CN102740871B - 包含荔枝核提取物的脂肪肝或肥胖的预防或治疗用组合物 - Google Patents
包含荔枝核提取物的脂肪肝或肥胖的预防或治疗用组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102740871B CN102740871B CN201080061825.4A CN201080061825A CN102740871B CN 102740871 B CN102740871 B CN 102740871B CN 201080061825 A CN201080061825 A CN 201080061825A CN 102740871 B CN102740871 B CN 102740871B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种包含荔枝核提取物的脂肪肝或肥胖的预防或治疗用组合物。本发明的组合物导致体脂肪量的减少、内脏脂肪量的减少、总胆固醇浓度的减少、对脂肪组织生成起到重要作用的核转录因子C/EBPα和PPARγ2以及作为这些核转录因子的靶基因的aP2基因的表达量的减少,最终呈现肥胖的预防或治疗活性。本发明的组合物能够维持肝的形态功能、结构功能及生理功能地抑制及治疗脂肪肝疾病的进行,而且也具有预防发病的效果。尤其是,本发明的组合物通过改善存在于肝组织内的脂质含量,来改善肝组织内的脂肪堆积,并使肝功能标记酶的活性实现正常化,由此具有能够预防脂肪肝的发生,并抑制病情的进展或者病态好转的效果。并且,本发明提供关于具有预防及治疗肥胖及脂肪肝的功效的荔枝核提取物的医药及食品的基础资料。
Description
【技术领域】
本发明涉及一种包含荔枝核提取物的肥胖或脂肪肝的预防或治疗用组合物及包括给需要该组合物的对象投用的步骤的肥胖或脂肪肝的预防或治疗方法。
【背景技术】
据大韩中草药药典(生药)规格集,荔枝核(荔枝核)是属于无患子科(Sapindaceae)的荔枝(LitchichinensisSonnerat)的种子,学名为Litchisemen,也被称为丹荔核、对荔核、离支、离枝核、枝核、荔仁及荔核等异名。荔枝核呈椭圆形-卵圆形,一侧略扁,长度12mm-22mm,直径6mm-16mm。表面呈棕红色或紫棕色,平滑,有光泽,略有纵向折皱的细波纹,一端呈圆形,质感比较坚硬。并且,无味,味道先微甘,后微苦。
通常而言,荔枝核去除寒气,缓解疼痛,用于疝痛、睾丸炎、腹痛等症状(本草纲目)。据报道,目前为止科学上证明的荔枝核的药理作用用于改善患有2型糖尿病的白鼠模型的胰岛素抵抗性,并降低血糖(GuoJ.etal.,PharmacologicalmechanismofSemenlitchionantagonizinginsulinresistanceinratswithtype2diabetes,ZhongYaoCai,200427(6):435-438),并且,在肝癌细胞株(HepG2)模型,荔枝核用于抑制通过促进细胞凋亡而导致的癌细胞增殖等(XiongAHetal.,EffectofSemenlitchicontainingserumonproliferationandapoptosisofHepG2cells)。众所周知,荔枝核中含有的化学成分有着α-(亚甲环丙基)甘氨酸(α-(methylencyclopropyl)glycine)、3-羟基丁酮(3-acetoin)、2,3-丁二醇(2,3-butanediol)、咕(王巴)烯(copaene)、顺-丁香烯(cis-caryophyllene)、别香橙烯(allo-aromadendrene)、葎草烯(humulene)、δ-毕澄茄烯(δ-cadinene)、a-姜黄烯(α-curcumene)、菖蒲烯(calamenene)、喇叭茶醇(ledol)、愈创木薁(guaiazulene)、黄根醇(xanthorrhizol)、棕榈酸(palmiticacid)等(中药材图鉴)。
世界人口中相当于约25%的17亿人口,目前处于超重(BMI>25),包含作为主要市场的美国、欧美、日本的1亿2千人口的西方地区的3亿人口以上被分为肥胖患者(BMI>30)。并且,目前世界上5名儿童中的1名相当于小儿肥胖,其数字也随之剧增,因此小儿肥胖将成为严重的社会问题。小儿肥胖由于血中的胆固醇和中性脂肪的数值高,成为叫做生活习惯性疾病的糖尿、高血压、脑瘁中等的主要原因,80%以上的小儿肥胖者连接到成人肥胖,因此随着年纪越大,肥胖导致的健康上的问题将会更加严重。并且,随着脂肪多,会刺激到性激素分泌,比正常年龄青春期相对来得早,因此会致使生长偏离,也会影响到血液循环及营养供应,从而成为生长抑制因素。
并且,随着生活环境的变化现代人的内脏脂肪型肥胖会增加,并且伴随糖尿病、高血压、脂质代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗性等的代谢综合征(metabolicsyndrome)的发病剧增,这些疾病增加相互间的发生危险,是与老化、应激及免疫功能降低等多元化的生体代谢变化相关的共同疾病。就作为以往的代表性肥胖治疗剂而言,将奥利斯他(Orlistat)作为主原料的赛尼可具有脂肪泻、胃肠气胀、涨肚等副作用,诺美婷具有头疼、口渴、食欲不振、失眠、便秘等副作用。并且,奥利斯他抑制维生素E和维生素D的吸收,苯丁胺(phentermine)和西布曲明(sibutramine)具有造成心率增加/心悸、晕眩的副作用。因此,随着西方医学在克服合成医药品的副作用和慢性疾病时受到局限,正要开发出新的天然物新药。
非酒精性脂肪肝疾病(non-alcoholicfattyliverdisease,以下简称NAFLD)意味着与饮酒无关地中性脂肪堆积在肝内的疾病,其中,包含单纯脂肪肝(steatosis)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis,NASH)。于1980年路德维希(Ludwig)等首次命名了NASH,其特征在于,与脂肪肝一起伴随炎症或纤维化。另一方面,单纯脂肪肝在临床上被认为预后的疗效良好的阳性疾病,但NASH实际上被认为是进行性肝病,即为诱发肝硬化或肝癌的先驱疾病。作为非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因子,代表性的是肥胖、糖尿病及高脂血症,除此之外,众所周知,缺乏蛋白质-卡路里、突然降低体重或用静脉注射获取整体营养时也会出现上述危险因子。这种脂肪肝有可能进行到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎或肝硬化,因此,以后会逐渐被视为严重的肝病。
非酒精性脂肪肝的发病原因可说明为两个机制。第一步骤是健康的肝成为脂肪肝的步骤,即为在末梢因胰岛素抵抗性而致使增加脂肪酸从脂肪组织流入到肝的过程,第二步骤是脂肪堆积的肝细胞引起脂肪的过氧化、炎症细胞的浸润、氧自由基(oxygenfreeradical)及脂肪醇硫酸钠(FAS)配位体的活化的过程。即,脂肪酸的增加用于增加细胞色素过氧化物酶2E1(CYP2E1,cytochromeperoxidase2E1)的表达,通过生成活性氧簇来诱导肝细胞膜的脂质过氧化,脂多糖(LPS)和氧化应激的增加用于增加TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α),来诱导肝细胞的细胞凋亡(apoptosis)并损伤肝。
非酒精性脂肪肝患者的69%-100%为肥胖患者,肥胖患者的20%-40%伴随着非酒精性脂肪肝,尤其是,男性肥胖患者的肝病患病率比女性肥胖患者更高。据报道在西方国家,不仅是肥胖患者还是正常体重成人的3%-30%呈现非酒精性脂肪肝病变。与韩国膳食生活类似的日本的非酒精性脂肪肝患病率被估计为约20%,其中,1%被估计为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)。非酒精性脂肪肝不仅是成人还在肥胖儿童身上也成为问题,3%的10-19岁韩国青少年,作为非酒精性脂肪肝的主要指标的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)数值偏高,就日本儿童(4~12岁)而言,非酒精性脂肪肝的患病率达到2.6%。10%-77%的肥胖儿童(居住欧美、美国及亚洲)呈现非酒精性脂肪肝病变,这是因为非酒精性肝病的最主要的危险因子为肥胖。
并且,目前为止非酒精性脂肪肝患者所使用的治疗剂大体上分为两种概念。第一个是肥胖治疗剂(奥利斯他:orlistat)、胰岛素抵抗性治疗剂(二甲双胍:metformin,.吡格列酮:pioglitazone,罗格列酮:rosiglitazone)或者高脂血症治疗剂(氯贝丁酯:clofibrate;吉非贝齐:gemfibrozil,苯扎贝特:bezafibrate,阿托伐他汀:atorvastatin,辛伐他汀:simvastatin)等通过危险因子的校正来治疗及改善脂肪肝的药剂,第二个是发挥与非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因子校正独立地恢复肝细胞损伤的功能的药物,与其相应的是肝细胞保护剂(鹅去氧胆酸:ursodeoxycholocacid及牛磺酸:taurine)、抗氧化剂(维生素E:vitaminE)及营养补充剂(卵磷脂:lecithin,甜菜碱:betaine,N-乙酰半胱氨酸:N-acetylcysteine)等。但是,目前尚未推出既没有副作用也对非酒精性脂肪肝患者治疗有效的理想的药剂。
在本说明书全文中,参照了多篇论文及专利文献,并表示其引用部分。被引用的论文及专利文献的公开内容作为参照其整体插入于本说明书中,更加明确地说明本发明所属的技术领域的水准及本发明的内容。
【发明内容】
【发明要解决的技术课题】
本发明者锐意地努力研究了能够有效地治疗或预防肥胖或脂肪肝,而且对人体安全的物质,尤其是植物-来源物质,其结果发现了以往开始用作中药材的荔枝核对治疗或预防脂肪肝或肥胖十分有效,由此完成了本发明。
因此,本发明的目的在于提供一种将荔枝核提取物用作有效成分的脂肪肝或肥胖的预防及治疗用组合物。
本发明的另一目的提供一种将荔枝核提取物用作有效成分的脂肪肝或肥胖预防或治疗用药剂学组合物。
本发明的再一目的在于,提供一种将荔枝核提取物用作有效成分的脂肪肝或肥胖预防或改善用食品组合物。
本发明的还一目的在于,提供一种将荔枝核提取物用作有效成分的改善、预防或治疗脂肪肝或肥胖的方法。
本发明的其他目的及优点,借助以下的发明的详细内容、权利要求及附图将变得更加明确。
【解决课题的技术方案】
根据本发明的一实施方式,本发明提供一种包含荔枝核提取物作为有效成分的脂肪肝或肥胖的预防或治疗用组合物。
本发明者锐意地努力研究了能够有效地治疗或预防肥胖及脂肪肝,而且对人体安全的物质,尤其是植物-来源物质,其结果查明了以往开始用作中药材的荔枝核对治疗或预防肥胖及脂肪肝十分有效。
本发明的组合物中用作有效成分的荔枝核意味着属于无患子科的荔枝(LitchichinensisSonnnerat)的种子。
将提取溶剂处理在荔枝核上得到本发明的组合物中利用的荔枝核提取物时,可利用多种提取溶剂。优选地,可利用极性溶剂或非极性溶剂。适合作为极性溶剂的包含:(i)水,(ii)醇(优选地,甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、正-丙醇、异-丙醇、正-丁醇、1-戊醇、2-丁氧基乙醇或乙二醇),(iii)醋酸,(iv)二甲基甲酰胺(DMFO,dimethyl-formamide)及(v)二甲基亚砜(DMSO,dimethylsulfoxide)。适合作为非极性溶剂的包含:丙酮、乙腈、醋酸乙酯、醋酸甲酯、氟代烷、戊烷、己烷、2,2,4-三甲基戊烷、癸烷、环己烷、环戊烷、二异丁烯、1-戊烯、1-氯丁烷、1-氯戊烷、o-二甲苯、二异丙醚、2-氯丙烷、甲苯、1-氯丙烷、氯苯、苯、二乙醚、二乙硫醚、氯仿、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯胺、二乙胺、醚、四氯化碳及四氢呋喃(THF)。
更优选地,在本发明中利用的提取溶剂包含:(a)水,(b)碳数为1-4的无水或含水低级醇(甲醇、乙醇、丙醇及丁醇等),(c)上述低级醇和水的混合溶剂,(d)丙酮,(e)醋酸乙酯,(f)氯仿,(g)醋酸丁酯,(h)1,3-丁二醇,(i)己烷及(j)二乙醚。最优选地,本发明的提取物是将水、甲醇、乙醇或其组合物处理在荔枝核而获得的。
如上所述,本说明书中使用的术语‘提取物’,在本技术领域通用为粗提取物(crudeextract),但在广义层面上包含将提取物追加分馏(fractionation)的分馏物。即,荔枝核提取物不仅包含通过利用上述提取溶剂来获得的提取物还包含在追加应用精制过程来获得的提取物。例如,使上述提取物通过具有规定的分子量临界值的超滤膜而获得的分馏物和通过基于多种层析法(大小、电荷、为了实现疏水性或亲和性分离而制成)的分离等,追加实施的多种精制方法而获得的分馏物也包含在本发明的荔枝核提取物中。
在本发明中利用的荔枝核提取物通过减压蒸馏及冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥等追加的过程可制成粉末状态。
本发明的组合物对预防或治疗肥胖或脂肪肝起到十分有效的作用。
在本说明书中使用的术语“肥胖”意味着在体内体脂肪过度堆积的状态,术语“脂肪肝”意味着因肝的脂肪代谢紊乱致使脂肪以过多的量堆积在干细胞的状态。这将成为狭心症、心肌梗塞、脑瘁中、动脉硬化及胰脏炎等多种疾病的发病原因。
包含本发明的荔枝核提取物的组合物,对于改善代谢疾病的多种疾病,尤其改善脂肪肝或肥胖来说,具有十分优秀的活性。
本发明的组合物能够借助多种活性来预防或治疗脂肪肝或肥胖。
根据本发明的优选实例,本发明的组合物减少肝脂肪,更优选地减少肝的中性脂肪、胆固醇或游离脂肪酸来呈现脂肪肝预防或治疗活性。在本发明的一实施例中,本发明的组合物通过减少中性脂肪浓度16%,胆固醇浓度16%,游离脂肪酸浓度23%,呈现脂肪肝的预防或治疗活性(参考:表2)。
在本发明中,术语“肝”及“内脏”分别包含细胞或组织。
在本发明中,术语“数值”意味着试样(sample;例如,血液、组织)内包含的特定成分的量,其与术语“量”混用。
根据本发明的优选实例,本发明的组合物通过减少内脏脂肪的重量,更优选地减少附睾脂肪、肾周脂肪、肠系膜脂肪或腹膜后腔脂肪的重量,来呈现肥胖预防或治疗活性。在本发明的一实施例中,本发明的组合物通过减少总内脏脂肪重量、附睾脂肪重量、肾周脂肪重量、肠系膜脂肪重量及腹膜后腔脂肪重量,来呈现体重下降及肥胖的预防或治疗活性(参考:图2)。
在本发明中,术语“丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT,alanineaminotransferase)”及“天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST,aspartateaminotransferase)”是当肝受损时血中的数值分别增加的酶,即为利用这种特性来用作肝功能指标的酶。
根据本发明的优选的实例,本发明的组合物显著减少血液内的ALT及AST的量。在本发明的一实施例中,本发明的组合物与高脂肪饲料对照组相比时,分别以53%及20%减少了血液内ALT及AST的量,并显著缓解了脂肪肝,更优选为非酒精性脂肪肝现象,呈现显著改善作为诊断肝功能异常的血液指标的肝功能数值的效果(参考:表2)。
在脂肪祖细胞通过增殖及分化来转换成脂肪细胞的过程中,脂肪酸结合蛋白(aP2,fattyacidbindingprotein)的基因实现表达,过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ,Peroxisomeproliferatoractivatedreceptorgamma)及CCAAT增强子结合蛋白(C/EBPs,CCAATenhancer-bindingproterins)是调节用于表达aP2基因的因子。
根据本发明的优选实例,本发明的组合物减少PPARγ、C/EBPs或aP2的表达。本发明的组合物减少PPARγ及C/EBPs的表达,并减少作为其靶基因的aP2的表达,由此呈现减少内脏脂肪量的效果(参考:图3)。
在本说明书中,术语解偶联蛋白2(UCP2,uncouplingprotein2)和解偶联蛋白3(UCP3,uncouplingprotein3)是线粒体内的蛋白质,UCP2在成人脂肪细胞中被发现,而UCP3在骨骼肌中被发现。由于这些蛋白质在线粒体内起到作用而产热,导致增加耗能,因而有可能成为肥胖治疗剂的标记。
根据本发明的优选实例,本发明的组合物增加UCP2(uncouplingprotein2)或UCP3(uncouplingprotein3)的表达。作为有效成分的荔枝核提取物通过增加作为细胞内线粒体的发热蛋白质的UCP2和UCP3的表达来促进发热,由此发挥抗肥胖等功效。
本发明的组合物可制成药剂学组合物。
根据本发明的优选实例,本发明的组合物是如下药剂学组合物,该组合物包含(a)本发明的上述荔枝核提取物的药剂学有效量;以及(b)药剂学上许可的载体。
并且,本发明提供一种脂肪肝或肥胖的预防或改善方法,该方法包括如下步骤:给需要包含(a)上述组合物的药剂学有效量;以及(b)药剂学上许可的载体的组合物的对象(Subject)进行投用。
在本说明书中,术语“药剂学有效量”意味着充分达成上述荔枝核提取物的功效或活性的量。
本发明的组合物制成药剂学组合物时,本发明的药剂学组合物包含药剂学上许可的载体。本发明的药剂学组合物中所包含的药剂学上许可的载体在制剂时通常被利用,并包含乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、山梨糖醇、甘露醇、淀粉、阿拉伯树胶、磷酸钙、藻酸盐、凝胶、硅酸钙、微晶纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、纤维素、水、糖浆、甲基纤维素、羟基苯甲酸甲酯、羟基苯甲酸丙酯、滑石、硬脂酸镁及矿物油等,但并不局限于此。本发明的药剂学组合物除了上述成分以外,还可包含润滑剂、润湿剂、甜味剂、香味剂、乳化剂、悬浮剂及保存剂等。药剂学上许可的适合的载体及制剂详细地记载于Remington'sPharmaceuticalSciences(19thed.,1995)。
本发明的药剂学组合物可实现经口或非经口投用,优选地应用经口投用方式。
本发明的药剂学组合物的适合的投用量,根据制剂化方法、投用方式、患者的年龄、体重、性别、病态、饲料、投用时间、投用途径、排泄速度及反应敏感性等因素开下多种处方。
本发明的药剂学组合物的普通投用量,以成人基准,包含在0.001mg/kg-100mg/kg范围内。
本发明的药剂学组合物根据本发明所属的技术领域的普通技术人员容易实施的方法,利用药剂学上许可的载体和/或赋形剂来进行制剂化,由此能够以单位容量形态制备或者装入于多容量容器内进行制备。此时,剂型可以是油或水性介质中的溶液、悬浮液、糖浆剂或乳化液形态,或者是提取剂、散剂、粉末剂、颗粒剂、锭剂或胶囊剂形态,还可包含分散剂或稳定剂。
本发明的组合物可提供为食品组合物。
根据本发明的优选实例,本发明的组合物是食品学组合物,该组合物包含:(a)本发明的上述荔枝核提取物的食品学有效量;以及(b)食品学上许可的载体。
并且,本发明提供一种脂肪肝或肥胖的预防或改善方法,该方法包括如下步骤:给需要包含(a)上述组合物的食品学有效量;以及(b)食品学上许可的载体的组合物的对象(Subject)进行投用。
本发明的组合物制成食品组合物时,作为有效成分不仅包含荔枝核提取物,还包含制备食品时通常添加的成分,例如,蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、营养素、调味剂及甜味剂。上述碳水化合物的例子,可列举单糖类,例如为葡萄糖、果糖等;二糖类,例如为麦芽糖、蔗糖、低聚糖等;以及多糖类,例如为糊精、环糊精等常规的糖及木糖醇、山梨糖醇、赤藓糖醇等糖醇。作为香味剂可使用天然香味剂[索马甜、甜叶菊提取物(例如,甜叶菊甙A、甘草甜素等])及合成香味剂(糖精、阿斯巴甜等)。例如,本发明的食品组合物制成健康饮料时,除了本发明的荔枝核提取物以外还可包含柠檬酸、液态果糖、糖、葡萄糖、醋酸、苹果酸、果汁、杜仲提取液、大枣提取液、甘草提取液等。
【发明效果】
简略说明本发明的特征及优点如下。
(i)本发明提供一种包含荔枝核提取物作为有效成分的肥胖及脂肪肝预防或治疗用组合物。
(ii)本发明的组合物导致体脂肪量的减少、内脏脂肪量的减少、对脂肪组织生成起到重要作用的核转录因子C/EBPα和PPARγ2以及作为其靶基因的aP2基因的表达量减少,最终呈现肥胖的预防或治疗活性。
(iii)本发明的组合物能够维持肝的形态功能、结构功能及生理功能地抑制及治疗脂肪肝疾病的进行,而且也具有预防发病的效果。
(iv)尤其是,本发明的组合物通过减少存在于肝组织内的脂质含量,来改善肝组织内的脂肪堆积,使肝功能标记酶的活性正常化,并具有预防脂肪肝发生,抑制病情进展或者使病态好转的效果。
(v)并且,本发明提供一种具有预防及治疗肥胖及脂肪肝的功效的荔枝核提取物的医药及食品的基础资料。
【附图说明】
图1a-图1b是在本发明中表示摄取实验饲料的老鼠的体重及饲料摄取量的结果。该图表示8只老鼠的平均±标准误差值,棒图(bar)上的其他文字表示实施单向方差分析(one-wayANOVA)之后利用邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan'smultiplerangetest)表示与P<0.05的其他饲料组(dietarygroups)之间的差异。高脂肪饲料(HFD,highfatdiet)意味着高脂肪对照饲料,补充荔枝核的高脂肪饲料(LSD,Litchisemen-supplementedhighfatdiet)意味着补充荔枝核提取物的饲料,ND(Normaldiet)意味着正常饲料。Finalbodyweight意味着最终体重,bodyweightgain意味着累积体重增加量,Foodintake意味着吸收的饲料量(摄食量),Foodefficiencyratio意味着饲料效率。图1a中,最上方的曲线图为关于HFD的曲线图,中间曲线图为关于LSD的曲线图,最下方曲线图为关于ND的曲线图。
图2是在本发明中按不同部位表示摄取实验饲料的老鼠的内脏脂肪重量的结果。该图表示8只老鼠的平均±标准误差值,棒图(bar)上的其他文字表示实施单向方差分析(one-wayANOVA)之后利用邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan'smultiplerangetest)表示与P<0.05的其他饲料组(dietarygroups)之间的差异。Epididymal为附睾脂肪的重量,Perirenal为肾周脂肪的重量,Mesenteric为肠系膜脂肪的重量,Retroperitoneal为腹膜后腔脂肪的重量,Total为比较总内脏脂肪的重量的结果。在图2的各个曲线图中,最左侧的条线图是关于ND的条线图,中间的条线图是关于HFD的条线图,最右侧条线图是关于LSD的条线图。
图3是在本发明中表示老鼠内脏脂肪组织的脂肪生成(adipogenesis)相关基因表达变化的结果。左侧画面表示C/EBPα、PPARγ2及aP2的RT-PCR的凝胶图像,右侧画面表示上述基因的相对表达程度。将所有数据标准化为甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase)mRNA,所表示的所有表达水准是对于ND老鼠的相对值。这种结果利用从8只老鼠中收取的RNA试样,将3个独立的实验结果表示为平均±标准误差。棒图(bar)上的其他文字表示实施单向方差分析(one-wayANOVA)之后利用邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan'smultiplerangetest)表示与P<0.05的其他饲料组(dietarygroups)之间的差异。在图3的各个曲线图中,最左侧的条线图是关于ND的条线图,中间的条线图是关于HFD的条线图,最右侧条线图是关于LSD的条线图。
图4是在本发明中表示老鼠内脏脂肪组织的炎症相关基因表达变化的结果。左侧画面表示肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)及白介素-6(IL-6)的RT-PCR的凝胶图像,右侧画面表示上述基因的相对表达程度。将所有数据标准化为甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase)mRNA,所表示的所有表达水准是对于ND老鼠的相对值。这种结果利用从8只老鼠中收取的RNA试样,将3个独立的实验结果表示为平均±标准误差。棒图(bar)上的其他文字表示实施单向方差分析(one-wayANOVA)之后利用邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan'smultiplerangetest)表示与P<0.05的其他饲料组(dietarygroups)之间的差异。在图4的各个曲线图中,最左侧的条线图是关于ND的条线图,中间的条线图是关于HFD的条线图,最右侧条线图是关于LSD的条线图。
图5是在本发明中表示老鼠内脏脂肪组织的UCPs基因表达变化的结果。左侧画面表示UCP1及UCP3的RT-PCR的凝胶图像,右侧画面表示上述基因的相对表达程度。将所有数据标准化为甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase)mRNA,所表示的所有表达水准是对于ND老鼠的相对值。这种结果利用从8只老鼠中收取的RNA试样,将3个独立的实验结果表示为平均±标准误差。棒图(bar)上的其他文字表示实施单向方差分析(one-wayANOVA)之后利用邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan'smultiplerangetest)表示与P<0.05的其他饲料组(dietarygroups)之间的差异。在图5的各个曲线图中,最左侧的条线图是关于ND的条线图,中间的条线图是关于HFD的条线图,最右侧条线图是关于LSD的条线图。
【实施方式】
以下,通过实施例对本发明进行更详细的说明。这些实施例仅用于更加具体地说明本发明,根据本发明的主旨,本发明的范围不局限于这些实施例,这对于本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员来说是显而易见的。
【实施例】
未另行涉及其他内容的情况下,固体/固体为(重量/重量)份或者百分比(%),固体/液体为(重量/体积)份或者百分比,以及液体/液体为(体积/体积)份或百分比。
【实施例1:荔枝核提取物的调配】
在粉碎机中将荔枝(LitchichinensisSonn.)的种子1.2kg制成粗粉末之后,加入酒精(乙醇)6l,在回流提取器中进行3次热水提取。用过滤纸来过滤提取物之后,在减压浓缩机中低温浓缩之后使用冷冻干燥机来干燥,由此获得提取物25.5g(产率2.1%)用于实验。
【实施例2:利用老鼠的荔枝核提取物的体重及内脏脂肪减少功效】
【实验饲料制备及实验动物的饲养】
在本实验中使用的肥胖诱导饲料为高脂肪对照饲料(highfatdiet,HFD:40%脂肪卡路里(fatcalorie)、17g猪油(lard)+3%玉米油(cornoil)/100g食物(diet)),补充了荔枝核提取物的饲料(Litchsemen-supplementedhighfatdiet,LSD)与HFD的组成相同,以0.5%水准包含荔枝核提取物。正常饲料(ND)基于AIN-76啮齿动物饲料(rodentdiet)组成(AmericanInstituteofNutrition,ReportoftheAmericanInstituteofNutritionadhoccommitteeonstandardsfornutritionalstudies.J.Nutr.,107:1340-1348,(1977))调配(表1)。
【表1】
1)矿物混合物(g/kgofmix):CaHPO4500;NaCl74;K2H6O7H2O220;K2SO452;MgO24;MnCO33.5;Fe(C6H5O7)·6H2O6;ZnCO31.6;CuCO30.3;KIO30.01;Na2SeO3·5H2O0.01;CrK(SO4)20.55;糖粉118.03。
2)维生素混合物(g/kgofmix):硫胺素·HCl0.6;核黄素0.6;吡哆醇·HCl0.7;烟酸3;D-泛酸钙1.6;叶酸0.2;D-生物素0.02;氰钴铵(VitaminB12)(0.1%)1.0;维生素A棕榈酸盐(500,000IU/g);胆钙化醇(VitaminD3)(400,000IU/gm)0.25;维生素E醋酸盐(500IU/g)10;甲萘醌亚硫酸氢钠0.08;糖粉981.15。
用固体饲料使5周龄的雄性C57BL/6J老鼠(奥琳特,韩国)适应一周实验室环境之后,根据随机区组设计(randomizedblockdesign)来任意配置高脂肪饲料对照组和实验组,如此饲养了总共10周。每天上午10-11点之间供应饲料和水,每天测定饲料摄取量,并且每周测定体重。为了抑制随着摄取饲料而突然发生的体重变化,去除饲料桶,经过2小时之后测定体重。实验动物禁食12小时以上之后,用二乙醚(diethylether,德山纯化学品)麻醉的状态下采取血液、肝及内脏脂肪组织(附睾脂肪、肾周脂肪、肠系膜脂肪及腹膜后腔脂肪),再用0.1M磷酸缓冲溶液(pH7.4)洗涤之后测定重量。从腹部大动脉采取的血液的在1000xg下离心分离15分钟,分离出血浆。
【体重及内脏脂肪重量变化】
10周摄取实验饲料之后,察看最终体重及10周间的体重增加量,与高脂肪饲料对照组(HFD)相比时,在补充摄取荔枝核提取物的组(LSD)中,最终体重减少16%,而且累积体重增加量减少28%。荔枝核提取物的摄取未致使饲料摄取量发生变化,将实验饲料饲养期间的总体重增加量除以实验饲料摄取量的饲料效率(foodefficiencyratio),在SLD组中比HFD组更减少(图1a-图1b)。因此,荔枝核提取物具有体重降低效果,可知这种荔枝核提取物的体重减少功效并不是来源于食欲抑制。
10周摄取饲料之后,分别摘除组成内脏脂肪的附睾脂肪、肾周脂肪、肠系膜脂肪及腹膜后腔脂肪之后测定重量,其结果表明,比对照组(HFD)荔枝核提取物摄取组(LSD)中附睾脂肪重量减少24%,肾周脂肪重量减少24%,肠系膜脂肪重量减少39%,腹膜后腔脂肪重量减少11%,合计这些四个部位的总内脏脂肪重量减少29%(P<0.001,图2)。因此确认到,荔枝核提取物具有十分优秀的体重及内脏脂肪量减少效果。
【实施例3:荔枝核提取物的非酒精性脂肪肝预防及治疗功效】
【肝组织的生化分析】
以如上饲养10周的实验动物作为对象,如下测定肝组织的脂质成分。
根据福尔茨(Folch)等的方法(FolchJ,LeesM,SloaneStanleyGH.Asimplemethodfortheisolationandpurificationoftotallipidesfromanimaltissues.JBiolChem.,226:497-509(1957))如下提取肝组织的脂质成分。在0.25g的肝组织加入1ml的蒸馏水之后,使用波吕特龙(polytron)均化器(IKA-WERKEGmbH&Co.,Ultra-Turrax,Staufen,Germany)来进行均质化。在均质液加入氯仿:甲醇溶液(2:1,v/v)5ml均匀混合之后,在1000xg下离心分离10分钟,分离出下清液,在上清液再次添加氯仿:甲醇溶液(2:1,v/v)2ml之后,反复进行相同过程来完全分离肝的脂质成分。在如此获得的下清液加入氯仿:甲醇:0.05%CaCl2(3:48:47,v/v/v)溶液3ml来混合1分钟之后,在1000xg下离心分离10分钟,取下最终下清液,用氮气完全干燥之后,将干燥的脂质溶解于1ml的甲醇中,用于脂质成分分析。肝组织脂质提取液的中性脂肪、胆固醇及游离脂肪酸浓度是使用商业用脂质分析试剂盒(生物诊断系统:BioClinicalSystem)来测定的。用作肝功能指标的血中ALT(alanineaminotransferase)及AST(aspartateaminotransferase)活性是使用商业用分析试剂盒(生物诊断系统:BioClinicalSystem,韩国)来测定的。
【肝组织的脂质浓度变化】
察看10周摄取实验饲料的老鼠的肝重量,比高脂肪饲料对照组,在荔枝核提取物摄取组(LSD)中绝对肝重量(g)减少36%,体重对肝重量(g/100g体重)分别减少25%。察看肝组织的脂质浓度,比高脂肪饲料对照组(HFD),在荔枝核提取物摄取组中中性脂肪浓度减少16%,胆固醇浓度减少16%,游离脂肪酸浓度减少23%。并且,就摄取高脂肪饲料的组而言,比正常饲料组,用作肝功能指标的血中ALT及AST活性得到增加,荔枝核提取物摄取组比高脂肪饲料对照组,分别减少血中ALT及AST活性53%及20%(表2)。表2的值是将针对8只老鼠的结果表示为平均±标准误差的值,相同的列中的其他文字表示实施单向方差分析(one-wayANOVA)之后利用邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan'smultiplerangetest)表示与P<0.05的其他饲料组(dietarygroups)之间的差异。因此可知,荔枝核提取物具有显著缓解非酒精性脂肪肝现象,并显著改善作为用于诊断肝功能异常的血液指标的肝功能数值的效果。
【表2】
【实施例4:荔枝核提取物的老鼠内脏脂肪组织的肥胖相关基因表达抑制功效】
【利用特力卓方法(Trizolmethod)的RNA分离及确认】
在每0.1g的附睾脂肪组织中加入特力卓溶液(英杰生命技术有限公司:Invitrogen,美国)1ml来粉碎组织之后,在4℃、12,000xg的条件下离心分离10分钟。将上清液移到新管之后加入氯仿(chloroform)200ul进行涡流(vortex)。反复两次该过程之后,将上清液移到新管之后,以1:1(v/v)比率加入异丙醇(isoprophanol)和上清液。用力摇荡10次之后,在室温放置10分钟之后,在12,000xg,4℃下离心分离10分钟之后去除上清液,在剩余的沉淀物加入70%乙醇1ml之后,在7500xg、4℃的条件下离心分离5分钟。去除乙醇之后,在室温下干燥5分钟装入RNA沉淀物的管,通过使用无核酸酶水(nucleasefreewater)来溶解RNA微粒。利用UV/VIS分光光度计(spectrophotometer;贝克曼库尔特:Beckmancoulter,DU730)来测定在260nm及280nm波长下提取的RNA试样的浓度,通过实施琼脂糖凝胶电泳(agarosegelelectrophoresis)来确认RNA试样的强度(intensity)。
【逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR,reversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction)结果】
将从附睾脂肪组织中提取的RNA试样作为对象,利用寡聚脱氧胸苷和阴性逆转录酶(superscriptreversetranscriptase;GIBCOBRL,盖士堡:Gaithersburg,MD,美国)来执行逆转录,由此合成了cDNA。将通过逆转录获得的cDNA作为模板(template),将待扩增的基因cDNA的5’和3’侧翼序列(flankingsequence)用作引物执行PCR,此时使用的引物碱基序列如表3所示。用1%琼脂糖凝胶对扩增的PCR产物1ul进行电泳来确认DNA带。
【表3】
【附睾脂肪组织的RT-PCR结果】
脂肪组织生成(adipogenesis)是前脂肪细胞(preadipocyte)经过增殖及分化过程变为成熟的脂肪细胞(adipocyte)的过程,并伴随着细胞的形态学变化及基因表达样态的变化等。即,在该过程中,脂肪组织上表达脂质被堆积,aP2(fattyacidbindingprotein)、LPL(lipoproteinlipase)以及抑渴蛋白(adipsin)等特异的基因,在这些基因的表达调节中,所谓的PPARγ(Peroxisomeproliferatoractivatedreceptorgamma)、C/EBPs(CCAATenhancer-bindingproterins)以及固醇调节结合蛋白(SREBP-1c,sterolregulatorybindingprotein-1c)的三种转录因子(transcriptionfactor)发挥关键作用。
利用RT-PCR来评价附睾脂肪组织的mRNA表达程度,其结果表明,就HFD组而言,与ND组相比时,对脂肪组织生成起到重要作用的核转录因子(nucleartranscriptionfactor)C/EBPα和PPARγ2以及作为这些转录因子的靶基因的aP2表达均得到增加。另一方面,就荔枝核提取物摄取组(LSD)而言,随着摄取高脂肪饲料而在内脏脂肪组织中被增加的核转录因子(C/EBPα和PPARγ2)及其靶基因(aP2)表达均以与ND组类似的水准再次被减少(图3)。因此,荔枝核提取物补充摄取用于减少在内脏脂肪组织中对脂肪生成发挥关键作用的核转录因子及其靶基因的表达,由此可知有助于抑制内脏脂肪量。
针对因过度供应营养素或代谢物质而产生的炎症反应,最近出现了叫做“代谢性炎症:metaflammation”的术语,并且目前正在活跃进行将肥胖解释为“慢性低水平炎症:chronicandlow-levelinflammation”等,有关肥胖与免疫体系之间的相关关系的研究。作为其例子,参与先天性免疫反应(innateimmuneresponse)的TLR4(toll-likereceptor4),将饲料脂肪(尤其是,饱和脂肪酸)用作配位体,在炎症反应及胰岛素抵抗性通路起到重要因素的作用。如果因高脂肪饲料而诱导肥胖,则体液中游离脂肪酸(尤其是,饱和脂肪酸)得到增加,如果将游离脂肪酸作为配位体结合在TLR4,则活化IKK来活化NF-kB,促进促炎性细胞因子(pro-inflammatorycytokine)TNF-α、IL-6等的分泌来引发炎症反应。除此之外,TNF-α及IL-6活化SOCS3(细胞因子信号3:cytokinesignalling3)和JNK来使胰岛素受体底物(IRS,insulinreceptorsubstrate)的丝氨酸(serine)残基磷酸化,由此抑制葡萄糖(glucose)输送,从肝或肌肉等末梢组织诱导胰岛素抵抗性。
利用RT-PCR评价在内脏脂肪组织活化炎症的细胞因子的mRNA表达程度的结果表明,就HFD组而言,与ND组相比时,TNFα及IL-6基因表达均得到增加。另一方面,补充摄取荔枝核提取物的结果表明,随着摄取高脂肪饲料而被减少的TNFα及IL-6基因表达均以与ND组类似的水准再次增加(图4)。因此可知,摄取荔枝核提取物具有显著改善在内脏脂肪组织因肥胖而诱导的慢性炎症活化的效果。
线粒体的功能紊乱与老化、心脏病、胃肠紊乱、内分泌紊乱、神经紊乱相关,众所周知,线粒体氧化过程紊乱增加肝组织的葡萄糖生成,并诱发高血糖(hyperglycemia)来引发脂肪肝。线粒体利用电子传递系统来形成线粒体内膜和外膜之间的质子浓度梯度,将其作为驱动力通过F0F1-ATP酶(F0F1-ATPase)形成腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)。但是,如果F0F1-ATP酶无法正常起作用时,则通过解偶联蛋白(UCPs,uncouplingproteins)解除质子浓度梯度,在该过程中产热。据报道最近通过这种耗能机制(energy-dissipatorymechanism),UCP在脂肪组织中维持氧化还原平衡(redoxbalance),并促进产热,AMP活化的蛋白激酶(AMPK,AMP-activatedproteinkinase)和UCP作为肥胖治疗的新靶子备受瞩目。
从摄取实验饲料的白鼠的内脏脂肪组织中提取mRNA之后,通过RT-PCR分析测定用于调节生体内产热的UCP1和UCP3的表达量,其结果表明,就HFD组而言,与ND组相比时,UCP1和UCP3基因表达均被减少。另一方面,补充摄取荔枝核提取物的结果表明,随着摄取高脂肪饲料而被减少的UCP1和UCP3基因表达以与ND组类似的水准再次增加(图5)。因此可知,摄取荔枝核提取物具有显著改善在内脏脂肪组织因肥胖而诱导的产热抑制现象的效果。
以上,对本发明的特定部分进行详细说明,这些具体的说明仅用作优选实例,本发明的范围并不局限于此,这对于本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员来说是显而易见的。因此,本发明的实质性范围应视为根据所附的权利要求及其等价物来定义。
Claims (5)
1.荔枝核提取物用于制备用来预防或治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的组合物的用途,
其中所述脂肪肝是因肝的脂肪代谢紊乱引起的;
其中所述荔枝核提取物是通过下述过程获得的:
(a)在粉碎机中将1.2kg荔枝(LitchichinensisSonn.)的种子制成粗粉末之后,加入6L乙醇;
(b)在回流提取器中进行3次热水提取;
(c)用过滤纸来过滤提取物;
(d)在减压浓缩机中进行低温浓缩;以及
(e)使用冷冻干燥机来干燥。
2.权利要求1的用途,其中所述组合物还用于减少过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白或脂肪酸结合蛋白的表达。
3.权利要求1的用途,其中所述组合物还用于增加解偶联蛋白2或解偶联蛋白3的表达。
4.权利要求1~3中任一项的用途,其中所述组合物为药剂学组合物。
5.权利要求1~3中任一项的用途,其中所述组合物为食品组合物。
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