CN102612570B - 涂覆的切削镶片及其制造方法 - Google Patents

涂覆的切削镶片及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN102612570B
CN102612570B CN201080050802.3A CN201080050802A CN102612570B CN 102612570 B CN102612570 B CN 102612570B CN 201080050802 A CN201080050802 A CN 201080050802A CN 102612570 B CN102612570 B CN 102612570B
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coating
cutting insert
sandblasting
stress condition
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V·索特克
班志刚
H·卫斯特法
刘一雄
M·F·贝部罗
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Abstract

在此披露了一种用于从工件上去除材料的涂覆的切削镶片10。该镶片10包括一个基底12以及一个耐磨涂层,该耐磨涂层包括一个α-氧化铝层15以及沉积在该α-氧化铝层15上的Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层16。该Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层16经受了一个涂覆后的湿法喷砂处理。该湿法喷砂将氧化铝涂层15的应力条件从初始的拉伸应力条件改变为压缩应力条件。

Description

涂覆的切削镶片及其制造方法
发明背景
本发明涉及一种对于从一个工件上去除材料(例如,一个工件形成切屑的机加工)有用的涂覆的切削镶片。更确切地说,本发明涉及一种从一个工件上去除材料有用的切削镶片,其中该涂覆的切削镶片包括一个基底,该基底涂覆有一个多层的涂层,该涂层包括Zr或Hf碳氮化物以及Al2O3。该涂层方案包括一个暴露的Zr或Hf涂覆层,该层表现出一种压缩应力。
授予瓦登博格(van den Berg)等人的美国专利号6,224,968(转让给了肯纳金属公司)披露了在硬质合金、钢、金属陶瓷、或陶瓷基底上的一种涂层的使用,该涂层包括一个第一TiN层、一个第二碳氮化物层、一个第三Al2O3层以及在一个Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta或Cr的碳氮化物外层。
授予韦斯特法尔(Westphal)等人的美国专利号6,884,496(转让给了肯纳金属公司)披露了一种增加Zr或Hf碳氮化物涂层的压缩残余应力或减小其拉伸压缩应力的方法,是通过用喷雾形成的硬质材料金属粒而将该材料干法喷砂。
授予康尼格(Konig)等人的美国专利号6,350,510(转让给了肯纳金属公司)披露了具有内部压缩应力的Zr或Hf碳氮化物的多相层。该Zr或Hf层的压缩应力是由于在900°C与1100°C之间不断的CVD涂覆过程接着热处理的结果。
授予班(Ban)等人的美国专利申请号2009/0004449和2009/0004440(转让给了肯纳金属公司)披露了对具有一个外部耐磨损涂层的一个切削镶片进行湿法喷砂,该涂层包括M(OxCyNz),其中M是选自下组,该组包括以下各项中的一种或多种:钛、铪、锆、铬、钛-铝合金、铪-铝合金、锆-铝合金、铬-铝合金、以及它们的合金,并且x>0,y≥0,z≥0并且y+z>0。
发明概述
在此提供了一种用于从工件上去除材料的涂覆的切削镶片,该切削镶片包括一个基底。在该基底上的一个耐磨涂层,该涂层包括一个α-氧化铝层以及沉积该α-氧化铝层上的一个Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层。该Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层经受了一个涂覆后的湿法喷砂处理。该湿法喷砂将该Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层的应力条件从初始的拉伸或轻微的压缩应力条件改变为更大的压缩应力条件。
本发明的一个方面提供了一种涂覆的切削镶片,该切削镶片包括一个基底以及一个多层的涂层方案,该方案包括一个α-Al2O3层以及在该α-Al2O3层上的一个ZrCN或HfCN外层,其中该外层表现了范围在约-700MPa与约-4.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,如通过XRD使用ψ倾斜法(Psi tilt method)以及ZrCN的(220)反射来测量的。
一种涂覆的切削镶片包括一个基底以及一个多层的涂层方案,该方案包括一个α-Al2O3层以及在该α-Al2O3层上的一个ZrCN或HfCN外层,其中该α-Al2O3层表现了范围在约300Mpa与约-1.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,如通过XRD使用Psi倾斜法以及α-Al2O3的(024)反射来测量的。
一种制造涂覆的切削镶片的方法包括以下步骤,提供一个基底,用一个多层的耐磨涂层来涂覆该基底,该涂层包括一个α-Al2O3层以及一个在该α-Al2O3层上的外部的Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层;并且使该外层经受一个湿法喷砂处理。
附图简要说明
以下是对附图的简要说明,这些附图形成本专利申请的一部分:
图1是一个本发明的涂覆的切削镶片的具体实施方案的等角视图,其中该涂覆的切削镶片是处于一个喷砂后的情况下;
图2是图1中展示的涂覆的切削镶片的部分截面视图。该截面展示了沿着截面线A-B并且接近该镶片表面的涂覆的切削镶片的一部分。
图3是根据本发明的一个实施方案的涂覆的切削镶片的一区段的显微照片。该区段示出了在该镶片的侧面上暴露了该基底和涂覆层的一个半球状痕迹。
详细说明
现在参见附图,图1示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的一个涂覆的切削镶片10。切削镶片10对于从一个工件(例如,一个工件的形成切屑的机加工)上去除材料是有用的。该涂覆的切削镶片10可以具有一个切削拐角11。图2示出了沿着截面线A-B并且在切削拐角11处切削图1的截面视图。
仍然参见图2,该切削镶片10具有一个基底12与一个在其上的多层的涂层。该基底包括WC硬质合金、金属陶瓷、陶瓷、或钢。根据本发明的一个实施方案并且从与该基底相邻的最靠内的涂层开始并且向外发展,该多层的涂层的这些层包括一个TiN层13、一个TiCN层14、一个Al2O3层15以及一个外层16。该TiCN层14可以是中等温度的TiCN涂层或高温的TiCN涂层。在某些实施方案中,该Al2O3层15是一个带纹理的α-Al2O3,具有占主导的(104)生长纹理。该外涂层16包括一种基于Zr或基于Hf的氮氧化物,优选ZrCN。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,一个粘合层18可以布置在该Al2O3层15与一个外涂层16之间。该粘合层18可以包括M(OxCyNz),其中,M是选自下组,该组包括以下各项中的一种或多种:钛、铪、锆、铬、钛-铝合金、铪-铝合金、锆-铝合金、铬-铝合金、以及它们的合金,并且x≥0、y≥0、z≥0并且y+z>0。当铝存在于该磨损指示层的“M”成分中时,它是处于与其他元素(即,钛、铪、锆、铬)中的另一种或多种的组合中的。本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一个TiOCN层17。该TiOCN层17可以位于该TiCN层14与该Al2O3层15之间。
图3是根据本发明的一个实施方案的涂覆的切削镶片的一区段的显微照片。该区段示出了在该镶片的侧面上暴露了基底和涂覆层的一个半球状痕迹。该显微照片示出了一个WC-Co基底20,该基底具有在其上的一个多层的涂层。从与该基底相邻的涂覆层开始并且向外发展是以下层:一个TiN层22、一个MT-TiCN层24、一个TiOCN层26、一个α-Al2O3层28、以及一个ZrCN层30。
该Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层可以通过CVD进行施加,由此,气相(处于是700°C与1100°C之间的反应温度下,并且优选地处于5kPA与100kPa之间的压力下)除了H2和/或Ar以及上述金属的氯化物之外,还包括具有C--N分子基团的碳供体以及氮供体。这优选地是具有在碳与氮之间是三键的一种氰化物基团,其间距在室温下总计是在0.114与0.118nm之间。此种化合物是氰化氢、氰氨、氰、氰乙炔(cyanacetylene)或乙腈。作为替代方案或部分地,还可以使用这样的气态化合物,它们具有CN分子基团,该基团具有在该碳与该氮之间一个单键。具有单CN键的分子包括甲胺和乙二胺。本发明包括在其框架内包括氰化物基团的适当的基底;这种类型的化合物原则上是现有技术中已知的。在反应温度下能够形成氰基基团的其他的气态介质可以装入反应容器中。
该TiN层13的厚度可以是0至2.0μm,例如0.1至0.5μm。该TICN层14的厚度可以是1.0至20.0μm,例如2.0至10μm。该Al2O3层15的厚度可以是1.0至15.0μm,例如2.0至8.0μm。该外涂层16的厚度可以是0.5至5.0μm,例如1.0至3.0μm。涂覆后湿法喷砂步骤将外涂覆层16去除到某一程度。该外涂层16的厚度可以是0.5至4.5μm,例如1.0至3.0μm。
该多层的涂层经受了一个涂覆后的湿法喷砂处理。该涂覆后的喷砂步骤包括将氧化铝颗粒气动地喷射到一种液体(例如,水)浆料中以便撞击该喷砂前的涂层方案的所有表面。该涂覆后的湿法喷砂步骤将外层中的拉伸应力转化成压缩应力,或增加该外层的压缩应力。该涂覆后的湿法喷砂步骤还使该外涂层16的表面平滑。清楚的是该湿法喷砂步骤不仅改变了外涂层16应力条件而且还使其表面平滑。该外涂层16(沉积态的)是轻度拉伸或压缩的。在轻度拉伸的情况下,该涂覆后湿法喷砂步骤将该外涂层16的拉伸应力转化到喷砂后的压缩应力的水平。在轻度压缩的情况下,该涂覆后湿法喷砂步骤进一步增加了该外涂层16的压缩应力。
该涂覆后的湿法喷砂步骤还导致了使该外涂层16变得平滑。在一个替代方案中,暴露的氧化铝涂覆层表现出了使用WYKO测量技术在约0.2μm与约0.5μm之间的表面粗糙度Ra。在另一个替代方案中,暴露的氧化铝涂覆层表现出了使用WYKO测量技术在约0.2μm与约0.4μm之间的表面粗糙度Ra。在还另一个替代方案中,暴露的氧化铝涂覆层表现出了使用WYKO测量技术在约0.3μm与约0.4μm之间的表面粗糙度Ra。关于WYKO技术,在WYKO测量中在竖直扫描干涉测量模式下选择了0.3mm乘0.2mm的采样区域。
在耐磨涂层方案的一个替代方案中,该外涂层表现出等于约100MPa的拉伸应力至约-400MPa的压缩应力的喷砂前(或沉积态的)应力条件。如在此使用的,当提及一个涂层的应力条件时,一个正数值表示拉伸条件而一个负数值表示压缩条件。完成该湿法喷砂之后,该外涂覆层16具有的压缩应力条件是在-700MPa至约-4.0GPa之间。在另一个替代方案中,在完成该湿法喷砂之后,该外涂层16表现出在-2.0GPa至约-4.0GPa之间的应力条件。
在耐磨涂层方案的另一个替代方案中,该Al2O3层15表现出等于约400MPa的拉伸应力至约800MPa的拉伸应力的喷砂前(或沉积态的)应力条件。完成该湿法喷砂之后,该Al2O3层15具有的压缩应力条件是在300MPa至约-1.0GPa之间。
提及对于ZrCN外涂层应力的测量技术,该技术是X射线衍射(XRD)技术。该XRD应力测量是基于Psi倾斜法,并且选择该ZrCN涂覆层的反射(220)用于测量。0度、28.9度、43.1度、56.8度以及75度的Psi倾斜被选择用于这些残余应力水平的测量。正的和负的Psi倾斜被选择用来提供为确定可能的剪切应力所要求的数据。此外,三个Phi旋转角度(0度、45度以及90度)被选择用来提供为确定材料的双轴应力状态所要求的数据。
双轴应力计算是使用以下方程式完成的:
其中:S11/2S2是x-射线的弹性常量
是用于Psi倾斜和Phi旋转的d间距的测量峰值
d0是用于衍射的反射的d间距的应力自由峰值
σ1和σ2是主应力。
这个方法中的不同的倾斜与旋转角度的关系在图5中示出。杨氏模量(E)被取为434GPa,泊松比(ν)被取为0.2,并且x-射线弹性常量(S1和S2)分别被取为-0.46×106mm2/N以及2.76×106mm2/N,用于ZrCN涂层中的应力计算。对于HfCN涂层可以进行类似的测量。
提及对于Al2O3层应力的测量技术,该技术除以下内容外实质上与以上相同。选择Al2O3层的反射(024)用于测量。杨氏模量(E)被取为401GPa,泊松比(ν)被取为0.22,并且x-射线弹性常量(S1和S2)分别被取为-0.53×106mm2/N以及2.94×106mm2/N,用于Al2O3涂层中的应力计算。
该湿法喷砂使用含氧化铝微粒与水的浆料完成。将氧化铝微粒与水的浆料气动喷射到表面上以撞击该基底的表面。氧化铝-水浆料的基本参数是以体积百分比计的砂砾(即,氧化铝颗粒)浓度和以微米(μm)计的氧化铝颗粒尺寸。在一个实施方案中,该浆料包括约5体积百分比与约35体积百分比之间的氧化铝微粒以及余量的水。在另一个实施方案中,该浆料包括约8体积百分比与约25体积百分比之间的氧化铝微粒以及余量的水。对于颗粒尺寸,在一个替代方案中,氧化铝颗粒的尺寸可以在约20μm与约100μm之间的范围内。在另一个替代方案中,氧化铝颗粒的尺寸可以在约35μm与约75μm之间的范围内。
湿法喷砂步骤的操作参数是压力、撞击角度、以及持续时间。在这个应用中,撞击角度是约九十度,即,这些颗粒以九十度的角度撞击该表面。在一个替代方案中,该压力的范围是在约35磅每平方英寸(psi)与约55psi之间。在另一个替代方案中,该压力的范围是在约40磅每平方英寸(psi)与约50psi之间。该湿法喷砂的持续时间随着具体的湿法喷砂操作变化,其中目的是在外涂层与Al2O3层中实现最佳的应力水平。示例性的持续时间包括在约6秒与约45秒之间。一个持续时间范围是在约9秒与约30秒之间。还另一个持续时间范围是在约12秒与约21秒之间。
提及一种制造涂覆的切削镶片的方法,其基本步骤包括以下步骤。第一步骤包括提供一个基底,其中该基底是选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:硬质合金、金属陶瓷、或陶瓷。第二,用一个多层的耐磨涂层来涂覆该基底,该涂层包括一个Al2O3层以及一个位于该α-Al2O3层15上的外部Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层。第三,使该涂层受一个湿法喷砂处理。
以下列出了本发明的涂覆的切削镶片的具体实例以及其对比试验。一个对比试验测量了本发明的涂覆的切削镶片以分钟计的工具寿命对比两个其他的现有技术的切削镶片以分钟计的工具寿命。
表1列出了对于具体的实例(现有技术与本发明的陶瓷切削镶片的实例),用来沉积含氧化铝的基础涂层区域以及含锆的外涂层区域所使用的基本过程参数。在此方面,表1中的参数过程代表了用于将涂覆方案施加到该烧结碳化物基底的表面上的步骤。
表1
以上步骤按顺序发生,从TiN步骤开始至施加ZrCN的步骤。
关于以上图1中的步骤,为确保α-相结果而控制Al2O3对于该外涂层的完整性是重要的。ZrCN与其他氧化铝相之间差的粘附性导致了在湿法喷砂或金属切削过程中外层的剥落。在一个优选实施方案中,该α-Al2O3层具有在(104)取向上主导的构造。
在一个第一实例中,在对比试验中使用的、现有技术的切削镶片包括与本发明类似的一个涂层方案,除了现有技术的镶片利用了一个TiCN/TiN外涂覆层。现有技术涂覆的切削镶片以及本发明的涂覆的陶瓷切削镶片均是ANSI标准的CNMA432切削镶片。
表2.-涂覆后的喷砂参数
  参数   说明
  氧化铝颗粒-水浆料的组成   在按体积计5%-35%的范围内
  氧化铝颗粒的尺寸   在20μm-100μm的范围内
  撞击过程中的压力   在35psi-55psi的范围内
  撞击的持续时间   在6秒至45秒的范围内
关于对比试验测量工具寿命,参数如下:工件材料:80-55-06韧性铁、速度等于656表面英尺每分钟(sfm)(200表面米每分钟)、进料速率等于0.004英寸(0.1毫米)每转(ipr)、切削深度(doc)等于0.08英寸(2.03毫米)、导程角等于-5度以及冷却剂。失效判据是:UNF等于0.012英寸(0.3毫米)最大值;鼻端磨损(NW)等于0.012英寸(0.3毫米);切削凹口深度(DOCN)等于0.012英寸(0.3毫米);CR等于0.004英寸(0.1毫米);并且TW等于0.012英寸(0.3毫米)。
在对比试验中,使用了多个样品,即,三个现有技术涂覆的切削镶片中的每个以及三个本发明的涂覆的切削镶片。以下在表3中列出了这些对比试验的结果。
表3.-对比试验的工具寿命结果
  工具寿命(分钟)/失效模式
  现有技术-1A   10.3/NW
  现有技术-2A   9.6/NW
  现有技术-3A   7.3/NW
  本发明-1   14.0/NW
  本发明-2   9.9/NW
  本发明-3   11.9/NW
这些切削试验结果表明了与现有技术的切削镶片的耐磨损性相比本发明的切削镶片在耐磨损性方面的寿命(工具寿命)约30%的改进。
还进行了第二对比凹口阻力测量。使用以下参数进行一个湿法车削周期:工件材料:316Ti不锈钢、速度等于656表面英尺每分钟(sfm)(200表面米每分钟)、进料速率等于0.01英寸(0.25毫米)每转(ipr)、切削深度等于0.08英寸(2毫米)、并且导程角等于-5度。现有技术是一种商业的碳化物切削工具,涂覆有κAl2O3,其中ZrCN顶层用干法喷砂处理。现有技术涂覆的切削镶片以及本发明的涂覆的切削镶片均具有ANSI标准的CNMG432RP形式。以下表4列出了对于现有技术的涂覆的切削镶片以及本发明的涂覆的切削镶片通过切削凹口深度来确定工具寿命的对比的结果。失效判据是:切削凹口深度(DOCN)等于0.012英寸(0.3毫米)。
表4
现有技术的切割镶片与本发明的切割镶片的对比
  通过DOCN确定的工具寿命(以分钟计)
  现有技术的镶片   10.7
  本发明的镶片   12.7
本发明的切割镶片表现出在机加工316Ti不锈钢中20%的凹口阻力深度的改进。
在此标识的专利以及其他文献通过引用以其全文结合在此。通过考虑本说明书或通过实施在此披露的本发明,本发明的其他实施方案对于本领域技术人员将是清楚的。应注意,本说明书和这些实例仅是说明性并无意限制本发明的范围。以下的权利要求书指出了本发明的真实的范围和精神。

Claims (18)

1.一种涂覆的切削镶片,包括:
一个基底;以及
一个多层的涂层方案,该方案包括:
一个α-Al2O3层;以及
在该α-Al2O3层上的一个ZrCN或HfCN外层,
其中该外层展现了一种范围在-700MPa至-4.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,该喷砂应力条件是通过XRD使用ψ倾斜法以及ZrCN或HfCN的(220)反射来测量的;和
在该α-Al2O3层与该外层之间的粘合层,该粘合层包括M(OxCyNz),其中,M是选自下组,该组包括以下各项中的一种或多种:钛、铪、锆、铬、钛-铝合金、铪-铝合金、锆-铝合金、铬-铝合金、以及它们的合金,并且x≥0、y≥0、z≥0并且y+z>0;并且由此当M是铝时,则还存在的是钛、铪、锆、或铬中的至少一种。
2.如权利要求1所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该喷砂应力条件的范围是在-2.0GPa与-4.0GPa之间。
3.如权利要求1所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该多层的涂层方案进一步包括一个最靠内的TiN层和在该TiN层上的一个TiCN层,其中α-Al2O3层在该TiCN层上。
4.如权利要求1所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该α-Al2O3层展现了一种范围在300MPa至-1.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,该喷砂应力条件是通过XRD使用ψ倾斜法以及α-Al2O3的(024)反射来测量的。
5.如权利要求3所述的涂覆的切削镶片,进一步包括在该TiCN层与该α-Al2O3层之间的一个TiOCN层。
6.如权利要求1所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该基底包括硬质合金、金属陶瓷、或陶瓷。
7.如权利要求1所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该外层具有的厚度是0.5μm至4.5μm并且该α-Al2O3层具有的厚度是1.0μm至15.0μm。
8.一种涂覆的切削镶片,包括:
一个基底;以及
一个多层的涂层方案,该方案包括:
一个α-Al2O3层;以及
在该α-Al2O3层上的一个ZrCN或HfCN外层,
其中该α-Al2O3层展现了一种范围在300MPa至-1.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,该喷砂应力条件是通过XRD使用ψ倾斜法以及α-Al2O3的(024)反射来测量的。
9.如权利要求8所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该多层的涂层方案进一步包括一个最靠内的TiN层和在该TiN层上的一个TiCN层,其中该α-Al2O3层在该TiCN层上。
10.如权利要求8所述的涂覆的切削镶片,进一步包括在该α-Al2O3层与一个外层之间的粘合层,该粘合层包括M(OxCyNz),其中,M是选自下组,该组包括以下各项中的一种或多种:钛、铪、锆、铬、钛-铝合金、铪-铝合金、锆-铝合金、铬-铝合金、以及它们的合金,并且x≥0、y≥0、z≥0并且y+z>0;并且由此当M是铝时,则还存在的是钛、铪、锆或铬中的至少一种。
11.如权利要求9所述的涂覆的切削镶片,进一步包括在该TiCN层与该α-Al2O3层之间的一个TiOCN层。
12.如权利要求8所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该基底包括硬质合金、金属陶瓷、或陶瓷。
13.如权利要求8所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该ZrCN或HfCN外层表现了范围在-700MPa与-4.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,该喷砂应力条件是通过XRD使用ψ倾斜法以及ZrCN或HfCN的(220)反射来测量的。
14.如权利要求8所述的涂覆的切削镶片,其中该外层具有的厚度是0.5μm至4.5μm并且该α-Al2O3层具有的厚度是1.0μm至15.0μm。
15.一种制造涂覆的切削镶片的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供一个基底;
用一个多层的耐磨涂层来涂覆该基底,该涂层包括一个α-Al2O3层以及位于该α-Al2O3层上的一个外部的Zr-或Hf-碳氮化物外层;并且
使该外层经受一个湿法喷砂处理,其中该α-Al2O3层展现了一种范围在300MPa至-1.0GPa之间的喷砂应力条件,该喷砂应力条件通过XRD使用ψ倾斜法以及α-Al2O3的(024)反射来测量的。
16.根据权利要求15所述的制造涂覆的切削镶片的方法,其中该湿法喷砂处理利用了含氧化铝颗粒与水的一种浆料,其中该氧化铝包括按体积计5%至35%的该浆料。
17.根据权利要求16所述的制造涂覆的切削镶片的方法,其中这些氧化铝颗粒是20μm-100μm。
18.根据权利要求16所述的制造涂覆的切削镶片的方法,其中该浆料以35psi至55psi的压力进行喷砂,并且该湿法喷砂持续6秒至四十五秒。
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