CN103097910B - 用于机动车的雷达传感器、尤其是lca传感器 - Google Patents

用于机动车的雷达传感器、尤其是lca传感器 Download PDF

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CN103097910B
CN103097910B CN201180043931.4A CN201180043931A CN103097910B CN 103097910 B CN103097910 B CN 103097910B CN 201180043931 A CN201180043931 A CN 201180043931A CN 103097910 B CN103097910 B CN 103097910B
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antenna
antenna element
radar sensor
radar
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CN103097910A (zh
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T·宾策尔
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/93—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
    • G01S13/931—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/3208—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used
    • H01Q1/3233—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used particular used as part of a sensor or in a security system, e.g. for automotive radar, navigation systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/065—Patch antenna array
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/93—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
    • G01S13/931—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
    • G01S2013/9315—Monitoring blind spots
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/28—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the amplitude
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于机动车（44）的雷达传感器，其具有发射天线（Tx）和馈给网络（26），所述发射天线具有平面组合天线的形式，所述平面组合天线具有多个并排设置的天线元件（10、12、14、16），所述馈给网络用于输送微波功率到所述天线元件，其特征在于，所述馈给网络（26）被构造用于向所述天线元件（10、12、14、16）输送具有从行的一个端部向另一个端部以恒定的增量增加的相移的微波功率。

Description

用于机动车的雷达传感器、尤其是LCA传感器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于机动车的雷达传感器，其具有发射天线和馈给网络，所述发射天线具有平面组合天线的形式，所述平面组合天线具有多个并排设置的天线元件，所述馈给网络用于将微波功率输送给天线元件。
背景技术
为了在机动车中使用而设置的雷达传感器天线通常实现为HF衬底上的贴片天线。这允许雷达传感器的成本有利的构造。通过组合天线的使用可以在方位方面和/或在俯仰方面实现所期望的雷达传感器方向特性，而不需要雷达透镜。对于雷达信号的发射和反射信号的接收通常使用分开的天线。可以通过以下方式实现发射天线在方位方面的所期望的方向特性：相位相同地向多个并排设置在衬底上的天线元件输送微波功率。然后通过干涉形成一个雷达波束，其主发射方向与衬底平面垂直地定向，并且所述雷达波束覆盖从约-45℃至约+45℃的方位角范围。在接收侧同样使用多个并排设置的天线元件或者贴片，但其属于不同的接收通道，从而可以根据由不同的天线元件接收的信号之间的相位差推断出物体的方位角。
本发明尤其涉及用于机动车的、例如LCA(LaneChangeAid：车道变换辅助)系统中的后向空间雷达传感机构，所述LCA系统在车道变换时辅助驾驶员，其方式是，警告驾驶员注意在自身车道或者超车车道上从后方接近的车辆。在这种情况下，雷达传感机构在向后方向上必须具有大的作用距离，以便也能够及时识别快速的车辆，所述雷达传感器另一方面必须能够定位位于较小间距内或者几乎位于超车车道上的相同的水平上并且因此对于驾驶员而言位于死角中的车辆。
发明内容
本发明的任务是，提供一种简单构造的并且成本有利的雷达传感机构，所述雷达传感器能够满足上述要求。
根据本发明，所述任务借助于开头所述类型的雷达传感器解决，其中所述馈给网络被构造用于向天线元件输送具有从行的一个端部向另一个端部以恒定的增量增加的相移的微波功率。
由于由不同的天线元件发射的雷达波之间的干涉，出现不对称天线图的形成，使得具有高强度的微波功率的大部分在确定的方向上发射，并且同时微波功率的较小部分在高方位角下向一侧发射。通过这种方式可能的是，借助一个唯一的雷达传感器检测自身车道上和超车车道上直至死角的后继交通。
本发明的有利构型和扩展方案在从属权利要求中说明。
在一个优选的实施方式中，如此构造所述馈给网络，使得所发射的微波的振幅逐个天线元件地变化，例如从天线元件行的一个端部向相对置的端部减小。由此，所发射的雷达射束的功率分配在方向角上是均匀的，从而在很大程度上闭合主瓣和旁瓣之间的定位间隙。
附图说明
以下根据附图详细说明本发明的实施例。
图1示出多个在未示出的衬底上设置成水平的行的天线元件的示意图，其具有用于各个天线元件的相位分配和振幅分配的示例的说明；
图2示出根据图1的天线装置、相位分配和振幅分配的天线图；
图3示出根据本发明的实施方式的雷达传感器的原理图；以及
图4示出根据本发明的LCA雷达传感器的定位图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出了4个天线元件10、12、14、16，其以均匀的间距在未示出的HF衬底上设置成水平的行。天线元件在此表示为各个贴片。通过稍后详细说明的馈给网络，天线元件收到微波信号，所述微波信号随后应作为雷达射束发射。天线元件的中心距离d在所示示例中是微波射束的波长的一半(d＝λ/2)。
同样在图1中说明了天线元件10、12、14、16的相位分配和振幅分配。参考所述行的左端部处的天线元件10(相位＝0°)，第二天线元件12具有相移60°，第三天线元件14具有相移120°，并且第四天线元件16具有相移180。相移因此以相同的增量(60°)增加，并且所述行的相对置的端部处的天线元件10和16收到反相的信号。
信号的振幅在天线元件行上从左向右线性地减小。如果最左边的天线元件10的振幅归一化为1.0，则振幅向右逐个天线元件地减小。在所示示例中，振幅对于天线元件12递减为0.7，对于天线元件14递减为0.5并且对于天线元件16最后递减为0.35。
图2示出由在图1中示出的相位分配和振幅分配造成的天线图。图2中的曲线18作为方位角的函数说明由天线元件10、12、14、16发射的雷达射束的相对功率。通过由各个天线元件发射的射束分量之间的干涉，在约20°的方位角处出现明显的最大值。对于更大的方位角，功率减小。与此相反，在+20°到-90°的范围内存在几个次最大值，使得功率直至约-60°的范围内保持在相对较高的水平上。通过根据图1的不均匀的振幅分配实现了天线图中的最小值表现得相对较弱。
图3示出具有根据图1的发射天线装置的雷达传感器的重要组件的详细电路图。
四个天线元件10、12、14、16一起构成发射天线Tx。三个另外的天线元件20以不均匀的横向间距设置并且一起构成接收天线Rx。天线元件10-16和20分别由一列贴片22组成，微波信号同相地耦合到所述贴片中。因此，由于干涉，在俯仰方面在0°仰角(垂直于衬底)时得到具有明显主最大值的方向特性。所述主最大值在约-45°到约+45°的角度范围上延伸。与此相反，旁瓣仅仅微弱地构成。
与此相反，在方位方面，发射天线Tx的方向特性相应于根据附图2的天线图，从而在不使用雷达透镜的情况下，整体上得到一个在垂直线上成束的而在水平线上非对称扇形展开的雷达射束。
用于发射天线Tx的微波功率由振荡器24产生并且通过并行的馈给网络26输送给各个天线元件10、12、14、16。所述网络从振荡器20的输出端首先分支为两个支路26，它们在长度上相差λ/3，即波长λ的三分之一。每个支路26随后又分支为两个支路30或者32，它们具有分别λ/6的长度差。通过这种方式实现在图1中示出的相位分配。为了调整所述振幅分配，支路28、30和32之一分别包含一个所谓的阻抗变换器34，借助所述阻抗变换器以所期望的程度匹配转发给相关的天线元件的功率。
接收天线Rx的三个天线元件20与一个三通道混频器36连接，所述三通道混频器将从每个单个天线元件20接收的信号与由振荡器24提供的发送信号进行混频。在三通道混频器26的输出端38上得到作为混频结果的中频信号，所述中频信号的频率相应于由发射天线Tx发射的射束与在同一时间由接收天线Rx的相关的天线元件20接收的射束之间的频率差。因为振荡器24的频率斜坡形地调制(FMCW雷达；FrequencyModulatedContinuousWave：频率调制连续波)，所以中频信号的频率不仅与信号传播时间并且因此与所定位的物体的距离有关而且与多普勒频移并且因此与物体的相对速度有关。中频信号之间的相位差代表由不同天线元件20接收的雷达回波之间的相应的相位差。所述相位差取决于至并排设置的天线元件20的信号路径的不同长度并且因此给出关于所定位的物体的方位角的说明。
中频信号的分析处理本身是已知的并且在此不作详细说明。
发射天线的天线元件10、12、14、16和接收天线的天线元件20以及馈给网络26可以在微带技术上构造在共同的衬底上，所述衬底也容纳三通道混频器36和振荡器24以及必要时雷达传感器的其他组件。
在图4中示出了根据本发明的雷达传感器42的定位区域40。所述雷达传感器42如此安装在机动车44的后部中，使得方位角0°相应于直角坐标系(x'，y')的y'轴，所述直角坐标系(x'，y')相对于车辆坐标系(x，y)稍微旋转(y轴相应于车辆的向后行驶方向)。
在所示示例中，雷达传感器42是后向空间雷达传感器、LCA系统的一部分，所述LCA系统在有意的变道时警告驾驶员注意后继交通。在所述示例中，后继交通由车辆46、48组成，所述车辆46、48在超车车道上接近(在此在左侧交通的情况下)。如此定向所述雷达传感器，使得其深远(以方位角+20°)的主瓣覆盖超车车道和车辆44的自身车道的大部分。因此能够及时检测到例如车辆46。车辆48恰好已经开始超车并且对于车辆44的驾驶员而言位于死角中。然而，由于定位区域的不对称形状，也还能够检测到车辆48。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于机动车(44)的雷达传感器，其具有发射天线(Tx)和馈给网络(26)，所述发射天线具有平面组合天线的形式，所述平面组合天线具有多个并排设置的天线元件(10、12、14、16)，所述馈给网络用于输送微波功率到所述天线元件，其特征在于，所述馈给网络(26)被构造用于向所述天线元件(10、12、14、16)输送具有从行的一个端部向另一个端部以恒定的增量增加的相移并且具有不同振幅的微波功率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的雷达传感器，其中，所述行的相对置的端部处的天线元件(10、16)被反相控制。
3.根据权利要求2所述的雷达传感器，其具有四个天线元件(10、12、14、16)，其中，两个相邻的天线元件之间的相移分别是60°。
4.根据以上权利要求中任一项所述的雷达传感器，其中，所述振幅沿着所述天线元件(10、12、14、16)的行在相移增加的方向上减小。
5.一种用于机动车的驾驶员辅助系统，其具有用于定位物体(46、48)的雷达传感机构(42)，所述物体以从小到大的纵向间距位于自身车辆(44)的后方，所述物体包括位于相邻车道上几乎同一水平上的物体(48)，其特征在于，所述雷达传感机构通过一个唯一的根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的雷达传感器(42)构成。
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