CN102886897A - 激光束焊接方法及由其制造的成型部件 - Google Patents

激光束焊接方法及由其制造的成型部件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102886897A
CN102886897A CN2012102543588A CN201210254358A CN102886897A CN 102886897 A CN102886897 A CN 102886897A CN 2012102543588 A CN2012102543588 A CN 2012102543588A CN 201210254358 A CN201210254358 A CN 201210254358A CN 102886897 A CN102886897 A CN 102886897A
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parts
laser
laser emission
acid
preferred
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CN2012102543588A
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CN102886897B (zh
Inventor
延斯·布茨克
斯特凡·维特纳
尼古拉·兰贝茨
皮埃尔·迪邦
萨拜因·伯特伦
海因茨·卡维耶泽尔
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EMS Patent AG
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EMS Patent AG
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Priority to CN201510672641.6A priority Critical patent/CN105235206B/zh
Publication of CN102886897A publication Critical patent/CN102886897A/zh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
    • B29C65/1603—Laser beams characterised by the type of electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C65/1612—Infrared [IR] radiation, e.g. by infrared lasers
    • B29C65/1616—Near infrared radiation [NIR], e.g. by YAG lasers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
    • B29C65/1629—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1635—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
    • B29C65/1629—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1654—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
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    • B29C65/1674—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface making use of laser diodes
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    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
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    • B29C66/3022—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30223—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined said melt initiators being rib-like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/472—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/733—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence
    • B29C66/7332—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence at least one of the parts to be joined being coloured
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/735—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
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    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及激光束焊接方法及由其制造的成型部件，该方法是用于激光焊接至少在接合区相接触的两个塑料部件(A，B)的方法，其中背对激光辐射的部件(B)由具有至少0.5重量％至多20重量％的白色着色的塑料基体形成，面对激光辐射的部件(A)展现出塑料基体，在焊接过程中激光束从部件(A)中通过。使用波长1200至2200nm的激光进行焊接，并且在以下两个前提下实施：(1)无论部件(A)是着色的或是未着色的，激光束通过部件(A)的光程(l)为至多10毫米；(2)当部件(A)的白色着色以重量百分比表示时，以毫米计的光程(l)与以重量百分比计的白色着色的乘积小于1.25，并且光程(l)为至多1毫米。

Description

激光束焊接方法及由其制造的成型部件
技术领域
本发明涉及热塑性部件特别是白色着色的部件的激光束焊接方法。此外，本发明涉及通过这种方法由激光束焊接的热塑性成型部件组装而成的基本上白色的物体。
背景技术
与塑料的其他接合技术相比，激光束焊接提供了广泛的优势，例如置于待接合的成型部件上的机械负荷低并且热负荷限制在局部、以及对于焊缝几何形状的适应性高。原则上，面向激光的成型部件必须能使激光辐射从其中穿透，同时另一成型部件必须在接近表面的浅的穿透深度处吸收这一辐射，并在引入辐射的位置熔融。然后热传导导致能使激光辐射从其中穿透的成型部件在接触面上也熔融，从而在冷却工序后产生牢固的粘合连接的复合物。
现有技术中有不同颜色组合的激光束焊接塑料成型部件的一些例子。从
Figure BDA00001913661000011
等人的文章“Laser Plastic Welding in all Colors”(其出现于“Technische Rundschau”(Technical Review)(Swiss Professional MediaAG，Wabern，Switzerland)第23期，2004年)可知，煤烟作为常规的黑色颜料，其优秀的吸收性使得透明/黑色的成型部件的组合最适合激光束焊接。此外，该文章中引入具有高的近红外(NIR)吸收能力的添加剂，其轻微的固有着色使它们适合与透明色调一起使用。现有技术中已知在聚合物组合物中添加NIR吸收增强剂。例如，US-A-2009/0130451提出一种特殊的可激光束焊接的聚合物组合物，例如，其包含六硼化镧或氧化铯钨作为NIR吸收增强剂。它明确指出，如果不含这些NIR吸收添加剂，则即使存在颜料，也不能获得可激光束焊接的组合物。从该文章中不能明确看出在白色染色工序中添加剂对白度的影响程度。
上述添加剂除了成本高之外，与它们的用途有关的技术费用也是不利的。此外，白色的印象受到添加剂的固有颜色的负面影响。
WO-A-02/055287披露一种用于激光束焊接塑料的特殊方法，其在待接合的两个成型部件之间提供额外的成型部件。该额外的成型部件包含具有吸收添加剂的层，并至少部分地由激光辐射熔融。熔体冷却后，在待接合的成型部件之间产生结合。
US-A-2010/0301022披露一种方法，其中激光吸收染料最初被施加于第一基板。当第一基板与第二基板接触后，由于施加的染料的吸收性能，这些基板可通过激光束焊接接合在一起。
消费者对于白/白的颜色组合的兴趣丝毫不少，白/白的颜色组合提出了特殊的挑战。白色颜料如二氧化钛的高折射率引起激光的高度散射。因此，引入的辐射(如果有的话)只有一小部分可被转化成熔融吸收连接参与体(partner)所需的热能。对于所列的原因，WO-A-2009/000252指出，二氧化钛基本上不适合在基于激光的接合方法中用作增白剂。
当使用常规的激光技术进行激光焊接时，实际上视觉感知也为白色的白色着色的部件在实践中的穿透性不足，这确实是事实。在980nm的使用激光波长下，这种部件的这种不足的穿透性导致以下情况：激光根本不能穿透上覆部件并到达接合位点，这通常导致激光在上覆部件表面上转化，并导致改变表面的熔融，并经常甚至导致黑色着色，即聚合物材料的降解。
发明内容
本发明的目的尤其是提供用于激光束焊接热塑性部件特别是白色着色的部件的方法。
特别提出的是用于激光焊接至少在接合区相接触的两个塑料部件(以下称为部件A和部件B)的方法，其中部件A面对激光束并在焊接过程中被后者穿透，部件B背对激光束。
这里背对激光辐射的部件(B)由具有至少0.5重量％、特别是至少1.5重量％、优选至少3.5重量％、甚至更优选5重量％、并且至多20重量％、特别是至多15重量％的白色着色(white pigmentation)的塑料基体形成，并且面对激光束的部件(A)(在焊接过程中激光束从其中通过)展现出塑料基体。这里塑料基体可优选透明的，但并不一定如此。此外，部件A可为未着色的或展现出白色着色。如果部件A具有白色着色，则后者优选至少0.01重量％、特别是至少0.3重量％、优选至少0.5重量％、甚至更优选至少1重量％。如果部件A具有白色着色，则后者优选至多5重量％、特别是优选至多3重量％。
根据本发明，这里使用波长范围从1200至2200nm的激光进行焊接。工作优选发生在1400至2000nm、特别优选1440至1500nm、最优选1440至1500nm或1910至1970nm的波长范围内。与根据现有技术的其中这种过程通常发生在波长980nm的范围的方法相反，已发现，较高的波长意外地使焊接过程成功，即使部件(B)有白色着色。人们原则上预期，由于白色着色，部件(B)在暴露于激光辐射时表面变得被破坏，即使部件(A)将由未着色的材料形成也是如此，而不会预期熔融将足够实现焊接的结合。正如意外的是，即使部件(A)是着色的，该方法也可进行。
这里该方法必须在同时满足下列条件或前提的情况下实施：
1)激光束通过面对的部件(A)的光程(travel distance)(l)可为至多10毫米，无论它是未着色的或是着色的。这里，激光束通过面对的部件(A)的光程(l)优选为至多7毫米、或至多5毫米、尤其是3毫米；
2)当部件(A)的白色着色以重量百分比(重量％)表示时，以毫米计的激光束通过面对的部件(A)的光程(l)与以重量百分比计的白色着色的乘积必须小于1.25。
换言之，即使面对激光辐射的部件(A)是着色的，该方法也可成功执行。然而，这时有一个条件，即面对激光辐射的部件(A)的着色被故意设置成比通常略低，但最优选还是在确保视觉上的白色外观的水平。典型的情况是，面对激光辐射的部件(A)的白色着色以重量百分比计为至少0.05％，优选至少0.5％。通过对比，部件(B)的高度着色也提高部件(A)带来的白色印象。另一个条件是，激光通过面对激光的部件(A)的路径不太长，即，该路径长度不能超过10毫米，并且上面定义的乘积必须＜1.25，优选小于＜1.00，最优选小于＜0.65。令人惊讶地发现，即使实现了视觉上充分的白色效果，激光也不表面上地损坏部件(A)，足够的激光通过部件(A)，并且焊接位点被充分加热，以确保高品质的接合位点的熔融和形成。本公开中述及以重量百分比计的白色着色必须总是理解为相对于产生总计为100％的部件或部件的受影响区域的总质量的重量百分比份额。部件(A)和部件(B)两者均可在不同区域由不同的材料形成；如果随后述及部件(A)或部件(B)，并且对后者有限定，则这至少是指各整体部件的由激光接合工序影响的区域。
如果根据所提出的方法的第一个优选实施方案的部件(A)展现出白色着色，则以毫米计的光程(l)与以重量百分比计的白色着色的乘积最优选小于1，优选小于＜0.65，或从0.2至0.8的范围，优选从0.2至0.6的范围，特别优选从0.2至0.5的范围。
该方法的另一优选实施方案的特征在于，部件(A)和/或部件(B)不含NIR范围的激光吸收添加剂，并且在这两个部件之间没有单独的含有这种材料的层或涂料。部件(A)和部件(B)优选在接合位点处直接置于彼此顶部。特别优选的是，部件(A)和部件(B)两者均基本上不含(即通常具有小于0.0001重量％)、优选完全不含NIR范围的激光吸收添加剂。该方法的另一优选实施方案的特征在于，在实施该方法时，激光束集中于焊缝。换言之，激光束的优选集中在接合位点的平面中，从而在该位置处确保每单位体积的最高输入功率。
通常，优选使用的激光功率在从2至500W的范围，特别优选从5至200W的范围。此外，通常优选在从100至7000毫米/分钟的范围的进给率下进行作业。特别优选的是，每单位长度所使用的能量输入在从0.0005至0.05J/mm的范围，优选0.0007至0.04J/mm，特别优选从0.0009至0.01J/mm。每单位长度的能量输入衍生自以W计的激光功率与以毫米/分钟计的进给率的商与由物理单位的重新计算得到的校正因子(60)的乘积。
在这个过程中，部件最优选以1至10巴优选2至5巴的接触压彼此紧贴。
如上所述，位于下面即背对激光的部件(B)提供有白色着色。后者优选在至少3.5重量％、优选至少5重量％、通常至多20重量％、优选至多15重量％的范围内。
两个部件优选均为白色，最起码背对激光的部件(B)为白色。这必须意味着部件(B)(如果存在的话还有部件(A))或相应的成型复合物如果被加工成表面光滑的成型部件，则展现出在LAB系统中实际上代表了白色外观的颜色效果。这意味着，最优选的是，L＊＞80，优选L＊＞90，特别优选L＊＞95。或者或另外，a＊的值或b＊的值分别独立地最优选＜10，优选＜5，特别优选＜3，突出优选为约0。对于这些部件，特别优选＞96的L＊值。对于背对激光的部件(B)，加工成表面光滑的成型部件被视为优选的，并展现出在LAB系统中L＊＞90、优选L＊＞95、特别优选L＊＞96的颜色效果。
该提出的方法基本上可实现以下优点：
-焊接的对象为白色的，至少部分所述对象从部件(B)引入，
-不需要在热塑性成型复合物中添加NIR吸收增强剂、或粘接位点存在或应用吸收增强剂，不必引入包含吸收增强剂的额外部件。
用于根据本发明的方法的部件或成型复合物可包含本领域技术人员已知的热塑性聚合物作为聚合物基体，或除了上述白色着色和通常的添加剂如阻燃剂、用于提高机械稳定性的添加剂、和非IR吸收添加剂以外基本上由聚合物形成。其实例包括但不限于聚甲醛树脂；液晶聚合物、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯；烯烃和环烯烃聚合物；聚酰胺；聚酰胺弹性体，特别是聚酯酰胺、聚醚酰胺和聚醚酯酰胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚芳醚，包括聚苯醚；聚碳酸酯；聚醚砜；聚醚酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚酯；聚酯聚碳酸酯；聚醚；聚氧乙烯；聚苯乙烯；聚砜；乙烯基聚合物如聚氯乙烯和聚醋酸乙烯酯；或一种或更多种列举材料的混合物，包括ABS、MBS和SAN、PC、PMMA等。
透明的特别是无定形的聚合物代表优选的实施方案。在本公开中使用的术语透明的热塑性聚合物或透明的塑料基体，特别是聚酰胺(即，透明聚酰胺均聚物和/或聚酰胺共聚物)旨在表示聚合物或塑料基体系统，特别是由后者制造的聚酰胺或聚酰胺共聚物或成型复合物的聚合物或塑料基体系统，如果聚合物或共(聚酰胺)(以纯的形式，即，不含成型复合物的如上所述的其他成分)以厚度为2毫米的薄片形式存在，则其透光率为至少80％，特别是至少90％。
在本文的框架内，透光率的值总是应该被理解为根据ASTM D1003法(CIE-C的光源)测量的值。这里透光率在以下列举的实验中用来自Byk Gardner(DE)的名为Haze-Gard Plus的装置在70x2毫米的圆盘上测量。透光率值是指对于由CIE-C定义的可见光波长范围，即本征强度(essential intensity)在约400和770nm之间。例如，在Arburg注塑机上在抛光的工具中制造70x2毫米的圆盘用于此目的，其中筒温在200和340℃之间，工具温度在20和140℃之间。
由成型复合物制造的厚度为2毫米的板的浊度(雾度)最优选为至多5％(根据上述规定的ASTM D1003测量)。
另一个优选的实施方案涉及部分结晶聚合物，它们也可根据本发明的方法成功地焊接。虽然在上述意义上后者不需要为透明的，但它们可为透明的。
在优选的实施方案中，根据本发明使用的部件或成型部件含有聚酰胺或其混合物，或优选由这种聚酰胺作为塑料基体而形成。这里这些聚酰胺优选由脂肪族包括脂环族二胺和脂肪族二羧酸获得、或由内酰胺获得。特别优选的是使用由脂环族C6-C17二胺和/或脂肪族C4-C12二胺与脂肪族C4-C20二羧酸和/或芳香族二羧酸形成的聚酰胺均聚物和共聚物。
二羧酸的具体例子包括但不限于丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸、十四烷二酸、十五烷二酸、十六烷二酸、十七烷二酸、十八烷二酸、十九烷二酸、1，4-环己烷二酸、二十烷二酸、萘二酸、对苯二甲酸和间苯二甲酸。
优选的替代物包括聚酰胺，其由上述二胺和二羧酸、以及4至15个碳原子的内酰胺和/或4至15个碳原子的α，ω氨基酸形成。
二胺的具体例子包括但不限于六亚甲基二胺、七亚甲基二胺、八亚甲基二胺、九亚甲基二胺、十亚甲基二胺、十一亚甲基二胺、十二亚甲基二胺、三甲基六亚甲基二胺、2-甲基-1，5-戊二胺、异佛尔酮二胺、降莰烷二胺、1，3-二(氨甲基)环己烷、MACM、MXD、PACM、PXD和TMACM。
MACM代表3，3’-二甲基-4，4’-二氨基二环己基甲烷，MXD代表间苯二甲胺，PACM代表4，4’-二氨基二环己基甲烷，PXD代表对苯二甲胺，TMACM代表3，3’，5，5’-四甲基-4，4’-二氨基环己基甲烷。
在另一个优选的实施方案，根据本发明的部件包含由MXD和对苯二甲酸、或MXD和间苯二甲酸形成的透明的无定形聚酰胺。
代表塑料基体成分或基本为塑料基体的唯一成分(除了小百分含量的常规添加剂和可能存在的任何玻璃纤维以外)的优选的透明聚酰胺选自以下组：MACM9-18、PACM9-18、MACMI/12、MACMI/MACMT、MACMI/MACMT/12、6I6T/MACMI/MACMT/12、3-6T、6I6T、TMDT、6I/MACMI/MACMT  、6I/PACMI/PACMT  、6I/6T/MACMI  、MACMI/MACM36、6I、12/PACMI、MXDI/6I或12/MACMT、6/PACMT、6/6I、6/IPDT或其混合物，其中50摩尔％的TPS可由TPS替换。
在另一个优选的实施方案中，根据本发明的部件包含部分结晶聚酰胺，或由后者作为塑料基体而形成。例子包括但不限于PA6、PA66、PA69、PA610、PA11、PA12、PA1010、PA1012、PA1210和PA1212。
在另一个优选的实施方案中，根据本发明的部件包含由3，3’-二甲基-4，4’-二氨基二环己基甲烷和癸二酸和/或十二烷二酸形成的透明的无定形的聚酰胺，其中癸二酸和/或十二烷二酸可由至多20％的芳香族二羧酸替换。
在另一个优选的实施方案中，根据本发明的部件包含由MACM和十二烷二酸(MACM12)形成的透明的无定形的聚酰胺，其中十二烷二酸可由至多20％的芳香族二羧酸替换。
在最优选的实施方案中，根据本发明的部件包含由3，3’-二甲基-4，4’-二氨基二环己基甲烷和十二烷二酸形成的透明的无定形的聚酰胺，或由后者作为塑料基体(除了小百分含量的常规添加剂和可能存在的任何玻璃纤维以外)形成。
根据本发明的部件进一步包括至少一种白色的基本上非NIR吸收的颜料，例如氧化铝(Al2O3)、硫酸钡(BaSO4)、碳酸铅(PbCO3)、碳酸钙(CaCO3)、碳酸镁(MgCO3)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、钛酸盐如钛酸钡(BaTiO3)、氧化锌(ZnO)、硫化锌(ZnS)、云母、白垩、锌钡白、二氧化硅、硅酸盐如硅酸铝或硅酸钠、滑石、上述材料的金属浸镀或涂覆变体或包含至少一种上述材料的组合。上述记载是非限定性的。
在优选的实施方案中，白色颜料是金红石或锐钛矿形式的二氧化钛、硫化锌或白垩。在特别优选的实施方案中，白色颜料是金红石形式的二氧化钛。在某些实施方案中可含有痕量(即，通常＜0.2％w/w或＜0.1％w/w)的在NIR区内不吸收的其他染料以调整色调。
在一个实施方案中，颜料的中位粒径为0.1至0.5微米(中位粒径)。在另一实施方案中，白色颜料二氧化钛为金红石形式，并且其中位粒径为0.15至0.30微米。在优选的实施方案中，白色颜料二氧化钛涉及中位粒径为0.20至0.26微米(中位粒径)的金红石型。
部件A对于激光辐射是至少部分透射的。例如，它具有0.1至5毫米、优选0.2至1毫米、特别优选从0.2至0.5毫米的范围、突出优选从0.2至0.4毫米的范围的厚度。部件B背对激光辐射，并可至少部分地吸收后者。例如，部件B具有0.5至10毫米、优选1至4毫米的厚度。
在焊接过程中，激光辐射最初至少部分地穿透通过部件A，然后基本上被部件B在表面附近吸收并转化为热。部件B在吸收部位熔融，而转移的接触热也导致部件A在界面处熔融。在焊接过程中，优选施加外界接触压。最迟在冷却后形成牢固的结合。
这里焊缝可沿一条直线，但也可展现出任何想要的形状，它可位于部件(A)及(B)两者平坦地相互接合的区域，但也可位于一个部件的凸出部分(projection)或肋条(rib)与另一部件的表面接触的区域，例如，或位于两个部件的两个相对应地布置的凸出部分或肋条或者甚至凹槽和梳形件(comb)相互接合的区域。因此，焊缝既可为点焊缝，也可为长的拖延的焊缝。点焊缝可由例如脉冲激光产生。
激光束可垂直或以相对于部件A表面的法向平面为非零的角度瞄准。
根据本发明的部件可包含本领域技术人员已知的不对成型部件的性能特别是与所使用的激光束波长的相互作用产生不利影响的其他添加剂。添加剂优选选自由以下物质构成的组：无机稳定剂、有机稳定剂、润滑剂、消泡剂、链增长添加剂、在UV范围吸收的荧光增白剂、柔软剂、增粘剂、含卤阻燃剂、颗粒、填料和增强剂例如纤维形式的后者、或这些添加剂的组合。
紫外吸收添加剂的一个例子包括无机颜料或HALS(受阻胺光稳定剂)，其用作UV稳定剂。这些UV吸收材料的例子包括但不限于二苯甲酮、苯并三氮唑、N，N′-二苯基乙二酰胺、苯基三嗪和四甲基哌啶衍生物。
这些添加剂的含量相对于100重量％的热塑性成型复合物为至多2重量％、优选至多0.5重量％。如果基体材料作为添加剂也用玻璃纤维增强，则可引入较高的百分比。例如，优选添加至多50重量％或至多30重量％或至多10重量％的玻璃纤维。这里玻璃纤维的扫描展现出圆形的截面、或甚至平面截面，例如，具有2至10、优选3至5范围的轴长比。如果基体材料作为添加剂也在冲击强度方面进行了改性，则可引入较高的百分比。在这种情况下，可优选添加至多30重量％或至多20重量％或至多10重量％的冲击强度改善剂。
此外，可引入至多2重量％、优选至多1.2重量％的在NIR区不吸收的染料作为其他添加剂。
例如，可以根据EP0725101的聚合方法制造部件，其中可使用各种聚合物的混合物(共混物)，并且部件可通过挤出或注射成型。根据本发明使用的聚酰胺成型复合物可在传统的混配机例如单或双螺杆挤出机、螺杆混配机中制造。一般说来，将聚合物部分初步熔融，并将颜料在挤出机的任何位置例如通过侧进料机引入熔体。混配优选在230℃至320℃的设定筒温下进行。不过，聚合物部分和颜料也均可计量进入进料器。
虽然在部件(B)中厚度不是那么重要，对于部件(A)，厚度通常是在小于10毫米、或优选小于5毫米的范围内；在部件(A)显示白色着色的一个变体中，厚度优选为至多1毫米。
在使用的方法的应用过程中，焊接强度(就剪切强度而言)通常为至少5N/mm2，优选至少10N/mm2，或至少15N/mm2，特别优选至少20N/mm2。这里这些值均在进一步如下所述的实验测试框架内测量。
例如，本发明的对象可为用于便携式电子设备的部件如耳机、手机和用于医疗技术的钥匙或物体。相应地，本发明还涉及部件，尤其是便携式电子设备领域的部件，尤其是选自以下组的部件的外壳：耳机、头戴受话器、助听器、移动电话、智能电话、便携式电脑、平板电脑、汽车钥匙，其具有至少一个根据如上所述的方法制造的焊接接头。
本发明的对象也可为具有至少一个根据如上所述的方法制造的焊接接头的提供有连接器的软管或咖啡机部件。
其他实施方案在从属权利要求中表明。
附图说明
以下将基于附图描述本发明的优选实施方案，这些附图仅用于解释性目的，而不应被解释为限定。附图显示：
图1激光焊接法的概略斜视图；和
图2垂直于焊缝的剖视图，对于不同部件形状：a)平面接触区域；
b)通过部件A的肋条接触；c)两个部件的肋条接触。
具体实施方式
在以下实验部分进行的具体焊接测试将用来记录可如何实施焊接方法、以及焊缝可保证哪些力学性能。
概略地显示在斜视图1中的这种方法基本上涉及提供部件B并使它以面接触方式与另一部件A相接触，其中部件B在一定程度上位于激光束以下，并背对激光束。激光3发出激光束2集中于两个部件的接触面，在进给方向4上沿所需的焊缝1行进。
两个部件之间的接触区域也可有不同的设计，如图2中以垂直于焊缝1的剖视图分别描绘那样。这里图2a示出两个部件以面接触方式接触的情况，也描绘于图1中。由图2b显而易见的是，例如，部件A可包括与部件B表面形成接触的肋条。这里也可相应地形成焊缝1，条件是通过部件A的材料的激光的波长在上述规定的边界内。图2c提供如下情况：其中两个部件均展现出肋条，它们对应布置；在这种情况下，如果接触同样是在一定程度上为线性的话，也可能沿着这条线形成焊缝1。
这些附图提供了各自的线性焊缝，并且这里这种情况可涉及直线或原则上所需的任何形状。这一形状通过沿这个形状引导激光或激光束、或保持光束固定并相应地移动部件而实现。也有可能是点焊，其中，这些例如也可通过相应的脉冲激光实现。
实验部分
M12：Grilamid
Figure BDA00001913661000101
90是一种无定形的、透明的MACM12型聚酰胺，其光透射率为93并且雾度＜1，可得自EMS-Chemie AG
P12：P12为PA12型的部分结晶聚酰胺，其可得自EMS-Chemie AG
LV3H：LV-3H是玻璃纤维增强的、PA12型的部分结晶聚酰胺，可得自EMS-Chemie AG
CX：
Figure BDA00001913661000103
CX7323是PACM12型的无定形聚酰胺，其光透射率为93并且雾度＜1，可得自Evonik Degussa
PMMA：
Figure BDA00001913661000104
Resist zk40是一种聚甲基丙烯酸酯(PMMA)，其光透射率为90，可得自Evonik GmbH
PC：
Figure BDA00001913661000106
2858是一种聚碳酸酯(PC)，其光透射率为89，可得自Bayer AG
Figure BDA00001913661000107
R103是一种由金红石形式的二氧化钛制造的白色颜料，其可得自DUPONTTM，并具有23微米的中位粒径(中位粒径)。
Figure BDA00001913661000108
2220是一种由金红石形式的二氧化钛制造的白色颜料，其可得自并且它的表面通过铝和硅化合物、以及聚硅氧烷结合得以稳定
Sachtolith HDS是一种由硫化锌制造的白色颜料，其可得自Sachtleben Chemie GmbH。
将用于焊接测试的0.5、0.75和1毫米厚的4×5厘米的板用回火的工具在得自Arburg的全电动注塑成型机(设备名称：ARBURGAllrounder320A 500-170)上将这些材料注射而成。使用以下的注塑成型参数。
a)对于M12：
工具80℃，熔融温度280℃
b)对于PC：
工具80℃，熔融温度300℃
c)对于PMMA：
工具40℃，熔融温度260℃
d)对于CX：
工具80℃间，熔融温度280℃
e)对于P12：
工具60℃，熔融温度250℃
f)对于LV3H：
工具60℃，熔融温度260℃
部件(A)和(B)被切削为长50毫米、宽度约12毫米以用于焊接试验。部件(A)和(B)被干焊。
使用得自DILAS Diodenlaser GmbH的以下二极管激光器用于焊接试验：
a)波长：1940nm，COMPACT Diode Laser System 18/600(16W，600μm)
b)波长：1470nm，MINI Diode Laser System 40/400(40W，400μm)
c)波长：980nm，COMPACT Diode Laser System 500/400(500W，400μm)
焊接试验的执行：
将存储在干燥剂上的部件(A)和(B)彼此叠加地放置以重叠在板上。驱动气动柱塞以将该板压向固定于其上的PMMA板，这造成接触压累积。通过PMMA板中的凹部将激光束直接引导至部件A，并通过后者至焊缝。光束路径或激光供给通过手动在所有波长下调节，使得其通过部件A的整个宽度。每单位长度输入的用于辐射的能量通过激光供给调控，并相应地选择以用于待焊接的部件。根据化学组成、厚度和颜料，每单位长度的能量输入应被具体调节以避免在表面上燃烧。如果在部件A和B之间没有实现结合、或者如果部件A展现出被烧的区域、孔或泡，则在表2和3将焊接测试评为“-。如果目测评估显示没有被烧的区域或者其他表面损伤，则将焊接测试评为(+)。
根据以下测量原理在涂成白色的对比片前用得自Datacolor的分光光度计(设备名称：Datacolor 650)测量CIE L＊a＊b＊值；测量模式：反射；测量几何学D/8°；光型：D6510；亮度：包括；校准：UV校准；测量孔板：SAV。所获得的L＊a＊b＊值示于表1至3。根据ISO 527在5毫米/分钟的牵引速度和23℃的温度下测定焊缝的结合强度(焊接强度)。将由部件(A)和(B)形成的重叠的焊接体以干燥状态夹持在牵引机中，施加与板面平行的力。部件的各自厚度可从表1至3收集。
Figure BDA00001913661000131
表2：焊接测试(其中成型部件由MACM12和其他白色颜料制得)
Figure BDA00001913661000141
参考符号表
1焊缝                    4激光器进相机(laser advancer)
2激光束                  A面对的部件
3激光器                  B背对的部件

Claims (15)

1.一种用于激光焊接至少在接合区接触的两个塑料部件(A，B)的方法，
其中背对激光辐射的所述部件(B)由具有至少0.5重量％、并且至多20重量％的白色着色的塑料基体形成，并且
其中面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)展现出塑料基体，在焊接过程中激光束从所述部件(A)中通过，
其中使用波长范围从1200至2200nm的激光进行焊接，
实施该方法的第一前提是
无论面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)是着色的或是未着色的，所述激光束通过面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)的光程(l)为至多10毫米，并且
实施该方法的第二前提是
当面对激光辐射的所述部件(A)的白色着色以重量百分比表示时，以毫米计的所述激光束通过面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)的所述光程(l)与以重量百分比计的白色着色的乘积小于1.25，并且所述激光束通过面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)的所述光程(l)为至多1毫米。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述激光束通过面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)的所述光程为至多7毫米、优选至多5毫米、特别优选至多3毫米。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)展现出白色着色，并且以毫米计的所述光程(1)与以重量百分比计的白色着色的乘积小于1，优选在从0.2至0.8的范围。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)和背对所述激光辐射的所述部件(B)两者基本上均不含NIR范围内的激光吸收添加剂，特别是含有小于0.0001重量％的NIR范围内的激光吸收添加剂，优选完全不含NIR范围内的激光吸收添加剂，接合位点未用在NIR范围内吸收的添加剂预处理，并且在面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)和背对所述激光辐射的所述部件(B)之间未引入额外的包含在NIR范围内吸收的添加剂的部件。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在实施该方法时，所述激光束集中于所述接合区，和/或以100至7000毫米/分钟的进给速率使用2至500W、优选5至200W的激光功率，其中每单位长度的能量输入在从0.0005J/mm至0.05J/mm的范围，优选从0.0007至0.04J/mm，特别优选从0.0009至0.01J/mm。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述方法中所述部件被以1至10巴、优选2至5巴的接触压彼此压靠。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，背对所述激光辐射的所述部件(B)展现出至少1重量％、或至少1.5重量％、或至少3.5重量％、优选至少5重量％、并且至多15重量％的白色着色。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，当被加工成表面光滑的成型部件时，面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)展现出CIE LAB系统的颜色效果，其中L＊＞80，优选L＊＞90，特别优选L＊＞95，和/或a＊的值或b＊的值分别独立地＜10，优选＜5，特别优选＜3，和/或，当被加工成表面光滑的成型部件时，背对所述激光辐射的所述部件(B)展现出LAB系统的颜色效果，其中L＊＞90，优选L＊＞95，特别优选L＊＞96。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述部件(A，B)中的至少之一基于选自以下组的热塑性聚合物形成：聚甲醛树脂；液晶聚合物、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯；烯烃聚合物；聚酰胺；聚酰胺弹性体，特别是聚酯酰胺、聚醚酰胺和聚醚酯酰胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚芳醚，包括聚苯醚；聚碳酸酯；聚醚酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚醚砜；聚酯；聚酯聚碳酸酯；聚醚；聚氧乙烯；聚苯乙烯；聚砜；乙烯基聚合物如聚氯乙烯和聚醋酸乙烯酯；或一种或更多种这些材料的混合物，其中所述热塑性聚合物最优选选自由聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯和PMMA构成的组。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述部件(A，B)中的至少之一、优选两个部件(A，B)基于热塑性聚酰胺形成，所述热塑性聚酰胺由脂肪族包括脂环族二胺和芳香和/或脂肪族二羧酸制得、或由内酰胺制得，特别优选由均聚聚酰胺和共聚聚酰胺制得，所述均聚聚酰胺和共聚聚酰胺由脂环族C6-C17二胺和/或脂肪族C4-C12二胺与脂肪族C4-C20二羧酸和/或芳香族二羧酸制得，所述二羧酸特别优选丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸、十四烷二酸、十五烷二酸、十六烷二酸、十七烷二酸、十八烷二酸、十九烷二酸、1，4-环己烷二酸、萘二酸、对苯二甲酸和间苯二甲酸，特别优选的是，所述二羧酸与选自以下组的二胺组合：六亚甲基二胺、七亚甲基二胺、八亚甲基二胺、九亚甲基二胺、十亚甲基二胺、十一亚甲基二胺、十二亚甲基二胺、三甲基六亚甲基二胺、2-甲基-1，5-戊二胺、异佛尔酮二胺、降莰烷二胺、1，3-二(氨甲基)环己烷、MACM、MXD、PACM、PXD和TMACM。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，基于在NIR范围内不吸收的至少一种白色颜料来调节所述部件(B)和可能地所述部件(A)的白色着色，所述颜料优选选自以下组：氧化铝(Al2O3)、硫酸钡(BaSO4)、碳酸铅(PbCO3)、碳酸钙(CaCO3)、碳酸镁(MgCO3)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、钛酸盐如钛酸钡(BaTiO3)、氧化锌(ZnO)、硫化锌(ZnS)、云母、白垩、锌钡白、二氧化硅、硅酸盐如硅酸铝或硅酸钠、滑石、上述材料的金属浸镀或涂覆变体或包含至少一种上述材料的组合，其中特别优选基本上或完全使用二氧化钛、突出优选金红石形式的二氧化钛用于白色着色。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所得到的焊缝展现出至少5N/mm2、优选至少10N/mm2、特别优选至少15N/mm2、或至少20N/mm2的焊接强度。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所使用的激光器在1400至2000nm、优选1440至1500nm、尤其优选1440至1500nm、和1910至1970nm的波长区域内操作。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在焊接过程中所述激光束从其中通过的面对所述激光辐射的所述部件(A)、和/或背对所述激光辐射的所述部件(B)展现出透明的塑料基体，其中，如果形成所述塑料基体的聚合物、优选(共)聚酰胺以厚度为2毫米的薄片形式存在，则处于未着色状态的所述基体优选展现出至少80％的透光率、特别优选至少90％的透光率。
15.一种部件，特别是便携式电子设备领域的部件，特别是选自以下组的部件的外壳：耳机、头戴受话器、助听器、移动电话、智能电话、便携式电脑、平板电脑、汽车钥匙，其具有至少一个根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法制造的焊接接头。
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