CN103126995B - 用于制备抗菌制剂输注液的药物组合物和其制备方法(变化形式) - Google Patents

用于制备抗菌制剂输注液的药物组合物和其制备方法(变化形式) Download PDF

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CN103126995B
CN103126995B CN201210260661.9A CN201210260661A CN103126995B CN 103126995 B CN103126995 B CN 103126995B CN 201210260661 A CN201210260661 A CN 201210260661A CN 103126995 B CN103126995 B CN 103126995B
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维克托历沃维奇·利莫诺夫
康斯坦丁瓦连京诺维奇·盖杜尔
亚历山大瓦莱雷维奇·杜什金
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Victor Levovich Limonov
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Abstract

本发明涉及药理学、医学、兽医学和制药工业,即,涉及用于制备抗菌制剂输注液的药物组合物,在即将进行静脉内输注前制备所述抗菌制剂的溶液的过程中,这些药物组合物使抗菌药物的治疗功效增强;还涉及制备初始复合药物成分的方法。提供的用于制备所有测试的抗菌制剂的注射液的药物组合物含有细密分散的纳米结构化胶态二氧化硅粉末,这些药物组合物在所述测试的抗菌制剂治疗测试动物由金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)引起的难治性败血症时确切地增加其治疗功效。与传统的溶剂(本发明的原型)相比较,提供的用于制备抗细菌制剂和抗真菌制剂静脉内输注液的药物组合物(NaCl:胶态二氧化硅和右旋糖:胶态二氧化硅)在临床上对于增强所述抗细菌制剂和抗真菌制剂治疗恶性传染性和发炎性疾病的治疗潜力具有相当重要的作用。

Description

用于制备抗菌制剂输注液的药物组合物和其制备方法(变化 形式)
技术领域
本发明涉及适于制备抗菌药物的可注射制剂溶液的药物制剂和其混配技术,其可用于医学和兽医学中治疗不同病因的传染性和发炎性疾病,并且用于制药工业中以制备原料药和最终剂型。
背景技术
数十年来,在制备大多数抗菌(抗细菌和抗真菌)制剂的静脉内注射液和输注液的临床实践中,传统上最常用的成分是注射用水、0.9%氯化钠溶液、5%右旋糖(葡萄糖)溶液、不太常用的0.45%氯化钠溶液、2%和10%右旋糖溶液、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)、乳酸林格氏溶液、供静脉内输注用的氯化钾和氯化钠的溶液等,这些常用成分本身不具有抗菌作用,并且没有增强抗菌药物的治疗功效的作用[1]。
鉴于这一事实,并且考虑到截至目前,许多临床上有影响的微生物菌株已经对许多抗菌制剂产生不同程度的特殊抗性,因此确立可有效地增加许多抗细菌和抗真菌药物治疗传染性和发炎性疾病的抗菌活性和临床功效的全新方法成为现代实验药理学和实用医学的紧迫任务。
过去多年里,研究人员发现,使用各种纳米粒子作为载体,用于将不同抗生素直接递送到为生物体提供抗感染防护的免疫系统细胞(巨噬细胞)以达到增加这些制剂的细胞内浓度并由此加强其抗菌性质(这一点对于以下在这些细胞中持久存在的微生物最为重要:衣原体(clamydia)、支原体(mycoplasma)、分枝杆菌(mycobacteria)等)的目的,以及用于刺激巨噬细胞的抗细菌活性并另外将巨噬细胞募集到感染的组织,是开发新型制药技术和新型高效的抗生素治疗方法的极具前景的趋势[2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9]。
本发明的目的是详细阐明基于使用氯化钠、右旋糖和胶态二氧化硅来制备粉碎的抗菌制剂可注射形式的输注液的药物组合物以及其制备方法,所述氯化钠、右旋糖和胶态二氧化硅与在本发明中作为原型检查的传统溶剂(注射用水、0.9%氯化钠溶液、5%右旋糖溶液、林格氏溶液等)相比,具有增强抗细菌和抗真菌制剂的治疗功效的作用。
在实现本发明过程中得到的技术成果是基于使用胶态二氧化硅纳米粒子和微米粒子,加强抗细菌和抗真菌制剂的肠胃外形式的治疗功效。
胶态二氧化硅纳米粒子与微米粒子在药理学有益性质生物相容性、生物分布、生物降解性和低毒性方面存在差异,其能够在经肠胃外引入期间充当抗生素的载体,将抗生素细胞内递送到集中在哺乳动物肺、肝、肾、脾、淋巴结、心脏、皮肤、膀胱和其它器官中的发炎性组织中的巨噬细胞(此举明显增加在细胞内水平上和体内感染组织中的抗生素浓度),并明显增加免疫系统中这些细胞的抗菌活性(具体说来,借助于刺激一氧化氮产生,并活化吞噬作用过程),由此显著增加抗细菌和抗真菌药物的治疗作用[10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17]。
这一问题已经利用一组发明通过产生用于制备抗细菌和抗真菌制剂输注液的药物组合物来解决。
发明内容
第一种变化形式
一种药物组合物,其用于制备可溶于无菌注射用水、0.45%和0.9%氯化钠溶液中的抗菌制剂的输注液,所述药物组合物的特征在于其粉末形式,其含有重量比相应地等于4.5或9:(1-5)的氯化钠和胶态二氧化硅。
这种药物组合物的新型制备方法已经就抗菌制剂输注液的制备来详细阐明,所述方法包括混合氯化物与其它组分,其特征在于,将粉末状氯化钠与类粉末状胶态二氧化硅以相应地等于4.5或9:(1-5)的重量比混合,并且借助于碰撞摩擦作用对所得混合物进行机械加工,直到细密分散(小于5微米)的胶态二氧化硅粒子的质量分率增加至少两倍。
为了能基于使用提出的药物组合物制备输注液,按处方信息中的指示,将一剂抗菌制剂干粉(可溶于注射用水中)溶解于10ml注射用水中,随后将全部体积的所得溶液与上述药物组合物干粉一起装入小瓶中,剧烈振荡2或3分钟,接着再将得到的由抗菌制剂溶液与药物组合物组成的悬浮液溶解于50-100-200ml 0.45%或0.9%氯化钠溶液(视组合物含量而定)中,并根据抗菌制剂处方信息中所指示的要求,以输注液形式静脉内注射。
第二种变化形式
一种药物组合物,其用于制备可溶于无菌注射用水、2%和5%右旋糖溶液中的抗菌制剂的输注液,所述药物组合物的特征在于其粉末形式,其含有重量比相应地等于20或50:(1-5)的右旋糖和胶态二氧化硅。
一种制备用于制备抗菌制剂输注液的药物组合物的方法,其包括混合右旋糖与其它组分,所述方法的特征在于,将粉末状右旋糖与类粉末状胶态二氧化硅以右旋糖比胶态二氧化硅相应地等于20或50:(1-5)的重量比混合,并且借助于碰撞摩擦作用对所得混合物进行机械加工,直到细密分散(小于5微米)的胶态二氧化硅粒子的质量分率增加至少两倍。
为了能基于使用提出的药物组合物制备输注液,按处方信息中的指示,将一剂抗菌制剂干粉(可溶于注射用水中)溶解于10ml注射用水中,随后将全部体积的所得溶液与上述药物组合物干粉一起装入小瓶中,剧烈振荡2或3分钟,接着再将得到的由抗菌制剂溶液与药物组合物组成的悬浮液溶解于50-100-200ml 2%或5%右旋糖溶液(视组合物含量而定)中,并根据抗菌制剂处方信息中所指示的要求,以输注液形式静脉内注射。
当使用提出的药物组合物时,如果得到的混合物(氯化钠+胶态二氧化硅或右旋糖+胶态二氧化硅)通过碰撞摩擦作用进行机械加工,使尺寸≤5μm的胶态二氧化硅粒子的含量为至少35%,那么抗菌制剂的治疗功效将增加。
为了制备药物组合物,研究人员使用由俄罗斯药物制造商《ABOLmed》有限公司(《ABOLmed》LLC)所提供的药剂学中可用的氯化钠结晶粉末和右旋糖结晶粉末,以及抗菌制剂(阿莫西林(amoxycillin)+克拉维酸(clavulanate)、氨曲南(aztreonam)、头孢噻肟(cefotaxime)、头孢曲松(ceftriaxone)、头孢他啶(ceftazidime)、头孢哌酮(cefoperazone)+舒巴坦(sulbactam)、头孢吡肟(cefepime)、美罗培南(meropenem)、硫酸阿米卡星(amikacin sulfate)、阿奇霉素(azithromycin)、万古霉素(vancomycin)、卷曲霉素(capreomycin)、磷霉素(fosfomycin)和伏立康唑(voriconazole))。对于胶态二氧化硅,研究人员曾使用由《赢创德固赛公司(Evonik Degussa Corporation)》(德国)制造的药剂学中可用的AEROSIL 200(通用名:胶态二氧化硅),其由圆形无孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(平均直径7-40nm)结合成尺寸<100μm的不规则的微米粒子组成。
组合物配方的选择是基于胶态二氧化硅纳米粒子和微米粒子对抗细菌和抗真菌制剂分子的交互吸附现象,以及在借助于强烈机械摩擦碰撞来机械活化胶态二氧化硅微米粒子与氯化钠结晶粉末和右旋糖结晶粉末的混配物的情况下胶态二氧化硅微米粒子的尺寸减小。
根据提供的重量比将胶态二氧化硅引入提出的组合物中是遵循针对抗菌制剂治疗功效的最大增强作用和副作用出现的最小可能性的标准,利用实验小鼠通过实验确定。
与其它已知方法相比较,所述借助于由强烈机械摩擦碰撞来机械活化氯化钠或葡萄糖与胶态二氧化硅的粉末掺合物而制备上述药物组合物的方法使尺寸≤5μm的胶态二氧化硅细粒的比例增加,这一尺寸的细粒可吸附抗菌制剂分子,并且被巨噬细胞主动吞噬[18]。
为此,借助于强烈机械摩擦碰撞对所述各试剂(氯化钠+胶态二氧化硅或右旋糖+胶态二氧化硅)的掺合物进行机械活化,直到胶态二氧化硅细粉部分(≤5μm)的重量比增加至少两倍。
使用所得由胶态二氧化硅细粒与其表面上逆向吸附的可溶于无菌注射用水中的各种抗菌制剂分子组成的粉末状药物组合物来制备输注液。
为了获得所述组合物,研究人员使用了一种机械化学方法,这种方法通过强烈机械碰撞,即优先在各种研磨机中实现的对各物质施加碰撞摩擦作用的压力和剪切,来处理固体成分掺合物。固体粉末物质(氯化钠+胶态二氧化硅或右旋糖+胶态二氧化硅)的掺合物在滚筒式球磨机中经历机械活化。与通过简单地混合各组分或通过其溶液汽化来获得掺合物相比较,所用获得混配物的方式可实现粉末组分的完全均质化,并因此使药物组合物具有高药理学活性。
根据最小所需机械作用剂量的定量标准,宜使用针对所得组合物的悬浮液的颗粒测定方法。在本文中,需要可借助于激光光度法测量的不超过5μm的胶态二氧化硅粒子的重量含量应增加至少2倍。粉末混配物的机械处理是在滚动球磨机、振动球磨机或行星式球磨机(planetary mill)中进行。可使用小球、旋轴等作为研磨介质。
利用实验用啮齿动物(小鼠)进行的所得组合物的药理学试验显示,与抗菌药物的常用溶剂相比较,借助所述方法制备的所述组合物对于抗菌(抗细菌和抗真菌)制剂治疗由金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌诱发的细菌性败血症以及由白色念珠菌诱发的真菌性败血症时的治疗功效具有特殊的增强作用。
因此,使用所述药物组合物和其制备方法提供以下益处:
1)在临床上使针对恶性传染性和发炎性疾病的抗菌疗法的功效和品质显著增加,降低死亡率;
2)制药技术具有生态安全性、无废物且成本低。
具体实施方式
本发明将利用下文所列实例予以说明。
实例1.固体组合物的制备。NaCl:胶态二氧化硅。
在滚筒式旋转球磨机中,将重量比为4.5:1、4.5:2、4.5:5、9:1、9:2和9:5的氯化钠和胶态二氧化硅的掺合物处理1、2或4小时。
在由俄罗斯《VA设备公司(VA Instalt)》制造的Microsizer-201а粒子尺寸激光分析仪上分析初始胶态二氧化硅粒子以及其与NaCl的不同变化形式组合物于水中的悬浮液的颗粒含量。将1g到5g研究的粉末放入样品制备模件(液体体积150sm3)中,其量足以使70%到75%的光透射穿过试管。1或2分钟之后,进行测量,同时对悬浮液进行处理以破坏团块。根据嵌入分析仪中的计算程序进行数据处理。结果制成重量分布与粒子尺寸的关系的直方图形式。
为确定胶态二氧化硅粒子吸附的抗菌制剂的数量,将0.5g抗生素物质(以活性物质计)溶解于5sm3注射用水中。之后,将已知量的干燥组合物NaCl:胶态二氧化硅悬浮于新制的抗生素溶液中,以12000rpm的速度离心所得悬浮液30分钟,小心地倒出上清液,将残留物质胶态二氧化硅再悬浮于相同量的注射用水中。利用HPLC方法确定脱附到水相中的抗生素的浓度。随后,重复沉淀和悬浮程序。根据确定的由胶态二氧化硅残留物脱附的抗生素总量计算吸附的抗生素的量。
所得颗粒组合物的数据和吸附速率显示于表1中。由所得数据可知,选定的制备提供的组合物的条件可使胶态二氧化硅细粉部分(粒度≤5μm)的比例增加至少2倍,并使胶态二氧化硅粒子结合抗菌制剂分子的结合度达到至少40%。
表1
通过应用组合物制备的组合物和抗菌制剂溶液于水中的悬浮液的颗粒测定数据;胶态二氧化硅粒子对制剂的吸附速率
实例2.固体组合物的制备
右旋糖:胶态二氧化硅。在滚筒式旋转球磨机中,将重量比为20:1、20:2、20:5、50:1、50:2和50:5的右旋糖和胶态二氧化硅的掺合物处理1、2或4小时。
遵循实例1中所述的方法,测量胶态二氧化硅于水中的悬浮液的颗粒含量和抗生素的吸附速率。所得数据显示于表2中。由这些数据可知,所述制备提供的组合物的方法还使胶态二氧化硅细粉部分(粒度≤5μm)的比例增加至少2倍,并使胶态二氧化硅粒子结合抗菌制剂分子的结合度达到至少40%。
表2
通过应用组合物制备的组合物和抗菌制剂溶液于水中的悬浮液的颗粒测定数据;胶态二氧化硅粒子对制剂的吸附速率
实例3.基于使用药物组合物制备的抗菌制剂的溶液(静脉内注射用)的治疗功效的测定。
已经进行一项针对β-内酰胺类抗生素(阿莫西林+克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮+舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、美罗培南)、大环内酯类(阿奇霉素)、氨基糖苷类(硫酸阿米卡星)、糖肽类(万古霉素)、抗真菌剂(伏立康唑)以及磷霉素的研究。
为测定抗菌剂的治疗功效,首先建立败血症实验模型,并根据[19、20],采用所得结果(χ2)的统计学处理方法。
微生物:金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC编号25923F-49)、大肠杆菌(ATCC编号25922F-50)、绿脓杆菌(ATCC编号27853F-51)、白色念珠菌(ATCC编号24433)。
动物:实验是根据《测试动物使用规程(Regulations for test animals use)》(USSR卫生部订购增刊第755期,1977年12月8日)利用杂交小鼠(CBA×C57Black/6)CBF1进行。
败血症实验模型
对小鼠静脉内注射0.8ml绿脓杆菌每日培养物悬浮液,剂量为每只小鼠5×108CFU;或0.8ml金黄色葡萄球菌每日培养物悬浮液,剂量为每只小鼠1010CFU;或0.8ml大肠杆菌每日培养物悬浮液,剂量为每只小鼠8×108CFU;或0.8ml白色念珠菌每日培养物悬浮液,剂量为每只小鼠1010CFU。小鼠对照组注射0.8ml体积的0.9%NaCl溶液或5%右旋糖溶液。
感染后一天,对测试小鼠每日静脉内注射溶解于0.9%NaCl溶液或5%右旋糖溶液中的上述杀菌剂,以及其基于使用药物组合物制备的溶液(如前文所述),持续3天。
每日注射的0.5ml溶液中所含所有β-内酰胺的量都为每只小鼠0.2mg,硫酸阿米卡星的量为每日每只小鼠2mg,万古霉素的量为每日每只小鼠1mg,磷霉素的量为每日每只小鼠2mg,伏立康唑的量为每日每只小鼠0.1mg。遵循相同方案,对照组注射0.5ml体积的0.9%NaCl溶液或5%右旋糖溶液以及药物组合物水溶液。
根据感染后第7天存活小鼠的数量评价抗细菌疗法的功效[19、20]。
表3和4中显示的得到的数据反映三次独立实验的结果(对于每一制剂研究,使用至少30只测试动物)。
表3
细菌性败血症抗菌疗法的功效
(制剂溶液是基于组合物NaCl:胶态二氧化硅制备)
*-以%表示并且是绝对值(存活率/感染动物)。
**-未进行测试。
表4
细菌性败血症抗菌疗法的功效
(制剂溶液是基于组合物右旋糖:胶态二氧化硅制备)
*-以%表示并且是绝对值(存活率/感染动物)。
**-未进行测试。
从表3和4可看出,所有提出的用于制备所有测试的抗菌制剂的注射液的药物组合物都含有细密分散的纳米结构化胶态二氧化硅粉末,所述药物组合物在所述测试的抗菌制剂治疗测试动物由金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和白色念珠菌引起的难治性败血症时确切地增加其治疗功效。
因此,从得到的数据,可得出结论:与传统的溶剂(本发明的原型)相比较,提供的用于制备抗细菌制剂和抗真菌制剂静脉内输注液的药物组合物(NaCl:胶态二氧化硅和右旋糖:胶态二氧化硅)在临床上对于增强所述抗细菌制剂和抗真菌制剂治疗恶性传染性和发炎性疾病的治疗潜力具有相当重要的作用。
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Claims (2)

1.一种药物组合物,其用于制备可溶于无菌注射用水、0.45%和0.9%氯化钠溶液中的抗菌制剂的输注液,所述药物组合物的特征在于其粉末形式,其由重量比等于4.5或9:(1-5)的氯化钠和胶态二氧化硅组成,所述氯化钠和胶态二氧化硅是机械化学活化的粉末,其中,
所述机械化学活化的粉末通过强烈机械碰撞摩擦作用而活化,并且
所述胶态二氧化硅的粉末由结合成尺寸<100μm的不规则的微米粒子的平均直径7nm至40nm的圆形无孔二氧化硅纳米粒子构成。
2.一种制备权利要求1所述的药物组合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
-混合氯化钠与胶态二氧化硅,其中,将粉末状氯化钠与粉末状胶态二氧化硅以氯化钠比胶态二氧化硅等于4.5或9:(1-5)的重量比混合,并且所述胶态二氧化硅的粉末由结合成尺寸<100μm的不规则的微米粒子的平均直径7nm至40nm的圆形无孔二氧化硅纳米粒子构成,和
-借助于强烈机械碰撞摩擦作用对所得混合物进行机械加工,直到机械化学活化的粉末组合物细密分散至尺寸≤5μm的胶态二氧化硅粒子的含量为至少35%。
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