CN103339819A - 用于为储能器充电的系统和用于运行该充电系统的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于对可控储能器(2)中的至少一个储能器单元(5)充电的系统,所述可控储能器(2)用于对n相电机(1)进行控制和电能供给,其中n≥1。在此,可控储能器(2)具有n个并行的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3),这些能量供给分支分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块(4),所述储能器模块(4)分别包括至少一个电储能器单元(5)与所分配的可控的耦合单元(6)。能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3)在一侧能与参考汇流排(T-)连接,并且在另一侧能与电机(1)的每一相(U,V,W)连接。根据控制信号,耦合单元(6)跨接分别所分配的储能器单元(5)或者将所述分别所分配的储能器单元(5)接通到相应的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2;3-3)中。为了使得能够对至少一个储能器单元(5)充电,至少一个外部能量源(10)能在一侧与能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3)连接并且在另一侧与参考汇流排(T-)连接。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于为储能器充电的系统和一种用于运行根据本发明的充电系统的方法。
背景技术
展示出,在未来既在例如风力发电设备的静态应用中也在如混合动力汽车或电动汽车的汽车中越来越多地采用将新的储能器技术与电驱动技术相组合的电子系统。在常规应用中,例如实施为感应式电机的电机经由逆变器形式的变换器被控制。对于这种系统表征性的是所谓的直流电压中间回路,储能器、一般是电池经由该直流电压中间回路连接到逆变器的直流电压侧。为了能够满足针对相应的应用所给出的对于功率和能量的要求,将多个电池单元串联。因为由这种储能器提供的电流必然流经所有的电池单元并且一个电池单元仅能传导有限的电流,常常附加地并联电池单元,以便提高最大电流。
多个电池单元的串联除了高的总电压以外随之带来如下问题,即当唯一的电池单元失灵时,整个储能器也失灵,因为由此电池电流不再能够流动。储能器的这种失灵可以导致总系统的失灵。在汽车中,驱动电池的失灵导致汽车“卡住”。在其他应用中,例如风力发电设备的转子叶片调整,可能在不利的框架条件、例如强风的情况下甚至导致危及安全的状况。因此始终致力于储能器的高可靠性,其中用“可靠性”来表示系统在预先给定的时间内无故障工作的能力。
在较早的申请DE 10 2010 027857和DE 10 2010 027861中描述了具有多个电池模块支路的电池,这些电池模块支路可直接连接到电机上。电池模块支路在此具有多个串联的电池模块,其中每个电池模块具有至少一个电池单元和所分配的可控的耦合单元,该耦合单元允许根据控制信号中断相应的电池模块支路或者跨接分别分配的至少一个电池单元或者将分别分配的至少一个电池单元接通到相应的电池模块支路中。通过例如借助于脉宽调制适当地操控耦合单元,还可以提供用于控制电机的适当的相信号,使得可以放弃单独的脉冲逆变器。控制电机所需的脉冲逆变器因此可以说被集成到电池中。出于公开的目的,这两个较早的申请全面地结合到本申请中。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于对可控的储能器中的至少一个储能器单元充电的系统,所述可控的储能器用于对n相电机进行控制和电能供给,其中n≥1。在此,可控的储能器具有n个并行的能量供给分支,这些能量供给分支分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块,并且所述储能器模块分别包括至少一个电储能器单元与所分配的可控的耦合单元。能量供给分支在一侧能与参考汇流排连接,并且在另一侧能与电机的每一项连接。根据控制信号,耦合单元跨接分别所分配的储能器单元或者将所述分别所分配的储能器单元接通到相应的能量供给分支中。至少一个外部能量源能在一侧与能量供给分支连接并且能在另一侧与参考汇流排连接。
本发明此外还提供一种用于运行根据本发明的充电系统的方法,其中所有能量供给分支中的储能器单元同时充电。
本发明的优点
本发明所基于的基本构思是,为了对储能器单元充电将能量供给分支直接在没有附加的充电部件的中间电路的情况下与外部能量源电连接。
除了节省了附加的充电部件,根据本发明的系统的特点在于,在能单独地通过可控储能器调整的充电电流的情况下可以进行所有能量供给分支中的储能器单元的同时充电,尤其是甚至可控储能器的所有储能器单元的同时充电。
根据本发明,外部能量源直接与能量供给分支并且因此也与电机的所属相连接。在此,不必为每个能量供给分支设置自己的外部能量源,因为各个能量供给分支经由电机的相和电机的星形点彼此电连接,这允许充电电流流经所有的能量供给分支。
但是在这种实施方式的情况下,充电电流也流经发动机电感,所述发动机电感实际上不是真实的并且因此具有寄生的电阻分量,所述电阻分量阻碍电流流动。为了规避这个问题,也可以设置n个外部能量源,这些外部能量源能在一侧分别与能量供给分支连接并且在另一侧与参考汇流排连接。在这种情况下,为每个能量供给分支设置自己的能量源,所述自己的能量源可以将充电电流在没有弯路的情况下经由电机直接馈入到相应的能量供给分支中。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,外部能量源构造为电流源,这所提供的优点是,所述电流源可以在没有其他措施的情况下与充当电压源的可控储能器并联,因为充电电流自动地受到电流源限制。
替换于此地,能量源也可以构造为电压源,所述电压源的电压值处于分别所连接的能量供给分支的电压以下。但是在此得出的问题是,充电电流不自动地受到电压源限制,使得所述电压源不能容易地与充当电压源的可控储能器并联。但是该问题通过如下方式解决,即能量源除了电压源以外包括分别串联的附加的充电电感,所述充电电感能与可控储能器的耦合单元相连接地作为升压变换器来运行。但是在与升压变换器相连接的情况下,电压源获得“电流源特性”,使得在使用电压源作为外部能量源的情况下也不需要附加的充电部件。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,能与可控储能器的能量供给分支连接的能量源构造为直流电压源或者直流电流源。但是如果可控储能器的耦合单元设计为全桥,则能量源也可以替换地构造为对称的交流电压源或者交流电流源。
在全桥形式的耦合单元的情况下,能量源也可以构造为不对称的交流电压源或者交流电流源。但是为了避免充电过程期间的不期望的力矩,在这种情况下设置可控的开关元件,通过所述可控的开关元件电机能与能量供给分支分开。
可替换地或者附加地,在充电阶段期间的不期望的力矩由此可以被避免,使得电机在充电过程期间例如借助于传动系止动爪(Getriebesperrklinke)以机械方式被闭锁。可替代地,电机的转子位置也可以例如借助于相应的传感器系统被监视,并且在探测到转子运动的情况下被关断。
本发明的实施方式的其他特征和优点参照附图从以下描述中得出。
附图说明
图1示出根据本发明的充电系统的第一实施方式的示意图,
图2示出充电阶段中的根据本发明的充电系统的第二实施方式的示意图,
图3示出空转阶段中的根据图2的充电系统。
具体实施方式
图1至3示出根据本发明的充电系统的实施方式的示意图。可控的储能器2连接到三相电机1上。可控的储能器2包括三个能量供给分支3-1、3-2和3-3,这些能量供给分支在一侧与在所示实施方式中引导低电势的参考电势T-(参考汇流排)连接,并且在另一侧分别与电机1的各个相U、V、W连接。这些能量供给分支3-1、3-2和3-3中的每一个具有m个串联的储能器模块4-11至4-1m或4-21至4-2m或4-31至4-3m,其中m≥2。储能器模块4又分别包括多个串联的电储能器单元,这些储能器单元由于清楚性的原因仅仅在与电机1的相W连接的能量供给分支3-3中配备有附图标记5-31至5-3m。储能器模块4此外分别包括耦合单元,所述耦合单元分配给相应的储能器模块4的储能器单元5。由于清楚性的原因,这些耦合单元也仅仅在能量供给分支3-3中配备附图标记6-31至6-3m。在所示的实施变型方案中,耦合单元6分别通过以全桥形式接线的四个可控的开关元件7-311、7-312、7-313和7-314至7-3m1、7-3m2、7-3m3和7-3m4形成。开关元件在此可以实施为例如IGBT(绝缘栅双极晶体管)形式的功率半导体开关或者实施为MOSFET(金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)。
耦合单元6使得能够通过断开耦合单元6的所有开关元件7来中断相应的能量供给分支3。可替代地,储能器单元5可以通过闭合耦合单元6的开关元件7中的分别两个、例如通过闭合开关7-312和7-314要么被跨接,要么例如通过闭合开关7-312和7-313被接通到相应的能量供给分支3中。
能量供给分支3-1至3-3的总输出电压通过耦合单元6的可控开关元件7的相应开关状态被确定并且可以分级地被调整。分级在此根据各个储能器模块4的电压得出。如果从相同类型地构造的储能器模块4的优选实施方式出发,则从单个储能器模块4的电压乘以每能量供给分支3的串联的储能器模块4的数量m中得出最大可能的总输出电压。
耦合单元6因此允许,电机1的相U、V、W接通高参考电势或者低参考电势,并且就此而言也可以满足已知的逆变器的功能。因此,电机1的性能和运行方式可以在适当地操控耦合单元6的情况下通过可控储能器2来控制。也就是就此而言,可控储能器2满足双重功能,因为其一方面用于电能量供给,另一方面也用于电机1的控制。
电机1具有定子绕组8-U、8-V和8-W,这些定子绕组以已知的方式彼此以星形电路接线。
电机1在所示实施例中实施为三相交流电机,但是也可以具有少于或者多于三个的相。可控第一储能器2中的能量供给分支3的数目当然也视电机的相数而定。
在所示的实施例中,每个储能器模块4分别具有多个串联的储能器单元5。但是,所述储能器模块4也可以替代地分别具有仅仅一个唯一的储能器单元或者也可以具有并联的储能器单元。
在所示的实施例中,耦合单元6分别由全桥形式的四个可控的开关元件7构成,这在储能器模块的输出端处也提供了电压极性变换的可能性。但是,耦合单元6也可以通过或多或少的可控的开关元件实现,只要能实现所需的功能(跨接能量供给单元以及将能量供给单元接通到能量供给分支中)。耦合单元尤其是也可以以半桥的形式来构造。这种实施方式例如由较早的申请DE 10 2010 027857和DE 10 2010 027861得出。
为了实现一个或多个储能器模块4的储能器单元5的充电,设置三个构造为电流源10’-1,10’-2和10’-3的外部能量源10-1或10-2或10-3,所述外部能量源在一侧分别与能量供给分支3-1或3-2或3-3连接并且另一方面与参考汇流排T-连接。电流源10’在此可以实施为直流电流源或者在耦合单元6的所示构型情况下可以实施为全桥也可以实施为交流电流源,并且分别提供适合于对相应的能量供给分支3中的储能器单元5充电的充电电流。因为各个能量供给分支3-1至3-3经由电机1的星形点S彼此连接,因此还可以替换于所示的实施变型设想:不为能量供给分支3中的每一个设置自己的电流源10’,而是仅仅将能量供给分支3的一部分与电流源10’连接。
图2和3示出本发明的第二实施方式。该第二实施方式与第三实施方式的区别在于,外部能量源10-1,10-2和10-3不构造为电流源,而是构造为电压源10’’-1,10’’-2和10’’-3,所述电压源的电压值处于能量供给分支3-1至3-3的电压以下。此外,能量源10-1,10-2和10-3分别具有与电压源10’’-1或10’’-2或10’’-3串联的附加的充电电感11-1或11-2或11-3。电压源10’’在此可以构造为直流电压源,或者在耦合单元6的所示构型的情况下可以实施为全桥也可以实施为交流电压源。为了在电压源10’’的情况下也能够提供适合于对储能器单元5充电的充电电流,充电过程在此必须以两个阶段进行,这在下面示例性地针对单个的储能器模块4的储能器单元5——即能量供给分支3-3中的储能器模块4-3m的储能器单元5-3m——的充电过程借助于构造为直流电压源的电压源10’’来描述。在此,耦合单元6与附加的充电电感11相连接地作为升压变换器运行。
在图2中所示的充电阶段期间,位于能量供给分支3-3(要充电的储能器单元5-31也位于该能量供给分支3-3中)中的储能器模块4-31至4-3m的耦合单元6-31至6-3m通过未示出的控制单元被控制为,使得分别所分配的储能器单元5-31至5-3m被跨接。这具体地通过如下方式实现,即开关元件7-312和7-314至7-3m2和7-3m4被闭合,而开关元件7-311和7-313至7-3m1和7-3m3被断开。所有其余的耦合单元6,也就是说其他两个能量供给分支3-1和3-2的储能器模块4中的所有耦合单元6,被控制为使得相应的能量供给分支3-1或3-2被中断。这具体地通过如下方式实现,即耦合单元6的所有开关元件7分别被断开。
耦合单元6的这种操控引起电流流经充电电感11-3,使得在充电阶段期间将电能存储在充电电感11-3中。
在充电阶段之后的在图3中所示的空转阶段中,分配给要充电的储能器单元5-3m的耦合单元6-3m被控制为,使得所分配的储能器单元5-3m被接入到能量供给分支3-3中。这具体地通过如下方式实现,即开关元件7-3m2和7-3m3被断开并且开关元件7-3m1和7-3m4被闭合。所有其余的位于要充电的储能器单元5-3m的能量供给分支3-3中的耦合单元6-31至6-3(m-1)被控制为,使得分别所分配的储能器单元5-31至5-3(m-1)被跨接(闭合开关7-312和7-314至7-3(m-1)2至7-3(m-1)4并且断开开关元件7-311和7-313至7-3(m-1)1至7-3(m-1)3),但是其中所述要充电的储能器单元5-3m本身并不属于要充电的储能器单元5。其余的能量供给分支3-1和3-2中的耦合单元6-11至6-1m和6-21至6-2m此外被控制为,使得相应的能量供给分支3-1和3-2被中断。
耦合单元6的这种控制引起充电电感11-3与要充电的储能器单元5-3m的电连接。所述充电电感11-3在此继续驱动电流并且通过这种方式对储能器单元5-3m充电。
通过所描述的方式原则上可以对可控的储能器2的所有能量供给分支3中的所有储能器单元5充电。但是利用根据本发明的系统也可以通过相应地操控耦合单元6来对多个能量供给分支3中的多个储能器单元5或者甚至所有储能器单元5同时充电。通过能量源10馈送的电流到各个能量供给分支3的分布在此可经由能量供给分支3的电压来调整。能量供给分支3的电压在此又通过接通到相应的能量供给分支3中的储能器单元5的数目来确定。
在根据图2和3所阐述的实施方式的情况下,替换于所示变型也可以设想:不为能量供给分支3中的每一个设置自己的电压源10’’,而是仅仅将能量供给分支3中的一部分与电压源10’连接。在此也可以利用的是,各个能量供给分支3-1至3-3无论如何都经由电机1的星形点S彼此连接。
如果在能量源10耦合到可控的储能器2的能量供给分支3的情况下采用不对称的交流电压源,例如开放式网络,则可能导致在电机中生成不期望的力矩。因此可以设置未示出的可控的开关元件,所述未示出的可控的开关元件允许将电机1在充电过程期间与能量供给分支分开。
替换地或者附加地,充电过程期间的不期望的力矩也可以通过如下方式被避免,即电机1在充电过程期间例如借助于传动系止动爪以机械方式被闭锁。可替代地,电机1的转子位置也可以例如借助于相应的传感器系统被监视,并且在探测到转子运动的情况下被关断。
Claims (8)
1.用于对可控的储能器(2)中的至少一个储能器单元(5)充电的系统,所述可控的储能器(2)用于对n相电机(1)进行控制和电能供给,其中n≥1,其中
-所述可控的储能器(2)具有n个并行的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3),这些能量供给分支
·分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块(4),所述储能器模块(4)分别包括至少一个电储能器单元(5)与所分配的可控的耦合单元(6),
·在一侧能与参考汇流排(T-)连接,并且
·在另一侧能与电机(1)的每一相(U,V,W)连接,
-耦合单元(6)根据控制信号跨接分别所分配的储能器单元(5)或者将分别所分配的储能器单元(5)接通到相应的能量供给分支(3-1,3-2;3-3)中,
-至少一个外部能量源(10),所述至少一个外部能量源能在一侧与能量供给分支(3-1;3-2;3-3)连接并且在另一侧与参考汇流排(T-)连接。
2.根据权利要求1的系统,其中设置n个外部能量源(10-1,10-2,10-3),这些外部能量源能在一侧分别与能量供给分支(3-1;3-2;3-3)连接并且在另一侧与参考汇流排(T-)连接。
3.根据权利要求1或2之一的系统,其中能量源(10)构造为电流源(10’)。
4.根据权利要求1或2之一的系统,其中所述外部能量源(10)包括电压源(10’’)与分别与所述电压源串联的附加的充电电感(11),其中电压源(10’’)的电压值处于分别所连接的能量供给分支(3-1;3-2;3-3)的电压以下,并且其中耦合单元(6)能与附加的充电电感(11)相连接地作为升压变换器来运行。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一的系统,其中能量源(10)构造为直流电流源(10’)或直流电压源(10’’)。
6.根据权利要求1至4之一的系统,其中能量源(10)构造为对称的交流电流源(10’)或交流电压源(10’’)并且耦合单元(6)构造为全桥。
7.根据权利要求1至4之一的系统,其中能量源(10)构造为不对称的交流电流源(10’)或交流电压源(10’’)并且耦合单元(6)构造为全桥,并且其中电机(1)能通过可控的开关元件与能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3)分开。
8.用于运行根据权利要求1至7之一的充电系统的方法,其中对所有能量供给分支(3-1,3-2,3-3)中的储能器单元(5)同时充电。
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CN109017352A (zh) * | 2018-06-21 | 2018-12-18 | 重庆国翰能源发展有限公司 | 一种充电桩储能结构供电监控方法 |
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US20130320912A1 (en) | 2013-12-05 |
WO2012107148A1 (de) | 2012-08-16 |
EP2673863A1 (de) | 2013-12-18 |
CN103339819B (zh) | 2016-06-22 |
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