CN102997478A - 冷却设备 - Google Patents

冷却设备 Download PDF

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CN102997478A
CN102997478A CN2012103320534A CN201210332053A CN102997478A CN 102997478 A CN102997478 A CN 102997478A CN 2012103320534 A CN2012103320534 A CN 2012103320534A CN 201210332053 A CN201210332053 A CN 201210332053A CN 102997478 A CN102997478 A CN 102997478A
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cooling device
cold
producing medium
storage device
cooling
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A·昆迪希
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Linde GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/06—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using expanders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0065—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F25J1/0276—Laboratory or other miniature devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/14—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • F25J2270/16—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/912—Liquefaction cycle of a low-boiling (feed) gas in a cryocooler, i.e. in a closed-loop refrigerator

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

用于对制冷负载装置(K)进行冷却的冷却设备，其具有：用于对在该冷却设备内循环的制冷剂进行压缩的单级或多级压缩机(V)、至少一个用于对制冷剂进行冷却的热交换器(E1、E2、…)以及至少一个用于使制冷剂进行制冷做功减压的减压涡轮机(X、X′)。根据本发明，该冷却设备以如下方式分配有用于储存液态制冷剂的储存装置或者以如下方式将该储存装置集成在该冷却设备中，使得能够由该储存装置至少短时间地将液态制冷剂(8)供应至冷却循环中。

Description

冷却设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于冷却制冷负载装置
Figure BSA00000775530600011
的冷却设备，具有：用于压缩在该冷却设备中循环的制冷剂的单级或多级压缩机、至少一个用于冷却制冷剂的热交换器以及至少一个用于使制冷剂进行制冷做功减压
Figure BSA00000775530600012
的减压涡轮机。此外，本发明还涉及运行冷却设备的方法。
背景技术
此类冷却设备早已是由现有技术已知的；仅示例性地提及DE 10 2007 005 098。在此类冷却设备中，借助单组分或多组分的制冷剂例如氦的蒸发产生恒温的制冷能力。为此该制冷剂在一个或多个减压涡轮机中进行减压。
特别是在其中将氦用作制冷剂的此类冷却设备的情况下，出现的负荷波动通过电加热器加以平衡。冷却设备本身以其最大功率运行。此类冷却设备特别是在低于5K的温度范围内的氦冷却设备的负荷仅能比较缓慢地上升。即使在减压涡轮机能够短时间以高负荷运转的情况下，其制冷能力才能逐渐地可供使用。冷却设备所要求的能力上升要求降低热交换器中的温度。该降低过程短时间消耗可供使用的涡轮机功率的相当大的部分。
在过快提高负荷的情况下，可以升高制冷负载装置的冷却回路中的温度，并中断冷却设备的冷却循环内的液体的产生。但是，这导致冷却设备的非期望的不稳定状态。与此相反，负荷突然消失则问题不大。通常在此情况下失去的负荷可以通过制冷剂的液化加以补偿。该制冷剂可以是冷却设备的制冷剂存量的部分，或者可以在环境温度下以气态供应。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供此类冷却设备以及运行冷却设备的此类方法，其克服了上述缺点，特别是在(短时间)出现负荷波动的情况下能够可靠且经济地运行冷却设备。
为了实现该目的，建议一种此类冷却设备，其特征在于，该冷却设备以如下方式分配有用于储存液态制冷剂的储存装置，或者将储存装置以如下方式集成在冷却设备中，使得可以由此至少短时间地将液态制冷剂供应至冷却循环中。
根据本发明用于运行冷却设备的方法的特征在于，在超过规定的冷却负荷值时，从储存装置供应液态制冷剂。
根据本发明，现在在热负荷快速上升的情况下，利用来自储存装置、优选杜瓦瓶的液态制冷剂支持冷却设备的冷却循环。该液态制冷剂立即补充冷却设备在此时刻产生的液体流。此外，产生的制冷剂蒸汽的制冷可以用于迅速调节冷却设备的热交换器的温度。蒸发和加热的制冷剂优选在较晚的时刻在静态的运行状态和在较小的热负荷下重新变成液态。
根据本发明用于运行冷却设备的方法进一步建议，在供应液态制冷剂期间，节流或关闭全部或至少一个减压涡轮机，并且额外地使由此离析(变得自由)的增压流(压缩流)液化。
对应于根据本发明用于运行冷却设备的方法的上述有利的实施方案，液态制冷剂的供应量优选使得由于额外地待加热的制冷剂的制冷能力而可以节流或关闭冷却设备的单个减压涡轮机，其不是经由制冷负载装置而是直接减压至低压，其在图1所示的实施例中是减压涡轮机X。优选首先节流或关闭具有最高运行温度的膨胀涡轮机或减压涡轮机，然后是具有第二高的运行温度的涡轮机等等。由此离析的压缩流可以作为额外的流进行液化，并送入制冷负载装置。在一个受限的时间窗口内，可以借助该方法产生制冷能力，该制冷能力超出冷却设备的持续制冷能力高达约100％。
在根据本发明的冷却设备以及根据本发明用于运行冷却循环的方法中，该制冷能力不仅可以用作恒温蒸发能力，而且可以用作加热的单相制冷剂流。
此外，为了使单相制冷剂流增强，可以使用一个或多个冷循环泵。
附图说明
图1所示为一个根据本发明的实施方案。
具体实施方式
下面根据图1中所示的实施例更详细地阐述根据本发明的冷却设备、根据本发明用于运行冷却设备的方法及其其他有利的实施方案。
在图1中所示的用于为制冷负载装置K提供制冷的冷却设备具有五个热交换器E1至E5、一个单级或多级压缩单元V、两个减压涡轮机X和X′、一个分离器D、一个杜瓦瓶S、五个减压阀a至e以及连接上述部件的管路1至13。需要强调的是，根据本发明的构想也可以应用于一个或多个压缩单元和一个或多个减压涡轮机的其他排列方式。
在压缩单元V中被压缩至最大循环压力的制冷剂经由管路1通过热交换器E1，并在其中对自身(与其自身相对地)冷却。在制冷剂的主流经由管路2通过热交换器E2和E3并对自身(与其自身相对地)冷却时，将制冷剂的一个支流经由管路3送入第一减压涡轮机X，并在其中进行制冷做功减压。经减压的制冷剂支流随后经由管路3′供应至待加热的制冷剂流12，下面将详细地对其进行说明。
上述制冷剂的主流2在第二减压涡轮机X′中制冷做功减压，随后经由管路4通过热交换器E4和E5，并在其中对自身(与其自身相对地)冷却至所期望的最低循环温度。在通过热交换器E5之后，将该制冷剂流经由管路5送入以示意形式显示的制冷负载装置K。在制冷负载装置K中，对制冷剂进行确定的热量输入，由此导致制冷剂温度显著升高。
在冷却循环的起动过程中，将从制冷负载装置K排出的制冷剂经由管路6送入分离器D。将在其塔底中产生的制冷剂的液态部分从分离器D经由管路9排出，在相对于待冷却的制冷剂4的反向流中经由管路9通过热交换器E5，随后重新送至分离器D。
在分离器D的顶部经由管路10排出气态制冷剂，送入热交换器E4，并在其中与待冷却的制冷剂流4相对地进行加热。随后，该制冷剂流经由管路12通过热交换器E3、E2和E1，并在此在相对于待冷却的制冷剂流1/2的反向流中进行加热。如此加热的制冷剂从热交换器E1经由管路13排出，重新送入压缩单元V。
在正常运行期间，将在制冷负载装置K中加热的制冷剂经由管路7送入储存装置，如图1所示，其优选被设计为杜瓦瓶S。从杜瓦瓶S的气体空间经由管路11排出气态制冷剂，并直接送入热交换器E4。
若现在在制冷负载装置K中的热负荷上升，则将液态制冷剂从杜瓦瓶S经由管路8通过分离器D供应至冷却循环内。该液态制冷剂8的供应过程优选在超过制冷负载装置K中的规定的冷却负荷值时才进行。
图中所示的调节阀a至e用于调节在所属的管路3、6、7、8和11中的制冷剂流量。借助调节阀a可以对减压涡轮机X节流，这导致由此离析的压缩流或制冷剂流可以额外地进行液化。确定从杜瓦瓶S供应的液态制冷剂的流量的调节阀d优选通过在分离器D内的液位进行调节。在超过可调节的液位时打开调节阀d，由此能够从杜瓦瓶S经由管路8供应液态制冷剂。通常借助压差测量控制调节阀e，而调节阀b和c优选通过位于制冷负载装置K的直接上游的制冷剂的压力加以调节。
根据本发明的冷却设备和根据本发明用于运行冷却设备的方法能够对于短时间出现的负荷波动迅速且可靠地作出反应。所需要的以储存装置以及相应的调节阀的形式增加的复杂程度是有限的，并且通过所实现的优点加以补偿。

Claims (5)

1.用于对制冷负载装置(K)进行冷却的冷却设备，其具有：
-用于对在该冷却设备内循环的制冷剂进行压缩的单级或多级压缩机(V)，
-至少一个用于对制冷剂进行冷却的热交换器(E1、E2、…)，及
-至少一个用于使制冷剂进行制冷做功减压的减压涡轮机(X、X′)，其特征在于，该冷却设备以如下方式分配有用于储存液态制冷剂的储存装置或者以如下方式将该储存装置集成在该冷却设备中，使得能够由该储存装置至少短时间地将液态制冷剂(8)供应至冷却循环中。
2.根据权利要求1的冷却设备，其特征在于，所述储存装置是杜瓦瓶(S)。
3.根据权利要求1或2的冷却设备，其特征在于，所述制冷剂是氦。
4.用于运行根据权利要求1至3之一的冷却设备的方法，其特征在于，在超过规定的冷却负荷值时，从所述储存装置供应液态制冷剂(8)。
5.根据权利要求4的方法，其特征在于，在供应液态制冷剂(8)期间，节流或关闭全部或至少一个减压涡轮机(X、X′)，并且额外地使由此离析出来的压缩流液化。
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CN105091382A (zh) * 2015-07-29 2015-11-25 中国科学院理化技术研究所 低温制冷机及其控制方法
CN107965940A (zh) * 2017-10-20 2018-04-27 中国科学院理化技术研究所 超流氦低温系统

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DE102011112911A1 (de) 2013-03-14
JP2013057495A (ja) 2013-03-28

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