CN102596485A - 定向结晶材料的单晶焊接 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在激光焊接时,通过有针对性地选择进给率、激光功率射束直径和粉末质量流可以有针对性地调节温度梯度,该温度梯度基本对在激光堆焊时的单晶生长具有决定意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种定向结晶的金属材料的焊接方法。
背景技术
γ’强化的SX镍基超合金既不能借助传统的焊接方法也不能借助高能方法(激光、电子束)与同类型的添加材料在搭接的焊接轨迹中堆焊成一个或者多个层。问题在于,在靠近表面的边缘区域中存在单个焊接轨迹的情况下已构成具有错误定向的组织。这对于相继的搭接轨迹意味着,在该区域中的凝固前沿不具有SX晶核并且该区域以错误的定向(没有SX组织)在搭接区域中继续扩展。在该区域中形成裂纹。
对于γ’强化的SX镍基超合金,目前为止使用的焊接方法不能够将焊缝金属在搭焊加工中同种地构造成一个或多个具有相同SX组织的层。在SX基底上的单个轨迹中,局部的凝固条件以如下方式变化,即枝晶状的生长根据位置从初生根或者二次枝晶臂开始。在此,在不同可能的枝晶的生长方向中实现具有最有利的生长条件的方向,也就是说具有相对于温度梯度最小的倾角的方向。目前还没有完全弄清在对γ’强化的SX镍基超合金进行粉末堆焊时在SX组织中形成错误定向的原因。推测在枝晶从不同的生长方向相会时,二次枝晶臂可能会折断并且充当用于构成错误定向的组织的晶核。此外,在靠近表面的边缘区域中,在熔融物中没有完全熔化的粉末颗粒充当用于形成错误定向的组织的晶核。因此,为了解决该问题,提出用于对γ’强化的SX镍基超合金进行粉末堆焊的过程控制,其中,实现仅有利于枝晶的生长方向的生长条件。此外,过程控制确保粉末颗粒在熔融物中完全熔化。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是解决上述问题。
该目的通过根据权利要求1的方法得以实现。
为了解决在单个轨迹的靠近表面的边缘区域中形成非单晶组织的技术问题,提出借助激光束对堆焊进行过程控制,在这种过程控制中,所述问题不出现或者以如此小地程度出现,使得在室温下可进行在一个或者多个层中的搭焊加工,而不形成裂纹。
在从属权利要求中列出其他有利的措施,这些措施可以任意地相互组合,以便获得其他优点。
附图说明
附图示出:
图1示出方法的示意的流程;
图2示出燃气轮机;
图3示出涡轮叶片;
图4示出超合金列表。
说明书和附图仅表示本发明的实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1中借助装置1示意地示出方法的流程。
待维修的构件120、130具有由超合金制成、尤其由根据图4的镍基超合金制成的基底4。基底4尤其完全由镍基超合金构成。通过尤其借助粉末将新的材料7通过堆焊施加在基底4的表面5上来维修基底4。
这通过供给材料7和焊接射束、优选激光器的激光束10来实现,所述激光束至少熔化所供给的材料7并且优选也部分地熔化基底4。在此,优选使用粉末。粉末颗粒7的直径优选小到,使得激光束完全熔化所述粉末颗粒并且获得颗粒7的足够高的温度。在此,在焊接期间在基底4上存在被熔化的区域16和连接在该被熔化的区域上的凝固前沿19和在凝固前沿之前的已再次凝固的区域13。
本发明的装置优选包括具有粉末供给单元的激光器(没有示出)和运动系统(没有示出),借助该激光器可以移动在基底表面5上的激光束相互作用区域和用于粉末7的冲击区域。在此,构件(基底4)优选既不被预加热也不借助热处理进行过时效处理。在基底4上待修复的区域优选以层的方式堆焊。这些层优选蜿蜒地、单向地或者双向地施加,其中,从一层到另一层蜿蜒行进的扫描向量优选分别转动90°,以便避免这些层之间的接合错误。
在图1中示出在基底4中的枝晶31和在所施加的区域13中的枝晶34。同样示出坐标系25。基底4相对地在x方向22上以扫描速度VV运动。在凝固前沿19上存在z-温度梯度
借助关于进给率VV、激光功率、射束直径和粉末质量流的工艺参数来执行焊接过程,其导致在凝固前沿上的温度梯度的局部定向,所述温度梯度相对于在基底4中的枝晶31的方向小于45°。由此确保,仅延续在基底4中的枝晶方向32的生长方向对于枝晶34是有利的。对此必要的是,确保限界凝固前沿19的三相线的部分的射束半径完全被激光束覆盖。
用于凝固前沿19相对于在基底4中的枝晶31的枝晶方向32的合适的倾斜度的近似条件为:
A:基底的吸收度,
IL:激光强度,
Vv:扫描速度,
λ:基底的导热率,
T:温度
依据材料由该条件得出关于激光束的强度(近似顶帽)、相对于粉末射束焦点的射束半径、进给速度VV和粉末质量流的工艺窗口。
通过借助激光束完全地覆盖熔融物,在同轴过程控制中借助激光束确保粉末颗粒的更长的相互作用时间,并且确保在与熔融物接触时由此更高的颗粒温度。
颗粒直径和由此预设的相互作用时间应引起足够用于完全熔化的高的温度水平。在颗粒温度和熔融物中的停留时间给定的情况下,熔融物的足够高的温度水平应引起颗粒完全熔化。
通过上述的工艺参数和机理确保具有在基底中相同的枝晶定向的、在焊缝金属中取向附生的单晶生长的前提条件。由于在焊接过程中仅激发垂直于表面的枝晶生长方向,所以在凝固时熔融物容易续流到枝晶间的空间中,并且避免形成热裂纹。这产生了对于(例如出于维修或者在构件的高负载区域中的接合的目的的)结构化焊接而言可接受的焊接质量。
图2以局部纵剖面图举例地示出燃气轮机100。燃气轮机100在内部具有带有轴101的、可围绕旋转轴线102转动地安装的转子103,该转子也称为涡轮机电枢。沿着转子103依次为进气壳体104、压缩机105、带有多个同轴设置的燃烧器107的尤其为环形燃烧室的例如环面状的燃烧室110、涡轮机108和排气壳体109。环形燃烧室110与例如环形的热气体通道111连通。在那里例如四个相继连接的涡轮级112形成涡轮机108。每个涡轮级112例如由两个叶片环形成。沿工质113的流动方向观察,在热气体通道111中,由转子叶片120形成的排125跟随导向叶片排115。
在此,导向叶片130固定在定子143的内壳体138上,而该排125的转子叶片120例如借助涡轮盘133安装在转子103上。发电机或者做功机械(未示出)耦接于转子103。
在燃气轮机100工作期间,压缩机105通过进气壳体104将空气135吸入并且压缩。在压缩机105的涡轮侧的端部处提供的压缩空气被引至燃烧器107并且在那里与燃料混合。接着混合物在燃烧室110中燃烧,从而形成工质113。工质113从那里起沿着热气体通道111流过导向叶片130和转子叶片120。工质113在转子叶片120处以传递动量的方式膨胀,使得转子叶片120驱动转子103并且该转子驱动耦接在其上的做功机械。
暴露于热工质113的构件在燃气轮机100工作期间承受热负荷。除了加衬于环形燃烧室110的热屏蔽元件之外,沿工质113的流动方向观察的第一涡轮机级112的导向叶片130和转子叶片120承受最高的热负荷。为了经受住那里存在的温度,可借助冷却剂来冷却第一涡轮机级的导向叶片和转子叶片。同样,构件的基质可以具有定向结构,这就是说它们是单晶的(SX结构)或仅具有纵向定向的晶粒(DS结构)。例如,铁基、镍基或钴基超合金用作用于构件的材料,特别是用作用于涡轮叶片120、130的材料和用于燃烧室110的构件的材料。例如由EP 1204776B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729A1、WO 99/67435或WO 00/44949已知这样的超合金。
叶片120、130同样可以具有抗腐蚀的覆层(MCrAlX;M是铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)中的至少一种元素,X是活性元素并代表钇(Y)和/或硅、钪(Sc)和/或至少一种稀土元素,或铪(Hf))。由EP 0486489B1、EP 0786017B1、EP 0412397B1或EP 1306454A1已知这样的合金。
在MCrAlX上还可以存在隔热层,并且隔热层例如由ZrO2、Y2O3-ZrO2构成,即,隔热层由于氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁而非稳定、部分稳定或完全稳定。通过例如电子束气相淀积(EB-PVD)的适当的覆层方法在隔热层中产生柱状晶粒。
导向叶片130具有朝向涡轮机108的内壳体138的导向叶片根部(这里未示出),以及与导向叶片根部相对置的导向叶片顶部。导向叶片顶部朝向转子103并固定在定子143的固定环140处。
图3以立体图示出流体机械的沿着纵轴线121延伸的转子叶片120或导向叶片130。
所述流体机械可以是蒸汽轮机、压缩机或飞机的或用于发电的发电厂的燃气轮机。
叶片120、130沿着纵轴线121相继具有:固定区域400、邻接于固定区域的叶片平台403以及叶身406和叶片梢部415。作为导向叶片130,叶片130可以在其叶片梢部415处具有另一平台(未示出)。
在固定区域400中形成有用于将转子叶片120、130固定在轴或盘上的叶片根部183(未示出)。叶片根部183例如构成为锤头形。作为枞树形根部或燕尾形根部的其他构形是可行的。叶片120、130对于流过叶身406的介质具有迎流棱边409和出流棱边412。
在传统叶片120、130中,在叶片120、130的所有区域400、403、406中使用例如实心的金属材料、尤其是超合金。例如由EP 1204776B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729A1、WO 99/67435或WO 00/44949已知这样的超合金。在这种情况下,叶片120、130可以通过铸造法,也可以借助定向凝固、通过锻造法、通过铣削法或其组合来制造。
将带有一个或多个单晶结构的工件用作用于机器的在运行中承受高的机械的、热的和/或化学的负荷的构件。这种单晶工件的制造例如通过由熔融物的定向凝固来进行。在此涉及浇注法,其中液态金属合金凝固为单晶构造物、即单晶工件,或者定向凝固。在这种情况下,枝状晶体沿热流定向,并且形成柱状晶体的晶粒结构(柱状地,这就是说在工件的整个长度上分布的晶粒,并且在此根据一般的语言习惯称为定向凝固),或者形成单晶结构,这就是说整个工件由唯一的晶体构成。在这些方法中,必须避免过渡成球状的(多晶的)凝固,因为通过非定向的生长不可避免地构成横向和纵向晶界,所述横向和纵向晶界使定向凝固的或单晶的构件的良好特性不起作用。如果一般性地提到定向凝固组织,则是指不具有晶界或最多具有小角度晶界的单晶和确实具有沿纵向方向分布的晶界但不具有横向晶界的柱状晶体结构。第二种所提到的晶体结构也称为定向结晶组织(directionally solidified structures)。由US-PS 6,024,792和EP 0892090A1已知这样的方法。
叶片120、130同样可以具有抗腐蚀或抗氧化的覆层,例如(MCrAlX;M是铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)中的至少一种元素,X是活性元素并代表钇(Y)和/或硅和/或至少一种稀土元素,或铪(Hf))。由EP 0486489B1、EP 0786017B1、EP 0412397B1或EP 1306454A1已知这样的合金。密度优选地是理论密度的95%。在MCrAlX层上形成保护性氧化铝层(TGO=thermal grown oxide layer(热生长氧化层))(作为中间层或最外层)。
优选地,层成分具有Co-30Ni-28Cr-8Al-0.6Y-0.7Si 或Co-28Ni-24Cr-10Al-0.6Y。除这些钴基保护覆层外,也优选地使用镍基保护层,例如Ni-10Cr-12Al-0.6Y-3Re或Ni-12Co-21Cr-11Al-0.4Y-2Re或Ni-25Co-17Cr-10Al-0.4Y-1.5Re。
在MCrAlX上还可以有隔热层,隔热层优选是最外层并例如由ZrO2、Y2O3-ZrO2组成,即,隔热层由于氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁而非稳定、部分稳定或完全稳定。隔热层覆盖整个MCrAlX层。通过例如电子束气相淀积(EB-PVD)的适当的覆层方法在隔热层中产生柱状晶粒。其他覆层方法也是可以考虑的,例如气相等离子喷涂(APS)、LPPS(低压等离子喷涂)、VPS(真空等离子喷涂)或CVD(化学气相沉积)。隔热层可以具有多孔的、有微观裂纹或宏观裂纹的晶粒,用于更好地耐热冲击。因此,隔热层优选地比MCrAlX层更为多孔。
再处理(Refurbishment)意味着在使用构件120、130之后,必要时必须将保护层从涡轮叶片120、130上去除(例如通过喷砂)。接着,进行腐蚀层和/或氧化层及腐蚀产物和/或氧化产物的去除。必要时,还修复在构件120、130中的裂纹。然后,进行构件120、130的再覆层以及构件120、130的重新使用。
叶片120、130可以构造成空心的或实心的。如果要冷却叶片120、130,则叶片为空心的并且必要时还具有薄膜冷却孔418(由虚线表示)。
Claims (8)
1.用于在堆焊期间焊缝(13)的定向结晶的方法,尤其用于对构件(1、120、130)的基底(4)进行堆焊,所述基底(4)被定向地结晶并且具有枝晶(31),所述枝晶(31)在基底枝晶方向(32)上延伸,其中,关于进给率、激光功率、焊接射束直径、粉末射束焦点和/或粉末质量流的工艺参数构造成,使得它们导致在凝固前沿(19)上的温度梯度(28)的局部定向,所述温度梯度相对于在基底(4)中的所述枝晶(31)的所述基底枝晶方向(32)小于45°。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在所述基底(4)上和在所述基底(4)中产生熔融物(16),所述熔融物通过供给粉末(7)和/或所述基底(4)的材料而生成,并且其中,所述熔融物(16)完全由焊接射束(10)、尤其是激光束覆盖,尤其其中,所述熔融物(16)重叠。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,以层的方式施加所供给的粉末(7)。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3的方法,其中,所述基底(4)具有镍基的超合金,尤其具有柱状晶粒,特别尤其具有单晶的组织。
5.根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,粉末颗粒(7)的直径小到使得所述粉末颗粒在焊接激光束(10)中尤其完全地熔化并且具有足够高的温度。
6.根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,被熔化的所述粉末颗粒(7)的温度比所述粉末颗粒(7)的融化温度高20℃。
7.根据权利要求1、2、3、4、5或6的方法,其中,使用激光来焊接。
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- 2010-11-03 WO PCT/EP2010/066733 patent/WO2011054864A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-11-03 JP JP2012537386A patent/JP2013510000A/ja active Pending
- 2010-11-03 US US13/505,541 patent/US20120273468A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-11-03 EP EP10776651A patent/EP2496380A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-11-03 KR KR1020127011603A patent/KR20120064128A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-11-03 RU RU2012122743/02A patent/RU2516021C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-11-03 CN CN2010800502084A patent/CN102596485A/zh active Pending
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN107378249A (zh) * | 2016-04-04 | 2017-11-24 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 激光堆焊方法 |
CN107378249B (zh) * | 2016-04-04 | 2019-03-12 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 激光堆焊方法 |
CN114150253A (zh) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-03-08 | 湖南工程学院 | 一种抗冲蚀热障涂层及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20120064128A (ko) | 2012-06-18 |
RU2516021C2 (ru) | 2014-05-20 |
RU2012122743A (ru) | 2013-12-10 |
DE102009051823A1 (de) | 2011-05-05 |
EP2496380A1 (de) | 2012-09-12 |
JP2013510000A (ja) | 2013-03-21 |
US20120273468A1 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
WO2011054864A1 (de) | 2011-05-12 |
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