressing of the spreading manuer in holes consumption that topdresses is large, and cost is high, and economic benefit is low, and the Donghai County winter wheat method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed generally before and after turning green, and uses urea 15 ~ 20 ㎏/667 ㎡, purity nitrogen 1 ㎏/667 ㎡, volume increase wheat 4 ~ 8 ㎏/667 ㎡.
The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is when field arid, and should not topdress, topdress because spread manuer in holes, chemical nitrogen fertilizer decomposes, Ammonia valatilization, phosphorus element, potassium are plain easily by soil fixing, change slightly solubility state into by soluble status, winter wheat root can not absorb, and causes utilization rate of fertilizer low, and the economic benefit of fertilizer is low.The chemical fertilizer that the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes imposes in soil will through the process of dissolving, break up, adsorb, and 5 ~ 7 days could be absorbed by winter wheat, so fertilizer efficiency speed is slow.The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes at least wants 2 ~ 3 people to coordinate ability operation when operation, 1 people burrows, and 1 people's fertilising, 1 people covers, so operation is heavy, labour intensity is large, labor productivity is low.Spreading manuer in holes the method for topdressing when burrowing, having harm to field plant, soil structure is destroyed serious.The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is when running into the disasters such as autumn drought, winter drought, spring drought, cold in the late spring, and fertilizer efficiency is slow, and plant can not utilize nutrition in time.The method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes have soil harden, acidization, improve soil salinity and alkalinity, affect soil microbial activity, polluted underground water, destroy agricultural ecological balance, wheat late growth stage early ageing problem cannot solve.
Spread fertilizer over the fields the method for topdressing and there is the same shortcoming of the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes, can not topdress during arid.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to: a kind of winter wheat in drought region to be economized on water the method for topdressing with Ye Daigen, normally topdress when drought of winter wheat with Ye Daigen topdressing method of economizing on water, water-saving, saving of labor, province are fertile, and fertilizer is directly absorbed by blade, utilization rate of fertilizer is high, and fertilizer efficiency speed is fast.
Technical solution of the present invention is: winter wheat uses urea 30 ~ 37.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ all one's life, and base manure consumption is 80%, and 20% as topdressing with Ye Daigen; : in the sowing time in annual October 2 ~ 7 that the fertilizer of 24 ~ 30 ㎏/667 ㎡ executes field as base manure is disposable with the concrete grammar that Ye Daigen topdresses; 6 ~ 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide turn green, jointing, booting topdresses with Ye Daigen for three times, each urea 2 ~ 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡, is made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, adopts mist sprayer to be sprayed onto on blade by urea liquid and topdress with Ye Daigen after at 4 in afternoon.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1, topdress with Ye Daigen and reduce fertilizer pollution of area source; soil structure is survivable; alleviate soil salinity and alkalinity, soil is acidifying not easily, and P in soil H does not reduce; be beneficial to soil microbial activity; reduce soil water evaporation, keep soils remediation technolgy, optimize farmland ecological environment; the ecotope that protects the fields balances, and is the fertilizing type that development sustainable agriculture and the ecological agriculture are good.
When 2, topdressing Yin Yese change and regulation of fertilizer requirement with Ye Daigen arbitrarily fertilizer, particularly winter wheat are subject to the disasters such as autumn drought, winter drought, spring drought, cold in the late spring at any time, effective, effect is fast.
3, to topdress the fertile abridged edition of province with Ye Daigen, utilization rate of fertilizer is high, and fertilizer efficiency is timely, and increase economic efficiency, when using sufficient base fertilizer, topdress 3 times with Ye Daigen, output can improve 50 ~ 100 ㎏/667 ㎡.
4, topdress with Ye Daigen and can to topdress to winter wheat at soil drought, solve the difficult contradiction with later stage early ageing of Winter Wheat in Rainfed fertilising, solve winter wheat later stage root system early ageing problem, extend functional period of leaf.
The method of 5, topdressing with Ye Daigen is simple, processing ease, and water-saving saving of labor, topdresses three times with Ye Daigen, only needs a work.
Embodiment
Further illustrate technical solution of the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment, these embodiments can not be interpreted as it is restriction to technical scheme.
Embodiment 1:
with the feasibility test of Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method
Autumn sowing in 2009, arrange in the whole county with the feasibility test of Ye Daigen, six process are established in this experiment altogether, repeat for three times, randomized arrangement:
(V
1) the 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes makes striking root fertilizer;
(V
2) 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide spring 1,2,3,4,5,6 leaf six times to topdress method with Ye Daigen, each urea 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡, is made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(V
3) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea make period of seedling establishment and topdress with Ye Daigen;
(V
4) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide the spring 1,2,3,4,5,6 to topdress with Ye Daigen, each urea 1.25 ㎏/667 ㎡, is made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(V
5) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide turn green, jointing, booting topdresses with Ye Daigen for three times, each urea 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡, is made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(V
6) spray clear water 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ compares (CK);
table 1 each point cell production summary sheet
the results of analysis of variance combined by table 2
table 3 is process Economic and Efficiency Analysis table respectively
Interpretation of result: as shown in Table 1, (1) respectively process is all than contrast (CK) volume increase, and except 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea roots chase after except process, all the other all reach pole significance level; (2), when fertilizer application amount is identical, topdresses to topdress than root system with Ye Daigen and extremely significantly increase production, as 7.5,15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea, all extremely significantly increase production; (3) when equivalent is topdressed with Ye Daigen, number of times is topdressed to yield effect little (difference is not remarkable) with Ye Daigen, as 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide three times with to spray difference for five times not remarkable; (4) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ topdress with Ye Daigen and to topdress obviously volume increase than 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea root systems; (5) same fertilizing method, the more, output is higher for fertilizing amount, but economic benefit then reduces (see table 3).
embodiment 2: with Ye Daigen water saving dressing time and number of times test
The feasibility test of autumn sowing in 2009 demonstrates with the feasibility of Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method on the one hand, also points out way for we inquire into Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method on the other hand; 2010, autumn sowing in 2011 devises and tests with Ye Daigen dressing time and number of times, and test is provided with topdresses with Ye Daigen, tests with fertile time and number of times, is provided with:
(C
1) not topdressing compares (C
1k);
(C
2) fall two leaf stage and to topdress urea 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ with Ye Daigen;
(C
3) fall two leaf stage and to topdress 5% urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ with Ye Daigen;
(C
4) turn green, jointing, each phase in booting stage topdress with Ye Daigen, with urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡;
(C
5) grasp fertile amount and the number of times that topdresses with Ye Daigen according to the change of leaf look;
(C
6) base manure do not execute nitrogen, also do not topdress work (C
2k);
(C
7) base manure do not execute nitrogen, grasp according to the change of leaf look and to topdress number of times and fertilizer application amount with Ye Daigen;
table 4 result of the test in 2010,2,011 two with combine variance analysis
Experimental plot and the results of analysis of variance are in table 4; As can be seen from Table 4: (1), when using sufficient base manure early stage, takes to topdress 1 ~ 3 time with Ye Daigen, and volume increase 10.76 ~ 19.78%, on average increases production 13.92%, and the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed and only increased production 3.6%; (2) two leaves that fall once topdress with Ye Daigen, and its economic benefit is the highest, and according to test in 2011, the two leaf stage that falls topdressed once with Ye Daigen, and output 410.75 ㎏/667 ㎡ increases production 11.01%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 16.3 ㎏ than CK, is positioned at first of each process; (3) turn green, jointing, booting stage topdress with Ye Daigen for three times, output is the highest, economic benefit is maximum, test in 2011 is turned green, jointing, booting stage three times to topdress output 438.25 ㎏/667 ㎡ with Ye Daigen, test in 2 years, all hold pride of place with Ye Daigen output of topdressing for three times, economic well-being of workers and staff is maximum.
embodiment 3: to topdress the concentration tests that different apparatus is suitable for using with Ye Daigen water saving
By test, be harmless with 5% concentration urea liquid to wheat leaf blade; On this basis, do further to improve concentration, reduce water consumption, increase fertilizer application amount test, devise and differently to topdress the concentration tests that apparatus is suitable for using with Ye Daigen, seven process are as follows:
(B
1) 2% urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, nebulizer operation;
(B
2) 5% urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, nebulizer operation;
(B
3) 7.5% urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, nebulizer operation;
(B
4) 7.5% urea liquid 15 ㎏/667 ㎡, mist sprayer operates;
(B
5) 15% urea liquid 15 ㎏/667 ㎡, mist sprayer operates;
(B
6) 20% urea liquid 15 ㎏/667 ㎡, mist sprayer operates;
(B
7) spray clear water 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ makes CK;
Above-mentioned test all adopts down two leaf stage to topdress with Ye Daigen, result of the test and analysis in table 5.
table 5 result of the test in 2010,2,011 two with combine variance analysis table
Us are told: (1) respectively process extremely significantly increases production than CK performance, and amount of increase in production is 5.68 ~ 14.7%, average out to 9.72% with the Ye Daigen concentration tests result of topdressing of economizing on water; (2) higher concentration dense fog is carried out with mist sprayer, amount of increase in production is larger, economic benefit is higher, two groups are divided into Ye Daigen process of topdressing six, one group to be 50 ㎏/667 ㎡ solution sprayer to topdress process with Ye Daigen, and mean concentration is 4.83%, shares urea 7.25 ㎏/667 ㎡, average volume increase 8.76%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield 12.05 ㎏; Another group is 15 ㎏ solution, and mist sprayer to topdress process with Ye Daigen, and mean concentration is 14.17%, share urea 6.35 ㎏, average volume increase 10.67%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 16.68 ㎏, high concentration urea 12.07% fewer than low concentration, high 1.91% Mei ㎏ urea many production wheat 4.63 ㎏ of rate of growth, the reason of high concentration volume increase is that solution is few, and droplet is thin, easy absorption, availability is high; (3) with fertilizer the more, amount of increase in production is larger, but economic benefit reduces, as with urea 1 ㎏/66 urea 7 ㎡, 1.125 ㎏/667 ㎡, only than KC volume increase 5.68% and 7.33%; With urea 3.75 ㎏/667 ㎡, 3.0 ㎏/667 ㎡, then respectively than CK volume increase 11.55% and 14.7%; With urea 1 ㎏/667 ㎡, 1.125 ㎏/667 ㎡, Ping Jun Mei ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 10.175 ㎏; With urea 3.75 ㎏/667 ㎡, 3 ㎏/667 ㎡, average 1 ㎏ urea only increases production wheat 6.465 ㎏, every 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield 3.71 ㎏.
Embodiment 4: while test, record plant photosynthetic organs having been made to system is investigated, in table 6.
table 6 photosynthetic organs investigates result table
As shown in Table 6, after topdressing with Ye Daigen, individual plant greenery number showed increased, and have the trend increased with fertilizer application amount increase, the length of blade is also extended thereupon simultaneously, and the width of blade is then basicly stable; Because greenery number increases, leaf is long to be increased, therefore leaf-area coefficient also increases, full heading time, and individual plant greenery number increases by 1.1 ~ 3.9 than KC, on average increases 0.73, increases by 12.03%; Milk ripe stage, individual plant greenery number increases 0.1 ~ 3.6, average out to 2.63, increases by 20.26%, and leaf area index increases by 0.12 ~ 1.37, on average increases 0.72, increases by 15.72%; Find from above-mentioned data, topdress with Ye Daigen and postponement thereupon breeding time is acted on to the maintenance of photosynthetic organs and further obvious, why visible topdressing with Ye Daigen can be increased production, its main cause is the individual plant greenery number after increasing heading, extend functional period of leaf, make the leaf-area coefficient after peaking decline slowly, increase the photosynthetic area in later stage, improving photosynthetic benefit, is the more photosynthetic product of seed manufacture.
embodiment 5: to economize on water the large-scale demonstration situation of topdressing with Ye Daigen
By the test of 3 years, feasible with Ye Daigen water saving topdressing method, to topdress ratio with root system, there is many advantages, in order to large scale application, while small plot experiment, within 2012, organized again the demonstration of larger area, 2 areas are 110*667 ㎡ altogether, all in jointing, booting stage with 5% urea liquid 50 ㎏, spray for twice, yield result is in table 7.
table 7 large-scale demonstration yield result
From upper table, topdress than CK increasing ears and grains increase grain-weight with Ye Daigen, volume increase 13.4%, although due on the low side with fertilizer, spike number fewer than field of topdressing 1.83, but because grain number increases, compensate for deficiency, output only subtracts 0.73%, economic benefit is topdressed high by 88.4% than root system, 2 average yield 292.6(㎏/667 ㎡), compared with the average yield of the whole county, volume increase 15.28%, fertilizer application amount then lacks 18.6%, obviously, if promote this technology within the scope of the whole county, not only can improve county's wheat yield further, and fertilizer application amount can be reduced greatly, increase substantially economic benefit.
Interpretation of result:
(1) topdress process all than contrast (CK) volume increase with Ye Daigen, spread manuer in holes except 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea and topdress except method process, all the other all reach pole significance level.
(2), when fertilizer application amount is identical, topdresses to topdress than the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes with Ye Daigen and extremely significantly increase production, as 7.5,15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea, all extremely significantly increase production.
(3) when equivalent is topdressed with Ye Daigen, the number of times that topdresses to yield effect little (difference is not remarkable), as 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide three times with to spray difference for five times not remarkable.
(4) 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ topdress with Ye Daigen and to topdress obviously volume increase than the 15 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes.
(5) same fertilizing method, the more, output is higher, but economic benefit then reduces for fertilizing amount.
(6) when using sufficient base manure, take to topdress 3 times with Ye Daigen, volume increase 10.76 ~ 19.78%, on average increases production 13.92%, and the method for topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed and only increased production 3.6%.
(7) two leaf stage that falls once sprays fertilizer, and its economic benefit is the highest, increases production 11.01%, 1 ㎏ urea with increased yield wheat 16.3 ㎏, be positioned at first of each process than CK.
(8) turn green, jointing, to topdress with Ye Daigen for three times booting stage, output is the highest, and economic benefit is maximum.
(9) each process is extremely significantly increased production than CK performance, and amount of increase in production is 5.68 ~ 14.7%, average out to 9.72%.
(10) topdress than CK increasing ears and grains increase grain-weight with Ye Daigen, volume increase 13.4%, although due on the low side with fertilizer, spike number 1.83 ten thousand fringe/667 ㎡s fewer than field of topdressing, but because grain number increases, compensate for deficiency, output only subtracts 0.73%, the economic benefit ratio method of topdressing of spreading manuer in holes is topdressed high by 88.4%, 2 average yield 292.6(㎏/667 ㎡), compared with the average yield of the whole county, volume increase 15.28%, fertilizer application amount then lacks 18.6%, obviously, if promote this technology within the scope of the whole county, not only can improve county's wheat yield further, and fertilizer application amount can be reduced greatly, increase substantially economic benefit.
Claims (1)
1. winter wheat in drought region to be economized on water the method for topdressing with Ye Daigen, it is characterized in that: winter wheat uses urea 30 ~ 37.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ all one's life, and base manure consumption is 80%, and 20% as topdressing with Ye Daigen; : in the sowing time in annual October 2 ~ 7 that the fertilizer of 24 ~ 30 ㎏/667 ㎡ executes field as base manure is disposable with the concrete grammar that Ye Daigen topdresses; 6 ~ 7.5 ㎏/667 ㎡ urea divide turn green, jointing, booting topdresses with Ye Daigen for three times, each urea 2 ~ 2.5 ㎏/667 ㎡, is made into urea liquid 50 ㎏/667 ㎡, adopts mist sprayer to be sprayed onto on blade by urea liquid and topdress with Ye Daigen after at 4 in afternoon.
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| CN108142227A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-06-12 | 安徽省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | A kind of control release urea winter wheat topdressing method |
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