CN103338968A - 用于为储能器充电的系统和用于运行该充电系统的方法 - Google Patents
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- B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
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- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
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- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
- H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于对可控储能器(2)中的至少一个储能器单元(5)充电的系统,所述可控储能器(2)用于对n相电机(1)进行控制和电能供给,其中n≥1。在此,可控储能器(2)具有n个并行的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3),这些能量供给分支分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块(4),所述储能器模块(4)分别包括至少一个电储能器单元(5)与所分配的可控的耦合单元(6)。能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3)在一侧能与参考汇流排(T-)连接,并且在另一侧能与电机(1)的每一项(U,V,W)连接。根据控制信号,耦合单元(6)跨接分别所分配的储能器单元(5)或者将所述分别所分配的储能器单元(5)接通到相应的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2;3-3)中。为了使得能够对至少一个储能器单元(5)充电,电机(1)的星形点(S)能在一侧与参考汇流排(T-)连接并且在另一侧与充电变压器(10)的次级侧(9)连接。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于为储能器充电的系统和一种用于运行根据本发明的充电系统的方法。
背景技术
展示出,在未来既在例如风力发电设备的静态应用中也在如混合动力汽车或电动汽车的汽车中越来越多地采用将新的储能器技术与电驱动技术相组合的电子系统。在常规应用中,例如实施为感应式电机的电机经由逆变器形式的变换器被控制。对于这种系统表征性的是所谓的直流电压中间回路,储能器、一般是电池经由该直流电压中间回路连接到逆变器的直流电压侧。为了能够满足针对相应的应用所给出的对于功率和能量的要求,将多个电池单元串联。因为由这种储能器提供的电流必然流经所有的电池单元并且一个电池单元仅能传导有限的电流,常常附加地并联电池单元,以便提高最大电流。
多个电池单元的串联除了高的总电压以外随之带来如下问题,即当唯一的电池单元失灵时,整个储能器也失灵,因为由此电池电流不再能够流动。储能器的这种失灵可以导致总系统的失灵。在汽车中,驱动电池的失灵可导致汽车“卡住”。在其他应用中,例如风力发电设备的转子叶片调整,可能在不利的框架条件、例如强风的情况下甚至导致危及安全的状况。因此始终致力于储能器的高可靠性,其中用“可靠性”来表示系统在预先给定的时间内无故障工作的能力。
在较早的申请DE 10 2010 027857和DE 10 2010 027861中描述了具有多个电池模块支路的电池,这些电池模块支路可直接连接到电机上。电池模块支路在此具有多个串联的电池模块,其中每个电池模块具有至少一个电池单元和所分配的可控的耦合单元,该耦合单元允许根据控制信号中断相应的电池模块支路或者跨接分别分配的至少一个电池单元或者将分别分配的至少一个电池单元接通到相应的电池模块支路中。通过例如借助于脉宽调制适当地操控耦合单元,还可以提供用于控制电机的适当的相信号,使得可以放弃单独的脉冲逆变器。控制电机所需的脉冲逆变器因此可以说被集成到电池中。出于公开的目的,这两个较早的申请全面地结合到本申请中。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于对可控储能器中的至少一个储能器单元充电的系统,所述可控储能器用于对n相电机进行控制和电能供给,其中n≥1。在此,可控储能器具有n个并行的能量供给分支,这些能量供给分支分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块,所述储能器模块分别包括至少一个电储能器单元与所分配的可控的耦合单元。能量供给模块在一侧能与参考汇流排连接,并且在另一侧能与电机的每一项连接。耦合单元在此构造为全桥。根据控制信号,耦合单元跨接分别所分配的储能器单元或者将所述分别所分配的储能器单元接通到相应的能量供给分支中。电机的星形点能在一侧与参考汇流排连接并且在另一侧与充电变压器的次级侧连接。
本发明此外还提供一种用于运行根据本发明的充电系统的方法,其中在电流建立阶段中在能量供给分支中将电压调整为在绝对值上比在充电变压器的次级侧处小,并且在跟随电流建立阶段的电流下降阶段中在能量供给分支中将电压调整为在绝对值上比在充电变压器的次级侧处高。
本发明的优点
如果可控储能器的储能器单元应当经由充电变压器被充电,则必须首先对在充电变压器的次级侧(次级绕组)处施加的交流电压进行整流。本发明基于的基本构思是,构造为全桥的耦合单元的开关元件用于对充电变压器的次级侧的交流电压进行整流。为此将充电变压器的次级侧分别经由充电电感与可控储能器的能量供给分支连接。该连接在此直接经由电机的星形点进行,其中电机的定子绕组充当充电电感。充电电感处的电压作为充电变压器的次级侧上的次级电压与可控储能器上的电压之间的差得出。整流功能现在通过如下方式实现:储能器单元分别以使得其被充电的极性接通到相应的能量供给分支中。在此在电流建立阶段中在能量供给分支中将电压调整为在绝对值上比在充电变压器的次级侧处小,使得能量被输送给充电电感并且储存在那里。在跟随电流建立阶段的电流下降阶段中在能量供给分支中将电压调整为在绝对值上比在充电变压器的次级侧处高,由此在总体上限制充电电流。能量供给分支中的电压在此分别通过在相应的能量供给分支中接通的储能器单元的数量来确定。通过两个阶段、也就是电流建立阶段和电流降低阶段,通过这种方式总体上得出了恒定的充电电流。
取消充电变压器的次级侧上的单独整流单元既导致费用节省也导致结构空间节省。几种开关网络拓扑、例如所谓的“Dual Active Bridge(双主动桥)”,同样需要变压器的次级侧上的可控的全桥。这种开关网络拓扑同样可以借助于本发明的装置被实现。
如果在经由电机的星形点连接充电变压器的次级侧的情况下电机的定子绕组的电感不足,则可以在充电变压器的次级侧与电机之间接通附加的充电电感。
在充电阶段期间的不期望的力矩可以通过如下方式被避免,即电机在充电过程期间例如借助于传动系止动爪(Getriebesperrklinke)以机械方式被闭锁。可替代地,电机的转子位置也可以例如借助于相应的传感器系统被监视,并且在探测到转子运动的情况下被关断。
本发明的充电系统实施为电隔离的并且也可以实施为感应充电设备,也就是说从网络输入端直至初级绕组的所有部件都可以位于离场充电设备中并且变压器可以相应地修改,也就是实施为平面的。在汽车中采用的情况下由此得出如下优点,在充电变压器的次级绕组以外不必在汽车中携带附加的构件来实现充电功能。
本发明的实施方式的其他特征和优点参照附图从以下描述中得出。
附图说明
图1示出根据本发明的充电系统的实施方式的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示意性示出根据本发明的充电系统的实施方式。可控的储能器2连接到三相电机1上。可控的储能器2包括三个能量供给分支3-1、3-2和3-3,这些能量供给分支在一侧与在所示实施方式中引导低电势的参考电势T-(参考汇流排)连接,并且在另一侧分别与电机1的各个相U、V、W连接。这些能量供给分支3-1、3-2和3-3中的每一个具有m个串联的储能器模块4-11至4-1m或4-21至4-2m或4-31至4-3m,其中m≥2。储能器模块4又分别包括多个串联的电储能器单元,这些储能器单元由于清楚性的原因仅仅在与电机1的相W连接的能量供给分支3-3中配备有附图标记5-31至5-3m。储能器模块4此外分别包括耦合单元,所述耦合单元分配给相应的储能器模块4的储能器单元5。由于清楚性的原因,这些耦合单元也仅仅在能量供给分支3-3中配备附图标记6-31至6-3m。在所示的实施变型方案中,耦合单元6分别通过以全桥形式接线的四个可控的开关元件7-311、7-312、7-313和7-314至7-3m1、7-3m2、7-3m3和7-3m4形成。开关元件在此可以实施为例如IGBT(绝缘栅双极晶体管)形式的功率半导体开关或者实施为MOSFET(金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)。
耦合单元6使得能够通过断开耦合单元6的所有开关元件7来中断相应的能量供给分支3。可替代地,储能器单元5可以通过闭合耦合单元6的开关元件7中的分别两个、例如通过闭合开关7-312和7-314要么被跨接,要么例如通过闭合开关7-312和7-313被接通到相应的能量供给分支3中。
能量供给分支3-1至3-3的总输出电压通过耦合单元6的可控开关元件7的相应开关状态被确定并且可以分级地被调整。分级在此根据各个储能器模块4的电压得出。如果从相同类型地构造的储能器模块4的优选实施方式出发,则从单个储能器模块4的电压乘以每能量供给分支3的串联的储能器模块4的数量m中得出最大可能的总输出电压。
耦合单元6因此允许,电机1的相U、V、W接通高参考电势或者低参考电势,并且就此而言也可以满足已知的逆变器的功能。因此,电机1的性能和运行方式可以在适当地操控耦合单元6的情况下通过可控储能器2来控制。也就是就此而言,可控储能器2满足双重功能,因为其一方面用于电能量供给,但另一方面也用于电机1的控制。
电机1具有定子绕组8-U、8-V和8-W,这些定子绕组以已知的方式彼此以星形电路接线。
电机1在所示实施例中实施为三相交流电机,但是也可以具有少于或者多于三个的相。可控储能器2中的能量供给分支3的数目当然也视电机的相数而定。
在所示的实施例中,每个储能器模块4分别具有多个串联的储能器单元5。但是,所述储能器模块4也可以替代地分别具有仅仅一个唯一的储能器单元或者也可以具有并联的储能器单元。
在所示的实施例中,耦合单元6分别由全桥形式的四个可控的开关元件7构成,这在储能器模块的输出端处也提供了电压极性变换的可能性。但是,耦合单元6也可以通过或多或少的可控的开关元件实现,只要能实现所需的功能(跨接能量供给单元以及将能量供给单元接通到能量供给分支中)。
为了实现一个或多个储能器模块4的储能器单元5的充电,根据本发明的所示实施方式,充电变压器10的次级侧在一侧与电机1的星形点S连接并且在另一侧与参考汇流排T-连接。
在初级侧在充电变压器10之前连接例如半桥或全桥形式的开关单元11,该开关单元11将充电变压器10的初级侧与交流电压源12连接。
在充电变压器10的次级绕组9上施加交流电压,该交流电压必须被整流,以便能够用作为可控储能器2的一个或多个储能器单元5的充电电压。借助于可控储能器2的在全桥拓扑中构造的耦合单元6,现在可能的是,在没有单独的整流单元的情况下实现整流功能。为此通过对应地控制分别所分配的耦合单元6的开关元件7将要充电的储能器单元5分别以使得其被充电的极性接通到相应的能量供给分支3中。
为了储能器单元5的充电,此外还需要充电电感,所述充电电感在经由电机1的星形点S连接充电变压器10的情况下通过电动机绕组8-U、8-V和8-W形成。如果电动机绕组8-U、8-V和8-W的电感不足,则可以在充电变压器10的次级侧和电机1之间接通未示出的充电电感。
电动机绕组8-U、8-V和8-W上的电压UL作为充电变压器10的次级侧上的次级电压Usek与分别所分配的能量供给分支3-1或3-2或3-3处的支路电压UZweig1或UZweig2或UZweig3之间的差得出。储能器单元5的充电分两个阶段进行。
在电流建立阶段中,电压UL必须是正的(UL>0),以便将充电能量储存在相应的发动机绕组8形式的相应的充电电感中。这可以通过如下方式实现:在相应的能量供给分支3处将电压调整为在绝对值上比次级电压Usek小( )。分支电压UZweig取决于相应的能量供给分支3中所接入的储能器单元5的数量,并且因此可以借助于耦合单元6通过接入和/或断开储能器单元5被主动影响。在此也可以经由分别所调整的分支电压UZweig来控制充电电流的陡度。
为了不让充电电流任意地升高,电流建立阶段之后是电流下降阶段,在该电流下降阶段中电压UL是负的(UL<0),使得在相应的发动机绕组8中所存储的能量被再次输出。这可以通过如下方式实现:在相应的能量供给分支3处将电压调整为在绝对值上比次级电压Usek高()。该电压关系也又借助于耦合单元6通过有针对性地接入和/或断开储能器单元5被调整。
通过两个阶段、也就是电流建立阶段和电流下降阶段,由此得出恒定的充电电流。
在充电阶段期间的不期望的力矩可以通过如下方式被避免,即电机1在充电过程期间例如借助于传动系止动爪以机械方式被闭锁。可替代地,电机1的转子位置也可以例如借助于相应的传感器系统被监视,并且在探测到转子运动的情况下被关断。
Claims (3)
1.用于对可控储能器(2)中的至少一个储能器单元(5)充电的系统,所述可控储能器(2)用于对n相电机(1)进行控制和电能供给,其中n≥1,其中
-所述可控储能器(2)具有n个并行的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3),这些能量供给分支
·分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块(4),所述储能器模块(4)分别包括至少一个电储能器单元(5)与所分配的可控的耦合单元(6),
·在一侧能与参考汇流排(T-)连接,并且
·在另一侧能与电机(1)的每一项(U,V,W)连接,
-耦合单元(6)被构造为全桥并且根据控制信号跨接分别所分配的储能器单元(5)或者将分别所分配的储能器单元(5)接通到相应的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2;3-3)中,并且
-电机(1)的星形点(S)能在一侧与参考汇流排(T-)连接并且在另一侧与充电变压器(10)的次级侧(9)连接。
2.根据权利要求1的系统,其中在充电变压器(10)的次级侧(9)与电机的星形点(S)之间能接通附加的充电电感。
3.用于运行根据权利要求1或2之一的充电系统的方法,其中
-在电流建立阶段中在能量供给分支(3-1,3-2;3-3)中将电压调整为在绝对值上比在充电变压器(10)的次级侧(9)处小,并且
-在跟随电流建立阶段的电流下降阶段中在能量供给分支(3-1,3-2;3-3)中将电压调整为在绝对值上比在充电变压器(10)的次级侧(9)处高。
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US20130314046A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
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WO2012107149A1 (de) | 2012-08-16 |
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