CN1025629C - 润滑油组合物中的胺混溶性助剂 - Google Patents

润滑油组合物中的胺混溶性助剂 Download PDF

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CN1025629C
CN1025629C CN88103901A CN88103901A CN1025629C CN 1025629 C CN1025629 C CN 1025629C CN 88103901 A CN88103901 A CN 88103901A CN 88103901 A CN88103901 A CN 88103901A CN 1025629 C CN1025629 C CN 1025629C
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amine
oil
acid
weight
additive
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CN1037534A (zh
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杰克伯埃米特
麦尔克姆伍德普斯
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ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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Exxon Chemical Patents Inc
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Abstract

本发明是关于含有胺混溶性助剂的润滑油或燃料油组合物。该胺混溶性助剂对稳定(或“混溶”)浓缩物,润滑油或燃料油组合物特别有效,该浓缩物,润滑油或燃料油组合物中含有铜抗氧化剂,高分子量分散剂,高总碱值清净剂和各种抗磨剂和摩擦改良剂。在某些情况下,这些添加剂可以代替至少部分以前所用的混溶性助剂和抗氧化剂。

Description

本发明是关于含有胺混溶性助剂的润滑油组合物。
胺混溶性添加剂主要用于稳定(或混溶)浓缩物,润滑油和燃料油组合物,这些浓缩物,润滑油和燃料油组合物含有高分子量分散剂,高总碱值清净剂,摩擦改良剂和各种抗磨剂或抗氧化剂。在某些情况下,这些胺可有效地代替至少一部分以前所用的混溶性助剂和抗氧化剂。这些胺特别适用于稳定含有铜羧酸盐抗氧化剂和摩擦改良剂的润滑油组合物。
现代润滑油和燃料油组合物是相互作用组分的复杂混合物。而不再是适于润滑小型内燃机的单一天然物质或天然物质的简单混合物。人们在燃料和润滑油中加入各种少量的添加剂来解决特定的问题。例如,在润滑油成分中加入分散剂可“分散”发动机工作时产生的固体颗粒。加入碱性清净剂可与在燃烧时产生的硫和氮的氧化物所形成的酸性组分反应,从而防止发动机部件生锈。加入抗氧化剂和抗磨剂可降低润滑油基础油料的氧化速度和防止金属表面磨损。还可以加入摩擦改良剂来提高燃料的经济性。加入粘度改良剂来补偿粘性不足。
当润滑油成分中的各种特定组分(如清净剂、抗氧化剂、抗磨剂和摩擦改良剂)在上述“提浓物”中混合时,它们常常发生相互作用。精心地选择辅助添加剂来减少这些相互作用,是该技术领域的一个研究目标,但这未必总是可能。该技术领域的另一个目标是:用多种有效物质来弥补其它适宜添加剂整套配方的不足,就是说,对解决相互作用问题很有帮助称作辅助添加剂和物质本身应具有有效的抗氧化性或分散性或清净性。
为了稳定润滑油或燃料油组合物,阻止相分离,本发明需要向润滑油或燃料油组合物中加入某些胺,在这些组合物中除了含有别的添加剂外还含有分散剂、清净剂和铜抗氧化剂,加入的胺本身也适合作为抗氧化剂。
欧洲专利24146是关于含有铜抗氧化剂的润滑油组合物。这篇专利公开了铜抗氧化剂能够有效地与无灰分散剂,高碱性金属清净剂和二烷基二硫代磷酸锌抗磨添加剂相结合。同时还公开了:当加入少量专利权人发明的铜抗氧化剂时,就可以消除对常用附加抗氧化剂的需要,这些附加抗氧化剂对油品的操作条件要求很严格。公开的附加抗氧化剂有二苯胺,烷基二苯胺、苯基-1-萘胺和它们的烷基化衍生物(如,烷基化二苯胺、“辛胺”(Octamine)),这些附加抗氧化剂加入到油中的量为0.5%(重量)到2.5%(重量)。
由于其它各种原因,例如,现有技术证明在某些情况下铜组分自身就是良好的摩擦降低剂(friction    reducing    agents)。所以人们将铜组分加入到润滑油组合物中。民主德国专利145,469和145470也公开了用含铜化合物(如环烷酸铜、辛酸铜(copper    Dctanoate)、硬脂酸铜、润滑剂本身与铜、一氧化铜和无机酸的铜盐的反应产物)的多羟基化合物润滑剂或矿物油润滑油来减少铁/铁和铁/青铜摩擦接触面的磨损和摩擦。这些参考文献表明了由具有足够粘附性的铜薄膜反应层沉积在要 润滑的衬底上来减少摩擦。这些参考文献还建议,润滑剂中铜化合物的浓度相对于润滑剂的铜含量为0.001~5%(体积)。但是这些参考文献没有评价用于内燃机的润滑油组合物。
欧洲公开专利申请92946(1983,11,7公开)是关于用甘油酯和油溶性铜化合物的混合物作为燃料的有效添加剂(economy    additive)。
许多美国专利都提出向油组合物中加入铜支承材料(Copper    bearing    matonial),这些专利包括:
2560542    巴特利森等
2567023    莫韦
3271310    莱苏尔
4234435    近恩哈特等
4552677    霍普金斯
美国专利3338832和3281428涉及了含油溶性氮(N-)和硼(B-)的混合物,该混合物制备如下:1)用基本上被烃取代的琥珀酸化合物(烃取代基中至少约有50个脂族碳原子)与至少二分之一当量的结构式如下
Figure 881039012_IMG1
(其中R为H或烃基,R1为氨基,氰基,氨基甲酰或脒基)的化合物反应,生成酰化氮中间产物;2)该中间产物与硼化合物反应。类似组合物的制备参见美国专利3282955(羟基烃基取代的伯胺和仲胺)和3284410(化学式为R1N(R)-CN的氰氨基化合物,其中R为H或烷基,R1为H,烷基或脒基)。
美国专利3312619是关于用聚烯基琥珀酸酐与聚亚烷基聚胺反应生产琥珀酰亚胺,然后该琥珀酰亚胺与等摩尔量的脲,硫脲或结构式为
Figure 881039012_IMG2
(其中X为O、S或NH)的胍反应生成的反应产物。
美国专利3711406是关于聚(羟基烷基化)胺与碱土金属碳酸盐化合作为内燃机的防锈剂,该防锈剂并与分散剂(如高碱性磺酸盐或酚盐或亚烷基聚胺的琥珀酰亚胺)混合。美国专利4409000是关于某些羟胺和作为发动机分散剂的烃溶解羧酸分散剂和用于普通液体燃料的汽化器清净剂的混合物,并且指出分散剂可由聚亚烷基琥珀酰亚胺与大量活性金属化合物(包括乙酸铜)反应得到,通常分散剂与羟胺的重量比在约1∶1和8∶1之间。
在这些参考文献中,由于某些原因,没有一篇讲到过在烃中将含铜支承材料与胺混合,所以这些参考文献的目的与本发明是不同的。
本发明是关于含有高分子量胺混溶性助剂介质的组合物。
所用胺的通式为R1R2NH,其中R1和R2可分别为相同的或不同的H或为含有4到20个碳原子,最好含8到18个碳原子的烃基,但R1和R2中至少一个必须为烃基,该烃基可以是烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳烷基、烷芳基或脂环基。
如果某些取代基不影响混溶性作用,那么烃基可以被这些取代基取代。胺中碳原子总数应为8或更多,以改善其油溶性。
这些作为混溶性助剂的物质对减弱浓缩添加剂整套配方中各个组分之间的相互作用是有效的,因此可用于生产车用机油和用于自润滑油中。
上述胺作为混溶性助剂应用于含下列添加剂的润滑油组合物中特别有效,这些添加剂有高分子量的无灰分散剂,高总碱值清净剂,铜抗氧化剂,可选择的摩擦改良剂和抗磨剂。已经证明混溶性是润滑油组合物或浓缩物中的特殊问题,因为那些组合物中既含有羧酸铜抗氧化剂,也含有摩擦改良剂。对于含有这些添加剂的浓缩物来说,在高温下保持单一均相状态是绝对必要的。由于这些浓缩物的高粘性,所以它们一般贮藏在高温下,以便处理或泵送。已经证明胺混溶性助剂能有效地,显著地改善浓缩物的混溶性,既使在高温下贮藏之后也是有效的。
润滑油组合物(例如,自动传动油,用于汽油机和柴油机的重负荷机油等)都能用本发明的组合物制备。本发明的组合物还能制备通用型曲轴箱润滑油和那些既可用于汽油机也可用于柴油机的相同润滑油组合物。这些润滑油配方中通常含有几种不同类型的添加剂,这些添加剂都是为了特定用途而加入,以提供所需要的性质。这些添加剂包括粘度指数改进剂、抗氧化剂、缓蚀剂、清净剂、分散剂、降凝剂,抗磨剂等。
在制备润滑油组合物时,经常将含有10~80%(重量),例如,20~70%(重量)活性组分 的添加剂以浓缩物的形式(如以“添加剂整套配方”的形式)加入到溶剂中。溶剂可以是烃油,例如,矿物润滑油,或其它适合的物质。在制备成品润滑油时,例如,曲轴箱车用机油,这些浓缩物同样要稀释,即每份重量的添加剂用3到100份,例如5到40份重量的润滑油稀释。当然,人们在使用浓缩物时,总是使含有不同种成分的物质更容易的输送,并使含有那些物质的溶液或分散体最终能够容易地混合。如果每个添加剂是分别加入的,那么混合含有几种类型添加剂的润滑油组合物一般没有问题。可是,当使用有多种添加剂的添加剂“整套配方”的单一浓缩物时,浓缩物中的添加剂就会发生相互作用。例如,我们发现高分子量的分散剂就与配方中各种其它的添加剂发生相互作用,特别是与高碱性金属清净剂和抗氧化剂(如油酸铜)发生相互作用。当组合物中有抗磨剂(如二烷基二硫代磷酸锌)和摩擦改良剂(如被脂肪酸部分酯化的丙三醇)时,这些相互作用变得更加剧烈。这些相互作用是以相分离的形式发生,即在以后的贮藏过程中尤其在高温下贮藏时,固体颗粒从组合物中分离出来,很显然,这样就妨碍了该浓缩物和所得产品的泵送,混合和处理。尽管浓缩物可进一步被稀释,以减少相互作用的影响,但这样就增加了装运、贮藏和输送的成本。下面将讨论的混溶性助剂基本上减少了这些相分离问题。
本发明制备的组合物一般含有一种润滑粘性的油和:
a,至少一种高分子量的无灰分散剂;
b,至少一种高总碱值的清净剂;
c,至少一种含铜的抗氧化剂;和
d,至少一种胺混溶性助剂。
这些胺混溶性助剂对稳定含有抗磨添加剂,特别是二烷基二硫代磷酸锌抗磨添加剂的润滑油组合物特别有效。
用于稳定本发明组合物的添加剂是油溶性的,借助适合的溶剂,也能够溶于油中,或者是可稳定分散物质。有必要指出,在此所用的油溶性,可溶解的或可稳定分散的这些术语并不是指添加剂能以所有的比例可油溶、可溶解、可互溶、或可悬浮在油中。但是,这些术语意味着添加剂可溶于或可稳定地分散在油中,以达到足以发挥其在所用油中的预定效果。此外,如果需要加入更多的其它添加剂,那么就需要加入更多的特定分散剂。
因此,虽然任何有效量的添加剂能掺合于润滑油组合物中,但是,当上述润滑油组合物中添加剂的总量为所说组合物重量的约0.10%(重)到约15%(重),例如,0.1%(重)到10%(重),最好约为0.1%(重)到约7%(重)时,就能足以提供最佳有效量。
本发明的添加剂可用任何通用方法掺入润滑油中。所以,该添加剂一般借助适宜的溶剂(如甲苯或四氢呋喃),在要求的浓度下通过分散或溶解于该油中而直接地加入到油中。混合可在室温或高温下进行。换句话说,添加剂可与适合的油溶性溶剂和基础油混合,形成一种浓缩物,然后,该浓缩物与润滑油基础油料混合,得到最终润滑油组合物。基于浓缩物的重量浓缩物中一般含有添加剂的总量为约20%到约60%(重量),基础油的量一般约为80~20%(重量),最好约为60~20%(重量)。
用溶剂和伴随适度加热(如在50℃到75℃,但并不是必需的)搅拌的方法可以容易地将本发明稳定的添加剂浓缩物溶解于润滑油中,当添加剂整套配方混合物与预定量的基础润滑油混合时,一般将该浓缩物或添加剂整套配方混合物配制成含有适当量添加剂的混合物,并使添加剂的量能够满足最终配方混合物的所需浓度。这样,除了向本发明的稳定浓缩物中加入其他所希望的添加剂外,还可加入少量的基础油或其它可混的溶剂,以得到含活性组分的添加剂整套配方混合物,其中活性组分的选择用量一般为添加剂重量的约2.5%到约90%,约为5~75%更好,最好约为8~50%,在此,该添加剂是以适当比例与基础油混合的。
可以使用的最终配方混合物中一般含有约10%(重量)的添加剂整套配方混合物,其它的为基础油。
本文中表示的所有重量百分数是以添加剂活性组份(A·I)的量计算的,和/或以任何添加剂整套配方混合物的总重量计算,或以配方混合物(即每种添加剂中活性组分的重量和全部油或稀释剂的总和)的重量计算。
组合物的最终组成取决于应用,所以组合物还可含有摩擦改良剂、降凝剂、粘度指数增进剂等等。
本发明的组合物以润滑油组合物(如车用曲轴箱润滑油组合物)的形式应用时,该组合物中可以含有大量的润滑油。概括地说,该组合物含有约80%到约99.99%(重量)的润滑油,最好含约93%到99.8%(重量)的润滑油。术语“润滑油”意味着不但包括从石油得到的烃油,而且还包括合成油,如二羧酸的烷基酯、聚乙二醇和醇、聚α-烯烃、烷基苯、磷酸的有机酯、聚硅油等。
本发明的组合物以浓缩物的形式应用时,为了增强浓缩物的输送性,溶剂、矿物油或合成油中其他已知添加剂的量最高为70%(重量)或不到70%(重量)。
当本发明的组合物用于普通的液体石油燃料(如汽油和沸程为65℃到430℃的中间馏份油包括煤油,柴油,家庭取暖用燃料油,喷气燃料等)时,通常使用的燃料中,添加剂的浓度范围为0.001~0.5%(重量),最好约为0.001~0.1%(重量)(以组合物的总重量计算)。
A.分散剂
本发明所用的无灰分散剂包括含有氮或酯的分散剂,该分散剂是选自(1)油溶性盐,酰胺,酰亚胺,噁唑啉和酯或它们的混合物,用长链烃基取代的单和二羧酸或它们的酸酐;(2)含有聚胺的长链脂肪烃,聚胺与长链脂肪烃直接相连;(3)曼尼期(Mannich)缩合产物,通过缩合约1摩尔长链烃基取代的苯酚与约1到2.5摩尔甲醛和约0.5到2摩尔聚亚烷基聚胺而制备;在(1)、(2)和(3)中所说的长链烃基是含C2到C10(如C2到C5)的单烯烃聚合物,所说聚合物的数均分子量约为300到5000。
A(1)本发明中所用的长链烃基取代的单一或二羧酸(如酸,酸酐或酯)物质包括:长链烃,通常是聚烯烃取代的α或β不饱和C4到C10二羧酸,或酸酐或它们的酯(例如,富马酸,衣康酸,马来酸,马来酐,氯代马来酸,二甲基富马酸,氯代马来酐,丙烯酸,甲基丙烯酸,巴豆酸,肉桂酸和它们的混合物),其中,每摩尔聚烯烃就有平均至少约0.8,通常为0.8到2.0,可取的是1.05到1.6,1.06到1.25更好,最好为1.10到1.20摩尔的α或β不饱和C4到C10二羧酸,或酸酐或它们的酯。
用于与不饱和二羧酸反应的优选烯烃聚合物是那些由大摩尔量的C2到C10(如,C2到C5)单烯烃聚合而成的聚合物。所说的单烯烃包括乙烯,丙烯,丁烯,异丁烯,戊烯,辛烯-1,苯乙烯等。聚合物可以是均聚物(如聚异丁烯)或两种或多种这样烯烃的共聚物。这些共聚物包括:乙烯和丙烯;丁烯和异丁烯;丙烯和异丁烯等的共聚物。其它的共聚物包括那些具有小摩尔量的共聚物单体,例如,其中1%到10%摩尔的成分是C4到C18的二烯烃,如异丁烯和丁二烯的共聚物;或乙烯,丙烯和1,4-己二烯的共聚物等。
在某些情况下,烯烃聚合物可以完全地被饱和,例如用齐格勒-纳塔(ziegler-Natta)合成法制备的乙烯-丙烯共聚物(ethylene-porpylene    Copyright),在该方法中使用氢作为调节剂以控制分子量。
烯烃聚合物的数均分子量通常约为700以上,最好约为800~5000。特别有效的烯烃聚合物具有的数均分子量约为1300~5000范围内,例如为1500~3000,并且其中每个聚合物链上大约有一个双键。特别适合作为分散剂添加剂的起始物料是聚异丁烯。该聚合物的数均分子量可用几种已知方法测定。常用的测定方法是凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC),该方法另外还提供了分子量的分布情况,见W.W.Yau,J.J.Kirkland和D.D.Biy的“现代筛析液体色谱法”(Modern    Size    Exclusion    Liquid    Chromatography),John    Wiley和Sons,纽约,1979。
烯烃聚合物与C4到C10不饱和二羧酸,酸酐或酯的反应过程是公知的现有技术。例如,烯烃聚合物和二羧酸物质可以简单地加热结合(如美国专利3361673和3401118所公开的),使其发生热烯键反应(thermal“ene”reaction)。或者,先将烯烃聚合物卤化,例如,在60℃到250℃(如120℃到160℃)的温度下,将氯或溴通入聚烯烃0.5到10小时,最好1到7小时,这样,基于聚合物的总重量,可氯化或溴化约1~8%(重),最好为3~7%(重)的氯或溴。然后在100℃到250℃,通常在约180℃到220℃下,将卤化的聚合物与足够的不饱和酸或酐反应约0.5到10小时,例如3到8小时。这种通用方法在美国专利3087436;3172892;3272746和其它的专利中都有叙述。
或者,将烯烃聚合物和不饱和酸性物质混合并 加热,同时在热的混合物中加入氯。这种类型的反应在美国专利3215707,3231587;3912764;4110349;4234435和英国(U.K.)专利1440219中都已公开。
利用卤,可将约65%到95%(重量)的聚烯烃与二羧酸物质反应。但如果没有卤或催化剂,热反应则只能导致约50%到70%(重量)的聚异丁烯反应。氯化作用有助于提高反应活性。上述二羧酸生产单元与聚烯烃的比为1.05到114等等,为了方便起见,这个比例以聚烯烃的总量计算,即,以用于制备产品的反应和未反应的聚烯烃总量计算。
二羧酸生成的产物也可与胺,醇(包括聚醇,氨基醇等)进一步反应,生成其它有效的分散剂添加剂,如果该酸生成的产物进一步反应,如中和反应,那么通常将有至少50%的酸单元直到全部酸单元参加反应。
为了中和烃基取代的二羧酸,所用有效胺的化合物包括:单胺和聚胺,在这些胺的每个分子中总碳原子数约为2到60,如3到20,氮原子数约为1到12,如2到9。这些胺可以是烃基胺,或者是含有其它基团(如羟基,烷氧基,酰胺基团,腈基团,咪唑啉基团等)的烃基胺。当羟胺含有1到6个羟基,最好1到3个羟基时,该羟基胺特别有效。优选的胺是脂族饱和胺,包括下列通式的胺:
其中,R,R′,R″和R′″分别选自氢基;C1到C25的支链或支链烷基;C1到C12的烷氧基C2到C6的亚烷基;C2到C12的烷基氨基C2到C6的亚烷基;其中R′″还另外包括一部分下列结构式:
Figure 881039012_IMG4
其中R′与上面所述的基团相同,其中每个S和S′可以是相同的或是从2到6,最好是从2到4的不同数值;t和t′可以是相同的或不同的,可以是从0到10,最好是2到7的数值,但t和t′的总和不能大于15。为了保证反应容易进行,R,R′,R″,R′″,S,S′,t和t′最好是以这样的方式选择,即足以使通式Ⅰa和Ⅰb的化合物中含有至少一个伯胺或仲胺基,最好是至少两个伯胺或仲胺基,要达到这个目的,就要满足条件:上述R,R′,R″,或R′″中至少一个为氢,或者当R′″为H或(Ⅰc)部分含有一个仲氨基时,使通式Ⅰb中的t至少为1。上面通式中最佳的胺是通式Ⅰb表示的胺,并且其中应含有至少两个伯胺基,和至少一个,最好至少三个仲胺基。
适宜的胺化合物有:1,2-二氨基乙烷;1,3-二氨基丙烷;1,4-二氨基丁烷;1,6-二氨基己烷;聚乙烯胺,如二亚乙基三胺;三亚乙基四胺;四亚乙基五胺;聚丙烯胺,如1,2-亚丙基二胺;二-(1,2-亚丙基)三胺;二-(1,3-亚丙基)三胺;N,N-二甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷;N,N-二-(2-氨基乙基)亚乙基二胺;N,N-二(2-羟基乙基)-1,3-亚丙基-二胺;3-十二氧基丙基胺;N-十二烷基-1,3-丙烷二胺;三羟基甲基氨基甲烷(THAM);二异丙醇胺;二乙醇胺;三乙醇胺;单-,二-和三脂胺;氨基吗啉,如N-(3-氨基丙基)吗啉,和它们的混合物,但并不仅限于此。
其它有效的胺化合物包括:脂环二胺,如1,4-二(氨基甲基)环己烷,和杂环氮化合物,如咪唑啉,和通式为(Ⅱ)的N-氨基烷基哌嗪:
Figure 881039012_IMG5
其中P1和P2相同或不同并且分别是1到4的整数,n1,n2,和n3是相同的或不同的并且分别是1到3的整数。
这些胺的例子包括:2-十五烷基咪唑啉;N-(2-氨基乙基)哌嗪;和它们的混合物,但并不仅限这些。
胺化合物的商品混合物可优先使用。例如,一种用于制备亚烷基胺的方法包括:卤化烯(如二氯化乙烯或二氯化丙烯)与氨反应,生成一种亚烷基 胺的复杂混合物,其中成对的氮是由亚烷基连接起来的,即生成如下的化合物:二亚乙基三胺,三亚乙基四胺,四亚乙基五胺和相应的哌嗪。每个分子中平均含有约5到7个氮原子的聚(亚乙基胺)在市场上是可以低价买到的,它们的商品名为“聚胺H”,“聚胺400”,“道氏聚胺E-100”等。
有效的胺还包括:聚氧化烯基聚胺,其结构式如下:NH2-亚烷基 O-亚烷基
Figure 881039012_IMG7
mNH2(Ⅲ)
其中m的值约为3~70,最好为10~35;和R3
Figure 881039012_IMG8
亚烷基
Figure 881039012_IMG9
O-亚烷基
Figure 881039012_IMG10
NH2
Figure 881039012_IMG11
n(Ⅳ)
其中“n”的值在所有n的总和约为3~70,最好约为6~35的条件下,约为1~40,R3是直到10个碳原子的多价饱和烃基,其中R基上取代基的数量用“a”值表示,“a”的数值为3~6。通式(Ⅲ)或(Ⅳ)中的亚烷基可以是直链或支链的,并含有约2~7,最好约2~4个碳原子。上述的聚氧化烯聚胺,最好为聚氧化烯二胺和聚氧化烯三胺,它们的平均分子量约为200~4000,最好约为400~2000。优选的聚氧化烯聚胺包括:平均分子量约为200~2000的聚氧乙烯基和聚氧化丙烯基二胺和聚氧化丙烯基三胺。聚氧化烯基聚胺是市场上买得到的,例如,可以从杰弗逊化学有限公司买到,它们的商品名为“杰弗胺D-230,D-400,D-1000,D2000,T-403”等。
加热含5~95%(重量)二羧酸物料的油溶液到约100~250℃,最好到125~175℃,加热时间为1~10个小时,例如,2~6个小时,直到要除去的水被除去,在这种情况下,胺很容易与二羧酸物质(如链烯基琥珀酸酐)发生反应。为有助于生成酰亚胺或酰亚胺和胺的混合物,而不是胺和盐的混合物,反应最好加热进行。二羧酸物质与等量的胺以及在本文叙述的其他亲核反应物的反应比可有相当大的变化,这取决于反应物和形成键的类型。通常每当量亲核反应物(如胺)要用0.1~1.0,最好约0.2~0.6,如0.4~0.6摩尔的二羧酸(如接枝马来酐),例如,最好使用约0.8摩尔的戊胺(每个分子中含有2个伯氨基(Primaryamino    groups)和5个等价的氮)转化成酰胺和酰亚胺的混合物,该混合物可通过下列反应得到:将1摩尔烯烃与足够量的马来酐反应,加上每摩尔烯烃有1.6摩尔琥珀酸酐,即最好使用足以提供每个氮相当的胺用约0.4摩尔(即1.6÷(0.8×5)摩尔)的琥珀酸酐部分的戊胺。
优选的分散剂有:由聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐(由聚异丁烯聚合物得到,该聚合物的平均分子量 Mn=700~5000,最好约为1300~5000,如约1500~3000)得到的聚异丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺(“PIBSA-PAM”)和C5到C9的聚亚烷基聚胺(如,四亚乙基戊胺)。
含氮分散剂可用硼化合物进一步处理,参见美国专利3087936和3254025(作为参考文献引用)。这种处理很容易进行,即用硼化合物处理上述酰基氮分散剂,硼化合物是选自:氧化硼,卤化硼,硼酸和硼酸酯,硼化合物的用量为:从每摩尔酰化氮组合物用约0.1原子比的硼到酰化氮组合物的每个原子比的氮用约20原子比的硼。本发明的组合物中有效的分散剂含有约0.05~2.0%(重量),如0.05~0.7%(重量)(以所说的硼化酰基氮化合物的总重量计算)的硼。产品中的硼是以脱水硼酸聚合物(主要是(HBO23)形成存在,并与分散剂酰亚胺和二酰亚胺结合成为胺盐,如,二酰亚胺的偏硼酸盐。
上述处理通过下面的方法很容易完成:即将用量约为0.05~4%(重),如1~3%(重)(以所说酰基氮化合物重量计算)的所说硼化合物加入到酰基氮化合物中,硼化合物最好是硼酸,并以淤浆的形式加入,然后在搅拌下,在约135~190℃,如140~170℃下加热1~5小时,然后在所说的温度范围内用氮气汽提。或通过将硼酸加到正在除水的,二羧酸物质和胺的热反应混合物中进行硼处理。
三(羟基甲基)氨基甲烷(THAM)可与上述酸性物质反应生成酰胺,酰亚胺或酯型添加剂,如英国(U.K.)专利984409所述,或者生成噁唑啉化合物和硼化的噁唑啉化合物,如美国专利4102798,4116876和4113639所述。
无灰分散剂也可以是从长链烃基取代的二羧酸酸性物质和羟基化合物(如一元醇和多元醇)或芳族化合物(如酚和萘等)得到的酯。多元醇最好是羟基化合物,并最好含有2~1个羟基,例如,1,2-亚乙基二醇,二甘醇,三甘醇,四甘醇,二(1,2-亚丙基)二醇,和其它的亚烷基二醇,其 中亚烷基含有12到约8个碳原子。其它可用的多元醇包括丙三醇,丙三醇的单油酸,丙三醇单硬脂酸,丙三醇的单甲基醚,季戊四醇,双季戊四醇和它们的混合物。
酯分散剂也可以由不饱和醇(如烯丙醇,肉桂醇,炔丙醇,11-环己烷-33-醇和油醇)得到。可以生成本发明酯的其它类型的醇有:醚醇和氨基醇,例如氧化烯基,氧化芳基,氨基亚烷基和氨基亚芳基取代的醇中含有1个或多个氧化亚烷基,氨基亚烷基或氨基亚芳基氧化芳基。这些醇的例子有溶纤剂,卡必醇,N,N,N′,N′-四羟基-三亚甲基二胺和含有约150个氧化亚烷基的醚醇,其中的亚烷基含有1到约8个碳原子。
酯分散剂也可以是琥珀酸或酸性酯的二酯,例如,部分酯化琥珀酸;和部分酯化的多元醇或酚,如含有游离醇或酚或羟基的酯。上述酯的混合物也属于本发明的范围。
酯分散剂可用几种已知方法中的一个方法制备,如美国专利3381022所述的方法。
羟基胺可与上述长链烃取代的二羧酸反应制备分散剂,这些羟基胺包括:2-氨基-1-丁醇;2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇;对-(β羟基-乙基)-苯胺;2-氨基-1-丙醇;3-氨基-1-丙醇;2-氨基-2-甲基-1,3-丙烷-二醇;2-氨基-2-乙基-1,3-丙烷二醇;N-(β-羟基-丙基)-N′-(β-氨基-乙基)-哌嗪;三(羟乙基)氨基-甲烷(也可以是已知的三羟甲基氨基甲烷);乙醇胺;β-(β-羟基-乙氧基)-乙基胺等等。也可使用这些胺或类似胺的混合物。
非常适合的无灰分散剂是下列反应得到的产物,即琥珀酸酐基取代的聚异丁烯与聚乙烯胺反应得到的产物,所用的聚乙烯胺有:四亚乙基戊胺,五亚乙基六胺,聚氧乙烯胺和聚氧丙烯胺,如聚氧丙烯二胺,三羟甲基氨基甲烷和季戊四醇,和它们的混合物。一种优选的分散剂化合物是由下列反应制得的,即用琥珀酸酐基取代的聚异丁烯(A)与羟基化合物(B)(如季戊四醇),聚亚氧烷基聚胺(C)(如聚氧丙烯二胺)和聚亚烷基聚胺(D)(如聚乙烯二胺和四亚乙基戊胺)反应,各组分的用量为:每摩尔(A)要用约0.3~2摩尔的(B),约0.3~2摩尔的(D)和约0.3~2摩尔的(C),如美国专利3804763所述。另一种优选的分散剂化合物是下列各组分反应得到的化合物,该反应是:聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐(A)与聚亚烷基聚胺(B)(如四亚乙基戊胺)和多元醇或多羟基取代的脂族伯胺(C)(如季戊四醇或三羟基甲基氨基甲烷)反应。如美国专利3632511所述。
A(2)在本发明中还可作无灰分散剂的有下列分散剂,在这种分散剂中含氮聚胺直接连接到长链脂族烃上,如美国专利3275554和3565804所述,其中卤化烃上的卤被各种亚烷基聚胺取代。
A(3)另一类无灰分散剂是含氮分散剂。这种分散剂中含有曼尼期碱或曼尼期缩合产物。这种分散剂是现有技术中已知的。该曼尼期缩合产物通常是将约1摩尔烃基取代的单或多羟基苯与约1~2.5摩尔羰基化合物(如甲醛和仲甲醛)和约0.5到2摩尔聚亚烷基聚胺缩合而制得,如美国专利3442808所述。这种曼尼期缩合产物的苯基上可以含有一个长链,高分子量的烃(如,平均分子量( Mn)为1000或更高),该曼尼期缩合产物也可与含烃的化合物(如聚烯基琥珀酸酐)反应。见上述美国专利3442808。这篇专利中所述内容全部作为参考内容。
其它类型的分散剂在美国专利3649229和3798165中都有介绍。高分子量的曼尼期碱型分散剂,例如平均分子量大于约2000的分散剂,当它与在此所述的混溶性助剂混合时,对增强“添加剂整套配方混合物”的析相作用稳定性很有利。
B.清净剂
含金属的防锈剂和/或清净剂经常与无灰分散剂一起使用。这种清净剂和防锈剂包括下列化合物的金属盐:磺酸盐,烷基酚盐,硫化烷基酚盐,烷基水杨酸盐,环烷酸盐,和其它油溶性单和二羧酸盐。经常作为清净剂使用的高碱性金属盐与无灰分散剂特别容易发生相互作用。通常这些含金属的防锈剂和清净剂在润滑油中的用量约为0.01~10%(重量),如0.1~5%(重量)(以润滑油组合物的总重量计算)。船用柴油机润滑油中这种含金属的防锈剂和清净剂的用量最高约为20%(重量)。
高碱性碱土金属磺酸盐经常作为清净剂使用,它们通常是通过加热含有油溶性磺酸盐或烷芳基磺酸和过量碱土金属化合物的混合物而制得,反应中碱土金属化合物的用量要超过完全中和磺酸所需要的量,过量的金属可与二氧化碳反应,生成一种分 散的碳酸盐配合物来提供所需要的高碱性。磺酸一般是通过磺化烷基取代的芳烃而制得,该烷基取代的芳烃可从蒸馏和/或萃取石油馏分得到,并将得到的芳烃进行烷基化[如对苯,甲苯,二甲苯,萘,联二苯和卤的衍生物(如氯苯,氯甲苯和氯萘)进行烷基化]。该烷基化反应可在含烷化剂的催化剂存在下进行,该烷化剂含有约3到多于30个碳原子。例如,通过对烷烃聚烯烃聚合物进行脱氢反应得到的卤烷烃、烯烃都是适合的烷化剂,其中烷烃聚烯烃聚合物是由乙烯和丙烯等得到的。烷芳基磺酸盐中的每个烷基取代的芳烃部分通常含有约9~70或更多个碳原子。
碱土金属化合物可用于中和这些烷芳基磺酸以提供磺酸盐,这些碱土金属化合物包括:镁、钙、锶和钡的氧化物,氢氧化物,醇盐、碳酸盐、羧酸盐、硫化物、氢硫化物、硝酸盐、硼酸盐和醚。它们的例子有:氧化钙,氢氧化钙,氧化镁,醋酸镁和硼酸镁。如上所述,碱土金属化合物的用量应超过完全中和烷芳基磺酸所需要的量。虽然对完全中和反应所需金属的化学计算量最好至少为125%,但实际用量范围通常为100~220%。
制备碱性碱土金属烷芳基磺酸盐的其它各种方法是已知的,如美国专利3150088和3150089所述,其中,高碱性是通过醇盐碳酸盐配合物与烷芳基磺酸盐在烃溶剂-稀释油中发生水解反应来达到的。
优选的碱土金属磺酸盐添加剂是烷基芳族磺酸镁,该添加剂具有高的总碱值(“TBN”)约为300~400,并且磺酸镁的含量约为25~32%(重量)(以分散在矿物润滑油中的添加剂物系的总重量计)。
中性金属磺酸盐经常用作防锈剂。多价金属烷基水杨酸盐和环烷酸盐是润滑油混合物中已知的添加剂,其作用是改善润滑油的高温性能和减少活塞上含碳物质的沉积(见美国专利2744069)。使用下列化合物可以增加多价金属烷基水杨酸盐和环烷酸盐的储备碱度,这些化合物有:含C8-C26烷基水杨酸盐和酚盐的混合物的碱土金属(如钙)盐(见美国专利2744069),或烷基水杨酸的多价金属盐,所说的烷基水杨酸可通过对酚进行烷基化,然后酚化,羧化和水解得到(见美国专利3704315),然后,用通常已知的技术将该烷基水杨酸转化成高碱性的盐。这些含金属的防锈剂的储备碱度在总碱值(TBN)60~150之间时是有效的。有效的多价金属水杨酸盐和环烷酸盐是亚甲基和硫桥物质,这种物质可以从烷基取代的水杨酸或环烷酸,或这两种酸中的任一种酸与烷基取代的酚的混合物中很容易地得到。碱性硫化水杨酸盐及其制法公开在美国专利3595791中。这种物质包括:芳香酸的碱土金属(特别是镁,钙,锶和钡)的盐,该芳香酸的通式为:
其中Ar为1~6个环的芳基,R4为有约8~50个碳原子,最好有12~30个碳原子(优先选用约12个碳原子)的烷基,X为硫(-S-)或亚甲基(-CH2-)桥,Y是0~4的一个数值,n是0~4的一个数值。
用通用的方法就能够容易地制备高碱性亚甲基桥连的水杨酸盐-酚盐盐,例如,对酚进行烷基化,然后对桥连到一个偶合剂(如亚烷基二卤化物)上的亚甲基进行酚化,羧化,水解,然后用碳酸盐法同时制得上述盐,亚甲基桥连的酚-水杨酸的高碱性钙盐其通式如下:
Figure 881039012_IMG12
其总碱值为60~150,该化合物在本发明中很有效。
硫化的金属酚盐被认为是“酚硫化物的金属盐”,不管中性的还是碱性的,它都是指下列通式表示的化合物的金属盐:
Figure 881039012_IMG13
其中X=1或2,n=0,1或2;或是该化合物的多聚形,其中R5是一个烷基,n和x分别为1~4的整数,为了确保化合物在油中的溶解性,所有R5中的平均碳原子数至少约为9个。个别R5可以分别含有5~40个,最好8到20个碳原子。该金属盐可通过烷基酚硫化物与足够量的含金属物 质反应而制得,反应中所需要的所有含金属物质都用来生成硫化金属酚盐了。
无论制备硫化烷基酚的方法如何,有效的硫化烷基酚中通常含有约2~14%(重量),最好约为4~12%(重量)的硫(以硫化烷基酚的重量计算)。
如果需要,硫化烷基酚可用现有技术中已知的方法与含金属的化合物(包括氧化物,氢氧化物和配合物)反应,转化成具有所需碱度的高碱性产物,该反应中含金属化合物的用量足以中和上述酸。最好使用溶有金属乙二醇醚溶液进行中和过程。
中性或正常的硫化金属酚盐中金属与酚核的比约为1∶2。“高碱性”或“碱性”硫化金属酚盐是金属与酚的比大于化学计算值的硫化金属酚盐,例如,碱性硫化金属十二烷基酚盐的金属含量直到(或大于)100%,该含量超出相应的正常硫化金属酚盐中金属的含量。用油溶性或可分散的形式(如通过与CO2反应)制备过量的金属。
C.抗氧化剂
在润滑油组合物中被认为是有效的抗氧化剂物质是油溶性铜化合物,例如,铜(Cu),呈合成的或天然的羧酸铜盐的形式。所用的羧酸有:C10~C18的脂肪酸,如十八烷酸或十六烷酸。但是,不饱和酸(如油酸),分子量为200~500的支链羧酸(如环烷酸)和合成的羧酸都可以使用,这是因为生成的羧酸铜的可处理性和溶解性都是令人满意的。适宜的油溶性二硫化氨基甲酸盐类的通式为(R6R7NCSS)nCu;其中n为1或2,R6和R7可以是相同的或不同的,可以是有1~18个碳原子的烃基,包括:如烷基,链烯基,芳基,芳烷基,烷芳基和环脂烷基。R6和R7最好是有2~8个碳原子的烷基。这样的烷基有:乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、戊基、正己基、异己基、正辛基、癸基;十二烷基,十八烷基,2-乙基己基,苯基,丁基-苯基,环己基,甲基环戊基,丙烯基,丁烯基等。为了获得油溶性,碳原子总数(如R6和R7)一般约为5或更多。
铜的磺酸盐、酚盐和乙酰丙酮化物也可使用。
典型的有效铜化合物是烯基琥珀酸或酐的铜(Cu和/或Cu)盐。这些盐本身可以是碱性的、中性的或酸性的。这些盐可由下列反应制得:即,上述无灰分散剂-A(1)部分所述的任何物质(a)(该物质中至少有一个游离的羧酸)与活性金属化合物(b)反应。适宜的活性金属化合物包括:铜或亚铜的氢氧化物,氧化物,乙酸盐,硼酸盐,碳酸盐或碱式碳酸铜。
本发明金属盐的例子有聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐的铜盐(以后表示为Cu-PIBSA)和聚异丁烯琥珀酸的铜盐。最好选用二价形式的金属,如Cu2+。优选的作用物是聚烯基琥珀酸,其中链烯基的分子量大于700。理想的烯基是平均分子量( Mn)约为900~1400,最高达2500的烯基,最好是 Mn为950的烯基。在上述“分散剂”部分中所述的酸最优选的是聚异丁烯琥珀酸(PIBSA)。这些物质能够较好地溶解于溶剂中,如矿物油,并能在金属支承材料的水溶液(或淤浆)的存在下加热。加热可在70℃到约200℃之间进行,最合适的温度为110~140℃,有必要的是,使该反应在温度不高于140℃,并不超过一时间范围,如不超过5个小时,或者盐不发生分解的情况下进行,这取决于所制的盐。
通常所使用的铜抗氧化剂(如Cu-PIBSA,油酸铜或它们的混合物)在最终的润滑油或燃料组合物中的用量约有50-500ppm(重量)的金属。
D.抗磨添加剂
二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐是常常加到润滑油组合物中作为抗磨剂的。它们能提供抗氧化剂的活性。锌盐是润滑油中最常用的抗磨剂,其用量为0.1-10%(重量),最好为0.22~2%(重量)(以润滑油组合物的总重量计算)。该锌盐可用已知的方法制备,该方法是:先将醇或酚与P2S5反应生成二硫代磷酸,然后用适宜和锌化合物中和该二硫代磷酸。
可以使用醇的混合物,该混合物包括伯醇和仲醇的混合物;仲醇通常可以改善抗磨性,而伯醇可以改善热稳定性。这两种醇的混合物是很有效的。通常,任何碱性或中性锌化合物都可以使用,但最常用的是锌的氧化物,氢氧化物和碳酸盐。商品添加剂经常含有过量的锌,这是由于在中和反应中用了过量的碱性锌化合物。
本发明中有效的二烃基二硫代磷酸锌是二硫代磷酸的二烃基酯的油溶性盐,并可用下列通式表示:
Figure 881039012_IMG14
其中R8和R9可以是相同的或不同的,可以是含1到18,最好2到12个碳原子的烃基,如烷基链烯基,芳基,芳烷基,烷芳基和环烷基。最优选的R8和R9是含2~8个碳原子的烷基,例如,这样的烷基有:乙基,正丙基,异丙基,正丁基,仲丁基,戊基,正己基,异己基,正辛基,癸基,十二烷基,十八烷基,2-乙基-己基,苯基,丁基-苯基,环己基,甲基环丙基,丙烯基,丁烯基,为了获得油溶性,二硫代磷酸中碳原子(如R8和R9)的总数通常约为5或更多。
E.混溶性助剂
本发明的胺混溶性助剂是伯烃基和仲烃基取代的胺,其通式为R1R2NH,其中R1和R2可是相同的或不同的,可以是H或含有4到20个碳原子,最好为8到18个碳原子的烃基,但R1和R2中至少有一个是烃基。该烃基可以是:烷基,链烯基,芳基,芳烷基,烷芳基或环烷基。典型的烃基是C4-C18的烷基(如,丁基,四丁基,异丁基,己基,2-乙基己基,辛基,壬基,异壬基,癸基,异癸基,十二烷基,十一烷基,十八烷基,十七烷基),C4-C18的链烯基(如,异丁烯基,丁烯基,庚烯基,戊烯基,己烯基,辛烯基,壬烯基,癸烯基,十一烯基,十二烯基,十四烯基,十八烯基),C6-C18的芳基(如苯基,萘基,二苯基),C7-C20的芳烷基(如,苄基,甲苄基,乙苄基,萘基甲基),C7-C20的烷芳基(甲苯基,二甲苯基,壬基苯基,壬基萘基),C3-C18的环烷基(如,环丙基,环丁基,环戊基,环己基,环辛基,环癸基,环十二烷基)等等。该烃基可被烷氧基或硫代烷氧基(如C1-C6的烷氧基或硫代烷氧基)取代,但不能用羟基取代,因为羟基基团会影响混溶性的作用,当R1和R2主要为烃基时,任何R1或R2中的碳原子最多有20%被硫或被醚键合的氧原子取代。为了得到在基础油中适合的溶解性,胺中的碳原子总数(即R1和R2中的碳的和)应为8或更多。胺本身也具有显著的抗氧化剂活性。
本发明中胺混溶性助剂的例子有:
伯胺:R1-NH2
辛胺    十一烷基胺
壬胺    十七烷基胺
W-乙氧基己胺    十三烷基胺
十六烷基胺    癸基胺
十二烷基胺    十四烷基胺
十八烷基胺    N-(2-乙基己基苯基)胺
W-硫代甲氧基癸胺    N-(辛基苯基)胺
丙基苯胺    N-(二-甲基苯基)胺
乙基苯胺    N-乙基苄胺
N-二甲苯胺    N-环辛胺
N-(乙基-环己基)胺    N-环十二烷基胺
N-萘基胺
仲胺:
乙基己胺    二-辛基胺
丙基戊胺    二-(异辛基)胺
辛基甲胺    二-(2-乙基己基)胺
壬基庚胺    二-壬基胺
癸基十二烷基胺    二-癸基胺
苯基乙胺    二-苯基胺
甲苯基甲胺    二-(环辛基)胺
二-(辛基苯基)胺
二-(壬基苯基)胺
特别优选的胺是油溶性的二烷基胺和二烷芳胺。优选的具体胺有:二(烷基苯基)胺,二(十八烷基)胺,二(己基)胺。
这些胺混溶性助剂在含少于约0.1%(重量)磷的润滑油成分中被证明为特别有用。当磷的含量低于0.1%时(此时磷呈ZDDP抗磨添加剂的形式),加入这些胺可以通过美国材料试验学会(ASTM)ⅢD的试验。
这些胺对稳定润滑油组合物是有效的,该润滑油组合物中除了含有高分子量分散剂和清净剂(通常具有高总碱值)外,最好还含有作为摩擦改良剂的被脂肪酸分酯化的丙三醇和/或二烃基二硫代磷酸锌抗磨添加剂。在浓缩物(“添加剂整套配方”(“adpacks”))中胺的优选量最好约为0.5~7.5%(重量)。当胺与摩擦改良剂一起使用时,胺的量最好为浓缩物总重量的3.0~6.0%(重量),或者,当胺用于不含摩擦改良剂的浓缩物(“添加剂整套配方”(“ad    pacRs”))时,胺的量为1.5~3.0%(重量)。众所周知,这些物质的结合,如 铜物质,分散剂,清净剂,抗磨添加剂和摩擦改良剂的结合物很难在浓缩物中保持匀相形式,特别是在高温下贮藏之后。但本发明的胺却能很容易地稳定这些混合物,既使对稳定性很差的混合物也能保持稳定。
润滑油基础油料
人们用无灰分散剂,金属清净剂和胺混溶性助剂与润滑油基础油料混合,该润滑油基础油料包括有润滑粘性的油,如天然润滑油和合成润滑油以及它们的混合物。
天然油包括动物油和植物油(如蓖麻油,猪油),液体石油和加氢精制,溶剂精制或酸处理的烷烃,环烷烃和混合的烷烃-环烷烃矿物润滑油。由煤或页岩得到的粘性润滑油也是有用的基础油料。
合成润滑油包括烃油和卤取代的烃油,如聚合和共聚烯烃(如聚丁烯,聚丙烯,聚丙烯-异丁烯共聚物,氯化聚丁烯,聚(1-己烯),聚(1-辛烯),聚(1-癸烯);烷基苯(如十二烷基苯,四癸基苯,二壬基苯,二(2-乙基己基)苯);聚苯(如联苯,联三苯,烷基化多酚);烷基化二苯基醚,烷基化联苯硫醚,和它们的衍生物类似物和同系物。
烯化氧聚合物、共聚物和它们的衍生物构成了另一类已知合成润滑油,在这些烯化氧聚化物、共聚物和它们的衍生物中末端羟基经过了酯化,醚化等改良。这类合成润滑油有:聚含环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷得到的聚氧化烯聚合物,这些聚氧化烯聚合物的烷基和芳基醚(如平均分子量为1000的甲基聚异丙二醇醚,分子量为500-1000的聚乙二醇的二苯基醚,分子量为1000~1500的聚丙二醇的二乙基醚);和它们的单和聚羧酸酯,如乙酸酯、混合的C3-C8脂肪酸酯和三水缩四乙二醇的C13含氧酸二酯。
另一类适宜的合成润滑油包括:二羧酸(如苯二甲酸,琥珀酸,烷基琥珀酸和烯基琥珀酸,马来酸,壬二酸,辛二酸,癸二酸,富马酸,己二酸,亚麻酸二聚物,丙二酸,烷基丙二酸,烯基丙二酸)与各种醇(如丁醇,己醇,十二醇,2-乙基己基醇,亚乙基二醇,二甘醇单醚,丙二醇)生成的酯。这些酯的具体例子有:己二酸二丁酯,二(2-乙基己基)癸二酸酯,二-正-己基反丁烯二酸酯,癸二酸二辛酯,壬二酸二异辛酯,癸二酸二二十烷基酯,亚麻酸二聚物的2-乙基己基二酯,1摩尔癸二酸与2摩尔三水缩四乙醇和2摩尔2-乙基己酸反应生成的混合酯。
作为合成油用的酯还有:C5-C12单羧酸与多羟基化合物和多元醇醚(如新戊基乙二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,季戊四醇,二季戊四醇和三季戊四醇)生成的酯。
硅基油,如多烷基-,多芳基-,多烷氧基-,或多芳氧基硅氧烷油和硅酸酯油,构成了另一类合成润滑油,这类润滑油包括:四乙基硅酸酯,四异丙基硅酸酯,四-(2-乙基己基)硅酸酯,四-(4-甲基-2-乙基己基)硅酸酯,四-(对-叔-丁基苯基)硅酸酯,六-(4-甲基-2-戊氧基)二硅氧烷,多(甲基)硅氧烷和多(甲基苯基)硅氧烷。其他的合成润滑油包括:含磷酸的液态酯(磷酸三甲苯酯),磷酸三辛酯,癸基膦酸的二乙基酯)和聚合的四氢呋喃。
未精制油,精制油和再精制油都可用于本发明的润滑油中。未精制油是指那些直接从未经进一步提纯处理的天然或合成原料得到的油,例如,直接从干馏过程得到的页岩油,直接从蒸馏得到的石油,直接从酯化过程得到的酯油和未经进一步处理而使用的酯油都是未精制油。精制油类似于未精制油,不同的是精制油在一步或多步纯化步骤中经过了进一步处理。以改善它们的一个或多个性能。许多这种纯化工艺技术,如蒸馏,溶剂抽提,酸或碱抽提,过滤和渗滤,都是本专业的技术人员所熟知的。再精制油是从类似于制备精制油的过程得到,即对已经使用的精制油再精制。这种再精制油作为再生油或再加工油也是已知的,并且这种油经常要用一些方法再加工,以除去废添加剂和破坏油的产物。
本发明稳定的浓缩物中通常含有无灰分散剂,高碱性金属清净剂,铜抗氧化剂化合物和胺混溶性助剂,还可选择地含有抗磨添加剂和摩擦改良剂,这些添加剂的含量如下:
通常,在上述浓缩物中使用无灰分散剂和高碱性金属清净剂时,无灰分散剂:高碱性金属清净剂的重量比(Wt∶Wt)约为0.2∶1到5∶1(按活性组份计算)
本发明通过具体的公开和例子已经得到了说明,很明显,对本专业的熟练技术人员来说,各别 变化和修改都属于本发明的范围,都将落入本发明的范围内。
实施例
实施例1-3
三种典型的添加剂整套配方浓缩物由下列物质配制。
含氮无灰分散剂(聚异丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺);
高碱性磺酸镁;
二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)抗磨添加剂;
壬基苯基硫醚;
油酸铜抗氧化剂;和
稀释油
这三种添加剂整套配方浓缩物的组成如表1所示(表1见文后)
每一种添加剂整套配方浓缩物与足量S150N润滑油混合,所得成品油配方中含7.3%(体积)的添加剂整套配方浓缩物。实施例1中成品油配方中油酸铜的含铜量约150ppm。添加剂整套配方浓缩物中,磷含量为成品溶滑剂的0.08%(重量),由此确定二烷基二硫代磷酸锌的浓度。
另外两种配方的配制与实施例1相似,除去部分油酸铜,加入市售抗氧化剂二(壬基苯基)胺(VANLUBE    DND;R.T.Vanderbilt公司)作为辅助抗氧化剂。实施例2的添加剂整套配方浓缩物含有足量二(壬基苯基)胺使所得成品润滑油混合物含约0.1%(重量)胺。实施例3的添加剂整套配方浓缩物中二(壬基苯基)胺的含量能足以使最后得到的润滑油混合物含约0.2%(重量)胺。
然后对上面三种添加剂整套配方浓缩物进行加速稳定性试验,该试验用于测定某种物质的稳定性质,即一种混合物在单一均相中的自然倾向。该试验包括使配方浓缩物长时间地存在于高温状态里(例54℃到66℃),不稳定的添加剂整套配方浓缩物会产生沉积物,薄雾,或随着添加剂整套配方浓缩物贮存稳定性的不同而有不同程度的相分离。
实施例1-3配方的试验结果如表Ⅱ所示:
这些实施例表示,既使加入少量的胺,添加剂整套配方浓缩物的稳定性能得到很大改善,胺加入量高时,如实施例3所示,添加剂整套配方浓缩物非常稳定。
实施例4-16
在每个试验中,所配制的添加剂整套配方浓缩物包括市售摩擦改良剂,该改良剂主要是油酸单甘油酯。
众所周知,加入摩擦改良剂会使浓缩物很不稳定。可以看出,实施例5的配方浓缩物与实施例3的配方浓缩物组成极相似(唯一区别是实施例5配方浓缩物中含有摩擦改良剂),实施例5配方浓缩物的稳定性比实施例3配方浓缩物的稳定性要差得多。
在这一系列试验中,油酸铜浓度基本保持不变。实施例4-14各配方浓缩物的组成以及稳定性试验结果如下面表Ⅲ所示。
表Ⅲ表明,配方中加入胺能改善添加剂整套配方浓缩物的稳定性,各实施例也表明了添加剂整套配方浓缩物中加与不加摩擦改良剂的结果。
表Ⅰ
浓缩物中活性组分重量%
组分    实施例1    实施例2    实施例3
分散剂,高碱性磺酸盐清
净剂,
二烷基二硫代磷酸锌,壬
基苯
基硫醚和稀释油的总量    98.2    97.2    96.0
油酸铜    1.8    1.5    1.5
二(壬基苯基)胺    0    1.3    2.5
实施例1-3配方的试验结果如表Ⅱ所示:
表Ⅱ
实施例序号    稳定性(出现沉积物或薄雾天数)
54℃    66℃
1(对比实施例)    11    4
2    68    33
3    >90    >90(直到终止实验) %(重量)(活性组分)    一般范围    优选范围    最佳范围
A.无灰分散剂    0.1~85%(重量)    3~75%(重量)    10~50%(重量)
(如聚异丁烯
基琥珀酰亚胺)
Figure 881039012_IMG15

Claims (7)

1、一种组合物包括:
(a)0.1-85%(重量)的一种含有氮的无灰分散剂化合物聚异丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺,
(b)0.1-80%(重量)的一种高碱性磺酸镁清净剂物质;
(c)0.001-5%(重量)的一种油酸铜抗氧化剂;
(d)0.001-20%(重量)的一种分子式如下的胺混溶性助剂:
R1R2NH
其中R1和R2分别为C4-20烷基,C6-20芳基或C8-20烷芳基。
2、根据权利要求1的组合物,其中胺为二(十八烷基)胺。
3、根据权利要求1的组合物,其中胺为二己基胺。
4、根据权利要求1的组合物还可含有一种抗磨添加剂。
5、根据权利要求4的组合物,其中抗磨添加剂是二烷基二硫代磷酸锌。
6、根据权利要求1的组合物,还可含有大量的润滑油。
7、根据权利要求1的组合物,还可含有大量的燃料油。
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KR880014087A (ko) 1988-12-22
EP0294045A3 (en) 1989-03-22
EP0294045A2 (en) 1988-12-07
US4915857A (en) 1990-04-10
JPS6465193A (en) 1989-03-10
JP2670805B2 (ja) 1997-10-29
CN1037534A (zh) 1989-11-29
DE3860989D1 (de) 1990-12-13
EP0294045B1 (en) 1990-11-07
KR960014935B1 (ko) 1996-10-21
CA1329585C (en) 1994-05-17

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