CN103269901B - 把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统以及所属的运行方法 - Google Patents

把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统以及所属的运行方法 Download PDF

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CN103269901B
CN103269901B CN201180063384.6A CN201180063384A CN103269901B CN 103269901 B CN103269901 B CN 103269901B CN 201180063384 A CN201180063384 A CN 201180063384A CN 103269901 B CN103269901 B CN 103269901B
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P·法伊尔斯塔克
E·魏森博恩
M·克斯勒
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0025—Sequential battery discharge in systems with a plurality of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H02P27/14—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation with three or more levels of voltage
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    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于把至少一个直流源（9）耦合到可控储能器（2）的系统，该可控储能器用于n相电机（1）的控制和电能供给，其中n≥1。在此该可控储能器（2）具有n个并联的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2，3-3），这些能量供给支路在一侧能够与参照母线（T-）相连接，并且在另一侧能够分别与该电机（1）的一个相（U,V,W）相连接。中间回路（10）能够在输出侧通过可控耦合电路（12）与该可控储能器（2）的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2，3-3）相连接，并在输入侧与所述至少一个直流源（9）相连接。所属的运行方法规定，借助该可控耦合电路（12）来控制从所述至少一个直流源（9）到该可控储能器（2）的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2；3-3）中或者到该电机（1）的相（U,V,W）中的电流流动。

Description

把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统以及所属的运行方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的一种系统以及用于运行本发明系统的一种方法。
背景技术
预计将来不仅在例如风力设备的静止应用中而且在例如混合动力或电动车辆的车辆中越来越多地采用把新的能量存储技术与电驱动技术组合的电子系统。在常规的应用中，通过逆变器形式的变流器来控制例如作为感应式电机实施的电机。这种系统的特点是所谓的直流电压中间回路，储能器、通常是电池通过该直流电压中间回路连接到该逆变器的直流电压侧。为了能够满足针对相应应用而给定的对功率和能量的要求，多个电池单元被串联。因为由这种储能器所提供的电流必须流经所有的电池单元，并且一个电池单元仅能够传导有限的电流，所以经常额外地并联电池单元，以提高最大电流。
多个电池单元的串联电路除了高的总电压之外还带来以下问题，即如果唯一的电池单元失效，那么整个储能器就失效，因为于是不再能够流过电池电流。储能器的这种失效可能导致整个系统的失效。在车辆的情况下，驱动电池的失效可能导致车辆的“停驶”。在其他应用的情况下，例如在风力设备的转子叶片调节的情况下，在基本条件不利时，例如在有强风时甚至可能导致危及安全的状况。因此总是追求储能器的高可靠性，其中用“可靠性”来表示系统在预给定的时间内无故障工作的能力。
在较早的申请DE102010027857和DE102010027861中描述了具有多个电池模块支路的电池，这些电池模块支路可以直接连接到电机。这些电池模块支路在此具有多个串联的电池模块，其中每个电池模块都具有至少一个电池单元和所属的可控耦合单元，该耦合单元允许根据控制信号来断开相应的电池模块支路，或者桥接分别所属的至少一个电池单元，或者把分别所属的至少一个电池单元接通到相应的电池模块支路中。通过适当控制这些耦合单元，例如借助脉宽调制，也可以提供合适的相位信号来控制该电机，如此使得可以放弃单独的脉冲逆变器。由此，为控制该电机所需的脉冲逆变器可以说被集成在电池中。出于公开的目的，这两个较早的申请被全面引入本申请中。
如果这种电池应该例如被用在电动车辆中，那么应该注意的是，当今可用的电池技术显著限制了这种电动车辆的行驶距离。
发明内容
本发明提供了用于把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的一种系统，该可控储能器用于对n相电机的控制和电能供给，其中n≥1。该可控储能器在此具有n个并联的能量供给支路，这些能量供给支路在一侧可以与一个参照母线相连接，并且在另一侧可以分别与该电机的一相相连接。为了馈入电能而设置了中间回路，该中间回路可以在输出侧通过可控耦合电路与该可控储能器的能量供给支路相连接，并且在输入侧直接或间接地与至少一个直流源相连接。
本发明另外还提供了用于运行本发明系统的一种方法，其中借助可控耦合电路来控制从至少一个直流源到可控储能器的能量供给支路中或者到电机的相中的电流流动。
本发明的优点
通过根据本发明把附加的直流源耦合到可控储能器，可以提供附加的电能，并以这种方式显著延长例如电动车辆的行驶距离。所提供的能量在此可以按照可控储能器以及电机的当前运行状态或者被用于给该可控能量源的储能器单元充电，或者被用于在给电机的能量供给时支持该可控能量源。本发明的系统在此其特征尤其在于简单可实现的并由此造价合理的电路拓扑结构。
根据本发明的一个实施方式，该中间回路可以与该参照母线相连接，并且该可控耦合电路针对每个能量供给支路分别具有电流调节的直流电压变换器、尤其是降压器。在此可以通过各个直流电压变换器的脉冲占空比同时并相互独立地把电流馈入到该电机的相中或者馈入到该可控储能器的能量供给支路中。在此通过对脉冲占空比的对应调制不仅可以实现直流电，而且还可以实现叠加的交流电。该可控储能器的调节在此在每个时间点都保证了正确的相电压。由此根据该电机的相电流的当前瞬时值，电流从该直流电压变换器流到该电机中以支持该可控储能器，或者流到该可控储能器中以给储能器单元充电。由此该电机保持不受通过中间回路瞬时馈入电流的程度的影响。
替换作为直流电压变换器的扩展方案，该可控耦合电路也可以包含有n相逆变器，其中每一个逆变器支路可以分别通过至少一个附加的电感而分别与该可控储能器的一个能量供给支路相连接。该直流源的这种耦合方式也实现了向该电机的相中或者向该可控储能器的能量供给支路中同时并且相互独立的电流馈入。在此根据该可控储能器的空间矢量调制以及要从该直流源馈入的功率来进行该逆变器的空间矢量调制。由此在该实施方式中不需要把该中间回路与该参照母线电连接。
如果该可控耦合电路包含有n相逆变器，那么逆变器支路也可以直接地、也即不用中间接入附加的电感地分别与该可控储能器的一个能量供给支路相连接。但在这种情况下必须在该中间回路与所述至少一个直流源之间接通至少一个附加的电感。由此该电感可以说代替了在该耦合电路与该可控储能器之间连接线路中的电感。
如果该直流源包含有具有通过内燃机驱动的发电机的行驶距离延长装置（rangeextender），那么就能够在高可用性的情况下实现特别有效的能量馈入。该发电机在此可以作为直流发电机或者作为具有后接整流器的交流发电机来实施。
但替换或者附加地，也可以采用任意其他的直流源，例如燃料电池、光伏模块或还有风力设备。原则上可以以任意的实施方式来设置任意多的直流源。
本发明的另一实施方式规定，该可控储能器的能量供给支路分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块，这些储能器模块分别包含有至少一个具有所属的可控耦合单元的电储能器单元，该可控耦合单元根据控制信号桥接分别所属的储能器单元，或者把分别所属的储能器单元接通到相应的能量供给支路中。通过这种扩展方案，可以以特别简单和有效的方式实现该可控储能器的双重功能，也即对该电机的控制和能量供给。
本发明的实施方式的其他特征和优点由下面参照附图的说明得出。
附图说明
其中：
图1示出了本发明的用于把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统的第一实施方式的示意图，
图2示出了本发明的用于把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统的第二实施方式的示意图，以及
图3示出了本发明的用于把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统的第三实施方式的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1至3示出了本发明的用于把至少一个直流源耦合到可控储能器的系统的实施方式的示意图。在三相电机1上连接了可控储能器2。该可控储能器2包含有三个能量供给支路3-1、3-2和3-3，这些能量供给支路在一侧与参照电位T-（参照母线）相连接，该参照电位在所示的实施方式中引导低电位，并且这些能量供给支路在另一侧分别与该电机1的各个相U、V、W相连接。每个能量供给支路3-1、3-2和3-3都具有m个串联的储能器模块4-11至4-1m或4-21至4-2m或4-31至4-3m，其中m≥2。该储能器模块4再次分别包含有多个串联的电储能器单元，出于一目了然的原因，这些电储能器单元仅在与该电机1的相W相连接的能量供给支路3-3中配备有参考符号5-31至5-3m。储能器模块4另外还分别包含有耦合单元，该耦合单元被分配给相应储能器模块4的储能器单元5。出于一目了然的原因，这些耦合单元也仅在能量供给支路3-3中配备有参考符号6-31至6-3m。在所示的实施变化方案中，耦合单元6分别由四个可控开关元件7-311、7-312、7-313和7-314至7-3m1、7-3m2、7-3m3和7-3m4来构成，这些可控开关元件以全桥的形式来连接。这些开关元件在此可以作为功率半导体开关、例如以IGBT（绝缘栅双极晶体管）的形式或者作为MOSFET（金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管）来实施。
这些耦合单元6能够通过断开一个耦合单元6的所有开关元件7来断开相应的能量供给支路3。替换的，这些储能器单元5可以通过分别闭合一个耦合单元6的两个开关元件7而或者被桥接，例如闭合开关7-312和7-314，或者被接通到相应的能量供给支路3中，例如闭合开关7-312和7-313。
能量供给支路3-1至3-3的总输出电压通过耦合单元6的可控开关元件7的相应开关状态而被确定，并能够分级地被调节。该分级在此根据各个储能器模块4的电压来得到。如果基于同样设计的储能器模块4的该优选实施方式，那么由单个储能器模块4的电压乘以每个能量供给支路3中串联的储能器模块4的数量m就得到了最大可能的总输出电压。
由此这些耦合单元6允许把该电机1的相U、V、W或者相对于高参照电位或者相对于低参照电位来接通，并就此也能够满足已知逆变器的功能。由此该电机1的功率和运行方式在适当控制这些耦合单元6的情况下能够通过该可控储能器2而被控制。该可控储能器2因此就此满足了双重功能，因为它一方面用于对该电机1的电能量供给，而另一方面还用于对该电机1的控制。
该电机1具有定子绕组8-U、8-V和8-W，它们以已知的方式以星状电路相互连接。
在所示的实施例中该电机1作为三相的多相电机来实施，但也可以具有少于或多于三个的相。自然也根据电机的相数来设置在可控储能器2中能量供给支路3的数目。
在所示的实施例中，每个储能器模块4都分别具有多个串联的储能器单元5。但这些储能器模块4替换地也可以分别仅具有唯一的储能器单元或者并联的储能器单元。
在所示的实施例中，耦合单元6分别通过四个可控开关元件7以全桥的形式来构成，这也提供了在储能器模块的输出端上进行电压反转的可能性。但耦合单元6也可以通过更多或更少的可控开关元件来实现，只要能够实现必要的功能（桥接能量供给单元以及把这些能量供给单元接通到能量供给支路中）。耦合单元尤其还可以以全桥的形式来构造。这种实施方式示例地由较早的申请DE102010027857和DE102010027861得到。
在该可控储能器2上耦合了直流源9。为此设置有中间回路电容11形式的中间回路（直流电压中间回路）10，其在输出侧通过可控耦合电路12与该可控储能器2的能量供给支路3相连接，并在输入侧与该直流源9相连接。该直流源9在此分别包含有本身已知的行驶距离延长装置13，该行驶距离延长装置13具有通过内燃机14驱动的交流发电机15，其中给该交流发电机后接了整流器16。替换具有后接整流器16的交流发电机15，也可以设置直流发电机。替换或附加于该行驶距离延长装置13，也可以把任意其他的直流源、例如燃料电池和/或光伏模块与该中间回路10相连接。
根据在图1中所示的实施方式，该中间回路10与该参照母线T-相连接，并且该可控耦合电路12针对每个能量供给支路3-1、3-2和3-3分别包含有电流调节的直流电压变换器17-1或17-2或17-3，其在所示的实施方式中作为降压器来实施。这些直流电压变换器17在此分别包含有两个可控开关元件18-1a和18-1b或者18-2a和18-2b或者18-3a和18-3b的串联电路。在分别设置于这两个开关元件之间的连接位置K1或者K2或者K3上分别连接电感19-1或19-2或19-3，这些直流电压变换器17-1、17-2和17-3通过该电感与该可控储能器的能量供给支路3-1或3-2或3-3相连接，并与该电机1的相U或V或W相连接。
该直流电压变换器17的开关元件18通过未示出的控制单元而被控制，该控制单元优选地还控制耦合单元6的开关元件7。通过各个直流电压变换器17-1、17-2和17-3的开关元件18所用的控制信号的脉冲占空比，同时并相互独立地把电流馈入到该电机1的相U或V或W中，或者馈入到该可控储能器2的能量供给支路3-1或3-2或3-3中。通过对脉冲占空比的对应调制，不仅可以馈入直流，而且可以馈入叠加的交流。该可控储能器2的调节在此保证了在每个时间点在该电机的相U、V、W上都有正确的电压。根据该电机1的相电流的当前瞬时值，电流或者从该直流电压变换器17流入到该电机1中以支持该可控储能器2，或者流入到该可控储能器2中以给储能器单元5充电。由此该电机1保持不受通过中间回路10瞬时馈入电流的程度的影响。
根据本发明的第二实施方式，如在图2中所示，该可控耦合电路12包含有3相逆变器20，其中每一个逆变器支路21-1、21-2、21-3分别通过至少一个附加的电感22-1或22-2或22-3分别与该可控储能器2的一个能量供给支路3-1或3-2或3-3相连接，并分别与该电机1的一个相U或V或W相连接。
该逆变器20在此包含有功率开关形式的可控开关元件23a-23f，它们与各个电感22-1、22-2、22-3相连接，并且或者相对于高的电压电位或者相对于低的电压电位来接通。这些开关元件23a-23f例如可以作为绝缘栅双极晶体管（IGBT）或者作为金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管（MOSFET）来实施。该逆变器20另外还包含有多个空转二极管24a-24f，它们分别与开关元件23a-23f之一并联地设置。
通过该直流源的这种耦合，可以同时并相互独立地把电流馈入到该电机1的相U、V、W中，或者馈入到该可控储能器2的能量供给支路3-1、3-2、3-3中。该逆变器20的开关元件21在此再次通过未示出的控制单元而被控制，该控制单元优选地还控制耦合单元6的开关元件7。在此根据该可控储能器2的空间矢量调制以及分别要由该直流源9馈入的电功率来进行对开关元件21的控制并由此进行该逆变器30的空间矢量调制。
在图3中所示的本发明第三实施方式与按照图2的第二实施方式不同之处仅仅在于，该可控储能器2的能量供给支路3-1、3-2和3-3以及该电机1的相U、V、W不是通过电感、而是直接与逆变器支路21-1或21-2或21-3相连接。为此在该逆变器20与该中间回路10之间接通了附加的电感30，该电感承担按照图2的电感22的功能。但该第三实施方式的基本工作原理与该第二实施方式的基本工作原理并没有不同。

Claims (8)

1.用于把至少一个直流源（9）耦合到可控储能器（2）的系统，其具有
-该可控储能器（2），该可控储能器用于n相电机（1）的控制和电能供给，其中n≥1，其中该可控储能器（2）具有n个并联的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2，3-3），这些能量供给支路
·在一侧能够与参照母线（T-）相连接，并且
·在另一侧能够分别与该电机（1）的一个相（U,V,W）相连接，以及
-中间回路（10），该中间回路能够在输出侧通过可控耦合电路（12）与该可控储能器（2）的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2，3-3）相连接，并在输入侧与所述至少一个直流源（9）相连接，
其中该可控储能器（2）的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2，3-3）分别具有至少两个串联的储能器模块（4），这些储能器模块分别包含有至少一个电储能器单元（5），该至少一个电储能器单元具有所属的可控耦合单元（6），该可控耦合单元根据控制信号来桥接分别所属的电储能器单元（5），或者把分别所属的电储能器单元（5）接通到相应的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2；3-3）中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中该中间回路（10）能够与该参照母线（T-）相连接，并且该可控耦合电路（12）针对每个能量供给支路（3-1，3-2，3-3）分别包含有电流调节的直流电压变换器（17-1；17-2；17-3）。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中该可控耦合电路（12）包含有n相逆变器（20），其中每一个逆变器支路（21-1；21-2；21-3）能够分别通过至少一个附加的电感（22-1；22-2；22-3）分别与该可控储能器（2）的一个能量供给支路（3-1；3-2；3-3）相连接。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中该可控耦合电路（12）包含有n相逆变器（20），并能够通过至少一个附加的电感（30）与该中间回路（10）相连接。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的系统，其中该直流源（9）包含有具有通过内燃机（14）驱动的发电机（15）的行驶距离延长装置（13）。
6.根据权利要求1至4之一所述的系统，其中该直流源（9）包含有至少一个燃料电池和/或至少一个光伏模块。
7.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述直流电压变换器是降压器。
8.用于运行根据权利要求1至7之一所述系统的方法，其中借助该可控耦合电路（12）来控制从所述至少一个直流源（9）到该可控储能器（2）的能量供给支路（3-1，3-2；3-3）中或者到该电机（1）的相（U,V,W）中的电流流动。
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US9035578B2 (en) 2015-05-19
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