CN1030638A - 在通常条件下为气态的烃类混合物的深度冷却方法 - Google Patents

在通常条件下为气态的烃类混合物的深度冷却方法 Download PDF

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CN1030638A
CN1030638A CN88103895A CN88103895A CN1030638A CN 1030638 A CN1030638 A CN 1030638A CN 88103895 A CN88103895 A CN 88103895A CN 88103895 A CN88103895 A CN 88103895A CN 1030638 A CN1030638 A CN 1030638A
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查尔斯·A·多尔
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MW Kellogg Co
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Abstract

一项用于深度冷却在制冷工艺装置中产生的、在 通常条件下为气态的烃类混合物的方法。其中,烃类 混合物被引至气—液分离器,分离器可以是一个储 槽。含有烃类混合物组分中两种组分以上的蒸汽被 回收作为致冷剂,并在一开路循环的制冷系统中用来 深度冷却烃类混合物,其后,致冷剂返回分离器。本 系统特别适合于在深度冷却烃类产品物料流的同时, 回收从冷冻储槽中汽化出的蒸汽。

Description

本发明涉及诸如液化石油气(LPG)、天然气液体(NGL)和伴有少量氮气的液化天然气(LNG)等,在通常条件下为气态的烃类混合物的深度冷却方法,本发明特别适用于回收从储存经深度冷却了的烃类混合物产品的冷冻储槽中汽化出来的蒸汽。
在一般的致冷工艺中,采用各种致冷介质,例如单组分致冷剂、多级致冷剂及混合致冷剂或采用等熵膨胀等手段,或者是上述方法的联合,用冷却和降压方法使LPG、NGL和LNG得以净制和液化。为了减少由于储槽中物料吸热所造成的汽化损耗,通常将获得的产品流深度冷却至它们的沸点温度以下。
通常,储槽位置与制冷工艺装置间有一定距离。尽管有良好的隔热、产品进行了深度冷却,但是所储存的烃类混合物中的较轻组分仍有一定程度的汽化。一般说,此种由于蒸汽汽化引起的损耗是不希望发生和不允许的。因而,通常使用某种单组分致冷剂通过独立的闭路循环系统回收汽化出来的蒸汽,并以液体形式返回储槽。但是,由于装料及卸料的操作以及气候条件是变化的,所以汽化速率不是恒定的。这样,用于回收逸出蒸汽的制冷系统的能力通常是按最大需求量来确定的,这就导致了在大部分时间里大量的致冷能力被闲置。独立的致冷剂闭路循环系统的另一缺点是致冷温度固定不变。例如在丙烷致冷系统中,可获得的最低致冷剂温度可以达到-40℃,此温度在回收的汽化物组成与设计装置时所选定的汽化物组成相同的条件下是合适的。但是,如果原料或工艺条件改变,就可能导致逸出蒸汽中轻组分的含量有予想不到的增高,在上述固定的致冷剂温度下无法回收这些轻组分。
因此,本发明的目的是,提供一个通过制冷来深度冷却通常条件下为气态的烃类混合物(例如某种低温烃类产品料流)的方法,此制冷也用于在一自平衡系统中回收逸出的蒸汽,此自平衡系统将进行调节,以适应逸出蒸汽混合物组成的变化。
根据本项发明,一个多组分的、在通常条件下为气态的烃类物料流被引至一绝热的气-液分离区,在此区获得液体产品以便销售、储存或用于进一步加工,蒸汽也在此区被回收。回收的蒸汽作为气体致冷剂,它含有引入分离区的烃类物料流所含各组分中的二种以上的最轻组分。气体致冷剂被压缩、冷凝、深度冷却、膨胀、与进料流进行间接热交换而汽化,并最终返回气-液分离区与加入的进料流混合。因为致冷剂是在与气-液分离区的主要制冷方法的低压端相通的开式循环系统中使用,气体致冷剂总是会含有进料流中所含的最轻的几种组分,因此,为使逸出蒸汽液化,致冷剂可能达到的温度,将依据从进料物流中逸出的气体或闪蒸蒸汽的组成而升高或降低。
图1表示出本项发明的一个实施例,此实施例中冷凝后的致冷剂在膨胀之前先由一外部致冷剂物流进行深度冷却。
图2表示了本项发明的另一实施例,其中,冷凝后的致冷剂在膨胀前,先由减压后的该致冷剂本身在同一热交换区里进行深度冷却,加入的烃类物料流也在此区被深度冷却。
图3表示了本发明的一个较佳的实施例,其中,高压的致冷剂液体在膨胀之前,先通过两个热交换级进行深度冷却,并将一部份经初步深度冷却了的液体膨胀至一中间压力,以便满足初步深度冷却所需的致冷要求。
图4表示了本发明中所采用的使高压致冷剂液体进行二级深度冷却的另一个较佳的实施例,在此实施例中,送入进行深度冷却的烃类进料流是丙烷产品流,其中也含有少量乙烷和丁烷。
正如图4所示,依据所处理的具体烃类混合物以及设备的实际组合方式的不同,绝热的气-液分离区可以是一园筒形闪蒸分离器或是一个冷冻储槽,也可以是二者兼有。如果储槽紧挨着主要的制冷工艺设备,那么它可以起气-液分离器的作用,但是最好在储槽的上游处使用一独立的闪蒸罐,以便对于烃类混合物组成的变化提供较迅速的系统反应。尽管冷冻储槽通常也吸收大气中的一些热量,但与再汽化的分馏柱或精馏塔不同,气-液分离区是绝热的。绝热的气-液分离区可以在0.8巴~2.0巴的压力下操作,不过最好是在比大气压略高的压力下操作(在0.987巴以上)。
为了达到能把送入的烃类进料流深度冷却到冷冻储槽的温度所要求的低致冷温度,也必须深度冷却已冷凝的致冷剂料流。致冷剂可以用一外部物料流,例如图1所示的来自主要制冷工艺装置的一股致冷剂料流,进行深度冷却,但是最好还是如图2所示那样,在致冷剂膨胀之后采用传统的“自举”(“bootstrap”)式冷却技术,与其自身热交换进行深度冷却,这样,因料流膨胀而产生的致冷作用被利用来冷却膨胀前较高压力的原物料流。当然,现有的制冷作用也用来深度冷却送入的烃类料流。如果送入的料流主要是甲烷并且含有少量氮(在LNG装置中的情况通常就是这样的),那么气态致冷剂被压缩到14巴~35巴、冷凝后在膨胀之前被深度冷却至-140℃~-170℃以便获得致冷效果。当送入的料流主要是乙烷并含有较少的甲烷时,则气态致冷剂被压缩到7巴~31巴、冷凝后被深度冷却到-70℃~-110℃。如果送入的料流主要是丙烷或主要是丁烷,或者如通常遇到的主要为含有某些较轻气体的丙烷及丁烷混合物,那么就将气态致冷剂压缩至3巴~25巴,冷凝后再深度冷却至10℃~-60℃。
已被深度冷却了的致冷剂最好是通过一个焦耳-汤普森阀(Joule-Thompson    ValVe),膨胀到绝热的气-液分离区所具有的低压,这样,无需分离蒸汽和液体就可以从所形成的膨胀料流获得致冷效果。膨胀后的料流通常是两相混合物,但是如果料流在膨胀前已被深度冷却到极低的温度,那么膨胀后也可能是完全的液相。显然,在与送入的烃类料流,或者最好也和膨胀前的具有较高压力的原物料流自身,进行间接的热交换来获得制冷目的的过程中,致冷剂将再度汽化成主要为蒸汽的相,以便返回绝热的气-液分离区。最好视情况而定将这股返回的料流引至实际的分离器或储槽,并且与通常膨胀进入同一储槽的经深度冷却的多组分液相烃类进料流分开。这股返回的再次汽化了的料流的引入位置,应在经深度冷却了的那股液体流的注入口上方,以利于这两股料流的气-液分离,并从储罐或在气-液分离区使用的各储槽中获得在通常条件下为气态的液相烃类产品料流。
冷凝后的致冷剂最好如图3所示那样,在两个间接热交换级中被深度冷却,从而使致冷要求与可以获得的温度级别不同的两股致冷剂料流实现良好的匹配。因此,在此实施例中,全部致冷剂液体先被初步深度冷却,并把深度冷却后的一部分料流膨胀至2巴~15巴的中间压力,以便满足初步深度冷却所需的致冷要求。而后,所生成的再次汽化了的致冷剂返回气态致冷剂压缩工序的中间压力位置,例如返回一台两段压缩机的段间位置。如上面所述,将初步深度冷却后剩余的致冷剂液体,如前述那样在膨胀之前通过第二级热交换进行最终的深度冷却。
参阅附图及说明书,利用下列图例注释来鉴别各股物料流及处理过程:
1、在通常条件下为气态的多组分烃类物料流
1a、液相,已经过深度冷却的、在通常条件下为气态的多组分烃类物料流
2、热交换器
3、热交换器
4、低压的绝热气-液分离区
5、在通常条件下为气态的液相烃类产品流
6、LPG储槽
7、LPG产品
8、气相致冷剂料流
9、压缩机
10、热交换器(冷凝器)
11、收集槽
12、高压致冷剂液体
12a、初步深度冷却后的高压致冷剂液体
13、热交换器
14、热交换器
15、第一股低温致冷剂液体
16、第二股低温致冷剂液体
17、膨胀阀
18、第一股中间压力的致冷剂
19、第一股中间压力的再汽化了的致冷剂
20、膨胀阀
21、丁烷料流
22、第二股中间压力的再汽化了的致冷剂
23、中间压力的再汽化了的致冷剂混合流
24、汽-液分离筒
25、膨胀阀
26、膨胀阀
27、第一股低压致冷剂
28、第二股低压致冷剂
29、第一股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂
30、第二股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂
31、低压的再汽化了的致冷剂混合流
32、膨胀阀
应当指出,本项发明的方法中适用的热交换器可以是管壳式热交换器或者是可以在数股物流间进行热交换的板翅式热交换器。虽然在附图中为了便于说明起见画出若干个独立的热交换区,但根据特定的工艺设计参数可以将这些热交换区并入一个或数个多股流热交换器中。
现在参阅图1,在通常条件下为汽态的烃类进料流1由于较高的致冷工艺压力所以一般为液相,它在热交换器3中被深度冷却,冷却后得到的物料流1a膨胀进入由闪蒸分离器4所代表的低压绝热气-液分离区。通常条件下为气态的液相烃类产品流通过管线5从分离器底部引出,构成气相致冷剂的蒸汽料流则通过管线8引出。闪蒸分离器4最好是在大气压力或接近大气压力的条件下操作,以避免压缩机9的入口端产生不希望的负压条件。气态致冷剂被压缩到某一较高的压力之后,在通常使用水冷却的热交换器10中冷凝并收集在储槽11中。根据需要,高压致冷剂液体经由管线12从收集槽引出,并在热交换器14中用外来的致冷剂料流进行深度冷却,外来致冷剂例如可以是易于从主要制冷工艺中获得的致冷剂料流。然后,深度冷却后得到的第一股低温致冷剂料流15,经由阀25膨胀,并在热交换器3中与送入的进料流热交换而再次汽化。在管线29中所获得的第一股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂返回分离器4。
图2表明的是本项发明的一个工艺流程,它除了因为高压致冷剂液体流12,也是在热交换器3中被第一股低压的致冷剂流27深度冷却,因而不需要外来的致冷剂以外,与图1所示的过程在本质上是相同的。
图3表示了将高压致冷剂液体料流12进行两级深度冷却的工艺,其中,在热交换器13中完成初级深度冷却,并从经此初级冷却了的致冷剂中分出第二股低温致冷剂液体流16。在这个实施例中,第二股低温致冷剂流的温度高于第一股低温致冷剂料流15的温度,它通过阀17膨胀从而得到第一股中间压强的致冷剂,并将其从热交换器13中取出,得到第一股中间压强的再汽化了的物流19。其后,这股蒸汽流19返回二段压缩机9的某个段间位置,在此它与正在被压缩的气态致冷剂流8汇合。为保护压缩机,采用汽-液分离筒24除去料流19中可能存在的任何液体。
在生产液相烃类产品例如从附图所示的管线5取出的产品时,应该理解到加入的进料流1中较轻组分的含量增高,必将导致在储槽中不希望发生的高汽化速率,除非降低其储存温度。根据前面的叙述,很明显,由于当气态致冷剂料流8从进料物料流中闪蒸出来时,它所含的较轻组分的浓度必定比较高,所以依靠其自平衡的开路循环系统的特性,本项发明方法是能够满足生产较低温度产品料流5的要求的。因此,所获得的其泡点温度相应较低、其组分较轻的气态致冷剂在热交换器3中就能达到较低的致冷温度,因此系统不必采用负压操作就可提供较低的温度来深度冷却送入的烃类物料流1。
现在参阅图4,正如前面所指出的,它表示的是适用于深度冷却具有下述组成的LPG物料流的本发明的一个流程图:
C2=2.1%(重量)
C3=95.4%(重量)
C4=2.5%(重量)
100.0%(重量)
LPG料流1在17.8巴的压力下被引至热交换器2,并被初步深度冷却到-23℃。在热交换器3中把这股料流进一步深度冷却到-46℃后,再膨胀至低压进入在略大于1巴的压力下操作的闪蒸分离器4中。其组成与料流1大致相同的、在通常条件下为气态的液相烃类产品流5从分离器4的底部获得并储存在冷冻槽6中。LPG产品通过管线7从此冷冻槽取出,以便出售或作进一步加工处理。
从LPG储槽6蒸发出来的、主要由产品料流中所含乙烷所组成的蒸汽,与分离器4中的其它蒸汽汇合,形成气态致冷剂料流8,其组成如下:
C2=13.9%(重量)
C3=86.1%(重量)
C4=痕量
100.0%(重量)
气态致冷剂在两段压缩机9中被压缩到2.7巴这一中间压力后,再增压至19.5巴。在热交换器10内用水使高压气态致冷剂冷凝,而后收集在储槽11内。通过管线12从收集槽引出高压致冷剂液体,并在热交换器13中初步深度冷却至-24℃。一部分经过初步深度冷却了的致冷剂在热交换器14中被进一步深度冷却到-46℃后,作为第一股低温制冷剂液体通过管线15引出。另一部分经初步深度冷却了的、其温度仍为-24℃的致冷剂经由管线16被分流出来,一部分通过阀17膨胀生成压力为3巴的第一股中间压力的致冷剂18,它在热交换器13中对高压致冷剂液体进行初步深度冷却,因而其本身汽化形成管线19中的第一股中间压力的再次汽化了的致冷剂。
管线16的一股并联料流以类似的方法通过阀20膨胀,在热交换器2中既对LPG物料流1进行初步深度冷却,也对一股独立的丁烷流21进行初步的深度冷却,而它自身则汽化形成管线22中的第二股中间压力的再次汽化了的致冷剂。第一股和第二股中间压力的再次汽化了的致冷剂在管线23汇合,并在2.7巴的压力下经由汽-液分离筒24返回压缩机9的第二段入口。
再返回来叙述热交换器14,管线15中的第一股低温致冷剂被分成两股,并分别通过阀25和阀26膨胀至1.3巴,形成管线27中的第一股低压致冷剂和管线28中中的第二股低压致冷剂。这两股料流分别在热交换器3和热交换器14中对LPG物料流和高压致冷剂液体进行最后阶段的深度冷却,其本身因而汽化成为管线29中的第一股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂和管线30里的第二股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂。这两股再汽化了的低压流在管线31里汇合,并于-32℃的温度下返回闪蒸分离器4。如果物料流15所能提供的致冷能力超过热交换器3和14所需的深度冷却要求,那么可以将过量的部分经阀32膨胀,以直接热交换的方式来进一步冷却LPG产品料流。即使可获得的致冷量大大超过需求量,它也可在一个或多个与热交换器3和14并联的热交换器(图中未画出)中进行利用。

Claims (9)

1、在通常条件下为气态的烃类产品物料流的深度冷却方法,它包括:
a)将液相的、经深度冷却了的、在通常条件下为气态的多组分烃类物料流(1a)膨胀进入低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6);
b)从低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6)回收其中含有多组分的、通常条件下为气态的烃类物料流组分中两种以上最轻组分的气态致冷剂物料流(8);
c)将这股气态致冷剂物流(8)压缩(9)至较高的压力后再冷凝(10)这股料流以获得高压致冷剂液体(12);
d)至少深度冷却(14)一部分高压致冷剂液体,获得第一股低温致冷剂液体(15);
e)至少膨胀一部分第一股低温致冷剂液体(15),获得第一股低压致冷剂(27);
f)汽化(3)第一股低压致冷剂(27),获得第一股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂(29);
g)将第一股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂(29)引至低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6);
h)与第一股低压致冷剂(27)进行间接热交换,将通常条件下为气态的多组分烃类物料流(1)深度冷却(3),获得液相的、经深度冷却了的、在通常条件下为气态的多组分烃类物料流(1a),并使其膨胀进入低压的绝热气-液分离区(4、6);以及
i)从低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6)获得在通常条件下为气态的液相烃类产品物料流(5)。
2、根据权利要求1的方法,其中第一股低压致冷剂(27)为两相混合物。
3、根据权利要求1的方法,其中高压致冷剂液体(12)与第一股低压致冷剂(27)进行间接热交换而被深度冷却。
4、根据权利要求1的方法,它还附加包括:
a)初步深度冷却(13)高压液体致冷剂(12),并由此分出其温度高于第一股低温致冷剂液体(15)的温度的第二股低温致冷剂液体(16);
b)至少膨胀(17)一部分第二股低温致冷剂液体(16),获得第一股中间压力的致冷剂(18);
c)与高压致冷剂液体(12)进行间接热交换(13),汽化(13)第一股中间压力的致冷剂(18),从而将第一股中间压力的致冷剂(18)转变成第一股中间压力的再汽化了的致冷剂(19);以及
d)将正在进行压缩的气态致冷剂料流(8)与第一股中间压力的再汽化了的致冷剂(19)合并。
5、根据权利要求1的方法,其中气态致冷剂物流(8)被压缩,压力提高至3巴~35巴,低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6)的操作压力为0.8巴~2.0巴。
6、根据权利要求1的方法,其中低压的气-液分离区(4,6)包含有一储槽(6)。
7、根据权利要求1的方法,其中低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6)包含一闪蒸分离器(4)。
8、根据权利要求4的方法,其中第一股中间压力的再汽化了的致冷剂(19)的压力为2巴~15巴。
9、根据权利要求4的方法,它还附加包括:
a)膨胀(26)一小部分第一股低温致冷剂液体(15),形成第二股低压致冷剂(28);
b)与一部分经初步深度冷却了的高压液体致冷剂(12a)进行间接热交换(14),使第二股低压致冷剂(28)汽化(14),从而将第二股低压致冷剂(28)转变为第二股低压的再汽化了的致冷剂(30);以及
c)将第二股低压的再次汽化了的致冷剂(30)引至低压的绝热气-液分离区(4,6)。
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US4727723A (en) 1988-03-01
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