CN103261288A - 包含可再生的淀粉聚合物的弹性膜 - Google Patents
包含可再生的淀粉聚合物的弹性膜 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103261288A CN103261288A CN2011800584799A CN201180058479A CN103261288A CN 103261288 A CN103261288 A CN 103261288A CN 2011800584799 A CN2011800584799 A CN 2011800584799A CN 201180058479 A CN201180058479 A CN 201180058479A CN 103261288 A CN103261288 A CN 103261288A
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- film
- elastic film
- polymer
- starch
- copolymer
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Abstract
提供了包含热塑性组合物的膜,所述膜的主要组成部分是可再生的天然淀粉聚合物,然而该膜是弹性的并且表现出良好的强度性质。尽管由于极性不同,淀粉与大多数弹性体聚合物通常化学上不相容,本发明人还发现了可以通过选择性地控制膜的某些方面来使得相分离最小化,例如控制弹性体聚合物和淀粉聚合物以及其他膜组分的性质、膜组分的相对量和生产膜的方法。
Description
发明背景
膜用于各种各样的一次性物品,例如尿布、卫生棉、成人失禁服装、绷带等等。例如,多种尿布采用由塑料膜(例如线性低密度聚乙烯)形成的底片。在一些情况下,所述的塑料膜可以包含弹性组分,例如苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(例如苯乙烯-乙烯丁烯-苯乙烯("S-EB-S")共聚物)。然而,该膜的一个问题在于该聚合物一般不是环境友好的或者可再生的。除此之外,因为许多可再生的组分本质很硬,由于需要保持高的伸长率水平、变形回复和强度性质,其在弹性膜中的应用受到限制。因此,当前存在着对改进的膜的需要,该膜是弹性的并且包含可再生的组分。
发明简述
根据本发明的一个实施方案,公开了一种弹性膜,其包含热塑性组合物,其中所述热塑性组合物包含占膜的聚合物成分约1wt.%到约30wt.%的至少一种淀粉聚合物,占膜的聚合物成分约30wt.%到约95wt.%的至少一种弹性体聚合物,以及占膜的约0.1wt.%到约30wt.%的至少一种增塑剂。在膜中弹性体聚合物对淀粉聚合物的重量比是约1到约10。所述弹性膜在纵向和横向上还显示出约250%或者更高的伸长率。
下文更详细地描述本发明的其他特征和方面。
附图的简要说明
在说明书的剩余部分参照附图给出了本发明对于本领域技术人员而言完整和能够实施的公开,包括了其最佳的模式,其中:
图1是按照本发明形成膜的方法的一个实施方案的示意图;
图2是按照本发明的一个实施方案可以形成的吸收制品的透视图;
在本说明书和附图中重复使用的参考标记意在代表本发明的相同或类似的特征或者元素。
代表性实施方案的详细描述
定义
如本文中所使用的,术语“纵向(machine direction)”或者“MD”一般是指生产材料的方向。术语“横向(cross-machine direction)”或者“CD”是指垂直于横向的方向。在横向测量的尺寸被称作“宽度”尺寸,而沿着纵向测量的尺寸被称作“长度”尺寸。
如本文所使用的,术语“弹性体的(elastomeric)”或者“弹性的(elastic)”是指一种材料,当施加拉力的时候,其在至少一个方向上是可伸长的(例如在CD方向),并且当释放该拉力的时候,收缩/回复到大约其原始的尺寸。例如被拉伸的材料的拉伸长度可以比其松弛的未拉伸长度长至少50%,并且当该拉力被释放时,其会回复到被拉伸长度的至少50%以内。假设的实例是可以拉伸到至少1.50英寸的一(1)英寸的样品,将恢复到不超过1.25英寸的长度。希望的是,该材料收缩或者回复所拉伸长度的至少50%,并且更加希望地,收缩或者回复所拉伸长度的至少80%。
如本文中所使用的,术语“可延伸的”或者“可延伸性”一般地是指在施加力的方向上拉伸或者延长其松弛长度或者宽度的至少约50%的材料。可延伸的材料不必要具有回复性能。例如,弹性体材料是具有回复性能的可延伸材料。膜可以是可延伸的,但是没有回复性能,并且因此可以是可延伸的非弹性材料。
如本文中所使用的,术语“百分比拉伸率”是指材料受到特定的力的时候,在给定的方向上拉伸的程度。具体地,通过测量材料在拉伸方向上长度的增加,并除以该材料原始尺寸的数值,并且乘以100来测定百分比拉伸率。
如本文中所使用的,“变定(set)”是指在伸长和回复之后材料样品所保持的伸长,也即在材料样品在周期测试中被拉伸并使其松弛后所保持的伸长。
如本文中所使用的,“百分比变定(percent set)”是材料在被拉伸和松弛之后从其原始长度被拉伸的量的量度。测量施加的力除去之后的残余张力作为百分比变定(percent set)。
发明详述
在此具体参考本发明的多个实施方案,其一个或多个实施例在下文中进行说明。各个实施例以说明本发明的方式提供,而不限制本发明。实际上,对于本领域技术人员明显的是,可以在不背离本发明的范围和精神的前提下在本发明中进行各种改变和变化。例如,作为一个实施方案的部分说明或者描述的特征可以用于其他的实施方案,来得到再另外的实施方案。因此,期望的是,本发明覆盖位于所附的权利要求和其等价形式范围之内的这样的改变和变化。
一般来说,本发明涉及含有热塑性组合物的膜,该热塑性组合物的主要部分是可再生的天然淀粉聚合物,并且其是弹性的并且显示出良好的强度性质。尽管由于极性不同,淀粉与多数的弹性体聚合物通常化学上不相容,本发明人发现了可以通过选择性地控制膜的某些方面来使得相分离最小化,例如控制弹性体聚合物和淀粉聚合物以及其他膜组分的性质、膜组分的相对量和生产膜的方法。
在下文中更详细地描述了本发明的多个实施方案。
I.热塑性组合物
A.弹性体聚合物
大量的不同弹性体聚合物中的任一种都可以用于本发明的膜,例如弹性聚酯、弹性聚氨酯、弹性聚酰胺、弹性共聚物等等。例如,在一个实施方案中,使用了烯属弹性体,其是显示出基本规则结构的聚烯烃(“半晶体”)。该烯属弹性体在未变形的状态下可以是基本无定型的,但是当拉伸时形成结晶微区(crystalline domains)。烯烃聚合物的结晶度可以为约3%到约30%,在一些实施方案中为约5%到约25%,以及在一些实施方案中为约5%到约15%。类似地,所述烯属弹性体可以具有约15到约75焦耳每克("J/g")的熔化潜热(latent heat of fusion,AHf),这是结晶度的另外一种指标,,在一些实施方案中为约20到约65J/g,以及在一些实施方案中为约25到约50J/g。所述烯属弹性体还可以具有约10°C到约100°C的维卡软化温度,在一些实施方案中为约20°C到约80°C,以及在一些实施方案中为约30°C到约60°C。所述烯属弹性体的熔融温度可以为约20°C到约120°C,在一些实施方案中为约35°C到约90°C,以及在一些实施方案中为约40°C到约80°C。熔化潜热(AHf)和熔融温度可以使用差示扫描量热法("DSC")根据ASTM D-3417来进行测量,这对于本领域技术人员而言是公知的。维卡软化温度可以根据ASTM D-1525来进行测定。
示例性的半晶体烯属弹性体包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、其共混物和共聚物。在一个具体的实施方案中,使用了聚乙烯,其是乙烯和α-烯烃的共聚物,所述的α-烯烃为例如C3-C20的α-烯烃或者C3-C12的α-烯烃。适合的α-烯烃可以是直链的或者支链的(例如一个或多个C1-C3烷基支链,或者芳基基团)。具体的实例包括1-丁烯;3-甲基-1-丁烯;3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯;1-戊烯;具有一个或多个甲基、乙基或者丙基取代基的1-戊烯;具有一个或多个甲基、乙基或者丙基取代基的1-己烯;具有一个或多个甲基、乙基或者丙基取代基的1-庚烯;具有一个或多个甲基、乙基或者丙基取代基的1-辛烯;具有一个或多个甲基、乙基或者丙基取代基的1-壬烯;乙基、甲基或二甲基取代的1-癸烯;1-十二碳烯和苯乙烯。特别希望的α-烯烃是1-丁烯、1-己烯和1-辛烯。该共聚物的乙烯含量可以是约60摩尔%到约99摩尔%,在一些实施方案中是约80摩尔%到约98.5摩尔%,以及在一些实施方案中是约87摩尔%到约97.5摩尔%。α-烯烃的含量可以类似地为约1摩尔%到约40摩尔%,在一些实施方案中为约1.5摩尔%到约15摩尔%,以及在一些实施方案中为约2.5摩尔%到约13摩尔%。丙烯聚合物也可以适用作烯属弹性体。在一个具体的实施方案中,半晶体的基于丙烯的聚合物包括丙烯和α-烯烃的共聚物,所述α-烯烃为例如C2-C20的α-烯烃或者C2-C12的α-烯烃。特别希望的α-烯烃是乙烯、1-丁烯、1-己烯和1-辛烯。该共聚物的丙烯含量可以是约60摩尔%到约99.5摩尔%,在一些实施方案中是约80摩尔%到约99摩尔%,以及在一些实施方案中是约85摩尔%到约98摩尔%。α-烯烃的含量可以类似地为约0.5摩尔%到约40摩尔%,在一些实施方案中为约1摩尔%到约20摩尔%,以及在一些实施方案中为约2摩尔%到约15摩尔%。
大量的已知技术中的任一种都可以用于形成所述烯属弹性体。例如,可以使用自由基或者配位催化剂(例如Ziegler-Natta)来形成烯烃聚合物。优选地,从单一位点的配位催化剂来形成烯烃聚合物,所述的配位催化剂如茂金属催化剂。该催化剂体系产生的乙烯共聚物中共聚单体在分子链中随机分布,并且在不同分子量的组分之间均匀地分布。茂金属催化的聚烯烃描述于,例如,McAlpin等人的第5,571,619号美国专利、Davis等人的第5,322,728号美国专利、Obiieski等人的第5,472,775号美国专利、Lai等人的第5,272,236号美国专利和Wheat等人的第6,090,325号美国专利,出于所有目的,将这些文件的全文引入本文作为参考。茂金属催化剂的实例包括双(正丁基环戊二烯基)二氯化钛、双(正丁基环戊二烯基)二氯化锆、双(环戊二烯基)氯化钪、(茚基)氯化锆、双(甲基环戊二烯基)二氯化钛、双(甲基环戊二烯基)二氯化锆、二茂钴、环戊二烯基三氯化钛、二茂铁、二氯二茂铪、异丙基(环戊二烯基-1-芴基)二氯化锆(isopropyl(cyclopentadienyl,-1-flourenyl)zirconium dichloride)、二氯二茂钼、二茂镍、二氯二茂铌、二茂钌、二氯二茂钛、氢氯二茂锆、二氯二茂锆等等。使用茂金属催化剂来制备的聚合物一般具有窄的分子量范围。例如,茂金属催化的聚合物可以具有4以下的多分散系数(Mw/Mn),受控制的短链支化分布,和受控制的全同立构规整度。
这种α-烯烃共聚物的密度是α-烯烃的长度和α-烯烃的量两者的函数。也即,α-烯烃的长度越大以及存在的α-烯烃的量越大,该共聚物的密度越低。尽管不是必须要求的,更希望基本上直链的弹性体,这是由于α-烯烃短链支链成分的含量使得该共聚物既表现出塑性又表现出弹性的特性。由于与α-烯烃共聚单体的聚合降低结晶度和密度,所得到的弹性体一般具有比聚乙烯热塑性聚合物(例如LLDPE)低的密度,但是与其他弹性体的密度接近和/或重叠。例如,烯属弹性体的密度可以是约0.91克每立方厘米(g/cm3)或者更低,在一些实施方案中为约0.85到约0.89g/cm3,以及在一些实施方案中为约0.85到约0.88g/cm3。
用于本发明的优选的乙烯弹性体是基于乙烯的共聚物塑性体,其可以EXACTTM的名称得自Houston,Texas的ExxonMobil Chemical Company。其他适用的聚乙烯塑性体可以ENGAGETM和AFFINITYTM的商品名得自Midland,Michigan的Dow Chemical Company。再其他适用的乙烯聚合物能以DOWLEXTM(LLDPE)和ATTANETM(ULDPE)的商品名得自Dow ChemicalCompany。这种乙烯聚合物描述于Ewen等人的第4,937,299号美国专利、Tsutsui等人的第5,218,071号美国专利、Lai等人的第5,272,236号美国专利、Lai等人的第5,278,272号美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将这些文件的全文引入本文作为参考。适用的丙烯聚合物可以VISTAMAXXTM的商品名从Houston,Texas的ExxonMobil Chemical Co.商业上得到;可以FINATM(例如8573)的商品名以从Feluy,Belgium的Atofina Chemicals商业上得到;可以TAFMERTM的商品名从Mitsui Petrochemical Industries商业上得到;以及可以VERSIFYTM的商品名从Midland,Michigan的Dow Chemical Co.商业上得到。适用的丙烯聚合物的其他实例描述在Datta等人的第6,500,563号美国专利、Yang等人的第5,539,056号美国专利、Resconi等人的第5,596,052号美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将这些文件的全文引入本文作为参考。
烯属弹性体的熔体流动指数(MI)通常不同,但是一般在190°C下测定为约0.1克每10分钟到100克每10分钟的范围内,在一些实施方案中为约0.5克每10分钟到30克每10分钟,以及在一些实施方案中为约1克每10分钟到10克每10分钟。熔体流动指数是当受到2.16千克的力时,在190°C下10分钟内可以推动通过挤出流变仪孔(0.0825英寸的直径)的聚合物的重量(以克计),并且其可以根据ASTM试验方法D1238-E来进行测定。
当然,本发明还可以采用其他的烯属弹性体。在一个实施方案中,例如,所述热塑性弹性体可以是苯乙烯-烯烃嵌段共聚物,例如苯乙烯-(乙烯-丁烯)、苯乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)、苯乙烯-(乙烯-丁烯)-苯乙烯、苯乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯、苯乙烯-(乙烯-丁烯)-苯乙烯-(乙烯-丁烯)、苯乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)和苯乙烯-乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯。这些聚合物可以通过苯乙烯-二烯烃嵌段共聚物的选择性加氢来形成,例如第4,663,220、4,323,534、4,834,738、5,093,422和5,304,599号美国专利中所描述的,出于所有的目的,将这些文件的全文引入本文作为参考。
特别适用的热塑性弹性体可以KRATON的商标名得自Houston,Texas的Kraton Polymers LLC。其他商业上可得到的嵌段共聚物包括可以SEPTON的商标名得自Okayama,Japan的Kuraray Company,Ltd.的S-EP-S弹性体共聚物。还适用的是由A-B-A-B四元嵌段共聚物所组成的聚合物,例如在Taylor等人的第5,332,613号美国专利中所讨论的,出于所有的目的,将其全文引入本文作为参考。这种四元嵌段共聚物的一个实例是苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)("S-EP-S-EP")嵌段共聚物。
如所述的,热塑性聚氨酯也可以单独地或者和其他类型的弹性体(例如烯属弹性体)组合地用于本发明。热塑性聚氨酯一般由多元醇、有机二异氰酸酯和任选的扩链剂合成。这种可以熔融加工的聚氨酯弹性体的合成可以分步骤进行(例如预聚物配方法)或者同时将所有组分在单个步骤中进行反应(例如单批配方方法),这在本领域内是已知的,并且更具体地描述于Meisert等人的第3,963,656号美国专利、Lee等人的第5,605,961号美国专利、Kalbe等人的第6,008,276号美国专利、Kirchmever等人的第6,417,313号美国专利、Lawrey等人的第7,045,650号美国专利以及Peerlings等人的第2006/0135728号美国专利申请公开文件和Brauer等人的第2007/0049719号美国专利申请公开文件,出于所有的目的,将这些文件的全文引入本文作为参考。
多元醇一般是具有能反应的活性氢组分的任意高分子量产品,其包括平均每个分子具有约两个或更多个羟基的材料。可以使用包括高级聚合多元醇的长链多元醇,例如聚酯多元醇和聚醚多元醇,以及其他具有活性氢组分的可以接受的“多元醇”反应物,例如聚酯多元醇、多羟基聚酯酰胺、含有羟基的聚己酸内酯、含有羟基的丙烯酸互聚物、含有羟基的环氧树脂以及疏水性的聚亚烷基醚多元醇。具有代表性地,所述多元醇基本上是直链的,并且具有两个到三个羟基基团,并且优选具有两个羟基基团;其数均分子量是约450到约10000,在一些实施方案中为约450到约6000,以及在一些实施方案中为约600到约4500。适用的聚醚二醇可以通过,例如,使亚烃基残基中一个或多个具有2到4个碳原子的烯化氧与含有两个或更多个结合状态的活性氢原子的启动分子进行反应来制得。示例性的烯化氧包括环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷和1,2-环氧丁烷和2,3-环氧丁烷。示例性的启动分子包括水;氨基醇,例如N-烷基-二乙醇胺(例如,N-甲基-二乙醇胺)和二醇,例如乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇和1,6-己二醇。
适用的聚酯二元醇可以由具有2到12个碳原子,优选4到6个碳原子的二羧酸(或者其衍生物)和多元醇来制备。示例性的二羧酸包括脂肪族二羧酸,例如琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸和癸二酸;芳族二羧酸,例如邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸;以及这些酸的衍生物,例如在醇残基中具有1到4个碳原子的羧酸二酯;羧酸酐或者羧酸酰氯。适用的多元醇的实例包括具有2到10个碳原子的,优选2到6个碳原子的二醇,例如乙二醇、二乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇和二丙二醇。碳酸与所述二醇的酯也是适用的,特别是具有4到6个碳原子的那些,例如1,4-丁二醇或者1,6-己二醇;ω-羟基羧酸的缩合产物,例如ω-羟基己酸或者内酯的聚合产物(例如任选取代的ω-己内酯)。优选的聚酯二醇包括聚己二酸乙二醇酯、聚己二酸1,4-丁二醇酯、聚己二酸乙二醇/1,4-丁二醇酯、聚己二酸1,6-己二醇/新戊二醇酯、聚己二酸1,6-己二醇/1,4-丁二醇酯和聚己内酯。
所述有机二异氰酸酯可以包括脂肪族二异氰酸酯,例如乙烯基二异氰酸酯、1,4-四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、1,12-十二烷基二异氰酸酯、1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、它们的混合物等等;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、1,4-环己基二异氰酸酯、1-甲基-2,4-环己基二异氰酸酯、1-甲基-2,6-环己基二异氰酸酯、4,4'-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4'-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯或者2,2'-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、它们的混合物,等等;和/或芳族二异氰酸酯,例如2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯或者2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯、4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、亚萘基-1,5-二异氰酸酯、苯二甲基二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷异氰酸酯("MDI")、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯("HMDI")、它们的混合物,等等。
所述扩链剂代表性地具有约60到约400的数均分子量,并且包含氨基、巯基、羧基和/或羟基官能团。优选的扩链剂是具有两个到三个羟基基团、并更优选地为两个羟基基团的那些。如前文所说明的,选自脂肪族二醇的含有2到14个碳原子的一种或多种化合物可以用作扩链剂。这些化合物包括,例如,乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、2,3-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、二乙二醇、二丙二醇、1,4-环己二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇和新戊二醇。也可以采用对苯二甲酸与具有2到4个碳原子的二醇的二酯。该化合物的一些实例包括对苯二甲酸双(羟乙)酯和对苯二甲酸双-1,4-二羟丁酯,对苯二酚的羟烷基醚(例如,1-4-二(对羟乙基)对苯二酚),乙氧基化的双酚(例如1,4-二(对羟乙基)双酚A),脂肪族二胺(脂环族二胺)(例如,异佛尔酮二胺、乙二胺、1,2-丙二胺、1,3-丙二胺、N-甲基-1,3-丙二胺和N,N’-二甲基乙二胺)和芳族二胺(例如2,4-甲苯二胺、2,6-甲苯二胺、3,5-二乙基-2,4-甲苯二胺和3,5-二乙基-2,6-甲苯二胺,以及单、双、三或者四伯烷基取代的4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷)。
除了上文所提到的,还可以应用其他组分来形成所述热塑性聚氨酯。例如,可以使用催化剂来便于聚氨酯的形成。适用的催化剂包括例如叔胺,如三乙胺、二甲基环己基胺、N-甲基吗啉、Ν,Ν'-二甲基哌嗪、2-(二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇、二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷等;以及金属化合物,例如钛酸酯、二乙酸锡、二月桂酸锡或者脂肪族羧酸的二烷基锡盐,例如二乙酸二丁基锡或者二月桂酸二丁基锡或者其他类似的化合物。再其他的可以采用的适用添加剂包括光稳定剂(例如位阻胺)、链终止剂、滑动助剂和脱模剂(例如脂肪酸酯及其金属皂盐、脂肪酸酰胺、脂肪酸酯酰胺和硅氧烷化合物)、增塑剂、防粘连剂、抑制剂、针对水解、热和变色的稳定剂、染料、颜料、无机的和/或有机的填料、抑制真菌的和抑制细菌的活性物质、填料等等。
所述热塑性聚氨酯一般地具有约75°C到约250°C的熔点,在一些实施方案中为约100°C到约240°C,以及在一些实施方案中为约120°C到约220°C。所述热塑性聚氨酯玻璃化转变温度("Tg")可以相对较低,例如约-150°C到约0°C,在一些实施方案中为约-100°C到约-10°C,以及在一些实施方案中为约-85°C到约-20°C。熔融温度和玻璃转化变温度可以使用差示扫描量热仪(“DSC”)根据ASTM D-3417来测定。这种热塑性聚氨酯的实例能以DESMOPANTM的商品名得自Bayer MaterialScience,以及以ESTANETM的商品名得自Lubrizol。例如DESMOPANTMDP9370A,是芳族的基于聚醚的聚氨酯,其由聚(四亚甲基醚二醇)和4,4-亚甲基双-(苯基异氰酸酯)(“MDI”)形成,并且具有约-70°C的玻璃化转变温度,以及约188°C到约199°C的熔融温度。ESTANETM58245同样是芳族的基于聚醚的聚氨酯,其具有约-37°C的玻璃化转变温度,以及约135°C到约59°C的熔融温度。
B.淀粉聚合物
尽管淀粉聚合物在多种植物中产生,典型的来源包括谷物的种子,所述的谷物例如玉米、糯玉米、小麦、高粱、大米和糯米;块茎类例如土豆;根类,例如木薯(tapioca)(也即木薯(cassava)和树薯(manioc))、甘薯和竹芋;以及西谷椰子的瓤。所述淀粉聚合物可以包含不同重量百分比的直链淀粉和支链淀粉,不同聚合物分子量,等等。高直链淀粉包含按重量约50%以上的直链淀粉,低直链淀粉包含少于按重量约50%的直链淀粉。尽管不要求如此,具有按重量约10%到约40%,以及在一些实施方案中按重量约5%到约35%直链淀粉含量的低直链淀粉尤其地适用于本发明。这种低直链淀粉包括玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉,其两者都具有大约20重量%的直链淀粉含量。特别适用的低直链淀粉是那些具有约50,000到约1,000,000克每摩尔的数均分子量("Mn")的那些,在一些实施方案中为约75,000到约800,000克每摩尔,以及在一些实施方案中为约100,000到约600,000克每摩尔,和/或所述淀粉具有约5,000,000到约25,000,000克每摩尔的重均分子量("Mw"),在一些实施方案中为约5,500,000到约15,000,000克每摩尔,以及在一些实施方案中为约6,000,000到约12,000,000克每摩尔。重均分子量和数均分子量的比值("Mw/Mn")也即“多分散系数”也是较高的。例如,多分散系数可以为约10到约100,以及在一些实施方案中为约20到约80。所述重均和数均分子量可以通过本领域技术人员已知的方法来进行测定。
尽管一般因为它们更为自然而希望使用天然淀粉,然而化学改性的淀粉也可以用在本发明中。化学改性的淀粉可以通过本领域已知的方法来得到(例如酯化、醚化、氧化、酸水解、酶促水解等等)。淀粉醚和/或淀粉酯可以是尤其希望的,例如羟烷基淀粉、羧甲基淀粉等等。羟烷基淀粉的羟烷基基团可以包含例如2到10个碳原子,在一些实施方案中为2到6个碳原子,以及在一些实施方案中为2到4个碳原子。代表性的羟烷基淀粉例如羟乙基淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、羟丁基淀粉以及它们的衍生物。淀粉酯,例如可以使用各种酸酐(例如乙酸酐、丙酸酐、丁酸酐等等)、有机酸、酰氯或者其他酯化试剂来进行制备。酯化的程度可以根据希望来改变,例如每个淀粉的糖苷单元中有1到3个酯基团。
不管采用何种具体的聚合物,用于膜中的淀粉聚合物的相对量一般足够高,以得到一定程度的可再生能力,但是不会太高以至于达不到良好的伸长率特性。出于此考虑,淀粉聚合物一般地占膜的聚合物成分的约1wt.%到约30wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约2wt.%到约25wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约5wt.%到约20wt.%。在这些范围内,本发明人发现了在采用相对高量的可再生组分时,仍然可以得到优秀的伸长率特性。除此之外,尽管膜淀粉聚合物占整个膜的百分比可以取决于所使用的其他组分(例如填料),其一般地占整个膜的约0.5wt.%到约50wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约1wt.%到约40wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约5wt.%到约25wt.%。应当理解的是,在此处所指的淀粉的重量包括在将淀粉与其他的组分混合来形成热塑性组合物之前,天然地存在于淀粉中的结合水。例如,淀粉一般具有按淀粉重量计约5%到16%的结合水含量。
为了得到可再生性和伸长率之间希望的平衡,弹性体聚合物和淀粉聚合物的重量比一般为约1到约10,在一些实施方案中为约2到约8,以及在一些实施方案中为约3到约6。例如,弹性体聚合物可以占膜的聚合物成分的约30wt.%到约95wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约40wt.%到约90wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约50wt.%到约80wt.%。此外,尽管弹性体聚合物占整个膜的百分比可以根据所使用的其他组分(例如填料)而变化,其一般占整个膜的约10wt.%到约90wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约20wt.%到约80wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约40wt.%到约75wt.%。
C.增塑剂
在膜中也采用增塑剂,来帮助使得淀粉可以熔融加工。例如,淀粉一般以具有包衣或外膜的颗粒的形式存在,所述的包衣或外膜将水溶性更好的直链淀粉和支链淀粉的链包裹在颗粒之内。当加热时,增塑剂可以使外膜软化,从而使得内部的淀粉链吸水和润湿。这种润湿到一定程度时会导致外部的壳破裂,并且导致淀粉颗粒的不可逆破坏。一旦被破坏,一开始压缩在颗粒中的包含直链淀粉和支链淀粉聚合物的淀粉聚合物链会伸展开来并且通常形成聚合物链的无序混合物。然而,再凝固之后,所述的链使其自身再适应以形成根据淀粉聚合物的链取向而具有不同强度的晶体或者无定型的固体。由于此淀粉能够在特定温度下融化并且再固化,其一般被认为是“热塑性淀粉”。
适用的增塑剂可以包括,例如多元醇增塑剂,例如糖(例如葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、棉子糖、麦芽糊精(maltodextrose)、半乳糖、木糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、甘露糖和赤藓糖),糖醇(例如赤藓糖醇、木糖醇、麦芽糖醇(malitol)、甘露糖醇和山梨糖醇),多元醇(例如乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇、二丙二醇、丁二醇和己三醇),等等。适用的还有不具有羟基的形成氢键的有机化合物,包括尿素和尿素衍生物;糖醇的酐,例如山梨聚糖;动物蛋白如明胶;植物蛋白,如向日葵蛋白、大豆蛋白、棉籽蛋白;以及它们的混合物。其他适用的增塑剂可以包括邻苯二甲酸酯,二甲基和二乙基琥珀酸酯和相关的酯,三乙酸甘油酯,单乙酸和二乙酸甘油酯,单丙酸、二丙酸和三丙酸甘油酯,丁酸酯,硬脂酸酯,乳酸酯,柠檬酸酯,脂肪酸酯,硬脂酸酯,油酸酯和其他酸的酯。还可以使用脂肪族酸,例如乙烯和丙烯酸的共聚物,马来酸接枝的聚乙烯,聚丁二烯-共聚-丙烯酸,聚丁二烯-共聚-马来酸,聚丙烯-共聚-丙烯酸,聚丙烯-共聚-马来酸和其他基于烃的酸。优选地使用低分子量的增塑剂,例如小于约20,000g/mol,优选地小于约5,000g/mol,以及更优选地小于约1,000g/mol。
如果希望的话,所述增塑剂可以与淀粉聚合物预先共混来形成“热塑性淀粉”。在这样的实施方案中,淀粉聚合物可以占热塑性淀粉的约40wt.%到约98wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约50wt.%到约95wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约60wt.%到约90wt.%。类似地,增塑剂一般占热塑性淀粉的约2wt.%到约60wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约5wt.%到约50wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约10wt.%到约40wt.%。不管其是否与淀粉聚合物预先共混或者在膜的形成过程中简单地与加入其中,增塑剂一般占膜的约0.1wt.%到约30wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约0.5wt.%到约20wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约1wt.%到约10wt.%。
D.其他组分
除了上文中提到的,还可以将其他添加剂掺入到所述热塑性淀粉中或者整个膜中。例如,分散助剂可以用于制作淀粉/增塑剂/弹性体聚合物的均匀分散体,并且延迟或防止分离成不同的组分相。当采用时,分散助剂(或多种分散助剂)可以占膜的约0.01wt.%到约10wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约0.05wt.%到约5wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约0.1wt.%到约4wt.%。
尽管一般地可以在本发明中使用任意的分散助剂,具有一定的亲水性/亲脂性平衡系数的表面活性剂可以提高组合物的长期稳定性。如本领域已知的,乳化剂的相对亲水性或者亲脂性可以通过亲水性/亲脂性平衡常数(“HLB”)的量度来进行表征,其测量化合物的亲水性和亲脂性溶液趋势的平衡。HLB量度从0.5到约20,较低的数值代表了高亲脂性的趋势,较高的数值代表了高亲水性的趋势。在本发明的一些实施方案中,表面活性剂的HLB数值是约1到约15,在一些实施方案中是约1到约12,以及在一些实施方案中是约2到约10。如果希望的话,可以采用两种或更多种的HLB数值低于或者高于希望数值,但是平均HLB数值在希望范围内的表面活性剂。
一种特别适用于本发明的表面活性剂是非离子型表面活性剂,其一般地具有疏水的基体(例如长链烷基基团或者烷基化的芳基基团)和亲水的链(例如含有乙氧基和/或丙氧基部分的链)。例如,一些可以使用的适用的非离子表面活性剂包括但不限于乙氧基化的烷基酚、乙氧基化的和丙氧基化的脂肪醇、甲基葡萄糖的聚乙二醇醚、山梨醇的聚乙二醇醚、氧化乙烯-氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物(C8-C18)、脂肪酸的乙氧基化的酯、氧化乙烯与长链胺或者酰胺的缩合产物、乙氧化烯与醇的缩合产物、脂肪酸酯、长链醇的甘油单酯或者甘油二酯,以及它们的混合物。在一个具体的实施方案中,所述的非离子型表面活性剂可以是脂肪酸酯,例如蔗糖脂肪酸酯、甘油脂肪酸酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、山梨聚糖脂肪酸酯、季戊四醇脂肪酸酯、山梨醇脂肪酸酯等等。用于形成该酯的脂肪酸可以是饱和的或不饱和的,取代的或者非取代的,并且可以包含6到22个碳原子,在一些实施方案中包含8到18个碳原子,以及在一些实施方案中包含12到14个碳原子。在一个具体的实施方案中,在本发明中可以采用脂肪酸的甘油单酯和甘油二酯。
还可以将其他的组分掺入到用于形成膜的热塑性组合物中。例如,该膜可以包含一种或多种合成的生物可降解聚酯。术语“生物可降解的”一般是指在自然存在的微生物如细菌、真菌和藻类;环境热;水分或者其他环境因素的作用下降解的材料,例如根据ASTM试验方法5338.92进行测定。适用的合成的生物可降解聚酯包括脂肪族聚酯,例如聚己酸内酯、聚酰胺酯、改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚乳酸(PLA)及其共聚物、基于聚乳酸的三元共聚物、聚乙醇酸、聚碳酸亚烷基酯(例如聚碳酸亚乙基酯)、聚羟基链烷酸酯(PHA)、聚-3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)、聚-3-羟基戊酸酯(PHV)、3-羟基丁酸酯和4-羟基丁酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基戊酸酯的共聚物(PHBV)、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基己酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基辛酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基癸酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基十八烷酸酯的共聚物和基于琥珀酸酯的脂肪族聚合物(例如聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、丁二酸丁二醇酯-己二酸丁二醇酯共聚物、聚乙二酸丁二醇酯等等);芳族聚酯和改性的芳族聚酯;和脂肪族-芳族共聚多酯。例如,所述生物可降解的聚酯可以是具有以下结构的脂肪族-芳族共聚多酯:
其中,
m是2到10的整数,在一些实施方案中是2到4,以及在一个实施方案中是4;
n是0到18的整数,在一些实施方案中是2到4,以及在一个实施方案中是4;
p是2到10的整数,在一些实施方案中是2到4,以及在一个实施方案中是4;
x是大于1的整数;以及y是大于1的整数。该共聚酯的一个实例是聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯,其可以ECOFLEXF BX7011的商品名购自BASF Corp。适用的共聚酯的另一个实例包含芳族的对苯二甲酸单体组分,其可以ENPOLTM8060M的商品名购自IRE Chemicals(South Korea)。其他适用的脂肪族-芳族共聚酯可以是在第5,292,783、5,446,079、5,559,171、5,580,911、5,599,858、5,817,721、5,900,322和6,258,924号美国专利中描述的那些,出于所有的目的,将这些专利全文引入本文作为参考。
当采用时,合成的生物可降解聚酯可以占膜的聚合物成分的约5wt.%到约60wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约10wt.%到约50wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约15wt.%到约40wt.%。此外,尽管生物可降解的聚酯所占整个膜的百分比可以根据所采用的其他组分(例如填料)而变化,其一般占整个膜的约1wt.%到约70wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约5wt.%到约60wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约10wt.%到约50wt.%。
除了上述组分,还可以在本发明的膜中掺入其他的添加剂,例如滑动助剂、熔融稳定剂、加工稳定剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、抗氧化剂、热老化稳定剂、增白剂、粘合剂、填料等等。例如,填料是颗粒的或者其他形式的材料,所述的材料能够加入到膜聚合物挤出共混物中,并且不在化学上影响挤出的膜,但是均匀地分布在膜中。填料可以用作多种目的,包括提高膜的不透明性和/或透气性(也即可以透过蒸汽并且基本上不能透过液体)。此外,在膜的生产中通常使用位阻酚来作为抗氧化剂。一些适用的位阻酚包括可以商标名“Irganox”购自Ciba Specialty Chemicals的那些,例如Irganox1076、010或者E201。另外,还可以将粘合剂加到膜中,以便于将膜粘合至其他材料(例如无纺纤网)。该粘合剂的实例包括氢化的烃树脂。其他适用的粘合剂描述在Kieffer等人的第4,789,699号美国专利和McCormack的第5,695,868号美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将其全文引入本文作为参考。
II.膜的构造
本发明的膜可以是单层的或者多层的。多层的膜可以通过将层共挤出、挤出涂布或者通过其他传统的成层方法来制备。该多层的膜一般包含至少一个基层和至少一个顶片,但是可以包含任意想要数量的层。例如,所述的多层膜可以由一个基层和一个或多个顶片形成,其中所述基层由所述弹性体聚合物和所述热塑性淀粉聚合物的共混物形成。在大多数实施方案中,顶片(或多个顶片)也由前文所述的共混物形成的。应当理解的是,在顶片(或多个顶片)中还可以采用其他的聚合物。
可以使用任意的已知技术来由复合的材料形成膜,包括吹制、铸制、平模头挤出等等。在一个具体的实施方案中,所述的膜可以通过吹制方法形成,其中使用气体(例如空气)来使得挤出的聚合物共混物气泡在环形模头上展开。随后该气泡破裂并且以平的膜形式收集。生产吹制膜的方法描述在,例如,Ralev的第3,354,506号美国专利,Schippers的第3,650,649号美国专利,Schrenk等人的第3,801,429号美国专利以及McCormack等人的第2005/0245162号美国专利申请公开文件,以及Boggs等人的第2003/0068951号美国专利申请公开文件,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。然而,在其他的实施方案中,该膜是通过铸制技术来形成的。
例如,参考图1,显示了用于形成铸膜的方法的一个实施方案。原材料(例如,热塑性淀粉聚合物、弹性体聚合物等等)可以分别地或者作为共混物地提供到熔融共混设备中。例如,在一个实施方案中,各个组分分别地提供到熔融共混设备,在该处其按照前文所描述的方式进行分散共混。例如,可以采用包括进料口和排出口的挤出机。在一个实施方案中,可以将弹性体聚合物进料到双螺杆挤出机的进料口中并且融化。随后可以将热塑性淀粉聚合物进料到聚合物熔体中。无论如何,将材料在高剪切/压力和加热下共混,以确保充分混合。例如,熔融共混可以在约75°C到约400°C的温度下进行,在一些实施方案中在约80°C到约300°C下进行,以及在一些实施方案中在约90°C到约250°C下进行。类似地,在熔融共混过程中的表观剪切速率可以是约100秒-1到约10,000秒-1,在一些实施方案中是约500秒-1到约5000秒-1,以及在一些实施方案中是约800秒-1到约1200秒-1。表观剪切速率等于4Q/πR3,其中Q是聚合物熔体的体积流速(“m3/s”),R是熔融的聚合物流过的毛细管(例如挤出模头)的半径(“m”)。
随后,挤出的材料可以立刻冷淬并且切割成粒状。在图1的具体实施方案中,复合材料(未显示)提供到挤出设备80,并且浇铸到浇铸辊90上来形成单层的前体膜10a。如果要生产多层的膜,将该多层的膜一起在浇铸辊90上共挤出。所述的浇铸辊90可以任选地提供压花元件来赋予膜图案。一般地,浇铸辊90保持在足以使薄片10a形成时固化和淬火的温度,例如约20到60°C。如果需要,可以将真空箱放置在邻近浇铸辊90处,以使得前体膜10a靠近辊90的表面。此外,气刀或者静电别针(electrostatic pinner)可以帮助使前体膜10a在其绕着旋转辊运动时压在浇铸辊90的表面。气刀是本领域已知的设备,其将一股空气在非常高的速度下集中,从而将膜的末端固定。
一旦浇铸之后,膜10a可以随后任选地在一个或多个方向上定向,从而提高膜的均匀性和减少厚度。定向还可以在含有填料的膜中形成微孔,从而为膜提供透气性。例如,该膜可以立即再加热到低于膜中一种或多种聚合物的熔点的温度,但是该温度足够高,能够使得组合物被拉伸或者伸长。在连续定向的情况下,“软化”的膜通过转速不同的辊来拉伸,从而使得薄片在经向(纵向)上被拉伸到想要的拉伸比。这一“单向”定向的膜可以随后被层压到纤维纤网。此外,所述单向定向的膜也可以再在横向上定向,从而形成“双向定向”的膜。例如,所述膜可以通过链式夹在其侧面的边缘夹紧,并且输送到扩幅机烘箱中。在该扩幅机烘箱中,可以将膜重新加热并且通过链式夹在其向前方向上分离来沿着横向拉伸到想要的拉伸比。
再参照图1,例如,显示了一种形成单向定向膜的方法。如图示,前体膜10a被引导至膜定向单元100或者纵向拉伸机(“MDO”),例如可以商业上购自Providence,Rhode Island的Marshall and Willams,Co.的。该MDO具有多个拉伸辊(例如5个到8个),所述的拉伸辊逐渐地沿着纵向拉伸膜并使膜变薄,所述纵向就是膜在图1的方法中所运行的方向。尽管MDO100图示为具有八个辊,应当理解的是,辊的数量可以更多或者更少,这取决于想要的拉伸水平和各个辊之间的拉伸程度。所述膜也可以在一个或者多个不连续的拉伸操作中进行拉伸。应当注意的是,MDO设备中的一些辊可以不在逐渐更高的速度下运行。如果希望的话,MDO100的一些辊可以用作预热辊。如果存在的话,前几个辊将膜10a加热到室温以上(例如加热到125°F)。在MDO中相邻辊逐渐更快的速度将膜10a拉伸。拉伸辊转动的速度决定了膜被拉伸的量和最终的膜重量。
所得到的膜10b可以随后在收集辊60上缠绕和储存。在这里没有显示的是,在不背离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以实施本领域公知的各种额外的可能的处理和/或后处理步骤,例如切割、处理、打孔、印制图形或者将此膜和其他的层(例如无纺纤网材料)进行层压。
得到的弹性膜的厚度通常随着希望的用途而变化。然而,在本发明的大多数实施方案中,弹性膜具有约50微米或者更小的厚度,在一些实施方案中为约1到约100微米,在一些实施方案中为约5到约75微米,以及在一些实施方案中为约10到约60微米。
尽管其厚度如此小,本发明的膜在使用中仍然能够保持良好的干燥机械性能。表征膜相对干燥强度的一个参数是极限拉伸强度,其等于在应力-应变曲线中得到的应力峰值。希望的是,本发明的膜在纵向("MD")和/或横向("CD")上显示出约0到约80兆帕(MPa)的极限拉伸强度,在一些实施方案中为约15到约60MPa,以及在一些实施方案中为约20到约50MPa。尽管具有良好的强度,还希望所述膜不要太刚硬。表征膜(干燥时)的相对刚度的参数是杨氏弹性模量,其等于拉伸应力和拉伸应变的比值,并且其是通过应力-应变的斜率来进行测定的。例如,所述膜一般在纵向("MD")和/或横向("CD")上具有约1到约100兆帕("MPa")的杨氏模量,在一些实施方案中为约2到约50MPa,以及在一些实施方案中为约5到约30MPa。
所述膜通常也是可以延伸的,其在纵向和/或横向上具有约250%或者更高的伸长率,在一些实施方案中为约400%或者更高,在一些实施方案中为约500%到约2500%,以及在一些实施方案中为约700%到约2000%。
除了是可以延伸的,所述膜通常还是弹性的,其能够在当拉力释放时回复其拉伸长度的至少约50%。膜的弹性可以通过其“百分比变定(percent set)”来表征,其一般是约30%或者更小,在一些实施方案中为约1%到约30%,以及在一些实施方案中为约2%到约10%。
取决于预期的应用,本发明的弹性膜是通常液体和蒸汽不可渗透的,或者是通常液体不可渗透但是蒸汽可以渗透的(也即“透气的”)。例如,透气的膜经常用于吸收制品(例如外罩),其使得水分能够从吸收芯中通过膜离开。
类似地,绷带或者创伤敷料经常采用能够使水分从创伤处的皮肤释放的透气膜。如前文所描述的,透气膜可以通过使用填料来形成。可以通过拉伸来使经填充的膜成为透气的,拉伸使得聚合物与填料分开并且产生微孔通道。例如,在Kaufman等人的第7,153,569号美国专利、Kaufman等人的第2005/0208294号美国专利申请公开文件、Topolkaraev等人的第2006/0149199号美国专利申请公开文件中描述了用于形成微孔膜的技术,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。当用于引发微孔的形成时,膜中的总填料含量可以是约15wt.%到约75wt.%,在一些实施方案中是约20wt.%到约70wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中是约25wt.%到约65wt.%。同样地,在上文中描述的热塑性组合物可以占膜的约25wt.%到约85wt.%,在一些实施方案中占约30wt.%到约80wt.%,以及在一些实施方案中占约35wt.%到约75wt.%。
在希望赋予透气性的实施方案中,膜可以具有约800克/m2-24小时或者更高的水蒸汽传输速度(WVTR),在一些实施方案中为约1,000克/m2-24小时或者更高,在一些实施方案中为约1,200克/m2-24小时或者更高,以及在一些实施方案中为约1,500到约10,000克/m2-24小时。所述膜还可以是液体不能渗透的,从而其限制了液态水在压力下穿过膜的量。更具体地,在不使水通过的情况下,所述膜可以抵抗约50毫巴或者更高的流体静压力(“静水压(hydrohead)”),在一些实施方案中为约70毫巴或者更高,在一些实施方案中约80毫巴或者更高,以及在一些实施方案中约100毫巴或者更高。
本发明的弹性膜可以用于多种应用。例如前文所指出的,所述膜可以用在吸收制品中。“吸收制品”一般地是指能够吸收水或者其他流体的制品。一些吸收制品的实例包括,但不限于,个人护理吸收制品,例如尿布、训练裤、吸收内裤、失禁制品、女性卫生产品(例如卫生棉、卫生棉条等等)、泳装、婴儿擦拭品等等;医疗吸收制品,例如服装、窗口材料、垫料、床垫、绷带、吸收帘和医疗擦拭品、食品服务擦拭品、服装制品,等等。这种吸收制品的一些实例描述在DiPalma等人的第5,649,916号美国专利,Kielpikowski的第6,110,158号美国专利,Blanev等人的第6,663,611号美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。其他还适用的制品描述在Fell等人的第2004/0060112A1号美国专利申请公开文件、以及Damico等人的第4,886,512号美国专利、Sherrod等人的第5,558,659号美国专利、Fell等人的第6,888,044号美国专利和Freiburger等人的第6,511,465号美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。适用于形成所述吸收制品的材料和方法对于本领域技术人员而言是公知的。
适用于形成所述吸收制品的材料和方法对于本领域技术人员而言是公知的。一般地,吸收制品包括基本上液体不可渗透的层(例如外罩),液体可渗透的层(例如身体侧的衬里,浪涌层等)和吸收芯。在一个具体的实施方案中,本发明的复合材料可以用于提供弹性的腰部、裤腿翻边/密封垫、可拉伸的翼、侧面面料或者可拉伸的外罩的应用。
下文中更详细地描述可以根据本发明形成的吸收制品的各种实施方案。例如,参考图2,一次性尿布250的一个实施例显示了通常限定出正面腰部区域255、背面腰部区域260和使得正面和背面腰部区域相互连接的中间区域265。所述的正面和背面腰部区域255和260包括被构造用于在使用中分别沿穿戴者的正面和背面腹部区域部分延伸的尿布常规部分。尿布的中间区域265包括被构造用于在使用中穿过穿戴者腿之间的胯部区域延伸的尿布常规部分。因此,中间区域265是尿布中通常反复发生液体浪涌的区域。
尿布250包括但不限于外罩或底片270,位于底片270对面的液体可渗透的身体侧衬里或者顶片275以及吸收芯主体或者液体保留结构280,例如吸收垫,其位于底片270和顶片275之间。底片270限定出长度,或者经向286,以及宽度,或者纬向285,所述长度和宽度在图示的实施方案中与尿布250的长度和宽度相一致。液体保留结构280的长度和宽度一般分别小于底片270的长度和宽度。因此,尿布250的边缘部分例如底片270的边缘部分可以延伸越过液体保持结构280的末端边缘。例如,在图示的实施方案中,底片270向外延伸越过液体保持结构280的末端边缘,形成尿布250的侧面边缘和末端边缘。顶片275一般与底片270尺寸一致,但是可以按照希望任选地覆盖比底片270更大或者更小的区域。
为了提供更好的适身性和帮助减少身体渗出物从尿布250的泄漏,尿布的侧面边缘和末端边缘可以使用适合的弹性部件来使其具有弹性,就像下文中更进一步地描述的那样。例如,如图2中代表性的图示,尿布250可以包括腿部弹性体290,所述腿部弹性体构造为可操作地拉紧尿布250的侧面边缘来提供有弹性的腿部带,所述腿部带紧密地适合穿戴者的腿,从而减少泄漏和提供更好的舒适性和外观。使用腰部弹性体295来使得尿布250的末端边缘具有弹性,从而提供有弹性的束腰带。腰部弹性体295构造为提供有弹力的舒适地紧密适合围绕穿戴者的腰部。本发明的弹性膜可以适用作腿部弹性体290和腰部弹性体295。
已知紧固方式,例如钩环紧固件,可以用于将尿布250固定在穿戴者身上。可选地,也可以采用其他的紧固方式可,例如纽扣、别针、搭扣(snaps)、粘性带紧固件、粘着件、纤维-环紧固件等等。在图示的实施方案中,尿布250包括一对侧板300(或者翼),在所述的侧板300上连接紧固件302,该紧固件标为钩环紧固件的钩部分。
一般地,侧板300连接到腰部区域255和260之一的尿布侧面边缘,并且从此处横向向外延伸。侧板300可以是弹性的,或者通过使用本发明潜在地具有弹性的材料而赋予其弹性。包括弹性侧板和选择性设置的紧固件的吸收制品的实例描述在Roessler的第WO95/16425号PCT专利申请,Roessler等人的第5,399,219号美国专利,Fries的第5,540,796号美国专利和Fries的第5,595,618号美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。
尿布250还可以包括位于顶片275和液体保持结构280之间的浪涌处理层305,从而快速地接受流体渗出物,并且将流体渗出物分散到尿布250中的液体保持结构280。所述尿布还可以包括换气层(未图示),也称作间隔或者间隔层,其位于液体保持结构280和底片270之间,使得底片270与液体保持结构280隔开,从而降低服装透气外罩或者底片270的外表面的潮湿度。适用的浪涌处理层305的实例描述在Bishop的第5,486,166号美国专利和Ellis的第5,490,846号美国专利中。
如图2中代表性的图示,一次性尿布250可以包括一对防漏侧翼310,所述防漏侧翼构造为提供身体渗出物横向流动的障碍。所述防漏侧翼310可以沿着尿布横向的相对的侧边缘,临近液体保持结构280的侧面边缘分布。各个的防漏侧翼310一般限定出未结合的边缘,所述未结合的边缘构造为至少在尿布250的中间区域265保持竖直的垂直构型,从而形成朝向穿戴者身体的密封。所述防漏侧翼310可以沿液体保留结构的全长纵向延伸,或者可以仅沿着液体保持结构的长度部分地延伸。当防漏侧翼310在长度上短于液体保持结构280时,防漏侧翼310可以选择性地位于尿布250中间区域265的侧面边缘的任意位置。该防漏侧翼310对于本领域技术人员是公知的。例如,适用的防漏侧翼310的结构和排布描述在Enloe的第4,704,116号美国专利中。
尿布250可以为各种合适的形状。例如,所述尿布可以为整体矩形、T形或者近似沙漏的形状。在所示的实施方案中,尿布具有常规的I形。其他适用于加入到本发明的吸收制品上的组件可以包括本领域技术人员公知的腰部侧翼等等。
适于使用本发明弹性膜的尿布构型的实例可以包括描述在以下文献中的适用于尿布的其他组件,所述的文献为Meyer等人的第4,798,603号美国专利,Bernardin的第5,176,668号美国专利,Bruemmer等人的第5,176,672号美国专利,Proxmire等人的第5,192,606号美国专利和Hanson等人的第5,509,915号美国专利,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。
可以使用任意已知的连接机制将尿布250的各个区域和/或组件组装到一起,例如粘合剂、超声、热结合等等。适用的粘合剂可以包括例如热熔融粘合剂、压敏粘合剂等等。当使用时,可以作为均匀的层,有图案的层,喷射的图案或者分开的线、螺旋或者点中的任一种来施加粘合剂。例如,在图示的实施方案中,顶片275和底片270可以使用粘合剂,例如热熔的、压敏的粘合剂的线,来彼此组装,以及组装到液体保持结构280。类似地,其他的尿布元件如弹性部件290和295、紧固部件302和浪涌层305可以通过采用前文所述的连接机制来进行组装。
尽管前文描述了尿布的不同构型,应当理解的是,其他的尿布和吸收制品构型也包括在本发明的范围内。此外,本发明并不仅限于尿布。实际上,在DiPalma等人的第5,649,916号美国专利,Kielpikowski的第6,110,158号美国专利,Blanev等人的第6,663,611号美国专利中描述了吸收制品的几个实例,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。此外,可以并入这种材料的个人护理产品的其他实例有训练裤(例如侧板材料)和女性护理产品。仅仅用于说明,在本发明中适用的训练裤和用于构成训练裤的各种材料和方法公开在Fletcher等人的第6,761,711号美国专利,Van Gompel等人的第4,940,464号美国专利,Brandon等人的第5,766,389号美国专利和Olson等人的第6,645,190好美国专利中,出于所有的目的,将这些文件全文引入本文作为参考。
参考以下的实施例可以更好地理解本发明。
测试方法
拉伸性能:
在基本上根据ASTM标准D-5034测定带材抗张强度数值。采用恒定伸长速率型的抗张强度测定仪。该抗张强度测定系统是Sintech1/D抗张强度测定仪,其可得自MTS Systems Corp。该抗张强度测定仪装备了来自MTSSystems Corp.的TESTWORKS4.08B软件来支持本试验。选择合适的荷重元(load cell),使测得的数值落在满量度负荷的0-90%之内。在试验之前,先将膜样品切割成中心宽度为3.0mm的狗骨头形状。将样品保持在具有前面和背面的,测量25.4毫米×76毫米的夹具之间。夹具的表面涂有胶,并且夹具的较长的维度与拉伸的方向垂直。夹具的压强通过气动保持在40磅每平方英寸。抗张测试在18.0毫米的标称长度和40%的破裂灵敏度下进行。在纵向施加试验负载来测试五个样品,并在横向施加试验负载来测试五个样品。在试验过程中,将样品按照约127毫米每分钟的十字头速度进行拉伸直到发生破裂。测量模量、峰值应力、伸长率(也即峰值负载时的%应变)和伸长。
周期测试
使用周期测试方法来测定材料,以测定百分比变定(percent set)。具体地,对于定义为100%的伸长率使用1-周期试验。试验在Sintech Corp的恒速拉伸测试仪1/D上完成,所述的测试仪装备来自MTS Corporation的TESTWORKS4.08B软件来支持本测试。测试在环境条件下进行。对于本测试,样品的尺寸是在横向上1英寸(2.54厘米)乘以在纵向上3英寸(7.6厘米)。在试验之前,膜净测量长度是51毫米。夹的尺寸是宽度为3英寸(7.6厘米),并且夹具间距为4英寸。将样品装载,使得样品的纵向位于垂直方向。设置约20-30克的预负荷。该测试将样品按照20英寸(50.8厘米)每分钟的速度拉伸到100%伸长率,将该样品在伸长的状态下保持30秒,并且随后使得该样品按照20英寸(50.8厘米)每分钟的速度回复到零伸长率。
随后,立即测量膜的长度,并且在10、20和30分钟时再次测量。将膜在周期测试30分钟之后的长度减去膜的原长,然后将此数值除以膜的原长来得到未恢复的百分比(“百分比变定(percent set)”)。
采用的材料
·天然玉米淀粉得自Cargill。
·甘油得自Cognis Corp。
·EXCEL P-40S是得自Kao Corp的非离子型表面活性剂。
·VISTAMAXXTM1120和6102是得自Exxonmobil Corp的茂金属-催化的乙烯/丙烯共聚物。
·ESTANETM58245是芳族的基于聚醚的热塑性聚氨酯,其由Noveon并随后由Lubrizol Advanced Materials生产。在下文的实施例中,字母“N”代表该树脂购自Noveon,字母“L”代表该树脂购自Lubrizol。该聚氨酯具有-37°C的Tg和135-139°C的Tm。
·DESMOPANTMDP9370是芳族的基于聚醚的热塑性聚氨酯,其得自Bayer MaterialScience。其具有-70°C的Tg和188-199°C的Tm。
实施例1
基于淀粉的共混物由73.5wt.%的天然玉米淀粉、1.5wt.%的Excel P-40S和25wt.%的甘油形成。这些组分被进料到同步旋转的双螺杆挤出机(ZSK-30,Werner and Pfleiderer Corporation,Ramsey,New Jersey)中。挤出机直径是30mm,并且螺杆的长度最大为1328mm。该挤出机具有14个机筒,其从进料斗到模头连续编号为1到14。该挤出机的七(7)个加热区域的温度分布分别是70°C、85°C、140°C、145°C、150°C、150°C和145°C。螺杆速度设定为160rpm,来实现31-36%的扭矩和460-480psi的P熔融。
实施例2
基于淀粉的共混物由33.1wt.%的天然玉米淀粉、0.7wt.%的ExcelP-40S、11.2wt.%的甘油和55wt.%的ECOFLEXF BX7011形成。这些组分被进料到同步旋转的双螺杆挤出机(ZSK-30,Werner and PfleidererCorporation,Ramsey,New Jersey)中。挤出机直径是30mm,并且螺杆的长度最大为1328mm。该挤出机具有14个机筒,其从进料斗到模头连续编号为1到14。该挤出机的七(7)个加热区域的温度分布分别是70°C、85°C、140°C、145°C、150°C、150°C和156°C。螺杆速度设定为160rpm,来实现32-38%的扭矩和220-230psi的P熔融。
实施例3-19
随后将实施例2的热塑性共混物与不同的弹性体(VISTAMAXXTM1120、VISTAMAXXTM6102、DESMOPANTMDP9730A和ESTANETM58245)以不同浓度干燥共混。通过将该混合物加入到重力进料器(K-Tron America,Pitman,NJ,Model KCM-2),重力进料器将共混物进料到Prism USALAB16双螺杆挤出机(Thermo Electron Corp.,Stone,England)中来铸制膜。挤出机的速度设置为150rpm。在第9区域还提供了通风孔,来释放由于增塑剂中存在的水分和淀粉中固有的水分所产生的蒸汽。对于实施例3-18,区域1-10的温度分布分别是120°C、130°C、150°C、170°C、180°C、180°C、180°C、175°C、175°C和170°C。对于实施例19,区域1-10的温度分布分别是120°C、130°C、150°C、170°C、175°C、175°C、175°C、175°C、170°C和160°C。膜的组成列于下文的表1中。
表1:膜组成
膜形成之后,膜按照前文所描述的方式来测试膜样品的拉伸性能。结果列于下文的表2中。
表2:膜样品的机械性能
如所表明的,实施例3-19的膜样品具有优秀的伸长率性能。
此外,为了评估膜弹性,还膜如前文所述地对膜样品进行周期测试。结果列于下文的表3中。
表3:膜的机械拉伸和回复
如所表明的,永久变定(permanent set)非常低。例如,即使是其具有40%的非弹性组分的情况下,实施例4在纵向和横向上分别表现出8%和10%的永久变定。
尽管结合具体的实施方案来对本发明进行具体描述,应当理解的是,本领域技术人员在理解了前文的内容的情况下,可以容易地想到这些实施方案的改变、变化和等价形式。因此,本发明的范围应当是所附的权利要求和其任意等价形式的范围。
Claims (20)
1.一种弹性膜,其包含热塑性组合物,其中所述的热塑性组合物包含占膜的聚合物成分约1wt.%到约30wt.%的至少一种淀粉聚合物,占膜的聚合物成分约30wt.%到约95wt.%的至少一种弹性体聚合物,以及占膜的约0.1wt.%到约30wt.%的至少一种增塑剂,其中膜中弹性体聚合物对淀粉聚合物的重量比是约1到约10,所述弹性膜在纵向和横向上显示出约250%或者更高的伸长率。
2.如权利要求1所述的弹性膜,其中所述淀粉聚合物是天然淀粉。
3.如权利要求2所述的弹性膜,其中所述天然淀粉的直链淀粉含量为按重量计约0%到约40%。
4.如权利要求2所述的弹性膜,其中所述天然淀粉的数均分子量为每摩尔约50000到约1000000克。
5.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述弹性体聚合物包括烯属弹性体,例如茂金属-催化的乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物、丙烯/α-烯烃共聚物、苯乙烯-烯烃嵌段共聚物或者其组合。
6.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述弹性体聚合物包括由多元醇和有机二异氰酸酯合成的热塑性聚氨酯。
7.如权利要求6所述的弹性膜,其中所述多元醇包括聚醚多元醇,以及所述有机二异氰酸酯包括芳族二异氰酸酯。
8.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述增塑剂包括多元醇。
9.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述淀粉聚合物占膜的聚合物成分的约5wt.%到约20wt.%,所述弹性体聚合物占膜的聚合物成分的约50wt.%到约80wt.%,并且膜中弹性体聚合物对淀粉聚合物的重量比是约3到约6。
10.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述增塑剂占膜的约1wt.%到约10wt.%。
11.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述膜还包含合成的生物可降解聚酯,例如聚己酸内酯、聚酰胺酯、改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚乳酸或其共聚物或三元共聚物,聚乙醇酸、聚碳酸亚烷基酯、聚羟基链烷酸酯、聚-3-羟基丁酸酯、聚-3-羟基戊酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4-羟基丁酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基戊酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基己酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基辛酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基癸酸酯的共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯和3-羟基十八烷酸酯的共聚物、基于琥珀酸酯的脂肪族聚合物、芳族聚酯、改性的芳族聚酯、脂肪族-芳族共聚多酯,或者它们的组合。
12.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述膜是液体不能渗透的。
13.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述弹性膜在纵向和横向上显示出约500%到约2500%的伸长率。
14.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述弹性膜在纵向和横向上显示出的杨氏弹性模量为约1到约100兆帕。
15.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述弹性膜在纵向和横向上显示出的极限拉伸强度为约1到约100兆帕。
16.如前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜,其中所述弹性膜显示出约1%到约30%的永久变定(permanent set)。
17.一种包含前述权利要求中的任一项所述的弹性膜的吸收制品,其中所述吸收制品包含主体部分,所述主体部分包括液体可渗透的顶片、液体通常不能渗透的底片,以及位于底片和顶片之间的吸收芯。
18.如权利要求17所述的吸收制品,其中所述底片包括所述弹性膜。
19.如权利要求17所述的吸收制品,其还包括一个或多个包括所述弹性膜的弹性部件,例如腿部弹性部件、腰部弹性部件或者其组合。
20.一种形成弹性膜的方法,该方法包括将组合物熔融共混,所述组合物包含占膜的聚合物成分约1wt.%到约30wt.%的至少一种淀粉聚合物,占膜的聚合物成分约30wt.%到约95wt.%的至少一种弹性体聚合物,以及占膜的约0.1wt.%到约30wt.%的至少一种增塑剂,其中膜中弹性体聚合物对淀粉聚合物的重量比是约1到约10,所述弹性膜在纵向和横向上显示出约250%或者更高的伸长率,所述方法还包括将该组合物挤出在表面上以形成膜。
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CN105722898B (zh) * | 2013-11-14 | 2019-07-30 | 沙特基础工业公司 | 双轴拉伸制品和青贮膜 |
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CN113004677A (zh) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-22 | 惠州市浩明科技股份有限公司 | 用于防护的高分子材料及其制备方法 |
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BR112013014228B1 (pt) | 2020-03-10 |
WO2012077003A2 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
WO2012077003A3 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
KR20190018172A (ko) | 2019-02-21 |
KR101968470B1 (ko) | 2019-04-12 |
EP2649117A4 (en) | 2015-11-25 |
AU2011340218A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
CN103261288B (zh) | 2016-08-10 |
EP2649117A2 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
US8889945B2 (en) | 2014-11-18 |
CO6761301A2 (es) | 2013-09-30 |
BR112013014228A2 (pt) | 2016-09-13 |
KR20130126925A (ko) | 2013-11-21 |
RU2013129301A (ru) | 2015-01-20 |
US20120150137A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
EP2649117B1 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
AU2011340218B2 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
MX2013006452A (es) | 2013-06-28 |
RU2584201C2 (ru) | 2016-05-20 |
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