CN102903629B - 光敏化合物梯度光刻胶 - Google Patents

光敏化合物梯度光刻胶 Download PDF

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CN102903629B
CN102903629B CN201210171596.2A CN201210171596A CN102903629B CN 102903629 B CN102903629 B CN 102903629B CN 201210171596 A CN201210171596 A CN 201210171596A CN 102903629 B CN102903629 B CN 102903629B
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photoresist
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CN102903629A (zh
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余振华
刘重希
郭宏瑞
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Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co TSMC Ltd
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Abstract

提供了用于在半导体衬底的上方形成光刻胶的系统和方法。一个实施例包括具有浓度梯度的光刻胶。可通过使用一系列干膜光刻胶来形成浓度梯度,其中,每个独立的干膜光刻胶均具有不同浓度。各个干膜光刻胶可以独立形成,然后在图样化之前被放置到半导体衬底上。一旦被图样化,穿过光刻胶的开口可具有楔形侧壁,从而允许晶种层更好的覆盖和更均匀的工艺来形成穿过光刻胶的导电材料。

Description

光敏化合物梯度光刻胶
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体领域,更具体地,涉及光敏化合物梯度光刻胶。
背景技术
通常,通过首先在晶片或管芯的上方涂覆光刻胶来对诸如堆叠封装(POP)的封装内的晶片或管芯制造电接触。然后,光刻胶可以被平面化以露出晶片或管芯期望制造接触的部分。可以通过将光刻胶暴露给诸如光的辐射来执行图样化,以激活可组成光刻胶的一种成分的光敏化合物。然后,正显影剂或负显影剂可用于去除露出的光刻胶(适用于负显影剂)或者去除未露出的光刻胶(适用于正显影剂)。
一旦光刻胶被显影和图样化,就可以通过在图样化的光刻胶中形成导电材料以制造电连接,以形成针对露出的晶片或管芯的电连接。导电材料可以通过首先在光刻胶的上方并沿着图样化光刻胶的侧壁涂覆晶种层来形成。然后,可以在电镀工艺中使用晶种层以将导电材料电镀到图样化光刻胶的上方及其中,从而向下面的晶片或管芯提供期望的电连接。
然而,由于晶种层被用于形成导电材料,所以如果发生关于晶种层的阶梯覆盖的间隙或其他问题,则会产生问题。如果执行溅射来形成晶种层且光刻胶具有垂直侧壁,则尤其沿着光刻胶的侧壁普遍存在这些阶梯。这件间隙又会引起间隙、不平坦电镀或其他问题的发生,同时晶种层被用作用于导电材料后续电镀的引发物。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种半导体器件,包括:衬底;以及光刻胶,位于衬底的上方,光刻胶包括光敏化合物,光敏化合物随着光刻胶远离衬底延伸而具有浓度梯度。
其中,衬底进一步包括:第一半导体衬底;以及管芯,位于第一半导体衬底的上方。
其中,光刻胶进一步包括:第一光刻胶层,具有第一浓度的光敏化合物;以及第二光刻胶层,具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,第二浓度小于第一浓度。
其中,第一浓度是达到预期临界程度的浓度。
其中,光刻胶进一步包括:第三光刻胶层,具有第三浓度的光敏化合物,第三浓度小于第二浓度;以及第四光刻胶层,具有第四浓度的光敏化合物,第四浓度小于第三浓度。
其中,浓度梯度随着光刻胶远离衬底延伸而具有减小的浓度。
该半导体器件还包括穿过光刻胶的开口,开口具有楔形侧壁。
其中,浓度梯度具有阶梯状。
此外,一种半导体器件,包括:第一衬底和位于第一衬底上方的第二衬底;光刻胶,位于第一衬底和第二衬底上方,光刻胶具有与衬底相邻的第一浓度的光敏化合物以及位于从第一衬底去除的点处的第二浓度的光敏化合物,第二浓度小于第一浓度;第一接触件,延伸穿过光刻胶并且与第一衬底电连接,第一接触具有第一楔形侧壁;以及第二接触件,延伸穿过光刻胶并且与第二衬底电连接,第二接触具有第二楔形侧壁。
其中,第一衬底是半导体衬底,第二衬底为半导体管芯。
其中,在第一浓度和第二浓度之间呈阶梯状。
其中,光刻胶为干膜光刻胶。
其中,干膜光刻胶进一步包括:第一层,具有第一浓度的光敏化合物,第一层与第一衬底相邻;以及第二层,具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,其中,第二层位于第一层上方,并且第二浓度小于第一浓度。
该半导体器件还包括:第三层,具有第三浓度的光敏化合物,其中,第三层位于第二层上方,并且第三浓度小于第二浓度;以及第四层,具有第四浓度的光敏化合物,其中,第四层位于第三层上方,并且第四浓度小于第三浓度。
此外,一种形成半导体器件的方法,方法包括:在衬底的上方放置第一光刻胶层,第一光刻胶层具有第一浓度的光敏化合物;在第一光刻胶层的上方放置第二光刻胶层,第二光刻胶层具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,第二浓度不同于第一浓度;以及图样化第一光刻胶层和第二光刻胶层,以形成穿过第一光刻胶层和第二光刻胶层的第一开口。
其中,衬底进一步包括第一晶片和第一管芯,第一管芯连接至第一晶片。
该方法,还包括:在第二光刻胶层的上方放置第三光刻胶层,第三光刻胶层具有第三浓度的光敏化合物,第三浓度小于第二浓度。
该方法,还包括:在衬底的上方放置第一光刻胶层之前,将第一光刻胶层形成为具有第一浓度的光敏化合物的第一干膜光刻胶;以及在第一光刻胶层的上方放置第二光刻胶层之前,将第二光刻胶层形成为具有第二浓度的光敏化合物的第二干膜光刻胶。
第二浓度小于第一浓度。
该方法还包括:在第一开口内沉积晶种层;以及在第一开口中形成导电材料。
附图说明
为了更好地理解实施例及其优点,现在结合附图进行以下描述,其中:
图1示出了根据实施例的具有第一晶片和第一管芯的堆叠封装;
图2示出了根据实施例的形成在第一晶片和第一管芯上方的第一光刻胶;
图3示出了根据实施例的形成干膜抗蚀剂的方法;
图4示出了根据实施例的第一光刻胶的图样化;
图5示出了根据实施例的形成在第一光刻胶上方的晶种层;
图6示出了根据实施例的形成在晶种层上的第二光刻胶;
图7示出了根据实施例的形成在第一光刻胶内的导电材料。
除非另有指定,否则不同图中的对应数字和符合通常是指对应的部件。附图清楚示出了实施例的相关方面并且不是必须按比例绘制。
具体实施方式
以下详细讨论实施例的制造和使用。然而,应该理解,实施例提供了许多可以在各种特定环境下具体化的可应用发明概念。所讨论的特定实施仅仅示出了制造和使用实施例的具体方式,而不用于限制实施例的范围。
参照特定环境(即,用于半导体处理的梯度光刻胶)中的实施例来描述下面的实施例。然而,实施例还可以应用于其他光敏化合物。
现在,参照图1,示出了具有第一晶片103和第一管芯105的堆叠封装(POP)系统100。在一个实施例中,第一晶片103可以为例如多个逻辑管芯(在图1中没有单独示出),第一管芯105可以为例如与第一晶片103上的对应管芯中的一个连接来协作工作的存储器管芯。然而,本领域的技术人员应该意识到,第一晶片103和第一管芯105的精确功能不限于所描述的实施例,并且第一晶片103和第一管芯105可选地具有其他结构(诸如,存储器堆叠系统,memory-on-memory stacked system)。可选地,该结构和任何其他适当的封装结构可以被利用同时仍然在实施例的范围内。
第一晶片103可包括第一衬底107、第一衬底107上的第一有源层109、第一钝化层111以及穿过第一钝化层111的第一接触113。第一衬底107可包括体硅、掺杂或未掺杂或者绝缘体上硅(SOI)衬底的有源层。通常,SOI衬底包括诸如硅、锗、硅锗、SOI、绝缘体上硅锗(SGOI)或它们的组合的半导体材料层。可以使用的其他衬底包括多层衬底、梯度衬底或混合定向衬底。
第一有源层109可包括有源器件和金属层(在图1中未单独示出)。有源器件可包括各种有源器件(诸如电容器、电阻器、电感器等),用于在第一衬底107上生成设计的期望结构和功能要求。在第一衬底107内或表面上,可使用任何适当的方法来形成有源器件。
金属层被形成在第一衬底107和有源器件的上方,并且被设计为连接各种有源器件来形成功能电路。虽然在图1中与有源器件一起表示为单层,但金属层由电介质和导电材料的交替层来形成,并且可以通过任何适当的工艺(诸如沉积、镶嵌、双镶嵌等)来形成。在一个实施例中,可以存在四个金属层通过至少一个层间电介质层(ILD)与第一衬底107分离,但是金属层的精确数量依赖于第一衬底107的设计。
第一钝化层111可以形成在第一有源层109的上方,以提供针对曝光所引起的物理和环境损害的保护。第一钝化层111可以由诸如硅氧化物、硅氮化物、低k电介质(诸如碳掺杂氧化物)、超低k电介质(诸如多孔碳掺杂硅氧化物)、它们的组合等的一种或多种适合的电介质材料制成。可以通过诸如化学气相沉积(CVD)的工艺来形成第一钝化层111,尽管还可以使用任何适当的工艺,并且其可以具有大约0.5μm和大约5μm之间的厚度,诸如大约
第一接触113可以形成为穿过第一钝化层111,以为下面的第一有源层109提供电接触。第一接触113可以由铝形成,尽管还可以可选地使用任何适当的导电材料。此外,可以使用任何适当的工艺(诸如镶嵌工艺)来形成第一接触113,或者可以通过沉积和掩模/蚀刻工艺在形成第一钝化层111之前形成。可以可选地使用用于形成第一接触113的任何适当的方法。
第一管芯105可包括第二衬底117、第二有源层119、第二钝化层121以及被形成为穿过第二钝化层121的第二接触123。在一个实施例中,第二衬底117可以类似于第一衬底107,第二有源层119可以类似于第一有源层109,第二钝化层121可以类似于第一钝化层111,以及第二接触123可以类似于第一接触113。然而,本领域的技术人员应该意识到,虽然这些结构可以类似于第一晶片103中的结构,但这不用于限制本实施例,任何其他适当的结构都可以可选地形成在第一管芯105上,同时仍然在实施例的范围之内。第一管芯105可以通过例如球栅阵列(未示出)连接至第一晶片103。
图2示出了在第一晶片103和第一管芯105的上方形成第一光刻胶201。第一光刻胶201可包括溶解在溶剂中的光敏化合物(PAC)和聚合树脂的混合物。溶剂可以包括任何适当的溶剂,诸如n-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、乙二醇醚,诸如2-甲氧基乙基醚(二甘醇二甲醚)、乙二醇一甲基醚、丙二醇一甲基醚;乳酸盐类,诸如乳酸乙酯或乳酸甲酯;丙酸盐,诸如丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯和乙氧基丙酸乙酯;或者酮,诸如甲基乙基酮、环己酮和2-庚酮、这些物质的适当组合等。
PAC可以为诸如光生酸剂、光产碱剂或自由基发生剂等的光敏成分,并且PAC可以是正性或负性。在PAC为光生酸剂的实施例中,PAC可包括卤代三嗪、鎓盐、磺酸酯、卤代磺酰氧基二甲酰亚胺、重氮二砜类(diazodisulfones)、α-氰基氧基胺-磺酸酯、酰亚胺磺酸酯、酮重氮基砜(ketodiazosulfones)、磺酰基重氮甲酸酯、1,2-二(芳基磺酰)肼、这些物质的适当组合等。
在PAC为自由基发生剂的实施例中,PAC可包括n-苯基甘氨酸、芳族酮(诸如二苯甲酮、N,N'-四甲基-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲酮[米希勒酮]、N,N'-四乙基-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲酮、4-甲氧基-4'-二甲基氨基二苯甲酮、3,3'-二甲基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、p,p'-双(二甲基氨基)二苯甲酮、p,p'-双(二乙基氨基)二苯甲酮、蒽醌、2-乙基蒽醌、萘醌和菲醌)、安息香类(诸如安息香、安息香甲醚、安息香乙醚、安息香异丙醚、安息香正丁基醚、安息香苯基醚、甲基安息香和乙基安息香)、苄基衍生物(诸如联苄基、苄基二苯基二硫化物和苄基二甲基缩酮)、吖啶衍生物(诸如9-苯基吖啶和1,7-双(9-吖啶基)庚烷)、噻吨酮(诸如2-氯噻吨酮、2-甲基噻吨酮、2,4-二乙基噻吨酮、2,4-二甲基噻吨酮和2-异丙基噻吨酮)、苯乙酮类(诸如1,1-二氯苯乙酮、p-叔丁基二氯-苯乙酮、2,2-二乙氧基苯乙酮、2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮和2,2-二氯-4-苯氧基苯乙酮)、2,4,5-三芳基咪唑二聚体(诸如2-(邻氯苯基)-4,5-二苯基咪唑二聚体、2-(邻氯苯基)-4,5-二-间甲氧基苯基咪唑二聚体、2-(邻氟苯基)-4,5-二苯基咪唑二聚体、2-(邻甲氧基苯基)-4,5-二苯基咪唑二聚体、2-(对甲氧基苯)-4,5-二苯基咪唑二聚体、2,4-二(对甲氧基苯)-5-苯基咪唑二聚体、2-(2,4-二甲氧基苯)-4,5,-二苯基咪唑二聚体和2-(对甲基巯基苯基)-4,5,-二苯基咪唑二聚体)、这些物质的适当组合等。
在PAC为光产碱剂的实施例中,PAC可以包括二硫代氨基甲酸季铵盐、α-氨基酮、含肟-尿烷的分子(诸如双二苯甲酮肟六亚甲基二尿烷(dibenzophenoneoxime hexamethylene diurethan))、四有机硼酸铵盐(ammonium tetraorganylborate salts)和N-(2-硝基苄氧基羰基)环胺、这些物质的适当组合等。然而,本领域的技术人员应该意识到,这里所列出的化学化合物仅仅是PAC的示例性实例,而不用于将本实施例限于所具体描述的这些PAC。可以可选地利用任何适当的PAC,并且所有的这些PAC均完全包括在本实施例的范围之内。
例如,聚合树脂可包括聚合单位,其可以包括一种或多种烯属或炔属不饱和单体。这种单体可包括但不限于聚降冰片烯、(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酰胺、烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烯基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、芳香族(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙烯基芳族单体、包含氮的化合物和它们的硫代类似物、取代的乙烯单体、环烯烃、取代的环烯烃、这些物质的适当组合等。此外,聚合单体可包括均聚物和共聚物。
第一光刻胶201还可以包括帮助第一光刻胶201的放置、曝光、显影和去除的其他材料。这些材料可包括表面活性剂、光化和着色染料、交联剂、抗条纹剂(anti-striation agents)、可塑剂、增速剂、感光剂(sensitizer)、这些物质的组合等。这些和其他添加物完全包括在实施例的范围之内。
在一个实施例中,第一光刻胶201内的PAC可具有浓度梯度。该浓度梯度可在第一晶片103的附近具有高浓度PAC以及在远离第一晶片103的点处具有减小的浓度。换句话说,第一光刻胶201中PAC的浓度可以随着第一光刻胶201远离第一晶片103而变小。
为了实现PAC的这种浓度,第一光刻胶201可以为干膜光刻胶,并且可包括多个独立的干膜光刻胶层,诸如第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209。在一个实施例中,第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209可分别具有不同的PAC浓度,使得第一光刻胶201中PAC的百分比具有梯度,并且以阶梯形式从第一干膜光刻胶层203到第四干膜光刻胶层209减小。
在具体实施例中,第一干膜光刻胶层203可具有足以达到预期的目标临界尺寸的PAC(与树脂和其他添加物一起在溶剂中)浓度。例如,在目标临界尺寸为100μm的实施例中,PAC的浓度可以为例如70%和100%之间(诸如大约85%)。第一干膜光刻胶层203中达到目标尺寸的该浓度可以看作是具有100%PAC的浓度,因为存在达到目标临界尺寸的PAC的全浓度。
第二干膜光刻胶层205可具有减小的PAC百分比,使得第二干膜光刻胶层205中PAC的浓度可以比第一干膜光刻胶203中PAC的浓度小约10%,或者大约90%PAC的浓度(相对于第一干膜光刻胶203中的100%浓度)。浓度梯度可以继续,使得第三干膜光刻胶层207(相对于第一干膜光刻胶203的浓度)具有大约80%的PAC浓度,以及第四干膜光刻胶层209(相对于第一干膜光刻胶203的浓度)具有大约70%的PAC浓度。然而,这里所示出的精确数字只是解释的目的,并不以任何方式来限制本实施例。可以使用第一光刻胶201内PAC的任何适当的浓度梯度,同时仍然包括在实施例的范围之内。
可以在将第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209放置在第一晶片103和第一管芯105的上方之前将它们形成为独立的对应层来在第一光刻胶201中形成浓度梯度。这些独立的每一个对应层都可以被形成为独立的对应PAC浓度,诸如第二干膜光刻胶层205的90%的PAC浓度和第三干膜光刻胶层207的80%的PAC浓度。一旦独立地形成各个层,第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209可以通过诸如层压或冷轧的工艺分别顺序放置在第一晶片103和第一管芯105的上方。
图3示出了干膜系统300和工艺,通过其可以形成第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209。在干膜系统300中,通常首先看到,用于第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209的原材料304可以在混合室301中进入干膜系统300,并在溶解箱302中使用或存储。例如,原材料304可包括上面参照图2描述的聚合树脂、PAC、溶剂等。混合室301可接受原材料304用于感光混合,并且例如在混合箱303中将原材料304混合以实现混合物309,其中,混合物309具有期望组成的固定成分(下面对于每一层进行详细描述)。
一旦已经实现了用于干膜光刻胶(例如,第二干膜光刻胶205)的适当混合物309,混合物309就可以通过变形室308,并在进入涂布室311之前通过变形箱310和过滤器312。涂布室311可以将混合物309涂覆到基膜313上以向混合物309提供支持和可操作性。例如,基膜313可以为源自聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的聚酯膜,尽管还可以可选地利用用于基膜313的任何其他适当的材料。例如,基膜313可以为16μm、19μm或25μm,尽管这些数字仅仅是示例性的目的,并且还可以可选地使用任何适当的厚度。
在涂布室311中,可以使用例如涂布机315将混合物309涂覆至基膜313。涂布机315可以为例如反辊涂布器、凹版涂布器、棒式涂布器、气刀涂布器或者其他适当的涂布机,并且可以将混合物309涂覆至基膜313以形成涂布基膜317。然后,涂布基膜317可以离开涂布室311并进入干燥器319,其中,涂布干膜317可以以大约80℃和大约110℃之间的温度(诸如大约100℃)干燥大约1小时和大约2小时之间的时间(诸如大约1.5小时)。
一旦被干燥,涂布基膜317可以被送至层压室(laminate room)321,其中,其可以通过缺陷监测设备323和厚度设备325来用于质量控制。一旦涂布基膜317被确定为可接受,则涂布基膜317就可以与覆盖膜327层压以形成最终的干膜光刻胶329。例如,覆盖膜327可以为聚酯覆盖膜,其具有大约15mm和大约40mm之间的厚度,诸如大约20mm。然而,可以可选地使用用于覆盖膜327的任何适当的材料和厚度。
最终的干膜光刻胶329可以存储在第一仓库331中,被送至割缝加工室333,其中,可以使用例如切割机335将最终的干膜光刻胶329切割为期望的形状和大小。一旦最终的干膜光刻胶329被成型,其可以再次存储在第二仓库337中,直到其准备用于运输339和用于最终使用。
虽然可以使用类似工艺形成第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209,但可以改变混合物309中的原材料和它们对应的浓度以形成第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209。首先关注第一干膜光刻胶层203,第一干膜光刻胶层203可以仅由PAC制造,而没有其他组成(诸如聚合树脂或溶剂)在混合室301内被添加至PAC,并且只有PAC被涂覆至基膜313,然后被覆盖膜327所覆盖。因此,第一干膜光刻胶层203为100%PAC。
可以通过以使得用于形成第二干膜光刻胶层205的混合物309具有大约90%的PAC浓度的这种量来添加聚酯树、溶剂和其他添加物来形成第二干膜光刻胶层205。类似地,可以通过以使得用于形成第三干膜光刻胶层207的混合物309具有大约80%的PAC浓度的这种量来添加聚酯树、溶剂和其他添加物来形成第三干膜光刻胶层207,以及可以通过以使得用于形成第四干膜光刻胶层209的混合物309具有大约70%的PAC浓度的这种量来添加聚酯树、溶剂和其他添加物来形成第四干膜光刻胶层209。然而,随着列出这些量作为示例性实例,但本领域的技术人员应该意识到,这些仅仅是实例,可以利用任何适当的浓度来形成预期的浓度梯度。
现在,返回图2,一旦已经形成了第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209,就可以将第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209的每一个放置在第一晶片103和第一管芯105的上方。例如,可以通过将第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209层叠在第一晶片103和第一管芯105的上方来顺序执行第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209的放置。然而,可以可选地利用顺序放置第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209的任何适当的方法。
将第一干膜光刻胶层203的层叠作为示例性实例,可以将具有适当PAC浓度(例如,用于第一干膜光刻胶329的100%PAC)的最终干膜光刻胶329放到层压机(未示出)中。层压机可以顺序从最终的干膜光刻胶329上去除基膜以露出混合物309,然后使混合物309与第一晶片103和第一管芯105接触。一旦混合物309已经接合至第一晶片103和第一管芯105,层压机就可以随后去除覆盖膜327,从而将混合物309/第一干膜光刻胶层203留在第一晶片103和第一管芯105上。然后,使用类似的工艺将剩余的第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209类似地放置在第一干膜光刻胶层203上。
通过顺序地将第一干膜光刻胶层203、第二干膜光刻胶层205、第三干膜光刻胶层207和第四干膜光刻胶层209(每一个都具有不同的PAC浓度)放置在第一晶片103和第一管芯105上,可以在第一光刻胶201内形成PAC的浓度梯度。在上述具体实施例中,该浓度梯度可以开始于与第一晶片103相邻的100%PAC浓度(在第一干膜光刻胶层203中),并且随着每个其他层层压到第一晶片103和第一管芯105上以阶梯浓度减小。
图4示出了一旦具有浓度梯度的第一光刻胶201被层压第一晶片103和第一管芯105的上方,第一光刻胶201就被图样化以形成针对第一晶片103的第一开口401和针对第一管芯105的第二开口403。可以通过将光刻胶203暴露给诸如光的辐射形式以激活光刻胶203的这些部分内的PAC被曝光来对光刻胶203进行图样化。然后,第一光刻胶201可以被暴露给显影剂以去除暴露的那些部分(如果使用正性显影剂)或者没有暴露的那些部分(如果使用负性显影剂)。
然而,虽然可以利用具有PAC的恒定浓度的光刻胶来形成垂直侧壁,但通过上面参照图2描述的在第一光刻胶201中具有浓度梯度,第一开口401和第二开口403的侧壁405可以随着显影工艺而呈楔形(tapered),使得具有较高PAC浓度的区域比具有较低PAC浓度的区域具有较弱的涂覆。换句话说,PAC的浓度越大,树脂中聚合物之间的交联越大,开口变得就越小。如此,在上面参照目标临界尺寸为100μm的实施例中,第一干膜光刻胶203(具有100%PAC)可获得大约100μm的开口,而第二干膜光刻胶205(具有90%PAC)可获得大约110μm的开口。这些楔形侧壁405使得随后沉积的晶种层501(下面参照图5进行描述)更加均匀地被沉积。这种更加均匀的沉积可以减小或消除在沉积工艺期间形成的间隙。
图5示出了在第一光刻胶201的上方以及沿着第一开口401和第二开口403的侧壁405和底部形成晶种层501。晶种层501可用作(下面参照图7进行描述的)材料的进一步沉积的引发剂。晶种层501可通过PVD、CVD、溅射等来沉积,并且可以由铜、镍、金、钛铜合金、这些物质的组合等来形成,虽然可以可选地根据需要使用其他方法和材料。此外,晶种层501可具有大约和大约之间的厚度。
图6示出了一旦已经形成了晶种层501就在晶种层501的上方形成第二光刻胶601。第二光刻胶601可以由与第一光刻胶201类似材料和以类似的方式来形成,诸如通过将具有不同PAC浓度的一系列干膜光刻胶层层压到晶种层501上,以在第二光刻胶601内获得PAC的浓度梯度。可选地,第二光刻胶601可以为干式或湿式光刻胶,其中,在第二光刻胶601内具有恒定的PAC浓度。
在第二光刻胶601被放置在晶种层501上方之后,第二光刻胶601可以被图样化以覆盖晶种层501中不期望进行随后电镀(下面参照图7进行描述)的部分。为了图样化第二光刻胶601,第二光刻胶601可以以期望的图样被暴露给诸如光的辐射,以激活第二光刻胶601内的PAC。在曝光之后,然后可以使用例如负型或正型显影剂对第二光刻胶进行显影,以露出晶种层501中预期被电镀的区域。
在第二光刻胶601被图样化之后,可以在第一开口401和第二开口403内形成导电材料701,以提供针对第一晶片103和第一管芯105的电连接。导电材料701可包括铜,尽管可以可选地使用其他适当的材料,诸如铝、合金、掺杂多晶硅、它们的组合等。导电材料701可以被形成为具有大约0.3μm和大约0.6μm之间的厚度(诸如大约0.5μm),并且可以通过将铜电镀到晶种层501的露出部分(这些部分没有被第二光刻胶601覆盖)上来形成,尽管可以可选地使用用于形成导电材料701的任何适当的可选工艺。
通过利用具有PAC的浓度梯度的光刻胶,通过光刻胶随后形成的开口的侧壁可以为楔形。这种楔形可以帮助防止在晶种层的沉积期间发生间隙和其他覆盖问题。没有由晶种层引起这些问题,将晶种层用作引发剂而随后形成的导电材料与存在这些问题相比可以被形成为更加均匀和一致。
在一个实施例中,提供了包括衬底和衬底上方的光刻胶的半导体器件。光刻胶包括光敏化合物,光敏化合物随着光刻胶远离衬底延伸而具有浓度梯度。
在另一个实施例中,提供了包括第一衬底和第一衬底上方的第二衬底的半导体器件。光刻胶在第一衬底和第二衬底之上,光刻胶具有与第一衬底相邻的第一浓度的光敏化合物以及从第一衬底开始移动的点处的第二浓度的光敏化合物,光敏化合物的第二浓度小于光敏化合物的第一浓度。第一接触延伸穿过光刻胶并且与第一衬底电连接,第一接触具有第一楔形侧壁,以及第二接触延伸穿过光刻胶并且与第二衬底电连接,第二接触具有第二楔形侧壁。
在另一实施例中,提供了一种用于形成半导体器件的方法。该方法包括:在衬底的上方放置第一光刻胶层,第一光刻胶层具有第一浓度的光敏化合物;以及在第一光刻胶层的上方放置第二光刻胶层,第二光刻胶层具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,光敏化合物的第二浓度不同于光敏化合物的第一浓度。第一光刻胶层和第二光刻胶层被图样化,以形成穿过第一光刻胶层和第二光刻胶层的开口。
尽管已经详细描述了本发明的实施例及其优点,但应该理解,在不背离由所附权利要求限定的本公开的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种改变、替换和修改。例如,可以调整所使用的精确光敏化合物或所使用的精确浓度,同时仍然在实施例的范围之内。
此外,本申请的范围不限于说明书中描述的处理、机器、制造、物质组成、装置、方法和步骤的特定实施例。如本领域的技术人员可以从本发明实施例的公开所容易理解的,可以根据本公开利用现有或稍后开发的执行与本文所描述对应实施例基本相同的功能并实现基本相同结果的处理、机器、制造、物质组成、装置、方法或步骤。因此,所附权利要求用于在它们的范围内包括这些处理、机器、制造、物质组成、装置、方法或步骤。

Claims (18)

1.一种半导体器件,包括:
衬底;以及
光刻胶,位于所述衬底的上方,所述光刻胶包括光敏化合物,所述光敏化合物随着所述光刻胶远离所述衬底延伸而具有浓度梯度,其中,所述光敏化合物在距离所述衬底不同位置处具有不同的浓度,
其中,所述光刻胶进一步包括:
第一光刻胶层,具有第一浓度的光敏化合物;以及
第二光刻胶层,具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,
并且其中,所述第一浓度在70%和100%之间,所述第二浓度比所述第一浓度小10%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体器件,其中,所述衬底进一步包括:
第一半导体衬底;以及
管芯,位于所述第一半导体衬底的上方。
3.根据权利要求1所述的半导体器件,其中,所述第一浓度是达到预期临界程度的浓度。
4.根据权利要求1所述的半导体器件,其中,所述光刻胶进一步包括:
第三光刻胶层,具有第三浓度的光敏化合物,所述第三浓度小于所述第二浓度;以及
第四光刻胶层,具有第四浓度的光敏化合物,所述第四浓度小于所述第三浓度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的半导体器件,其中,所述浓度梯度随着所述光刻胶远离所述衬底延伸而具有减小的浓度。
6.根据权利要求1所述的半导体器件,还包括穿过所述光刻胶的开口,所述开口具有楔形侧壁。
7.根据权利要求1所述的半导体器件,其中,所述浓度梯度具有阶梯状。
8.一种半导体器件,包括:
第一衬底和位于所述第一衬底上方的第二衬底;
光刻胶,位于所述第一衬底和所述第二衬底上方,所述光刻胶具有与所述第一衬底相邻的第一浓度的光敏化合物以及位于从所述第一衬底去除的点处的第二浓度的光敏化合物,所述第二浓度小于所述第一浓度;
第一接触件,延伸穿过所述光刻胶并且与所述第一衬底电连接,所述第一接触件具有第一楔形侧壁;以及
第二接触件,延伸穿过所述光刻胶并且与所述第二衬底电连接,所述第二接触件具有第二楔形侧壁。
9.根据权利要求8所述的半导体器件,其中,所述第一衬底是半导体衬底,所述第二衬底为半导体管芯。
10.根据权利要求8所述的半导体器件,其中,在所述第一浓度和所述第二浓度之间呈阶梯状。
11.根据权利要求8所述的半导体器件,其中,所述光刻胶为干膜光刻胶。
12.根据权利要求11所述的半导体器件,其中,所述干膜光刻胶进一步包括:
第一层,具有第一浓度的光敏化合物,所述第一层与所述第一衬底相邻;以及
第二层,具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,其中,所述第二层位于所述第一层上方,并且所述第二浓度小于所述第一浓度。
13.根据权利要求12所述的半导体器件,还包括:
第三层,具有第三浓度的光敏化合物,其中,所述第三层位于所述第二层上方,并且所述第三浓度小于所述第二浓度;以及
第四层,具有第四浓度的光敏化合物,其中,所述第四层位于所述第三层上方,并且所述第四浓度小于所述第三浓度。
14.一种形成半导体器件的方法,所述方法包括:
在衬底的上方放置第一光刻胶层,所述第一光刻胶层具有第一浓度的光敏化合物;
在所述第一光刻胶层的上方放置第二光刻胶层,所述第二光刻胶层具有第二浓度的光敏化合物,所述第二浓度不同于所述第一浓度;以及
图样化所述第一光刻胶层和所述第二光刻胶层,以形成穿过所述第一光刻胶层和所述第二光刻胶层的第一开口,
其中,所述光敏化合物随着所述光刻胶远离所述衬底延伸而具有浓度梯度,其中,所述光敏化合物在距离所述衬底不同位置处具有不同的浓度,
并且其中,所述第一浓度在70%和100%之间,所述第二浓度比所述第一浓度小10%。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述衬底进一步包括第一晶片和第一管芯,所述第一管芯连接至所述第一晶片。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括:
在所述第二光刻胶层的上方放置第三光刻胶层,所述第三光刻胶层具有第三浓度的光敏化合物,所述第三浓度小于所述第二浓度。
17.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括:
在所述衬底的上方放置所述第一光刻胶层之前,将所述第一光刻胶层形成为具有所述第一浓度的光敏化合物的第一干膜光刻胶;以及
在所述第一光刻胶层的上方放置所述第二光刻胶层之前,将所述第二光刻胶层形成为具有所述第二浓度的光敏化合物的第二干膜光刻胶。
18.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括:
在所述第一开口内沉积晶种层;以及
在所述第一开口中形成导电材料。
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