CN102686694B - 包含2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、1,1,2,3-四氯丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、或2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷的组合物 - Google Patents
包含2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、1,1,2,3-四氯丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、或2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102686694B CN102686694B CN201080059105.4A CN201080059105A CN102686694B CN 102686694 B CN102686694 B CN 102686694B CN 201080059105 A CN201080059105 A CN 201080059105A CN 102686694 B CN102686694 B CN 102686694B
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- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011495 polyisocyanurate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003822 preparative gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003987 resole Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001020 rhythmical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 235000014214 soft drink Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C08J9/146—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only only fluorine as halogen atoms
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- F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
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Abstract
本发明公开涉及包含2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯的组合物,所述组合物可用作液体或气体形式的热传递组合物、气溶胶推进剂、起泡剂、发泡剂、溶剂、清洁剂、载液、替代型干燥剂、抛光研磨剂、聚合介质、用于聚烯烃和聚氨酯的膨胀剂、气体电介质、灭火剂和防燃剂。此外,本发明公开内容还涉及包含1,1,2,3-四氯丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、或2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷的组合物,所述组合物可用于制备2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯的方法中。
Description
发明领域
本发明公开涉及组合物领域,所述组合物可用作液体或气体形式的热传递组合物、气溶胶推进剂、起泡剂(发泡剂)、溶剂、清洁剂、载液、替代型干燥剂、抛光研磨剂、聚合介质、聚烯烃和聚氨酯的膨胀剂、气体电介质、灭火剂和防燃剂。具体地讲,本发明公开内容涉及可用作热传递组合物的组合物如2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234yf或1234yf),或可用于制备HFO-1234yf的工艺中的包含1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245eb或245eb)的组合物。
发明背景
环境新规定引发对可用于制冷、空调和热泵设备中的新型组合物的需要。低全球变暖潜能组合物尤其受到关注。
发明概述
申请人在制备此类新型低全球变暖潜能化合物如HFO-1234yf时已发现,某些附加化合物以少量存在。
因此,根据本发明,提供了包含HFO-1234yf和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自HCO-1250xf、HCC-260da、HCC-240aa、HCO-1230xa、HCFO-1233xf、HCFO-1233zd、HCFC-244bb、HCFC-244db、HFO-1234ze、HFC-245cb、HFO-1243zf、HCFO-1223za、HCFO-1224zb、HFO-1225zc、HCFC-241db、HCFC-242dc、HCFO-1232xf、HCFO-1231xf和HCFO-1233yf。基于所述组合物的重量计,所述组合物可包含小于约1重量%的至少一种附加化合物。
此外,根据本发明,提供了包含HCO-1230xa和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自丙烯、HCO-1260zf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCO-1250xf、HCC-250aa和HCC-240aa。
此外,根据本发明,提供了包含HCFO-1233xf和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自丙烯、HCO-1260zf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCO-1250xf、HCC-250aa、HCC-240aa、HCO-1230xa、HFO-1243zf、HCFO-1223za、HCFO-1224zb、HFO-1225zc、HCFO-1233yf、HCFO-1232xf、HCFC-1231xf、HCFC-241db和HCFC-242dc。
此外,根据本发明,提供了包含HCFC-244bb和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自丙烯、HCO-1250xf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCC-240aa、HCO-1230xa、HCFO-1233xf、HFO-1243zf、HCFO-1223az、HCFO-1224zb、HFO-1225zc、HCFC-241db、HCFC-242dc、HCFO-1232xf、HCFO-1231xf和HCFC-1233yf。
附图简述
图1示出了用于形成本发明组合物的反应序列。
发明详述
组合物
已提出使用HFO-1234yf(2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯)作为制冷剂、热传递流体、气溶胶推进剂、泡沫膨胀剂等用途。有利的是,还已发现HFO-1234yf具有低全球变暖潜势(GWP),如V.C.Papadimitriou等人在2007年“Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics”第9卷,第1-13页中所报导的。因此,HFO-1234yf是替代更高GWP的饱和HFC制冷剂的适宜候选物。
在一个实施方案中,本公开提供了包含HFO-1234yf和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自HCO-1250xf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCC-240aa、HCO-1230xa、HCFO-1233xf、HCFO-1233zd、HCFC-244bb、HCFC-244db、HFO-1234ze、HFC-245cb、HFO-1243zf、HCFO-1223za、HCFO-1224zb、HFO-1225zc、HCFC-241db、HCFC-242dc、HCFO-1232xf、HCFO-1231xf和HCFO-1233yf。
本发明的组合物可包含HFO-1234yf和一种附加化合物、或两种附加化合物、或三种或更多种附加化合物。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含HFO-1234yf和HCFO-1232xf。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含HFO-1234yf和至少一种选自以下的化合物:HCFC-243db、HCFO-1233xf、HCFO-1231xf、HCFC-242dc和HCFC-241db。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含至少一种选自HCFC-243db和HFC-245fa的化合物。
在一个实施方案中,基于所述组合物的总重量计,在包含HFO-1234yf的组合物中的一种或多种附加化合物的总量的范围为大于0重量%至小于1重量%。在另一个实施方案中,基于所述组合物的总重量计,一种或多种附加化合物的总量的范围为大于0重量%至小于0.5重量%。
在一个实施方案中,包含HFO-1234yf和其它化合物的组合物还可包含特定的示踪剂化合物如HFC-245cb。在该实施方案中,HFC-245cb示踪剂以约1份每百万份(ppm)至约1000ppm的浓度存在于所述组合物中。在另一个实施方案中,HFC-245cb示踪剂以约1ppm至约500ppm的浓度存在于所述组合物中。作为另外一种选择,HFC-245cb以约10ppm至约300ppm的浓度存在于所述组合物中。
本文所公开的包含HFO-1234yf的组合物用作液体或气体形式的低全球变暖潜势(GWP)热传递组合物、气溶胶推进剂、起泡剂、发泡剂、溶剂、清洁剂、载液、替代型干燥剂、抛光研磨剂、聚合介质、用于聚烯烃和聚氨酯的膨胀剂、气体电介质、灭火剂和防燃剂。所公开的组合物可用作工作流体以用于将热量从热源运送到散热器。此类热传递组合物还可用作循环中的制冷剂,其中流体经历相变;即从液体变为气体,并且再变回液体,或者反之亦然。
热传递系统的实例包括但不限于空调、冷冻机、冷藏机、热泵、水冷却器、溢流式蒸发冷却器、直接膨胀式冷却器、步入式冷藏柜、热力泵、移动式冷藏机、移动式空调装置、以及它们的组合。
如本文所用,移动式冷藏机设备、移动式空调设备或移动式加热设备是指并入到公路、铁路、海洋或空中运输装置中的任何冷藏机、空调或加热设备。此外,移动式冷藏或空调装置包括独立于任何移动载体并被称为“联合运输”系统的那些设备。此类联合运输系统包括“集装箱”(海路/陆路联合运输)以及“可折卸货厢”(公路/铁路联合运输)。
如本文所用,固定式热传递系统是附连在或连接在任何类型建筑之中或之上的系统。这些固定式应用可以是固定式空调和热泵(包括但不限于冷却器,高温热泵,住宅、商业或工业空调系统,并且包括窗式冷却器、无管式冷却器、导管式冷却器、整装式末端冷却器,以及在建筑外部但与建筑连接的那些如屋顶系统)。在固定式制冷应用中,所公开的组合物可用于高温、中温和/或低温制冷设备中,所述设备包括商业、工业或住宅冷藏机和冷冻机、制冰机、整装式冷却机和冷冻机、溢流式蒸发冷却器、直接膨胀式冷却器、步入式和手取式冷藏柜和冷冻机、以及各系统的组合。在一些实施方案中,所公开的组合物可用于超市的冷藏机和/或冷冻机系统中。
组成所公开组合物的化合物定义于表1中。
表1
代码 | 化学式 | 名称 |
丙烯 | ||
HCO-1260zf | CH2=CHCH2Cl | 3-氯丙烯 |
HCO-1250xf | CH2=CClCH2Cl | 2,3-二氯丙烯 |
HCC-260da | CH2ClCHClCH2Cl | 1,2,3-三氯丙烷 |
HCC-260db | CH3CHClCHCl2 | 1,1,2-三氯丙烷 |
HCC-250aa | CH2ClCCl2CH2Cl | 1,2,2,3-四氯丙烷 |
HCC-240aa | CHCl2CCl2CH2Cl | 1,1,2,2,3-五氯丙烷 |
HCO-1230xa | CCl2=CClCH2Cl | 1,1,2,3-四氯丙烯 |
HCFO-1233xf | CF3CCl=CH2 | 2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯 |
HCFO-1233zd | CF3CH=CHCl | 1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯 |
HCFC-244bb | CF3CFClCH3 | 2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷 |
HCFC-244db | CF3CHClCH2F | 2-氯-1,1,1,3-四氟丙烷 |
HFO-1234ze | CF3CH=CHF | 1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯 |
HFC-245cb | CF3CF2CH3 | 1,1,1,2,2-五氟丙烷 |
HFO-1243zf | CF3CH=CH2 | 3,3,3-三氟丙烯 |
HCFO-1223za | CF3CH=CCl2 | 1,1-二氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯 |
HCFO-1224zb | CF3CH=CClF | 1-氯-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯 |
HFO-1225zc | CF3CH=CF2 | 1,1,3,3,3-五氟丙烯 |
HCFC-241db | CCl2FCHClCH2Cl | 1-氯-1,1,2,3-四氟丙烷 |
HCFC-242dc | CClF2CHClCH2Cl | 1,1-二氟-1,2,3-三氯丙烷 |
HCFO-1232xf | CClF2CCl=CH2 | 2,3-二氯-3,3-二氟丙烯 |
HCFO-1231xf | CCl2FCCl=CH2 | 2,3,3-三氯-3-氟丙烯 |
HCFO-1233yf | CClF2CF=CH2 | 3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯 |
HCFC-243db | CF3CHClCH2Cl | 2,3-二氯-1,1,1-三氟-丙烷 |
HFC-245fa | CF3CH2CHF2 | 1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷 |
表1中所列的HCFO-1233xf、HCFC-244bb以及许多其它化合物购自特殊的化学品制造商,包括SynQuest Laboratories,Inc.(Alachua,FL,U.S.A.),或可由本领域已知的方法制得。例如,HCFO-1233xf和HCFC-244bb可通过HFO-1243zf的非催化氯化来制备,如2008年5月8日公布的国际专利申请公布WO2008/054782中所述。HCFO-1233xf和HCFC-244bb还可通过HCFC-243db的催化氟化来制备,如2008年5月8日公布的国际专利申请公布WO2008/054781中所述。每个公开组合物中存在的附加化合物将取决于制造方法。
作为另外一种选择,HCO-1230xa可由1,2,3-三氯丙烷制得,如US2007/0197842A1中所述。此外,US2007/0197842中所公开的,在催化剂的存在下,在气相中HCO-1230xa与HF反应形成HCFO-1233xf。
作为另外一种选择,HCFO-1233xf还可通过1,1,2,3-四氯丙烯(HCO-1230xa)氟化来制备,并进一步氟化形成HCFC-244bb,然后脱氯化氢形成HFO-1234yf,如US2009/0240090中所述。
表1中所列的某些化合物可以多于一种的异构体形式存在,具体地讲为HFO-1234ze、HCFO-1233zd和HCFO-1224zb。例如,HFO-1234ze可以E-异构体或Z-异构体形式存在。如本文所用,HFO-1234ze旨在表示E-异构体、Z-异构体两者之一或这些异构体的任何混合物。如本文所用,HCFO-1233zd旨在表示E-异构体、Z-异构体两者之一或这些异构体的任何混合物。如本文所用,HFO-1224zb旨在表示E-异构体、Z-异构体两者之一或这些异构体的任何混合物。
此外,根据本发明,提供了包含HCO-1230xa和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自丙烯、HCO-1260zf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCO-1250xf、HCC-250aa和HCC-240aa。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含HCO-1230xa和HCC-240aa。并且在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物可包含HCO-1230xa、HCC-240aa、至少一种选自HCC-250aa和HCC-260da的化合物。
此外,根据本发明,提供了包含HCFO-1233xf和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自丙烯、HCO-1260zf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCO-1250xf、HCC-250aa、HCC-240aa、HCO-1230xa、HFO-1243zf、HCFO-1223za、HCFO-1224zb、HFO-1225zc、HCFO-1233yf、HCFO-1232xf、HCFC-1231xf、HCFC-241db和HCFC-242dc。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含HCO-1230xa和HCFO-1232xf。并且在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含HCO-1230xa、HCFO-1232xf和HCFO-1231xf。
此外,根据本发明,提供了包含HCFC-244bb和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物选自丙烯、HCO-1250xf、HCC-260da、HCC-260db、HCC-240aa、HCO-1230xa、HCFO-1233xf、HFO-1243zf、HCFO-1223az、HCFO-1224zb、HFO-1225zc、HCFC-241db、HCFC-242dc、HCFO-1232xf、HCFO-1231xf和HCFC-1233yf。
在另一个实施方案中,包含HCFC-244bb的本发明组合物还可包含至少一种选自HCFC-243db和HFC-245fa的化合物。
可形成本发明组合物的反应序列示于图1中。步序起始于与氯气Cl2反应形成烯丙基氯或HCO-1260zf(CH2=CHCH2Cl)的丙烯氯化。下一步涉及在Cl2的存在下进一步氯化以生成HCC-260db(CH2ClCHClCH2Cl)。HCC-260db与NaOH水溶液(或其它苛性溶液)的反应形成了HCO-1250xf(CH2=CClCH2Cl)。并且HCO-1250xf与氯气Cl2的反应生成了HCC-250aa(CH2ClCCl2CH2Cl或1,2,2,3-四氯丙烷)。用Cl2进一步氯化将生成HCC-240da(CHCl2CCl2CH2Cl)。HCC-240da与NaOH水溶液(或其它苛性溶液)的反应形成了HCO-1230xa(CCl2=CClCH2Cl)。
在另一个实施方案中,前述任一种组合物还可包含氟化氢(HF),这是由于HF作为制备每种组合物的反应物或化学反应副产物存在。
值得注意的是不含HCl的组合物、不含HF的组合物以及不含HCl和HF二者的组合物。尤其值得注意的是不含酸的组合物。酸可通过本领域已知的方法去除,如蒸馏和水洗或碱洗。
HCO-1230xa的氟化
HCO-1230xa可通过在催化剂的存在下与氟化氢(HF)反应氟化以生成HCFO-1233xf。此反应示于图1中。
氟氯化反应可在液相或气相中进行。就本发明的液相实施方案而言,HCO-1230xa与HF的反应可在以间歇、半间歇、半连续或连续方式运作的液相反应器中进行。在成批模式中,在高压釜或其它适宜的反应容器中将HCO-1230xa与HF混合在一起并加热至所需的温度。
在一个实施方案中,通过将HCO-1230xa喂入包含HF的液相反应器中以半成批模式进行该反应。在另一个实施方案中,可将HF喂入包含HCO-1230xa与反应产物的混合物的液相反应器中,所述反应产物由HF与HCO-1230xa反应形成。在液相方法的另一个实施方案中,可将HF和HCO-1230xa以所期望的化学计量比同时喂入反应器中,所述反应器包含HF与反应产物的混合物,所述反应产物由HF与HCO-1230xa反应形成。
液相反应器中HF与HCO-1230xa反应的适宜温度在一个实施方案中为约80℃至约180℃,并且在另一个实施方案中为约100℃至约150℃。更高的温度通常致使HCO-1230xa的转化率更大。
HF与喂入液相反应器中的HCO-1230xa总量的适宜摩尔比在一个实施方案中为至少化学计量比(约3∶1,HF比HCO-1230xa),并且在另一个实施方案中为约5∶1至约100∶1。值得注意的是其中HF与HFO-1243zf的摩尔比为约8∶1至约50∶1的实施方案。
液相方法中的反应器压力不是关键性的,并且在间歇反应中,通常为反应温度下的系统自生压力。系统压力随着氯化氢的形成而增加,所述氯化氢通过氯对氢取代基的取代反应,以及通过原料和中间体反应产物中的氟对氯取代基的取代反应生成。在连续方法中,可能以一定的方式设定反应器压力,使得低沸点的反应产物可任选地通过填充柱或冷凝器从反应器中排出。如此,高沸点的中间体保留在反应器中,并且挥发性产物被移出。典型的反应器压力为约20磅/平方英寸(239kPa)至约1,000磅/平方英寸(6,994kPa)。
在其中采用液相方法实施反应的一些实施方案中,可使用的催化剂包括碳、AlF3、BF3、FeCl3-aFa(其中a=0至3)、负载在碳上的FeX3、SbCl3- aFa、AsF3、MCl5-bFb(其中b=0至5,并且M=Sb、Nb、Ta或Mo)和M’Cl4-cFc(其中c=0至4,并且M’=Sn、Ti、Zr或Hf)。在另一个实施方案中,用于液相方法中的催化剂是MCl5-bFb(其中b=0至5,并且M=Sb、Nb或Ta)。
在另一个实施方案中,HF与HCO-1230xa的反应在气相中进行。通常使用热反应器。许多反应器构型是可以接受的,包括水平或垂直取向的反应器,并且HCO-1230xa与HF的反应序列也是可以接受的。在本发明的一个实施方案中,初始时可将HCO-1230xa汽化,并且以气体形式加入反应器中。
气相反应的适宜温度为约120℃至约500℃。更高的温度致使HCO-1230xa的转化率更大,并且转化化合物的氟化度和卤化度更高。
气相反应器的适宜反应器压力可为约1至约30个大气压。约15至约25个大气压的压力可有利地用于促使HCl与其它反应产物分离,并且适宜的反应时间可在约1秒至约120秒,优选约5秒至约60秒之间变动。
气相反应中HF与HCO-1230xa总量的摩尔比在一个实施方案中为约HF与HCO-1230xa总量的化学计量比(3∶1,HF比HCO-1230xa)至约50∶1,并且在另一个实施方案中为约10∶1至约30∶1。
在一个实施方案中,催化剂用于在HF气相反应(3∶1,HF比HCO-1230xa)的反应区中。可用于气相反应的氯氟化反应催化剂包括碳;石墨;氧化铝;氟化氧化铝;氟化铝;碳负载氧化铝;碳负载氟化铝;碳负载氟化氧化铝;氟化铝负载氟化镁;金属(包括元素金属、金属氧化物、金属卤化物、和/或其它金属盐);氟化铝负载金属;氟化氧化铝负载金属;氧化铝负载金属;和碳负载金属;金属的混合物。
适用作催化剂的金属(任选地负载在氧化铝、氟化铝、氟化氧化铝或碳上)包括铬、铁、钴、镍、钌、铑、钯、锇、铱、铂、锰、铼、钪、钇、镧、钛、锆和铪、铜、银、金、锌和/或原子序数为58至71的金属(即镧系金属)。在一个实施方案中,当所述催化剂在载体上使用时,基于所述催化剂总重量计,所述催化剂的金属总含量为约0.1重量%至约20重量%;在另一个实施方案中,基于所述催化剂总重量计为约0.1重量%至约10重量%。
气相反应的适宜氯氟化催化剂包括含铬催化剂,包括氧化铬(III)(Cr2O3);Cr2O3以及负载在Cr2O3上的其它金属如卤化镁或卤化锌;碳负载卤化铬(III);任选地负载在石墨上的铬与镁的混合物(包括元素金属、金属氧化物、金属卤化物和/或其它金属盐);以及任选地负载在石墨、氧化铝或卤化铝如氟化铝上的铬与其它金属的混合物(包括元素金属、金属氧化物、金属卤化物和/或其它金属盐)。
含铬催化剂是本领域熟知的。这类催化剂可通过沉淀法或浸渍法制备,如Satterfield在“Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice”第2版,第87-112页(McGraw-Hill,New York,1991)中的一般性描述。
值得注意的是包含至少一种含铬组分的氯氟化反应催化剂,所述含铬组分选自其中α-氧化铬晶格中约0.05原子%至约6原子%的铬原子被三价钴原子取代的晶体α-氧化铬,以及其中α-氧化铬晶格中约0.05原子%至约6原子%的铬原子被三价钴原子取代的已用氟化剂处理过的晶体α-氧化铬。这些催化剂,包括它们的制备,已公开于美国专利申请公布US2005/0228202中。
在另一个实施方案中,用于HCO-1230xa与HF反应的气相催化剂可为催化剂组合物,所述组合物包含通过热解(NH4)2Cr2O7制得的Cr2O3,如US5,036,036中所述。
任选地可用HF预处理包含金属的上述催化剂。可通过例如将含金属催化剂放置在适宜的容器中,然后使HF通过所述含金属催化剂上方来实施此预处理。在一个实施方案中,此类容器可以是用于进行氯氟化反应的反应器。在一个实施方案中,预处理时间为约15至约300分钟,并且预处理温度为约200℃至约450℃。
HCFO-1233xf的氟化
在一些实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf可用于通过氟化来用于制备HCFC-HCFC-244bb和/或HFO-1234yf。这些反应示于图1中。
在一个实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的反应可在液相中进行。在另一个实施方案中,所述反应可在气相中进行。
在一个实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的反应可以间歇方式进行。在另一个实施方案中,所述反应可以连续方式进行。
在一个实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的液相反应可在催化剂的存在下进行。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂可为路易斯酸催化剂。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂可为金属卤化物催化剂。在另一个实施方案中,所述催化剂可为至少一种选自以下的催化剂:锑卤化物、锡卤化物、铊卤化物、铁卤化物以及它们中的两种或更多种的组合。在另一个实施方案中,所述催化剂可为至少一种选自以下的催化剂:五氯化锑(SbCl5)、三氯化锑(SbCl3)、五氟化锑(SbF5)、四氯化锡(SnCl4)、四氯化钛(TiCl4)、三氯化铁(FeCl3)以及它们的组合。在一些实施方案中,可用任何已知的液相反应氟化催化剂来实施所述反应。
在一个实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的反应可在没有催化剂的情况下进行。
在一个实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的气相反应可在催化剂的存在下进行。在一个实施方案中,所述反应在铬基催化剂、铁基催化剂、或它们的组合的存在下进行。在一个实施方案中,所述铬基催化剂为氧化铬(例如Cr2O3)。在一个实施方案中,所述铁基催化剂可为碳载FeCl3。
在一个实施方案中,HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的气相反应可在没有催化剂的情况下进行。
HCFC-244bb的脱氯化氢
在一些实施方案中,采用HCFC-244bb的脱氯化氢来制备HFO-1234yf。
在一个实施方案中,HCFC-244bb至HFO-1234yf的脱氯化氢在气相中进行。
在一个实施方案中,气相脱氯化氢在催化剂的存在下进行。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂选自基于碳和/或金属的催化剂。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂可选自活性炭、基于镍的催化剂、基于钯的催化剂、或这些催化剂的任何组合。在一个实施方案中,所述催化剂可选自Ni网、碳载钯、氧化铝载钯、或它们的组合。
在一个实施方案中,催化的气相脱氯化氢在约200至600℃的温度下进行。在另一个实施方案中,催化气相脱氯化氢在约250至500℃的温度下进行。反应压力为约0-150psi。
在另一个实施方案中,HFO-1234yf通过HCFC-244bb的热致脱氯化氢来制备。在一个实施方案中,此反应在没有催化剂的情况下发生。在一个实施方案中,将HCFC-244bb引入反应容器中,将所述容器的温度保持在足够高的温度以实现HCFC-244bb的热致脱氯化氢。在一个实施方案中,温度足够高以致使HCFC-244bb的热致脱氯化氢达到至少50%的转化百分比。在另一个实施方案中,温度足够高以致使HCFC-244bb的热致脱氯化氢达到至少65%的转化百分比。在另一个实施方案中,温度足够高以致使HCFC-244bb的热致脱氯化氢达到至少80%的转化百分比。在另一个实施方案中,温度足够高以致使HCFC-244bb的热致脱氯化氢至少12小时的连续操作内达到至少70%的转化百分比。
在一个实施方案中,将HCFC-244bb引入反应容器中,将所述容器的温度保持在约500℃至约700℃范围内的温度。在另一个实施方案中,将反应容器的温度保持在约500℃至约650℃的范围内。在另一个实施方案中,将反应容器的温度保持在足够高的温度,以实现HCFC-244bb至HFO-1234yf的热解反应,80%的选择性或更大。在另一个实施方案中,将反应容器的温度保持在足够高的温度,以实现HCFC-244bb至HFO-1234yf的热解反应,85%的选择性或更大。
在催化或非催化脱氯化氢的一个实施方案中,所述反应区为由耐腐蚀材料构成的反应容器。在一个实施方案中,这些材料包括合金,如镍基合金例如Hastelloy、可以商标Inconel从Special Metals Corp.商购获得的镍-铬合金(下文称为“Inconel”)、或可以商标Monel从Special Metals Corp.(New Hartford,New York)商购获得的镍-铜合金、或具有含氟聚合物内衬的容器。
在一个实施方案中,在气化器中将HCFC-244bb预热至约30℃至约100℃的温度。在另一个实施方案中,在气化器中将HCFC-244bb预热至约30℃至约80℃的温度。
在一些实施方案中,使用惰性稀释气体作为HCFC-244bb的载气。在一个实施方案中,所述载气选自氮气、氩气、氦气或二氧化碳。
无需更多说明,据信本领域中的技术人员能够根据本文的描述,最大限度地利用本发明。因此,以下具体实施方案应理解为仅作示例之用,而不以任何方式约束本公开的其余部分。
用途
本文公开的包含HFO-1234yf的组合物可用作液体或气体形式的低全球变暖潜势(GWP)热传递组合物、气溶胶推进剂、泡沫膨胀剂(还被称为起泡剂或发泡剂)、溶剂、清洁剂、载液、替代型干燥剂、抛光研磨剂、聚合介质、用于聚烯烃和聚氨酯的发泡剂、气体电介质、灭火剂和防燃剂。所公开的组合物可用作工作流体,用于将热量从热源运送到散热器。此类热传递组合物还可用作循环中的制冷剂,其中流体经历相变;即从液体变为气体,并且再变回液体,或者反之亦然。
热传递系统的实例包括但不限于空调、冷冻机、冷藏机、热泵、水冷却器、溢流式蒸发冷却器、直接膨胀式冷却器、步入式冷藏柜、热力泵、移动式冷藏机、移动式空调装置、以及它们的组合。
在一个实施方案中,包含HFO-1234yf的组合物可用于移动式热传递系统中,包括冷藏、空调或热泵系统或设备中。在一个实施方案中,所述组合物可用于固定式热传递系统中,包括冷藏、空调或热泵系统或设备中。
如本文所用,移动式热传递系统是指整合到公路、铁路、海洋或空中运输装置中的任何冷藏、空调或加热设备。此外,移动式冷藏或空调装置包括独立于任何移动载体并被称为“联合运输”系统的那些设备。此类联合运输系统包括“集装箱”(海路/陆路联合运输)以及“可折卸货厢”(公路/铁路联合运输)。
如本文所用,固定式热传递系统是在运转期间固定在一个地方的系统。固定式热传递系统可结合到任何类型建筑之中或连接到其上,或者可以是位于门外的独立式装置,诸如软饮料自动贩卖机。这些固定式应用可以是固定式空调和热泵(包括但不限于冷却器,高温热泵,住宅、商业或工业空调系统,并且包括窗式冷却器、无管式冷却器、导管式冷却器、整装式末端冷却器,以及在建筑外部但与建筑连接的那些如屋顶系统)。在固定式制冷应用中,所公开的组合物可用于高温、中温和/或低温制冷设备中,所述设备包括商业、工业或住宅冷藏机和冷冻机、制冰机、整装式冷却机和冷冻机、溢流式蒸发冷却器、直接膨胀式冷却器、步入式和手取式冷藏柜和冷冻机,以及各系统的组合。在一些实施方案中,所公开的组合物可用于超市冷藏机系统中。
因此,根据本发明,如本文公开的包含HFO-1234yf的组合物可用于制冷、制热和传热方法中。
本文所公开的组合物可用作当前所用制冷剂的低全球变暖潜势(GWP)替代物,当前所用制冷剂包括但不限于R134a(或HFC-134a,1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷)、R22(或HCFC-22,二氟一氯甲烷)、R12(CFC-12,二氯二氟甲烷);R407C(52重量%R134a、25重量%R125(五氟乙烷)和23重量%R32(二氟甲烷)的共混物的ASHRAE命名);R410A(50重量%R125和50重量%R32的共混物的ASHRAE命名);和R404A(44重量%R125、52重量%R143a(1,1,1-三氟乙烷)、以及4.0重量%R134a的共混物的ASHRAE命名)等等。
在许多应用中,包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物的一些实施方案可用作制冷剂,并且提供与寻求替代物的制冷剂至少相当的冷却性能(是指冷却容量和能量效率)。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了一种为包含待替换制冷剂和润滑剂的热传递系统进行重新加装的方法,所述方法包括从热传递系统中除去待替换的制冷剂,同时将主要部分的润滑剂保留在所述系统中,然后将一种包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物引入所述热传递系统中。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了包含任一种含有HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物的热交换系统,其中所述系统选自空调、冷冻机、冷藏机、热力泵、水冷却器、溢流式蒸发冷却器、直接膨胀式冷却器、步入式冷藏柜、热力泵、移动式冷藏机、移动式空调装置、以及具有它们组合的系统。此外,包含HFO-1234yf的组合物可用于二次回路系统中,其中这些组合物用作初级制冷剂,从而冷却次级热传递流体,由此冷却远端地点。
蒸汽压缩制冷、空调或热力泵系统包括蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器和膨胀装置。蒸汽压缩循环在多个步骤中反复使用制冷剂,在一个步骤中产生冷却效果,而在一个不同步骤中产生加热效果。该循环可以简单描述如下。液体制冷剂通过膨胀装置进入蒸发器,并且通过在低温下从环境中吸热,液体制冷剂在所述蒸发器中沸腾形成气体并且制冷。低压气体进入压缩机,气体在其中被压缩,从而使其压力和温度上升。然后压力升高(压缩)的气态制冷剂进入到冷凝器中,其中所述制冷剂冷凝并且将其热量排放到环境中。所述制冷剂返回到膨胀装置,通过所述膨胀装置,所述液体从冷凝器中的高压水平膨胀至蒸发器中的低压水平,从而重复所述循环。
在一个实施方案中,提供了热传递系统,所述系统具有包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物的任一种。在另一个实施方案中,公开了具有包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物的任一种的制冷、空调或热泵设备。在另一个实施方案中,公开了具有包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物的任一种的固定式制冷或空调设备。在另一个实施方案中,公开了包含如本文所公开组合物的移动式制冷或空调设备。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了制冷方法,所述方法包括使包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物的任一种在待冷却物体附近蒸发,并随后冷凝所述组合物。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了制热方法,所述方法包括在待加热物体附近冷凝包含HFO-1234yf的任一种本发明组合物,并随后蒸发所述组合物。
在另一个实施方案中,公开了使用包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物作为热传递流体组合物的方法。所述方法包括将所述组合物从热源传送到散热器。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及包含HFO-1234yf的泡沫膨胀剂组合物以用于制备泡沫。在其它实施方案中,本发明提供了可发泡组合物,并且优选地提供热固性(如聚氨酯、聚异氰脲酸酯、或酚醛树脂)泡沫组合物和热塑性(如聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、或聚丙烯)泡沫组合物,以及制备泡沫的方法。在此类泡沫实施方案中,包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物中的一种或多种作为泡沫膨胀剂包含在可发泡组合物中,所述组合物优选地包含一种或多种附加组分以形成泡沫或多孔结构,所述附加组分能够在适当条件下反应和/或混合并发泡。
本发明还涉及形成泡沫的方法,所述方法包括:(a)向可发泡组合物中加入包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物;以及(b)在有效形成泡沫的条件下加工所述可发泡组合物。
本发明的另一个实施方案涉及包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物在可喷雾组合物中作为推进剂的用途。此外,本发明涉及包含HFO-1234yf的可喷雾组合物。待喷雾的活性成分以及惰性成分、溶剂和其它物质也可存在于可喷雾组合物中。在一个实施方案中,可喷雾组合物为气溶胶。本发明的组合物可用于配制多种工业气溶胶或其它可喷雾组合物如接点清洁剂、除尘剂、润滑喷剂、脱模喷剂、杀昆虫剂等,和家用气溶胶如个人护理产品(如发胶、除臭剂和香料)、家用产品(如蜡、抛光剂、锅喷雾剂、室内空气清新剂和家用杀昆虫剂)和汽车产品(如清洁剂和抛光剂),以及医用材料如抗哮喘和抗口臭药物。其实例包括用于治疗哮喘和其它慢性阻塞性肺部疾病以及用于将药物递送至易达黏膜或鼻内的定量吸入剂(MDI)。
本发明还涉及用于制备气溶胶产品的方法,所述方法包括将包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物加入在气溶胶容器中包含活性成分的制剂中的步骤,其中所述组合物用作推进剂。此外,本发明还涉及用于制备气溶胶产品的方法,所述方法包括将包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物加入屏障型气溶胶包装(如罐中袋型或活塞式罐型)中的步骤,其中所述组合物在气溶胶容器中与其它制剂成分保持隔离,并且其中所述组合物用作推进剂。此外,本发明还涉及用于制备气溶胶产品的方法,所述方法包括仅将包含HFO-1234yf的本发明组合物加入气溶胶包装中的步骤,其中所述组合物用作活性成分(例如除尘剂、或冷却剂或冷冻喷剂)。
本文公开的包含HCO-1230xa、HCFO-1233xf和HCFC-244bb的组合物可用于如上文所述的制备HFO-1234yf的方法中。
无需更多说明,据信本领域中的技术人员能够根据本文的描述,最大限度地利用本发明。因此,以下具体实施方案应理解为仅作示例之用,而不以任何方式约束本公开的其余部分。
实施例
产物分析的一般方法
下列一般方法是用于分析氟化反应产物的方法示例。将反应器总流出物的一部分在线取样,以使用配备有质量选择检测器的气相色谱(GC/MS)进行有机产物分析。气相色谱法使用20英尺(6.1m)长×1/8英寸(0.32cm)直径的管,所述管包含负载在惰性碳载体上的以商标Krytox由E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Company(下文称为“DuPont”)(Wilmington,Delaware)出售的全氟化聚醚。氦气流量是30mL/min(5.0×10-7m3/sec)。气相色谱条件是,在60℃下初始保持三分钟时间,然后以6℃/分钟的速率程序升温至200℃。
实施例1
HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的氟化
将包含20克粘稠SbF5的PTFE小瓶内容物倒入干燥的400mLHastelloy振荡管中。将管密闭,并且用氮气加压以检漏。然后用干冰将振荡管冷却至低于-40℃,缓慢排气,然后排空。使75克(3.75mole)无水HF冷凝于所述振荡管中,然后冷凝165克(1.26mole)HCFO-1233xf。将振荡管放入保护罩中并开始振荡。
在环境温度(约20-23℃)下摇动振荡管,并且压力为21-25psig。2小时后,停止振荡,并且小心地将150mL水泵送至振荡管中。使管静置过夜,并然后在冰浴中冷却至0-5℃,接着减压并且将内容物转移到塑性容器中。将容器放置在冰上。
将容器内容物倒入包含一些冰的聚丙烯分液漏斗中。下层有机层外观为浅琥珀色。将有机层分离到由玻璃制得的包含约50mL 4molar(pH 7)磷酸盐缓冲液和冰(约100mL)的培养基瓶中,所述培养基瓶以商标Pyrex由Corning(Lowell,MA)出售(下文称为“Pyrex”)。再次分离出有机层,并且倒入包含少量无水硫酸镁的干燥Pyrex培养基瓶中。粗产量为164.3克(约120mL,86%)。
粗料的GC/MS显示其大部分为HCFC-244bb。其它组分包括0.16%的1233xf,并且其它副产物总计12.2%。
实施例2
HCFO-1233xf至HCFC-244bb的氟化
将包含20克粘稠SbF5的PTFE小瓶内容物倒入干燥的400mLHastelloy振荡管中。将管密闭,并且用氮气加压以检漏。然后用干冰将振荡管冷却至低于-40℃,缓慢排气,然后排空。将53克(2.65mole)无水HF转移至所述振荡管中,然后将227克(1.74mole)HCFO-1233xf冷凝于冷冻的振荡管内。将振荡管放入保护罩中并开始振荡。
在环境温度(约18-21℃)下摇动振荡管,并且压力为16-20psig。2小时后,停止振荡,并且小心地将100mL的水泵送至振荡管中。使管静置过夜并在冰浴中冷却至0-5℃,之后排气并且将内容物转移到塑性容器中。将容器放置在冰上。
将容器内容物倒入包含一些冰的聚丙烯分液漏斗中。下层有机层外观为浅琥珀色。将有机层分离到包含约50mL 4molar(pH 7)磷酸盐缓冲液和冰(约100mL)的Pyrex培养基瓶中。再次分离出有机层,并且倒入包含少量无水硫酸镁的干燥Pyrex培养基瓶中。粗产量为238.8克(约170mL,91%)。
粗料的GC/MS显示其大部分为HCFC-244bb。其它组分包括0.11%HFC-245cb,0.10%HFC-245eb,0.26%HCFO-1233xf,以及总计9.7%的其它副产物。
实施例3
实施例3展示了在没有催化剂的情况下,HCFC-244bb(2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷)至HFO-1234yf(2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯)的转化。
将具有约12英寸加热区的空Inconel管(1/2英寸OD)加热至介于500℃和626℃之间的温度,并且采用2.4sccm(4.0×10-8m3)的N2扫气,以0.52mL/h的速率使HFC-244bb进料通过设定在40℃的气化器。采用在线GCMS分析反应器流出物,结果以摩尔百分比为单位报告。
表2
实施例4
实施例4展示了在不存在催化剂的情况下,HCFC-244bb(2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷)至HFO-1234yf(2,3,3,3-四氟丙烷)的转化。
将具有约12英寸加热区的空Inconel管(1/2英寸OD)加热至575℃,并且采用3.6sccm(6.0×10-8m3)的N2扫气,以0.35mL/h的速率使HFC-244bb进料通过设定在40℃的气化器。使反应器连续运作共19小时,并且定期取出样本,并分析确定HFC-244bb的转化百分比,以及至HFO-1234yf的选择性。采用在线GCMS分析反应器流出物,并且下表6中的数据是给定条件下至少两次在线注射的平均值;所述百分比为摩尔百分比。
表3
实施例5
实施例5展示了在活性炭催化剂的存在下,HCFC-244bb(2-氯-1,1,1,2-四氟丙烷)的脱氯化氢。
用得自Calgon的4cc(1.99g)酸洗过的PCB Polynesian基于椰子壳的碳(6-10目)填充Inconel管(1/2英寸OD)。采用2.4sccm(4.0×10- 8m3)的N2扫气,以1.04mL/h的速率使HFC-244bb进料通过设定在40℃的气化器,获得共约32秒的接触时间,同时将反应器温度控制在400℃。
表4中的数据示出此方法以摩尔百分比为单位的反应器流出物组成,所述方法采用活性炭催化剂进行,在7小时操作时间后经由HCl消去来制备HFC-1234yf。
表4
小时 | 1234yf | 244bb | 1233xf | 其它 |
1 | 52.2 | 22.4 | 10.3 | 15.1 |
2 | 44.5 | 24.6 | 13.4 | 17.5 |
3 | 38.0 | 31.9 | 14.8 | 15.3 |
4 | 25.9 | 41.8 | 15.7 | 16.6 |
5 | 15.5 | 49.4 | 17.9 | 17.2 |
6 | 7.1 | 53.8 | 18.0 | 21.1 |
7 | 2.9 | 54.2 | 17.3 | 25.6 |
Claims (10)
1. 组合物,包含HFO-1234yf和HCFO-1223za以及至少一种附加化合物,所述附加化合物选自HCO-1250xf和HCO-1230xa。
2. 权利要求1的组合物,还包含至少一种选自HCFC-243db和HFC-245fa的化合物。
3. 权利要求1的组合物,包含基于所述组合物的总重量计小于1重量%的所述附加化合物。
4. 权利要求1至3中任一项的组合物,还包含1ppm至1000ppm的HFC-245cb。
5. 权利要求1至3中任一项的组合物,还包含HF。
6. 权利要求1至3中任一项的组合物,其不含酸。
7. 制冷方法,包括使权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物在待冷却物体附近蒸发,并且随后冷凝所述组合物。
8. 制热方法,包括在待加热物体附近冷凝权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物,并且随后蒸发所述组合物。
9. 形成泡沫的方法,包括:(a)向可发泡组合物中加入权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物;以及(b)在有效形成泡沫的条件下加工所述可发泡组合物。
10. 制备气溶胶产品的方法,包括将权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物加入在气溶胶容器中包含活性成分的制剂中的步骤,其中所述组合物用作推进剂。
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