CN102471476B - 膦引发的制备超支化多元醇的方法 - Google Patents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers only
- C08G65/22—Cyclic ethers having at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen outside the ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers only
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- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers only
- C08G65/06—Cyclic ethers having no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen outside the ring
- C08G65/08—Saturated oxiranes
- C08G65/10—Saturated oxiranes characterised by the catalysts used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds
- C08G65/2642—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds characterised by the catalyst used
- C08G65/2669—Non-metals or compounds thereof
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备超支化多元醇的方法,其中使环氧基醇在膦的存在下反应。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备超支化多元醇的方法(例如聚甘油)。更特别是,本发明涉及一种制备超支化聚醚多元醇的方法。
DE-A-10211664和US-B-6,822,068公开了使用具有1-10000个羟基、硫醇和/或氨基基团的多官能引发剂从缩水甘油制备高度支化的聚甘油的方法,所述引发剂必须在使用之前用合适的试剂脱质子化。所得的副产物例如甲醇和水必须在实际聚合之前通过蒸馏除去。如此制备的引发剂体系然后溶解在优选被酰胺化的溶剂中,向其中在80-140℃的温度下计量加入用其他溶剂稀释的单体(缩水甘油)溶液。
本发明的目的是弥补已知方法的缺陷,并开发一种改进的制备超支化多元醇的方法,例如聚醚多元醇。
本发明的目的通过一种制备超支化多元醇的方法实现,其中使环氧基醇在膦的存在下反应。
合适的环氧基醇包括:4,5-环氧基-1-戊醇,3,4-环氧基-1-丁醇,(S)-(-)-缩水甘油,(R)-(+)-缩水甘油,更优选2,3-环氧基-1-丙醇(缩水甘油),(R,S)-(+/-)-2,3-环氧基-1-丙醇。另外,以下物质可以用作环氧基醇:5,6-环氧基-1-己醇,7,8-环氧基-1-庚醇,以及类似的衍生物;2,3-环氧基-1-甲基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-乙基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-丙基-1-丙醇,以及类似的衍生物;2,3-环氧基-1-二甲基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-二乙基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-二丙基-1-丙醇,以及类似的衍生物;3,4-环氧基-1-甲基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-乙基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-丙基-1-丁醇,以及类似的衍生物;3,4-环氧基-1-二甲基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-二乙基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-二丙基-1-丁醇等;4,5-环氧基-1-甲基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-乙基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-丙基-1-戊醇,以及类似的衍生物;4,5-环氧基-1-二甲基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-二乙基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-二丙基-1-戊醇,以及类似的衍生物。另外可以使用具有从例如在环氧环和羟基之间的化学基团变化所得结构的其他环氧基醇。
不同环氧基醇的混合物可以聚合。但是,一般,仅仅使用一种类型的环氧基醇。
尤其适用于本发明的是在反应温度下为液体并且能与环氧基醇均匀混溶的膦。当能溶解于环氧基醇中时,固体膦是尤其适用的。此外,气态膦是合适的。合适的膦包括单烷基-和单芳基-膦,二烷基-和二芳基-膦,以及三烷基-和三芳基-膦。芳基膦是优选合适的。合适的是例如膦(PH3),甲基膦,乙基膦,以及相应的类似物;苯基膦;邻-甲苯基膦,1-萘基膦;二甲基膦,二乙基膦,以及相应的类似物;二苯基膦;二(邻甲苯基)膦,二-1-萘基膦;三甲基膦,三乙基膦,以及相应的类似物;三苯基膦;三(邻甲苯基)膦,三-1-萘基膦。可以使用两种或更多种膦的混合物。但是,一般而言,仅仅使用一种类型的膦。特别优选使用二苯基膦。
关于反应组分的混合,可以将膦加入环氧基醇中,或优选可以将环氧基醇加入膦中。
计量的引入可以一次发生,或在按照优选计量添加顺序引入的情况下不连续地、分阶段地(按步骤)或优选连续地进行。
根据原料或所需的反应速率,可以在较低或较高的温度下进行本发明方法。反应可以在0-200℃的温度下进行,优选4-50℃,更优选15-30℃,更尤其在室温下。例如,反应可以在0-70℃的温度下进行。
反应可以在0.01-50巴的压力下进行,优选0.1-5巴,更尤其是标准压力(大气压)。
环氧基醇与膦之间的摩尔比可以在宽限度范围内变化,优选是5000∶1至10∶1,更优选是500∶1至30∶1,更尤其是300∶1至50∶1。一般而言,使用最小量的膦,选择使得反应速率是充足的,并且反应程度是基本上完全或完全的。
反应可以在溶剂的存在下进行。当所用的膦不能与所用的环氧基醇在反应温度下混溶时,优选使用至少一种溶剂。尤其在低温的情况下,本发明方法可以在不含作为热吸收剂的溶剂的情况下进行。在较高的温度下,尤其是放热聚合的情况下,至少一种溶剂可以用于反应控制。溶剂的量可以在宽限度内变化,重量比一般是0.1∶1至1000∶1,优选1∶1至100∶1,尤其是5∶1至50∶1,基于环氧基醇计。此反应优选基本上在不存在溶剂的情况下进行,即0.09∶1至0.0001∶1,优选0.05∶1至0.001∶1,基于环氧基醇计。特别优选反应在不存在溶剂的情况下进行。为了本发明目的,环氧基醇和膦不是溶剂。
合适的溶剂是能溶解膦和/或环氧基醇的那些溶剂。尤其合适作为溶剂的是酰胺,例如二甲基甲酰胺,以及环醚,例如四氢呋喃,和/或脂族醚,例如二甘醇二甲醚。
反应可以优选在惰性气体气氛下进行。合适的惰性气体是所有那些反应性如此慢以致它们不与反应混合物反应的气体。合适的例子包括氮气、氦气和/或氩气。
反应时间可以在宽限度范围内变化。反应时间可以在数分钟的范围内,或可以是数日。反应时间可以例如是0.5-500小时,或1-200小时。聚合一般在单体环氧基醇被消耗完时就结束。
通过本发明方法获得的超支化多元醇可以直接使用或在使用之前提纯。多元醇可以在聚合期间或优选在聚合结束之后通过溶解在合适的溶剂例如甲醇中进行中和,和/或通过用离子交换剂过滤进行中和,优选仅仅溶解在合适的溶剂中,并可以通过用例如丙酮沉淀而随后提纯(Sunder,A.;Hanselmann,R.;Frey,H.;Müllhaupt,R.Macromolecules 1999,32,4240)。所得的产物可以在减压下干燥,例如在0-150℃的温度下,优选30-80℃。
通过本发明方法制备的超支化多元醇是例如聚醚多元醇。它们的醚桥可以是芳族和/或脂族的,这取决于用作原料的环氧基醇。根据是否使用不同环氧基醇的混合物,在分子中的醚桥可以在性质上是不同的,基本上相同的,或是相同的。超支化多元醇优选含有一种类型的醚桥。醚桥优选是脂族的。更尤其是,它们含有三个碳原子。优选使用本发明方法制备具有下面结构的多元醇。
结构式1:聚醚多元醇结构
可以分析超支化多元醇的平均摩尔质量重量。摩尔质量重量(Mw)的检测可以通过MALDI-TOF-MS分析进行。所得的聚合物超支化多元醇,例如聚醚多元醇,一般具有最高1500g/mol的平均摩尔质量重量,即200-1500g/mol,优选400-1400g/mol,更优选500-1200g/mol。
多元醇也可以经由它们的摩尔质量分布表征(多分散性=PDI)。多分散性的确定是用下式表征的,即,多分散性是重均摩尔质量与数均摩尔质量之间的比率,并且可以等于或大于1.
式1:计算多分散性的算式:
Mw=重均摩尔质量(也称为平均摩尔质量重量)
Mn=数均摩尔质量
重均摩尔质量(Mw)和数均摩尔质量(Mn)可以通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)检测。
通过本发明方法获得的多元醇一般具有摩尔质量分布(多分散性=PDI)为小于2.5,优选小于2,更优选小于1.7,更尤其是小于1.4,并且大于或等于1,优选大于1,更优选大于1.1,更尤其大于1.15。
通过本发明方法获得的多元醇是超支化的,这表示它们具有高比例的支化点。它们具有高的到非常高的支化度(DB)。支化度DB一般合适地为10-99%,优选25-90%,更优选30-80%。在本文中的术语“超支化”是“高度支化”的同义词。超支化聚合物是与树枝状体有区别的。关于支化度(DB)的定义,请参见H.Frey等,Acta Polym.1997,48,30。关于“超支化”的定义,请参见Sunder等,Chem.Eur.J.2000,6(14),2499-2506。支化度可以使用“反门控”13C NMR谱计算。支化度一般是10-66%,优选20-55%,更优选20-50%,更尤其是25-40%。
通过本发明方法制备的多元醇的滴定能测定端羟基的数目(Carey,M.;Wellons,S.;Elder,D.Journal of Cellular Plastics 1984,20,42)。端羟基的数目优选在5-20mmol的范围内,更优选5-15mmol,非常优选10-15mmol,按每克多元醇计。
本发明优选的多元醇适用于化学和药物工业中,例如作为聚合物载体材料用于催化剂和活性化合物,作为用于药物或维生素的涂料,或作为在CaCO3的生物矿化中的蛋白质模拟肽(J.Mater.Chem.,2008,第18卷,2789-2797页),作为用于涂料和粘合剂的添加剂。
本发明方法也允许在不使用溶剂的情况下进行反应。这导致收益率提高,而且在反应之后不需要分离溶剂和后处理。另外,从安全角度而言,不使用有毒和/或可燃性溶剂是有利的。
实施例
实施例1:
0.43g(0.4ml;2.31mmol)的二苯基膦在惰性气体气氛(氩气)下与22.29g(20ml;300.89mmol)的新鲜蒸馏的缩水甘油混合,并使混合物在25℃下在连续磁力搅拌下反应96小时。
在反应结束之后,将聚合物溶解在40ml甲醇中,然后从400ml丙酮中沉淀。沉淀的聚合物通过滗析从上层溶剂分离出去。此工序总共进行两次。
上清溶液进行滗析,并且所获得的产物在减压下于60℃干燥。这得到13g(58%)的具有高粘度的浅黄色树脂,其具有约1000g/mol的平均分子量(检测根据Mw=970(GPC)或1015(MALDI))以及多分散性为1.4(检测根据PDI=Mw/Mn)。
实施例2:
重复进行实施例1以证明可重现性。0.43g(0.4ml;2.31mmol)的二苯基膦在惰性气体气氛(氩气)下与22.29g(20ml;300.89mmol)的新鲜蒸馏的缩水甘油混合,并使混合物在25℃下在恒定磁力搅拌下反应96小时。
在反应结束之后,将聚合物溶解在40ml甲醇中,然后从400ml丙酮中沉淀。沉淀的聚合物通过滗析从上层溶剂分离出去。此工序总共进行两次。
上清溶液进行滗析,并且所获得的产物在减压下于60℃干燥。这得到13g(58%)的具有高粘度的浅黄色树脂,其平均分子量为Mn=790g/mol(GPC)或760g/mol(MALDI)以及多分散性为1.47(GPC检测)。
实施例3:
0.22g(0.2ml;1.16mmol)的二苯基膦在惰性气体气氛(氩气)下与11.15g(10ml;150.45mmol)的新鲜蒸馏的缩水甘油混合,并使混合物在4℃下连续搅拌3星期。
在反应结束之后,将聚合物溶解在甲醇中,然后从丙酮中沉淀。沉淀的聚合物从上层溶剂分离出去。此工序总共进行两次。
所获得的产物在减压下于60℃干燥。这得到6g(54%)的具有高粘度的无色树脂,其平均分子量为Mn=826g/mol(GPC)以及多分散性为1.49(GPC检测)。
实施例4:
0.11g(0.1ml;0.58mmol)的二苯基膦在惰性气体气氛(氩气)下与22.29g(20ml;300.89mmol)的新鲜蒸馏的缩水甘油混合,并使混合物在40℃下连续搅拌96小时。
在反应结束之后,将聚合物溶解在甲醇中,然后从丙酮中沉淀。沉淀的聚合物从上层溶剂分离出去。此工序总共进行两次。
所获得的产物在减压下于60℃干燥。这得到11g(49%)的具有高粘度的浅黄色树脂,其平均分子量为Mn=595g/mol(GPC)以及多分散性为1.50(GPC检测)。
实施例5:
0.22g(0.2ml;1.16mmol)的二苯基膦在惰性气体气氛(氩气)下与5.58g(5ml;75.23mmol)的新鲜蒸馏的缩水甘油混合,并使混合物在75℃下连续搅拌1小时。
在反应结束之后,产物是具有高粘度的深棕色树脂。
检测摩尔质量重量的实施例:
检测是在配备有供应3ns激光脉冲的氮气激光仪的Bruker Biflex IIIMALDI-TOF质谱仪上在337nm下记录的。所用的基质是1,8,9-蒽三酚。样品是通过将聚合物按照1g/l的浓度溶解在甲醇中制备的。使用这些样品,与基质一起,制备了1∶1混合物。将此溶液的一部分进行检测,然后蒸发甲醇并形成薄基质/分析物膜。离子被加速到21.50kV,并按照反射型模式检测。
进行凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)的实施例:
对于凝胶渗透色谱检测的进行,将多元醇、例如聚醚多元醇按照5g/l的浓度溶解在软化水中。然后,将溶解的多元醇、例如聚醚多元醇用水作为洗脱剂在室温下在PSS Suprema柱上分析。所用的校准标准物是限定的具有200-500000g/mol分子量和极低多分散性(约1.05)的聚乙二醇。所用的标准物可以例如从Sigma Aldrich以商品名“聚乙二醇标准,用于GPC”获得。检测是使用折射率检测器(RI检测器)进行的。
用于检测支化度(DB)的实施例:
为此,将在d4-甲醇或D2O中浓度为100g/l的1H NMR和13C NMR谱在Bruker ARX 300光谱仪上于300.13例如75.4MHz检测。
在评价阶段,必要的是记住:如果AB2单体的两个可能链增长位置中的仅仅一个进行进一步反应的话,则线性单元(L)是在聚合期间形成的。另外,在缩水甘油的情况下,两个链增长位置不是等同的,这表示也必须在伯(L2)醇基处和在仲(L1)醇基处的增长之间区分。相反,当伯醇和仲醇和/或相同缩水甘油基分子的醇盐基团都进行进一步的反应时,产生支化点,或树枝状单元(D)。最后,如果醇和/或醇盐官能团都没有对链增长做贡献,则产生封端单元(T)。
为了测定支化度,所获得的光谱如下评价。在“反门控”13C NMR谱检测中,可检测到在60-85ppm之间的七个信号,并归属于所述结构单元的各个碳原子:通过仲醇盐(L1)的增长所形成的线性单元是分配在62.8ppm(CH2OH)、71.2ppm(CH2)和81.5ppm(CH)处的信号。
通过伯醇盐(L2)的增长所形成的线性单元是在70.9ppm(CHOH)和74.1ppm(都是CH2)处的信号。
封端单元(T)是分配在64.6ppm(CH2OH)处的信号和在72.2-73.1范围内的两个信号(CH2和CHOH)。在相同区域内也有树枝状单元(D)的两个信号(CH2),它们与后者的信号重叠。此结构单元的最后一个信号是位于79.9ppm(CH)。
检测在反门控模式中的13C NMR光谱,使得可以在考虑到信号积分可能性的情况下得到关于在聚合物中各结构单元的相对频数的结论。
积分的结果总结在下表中:
表1:在超支化聚甘油中的结构单元的相对频数
在L2值的基础上,其最高为53%,表1显示聚合物大部分经由在伯醇盐官能上的增长来增长。列在表1中的各结构单元的相对频数可以用于得到关于聚合物支化度的结论。通过定义,支化度对于线性聚合物是0,对于优选支化的树枝状体是1。对于超支化聚合物的支化度是位于这些值之间,并且在特定条件下,例如非常慢的单体添加,例如在聚合AB2单体的情况下,能达到0.66或66%的最大值(Radke.W.;Litvinenko,G.;Miiller,A.H.E.Macromolecules 1998,31,239)。
式2:支化度的计算。
DB=支化度
D=树枝状单元的相对频数
L=L1和L2单元的相对频数
代入表1中的值,能计算出支化度为34%。
Claims (11)
1.一种制备超支化多元醇的方法,包括使环氧基醇在膦的存在下反应,其中环氧基醇包括:4,5-环氧基-1-戊醇,3,4-环氧基-1-丁醇,2,3-环氧基-1-丙醇,5,6-环氧基-1-己醇,7,8-环氧基-1-庚醇;2,3-环氧基-1-甲基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-乙基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-丙基-1-丙醇;2,3-环氧基-1-二甲基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-二乙基-1-丙醇,2,3-环氧基-1-二丙基-1-丙醇;3,4-环氧基-1-甲基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-乙基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-丙基-1-丁醇;3,4-环氧基-1-二甲基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-二乙基-1-丁醇,3,4-环氧基-1-二丙基-1-丁醇;4,5-环氧基-1-甲基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-乙基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-丙基-1-戊醇;4,5-环氧基-1-二甲基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-二乙基-1-戊醇,4,5-环氧基-1-二丙基-1-戊醇。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中多元醇是聚醚多元醇。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应是在0-200℃的温度下进行。
4.权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应在0.01-50巴的压力下进行。
5.权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应在溶剂的存在下进行。
6.权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应在重量比为基于环氧基醇计的0.09:1至0.0001:1的溶剂的存在下进行。
7.权利要求1或2的方法,制备得到平均摩尔质量重量(Mw)为最高1500g/mol的高度支化和/或超支化多元醇。
8.权利要求1或2的方法,制备得到摩尔质量分布小于2.5的高度支化和/或超支化多元醇。
9.权利要求1或2的方法,其中使用2,3-环氧基-1-丙醇(缩水甘油)作为环氧基醇。
10.权利要求1或2的方法,其中使用二苯基膦作为膦。
11.权利要求1或2的方法,其中2,3-环氧基-1-丙醇是(S)-(-)-缩水甘油、(R)-(+)-缩水甘油或(R,S)-(+/-)-2,3-环氧基-1-丙醇。
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- 2010-06-30 KR KR1020127002309A patent/KR20120047921A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-06-30 WO PCT/EP2010/059253 patent/WO2011000854A1/de active Application Filing
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Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE10211664A1 (de) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-10-02 | Hyperpolymers Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung hochverzweigter Polymere |
CN1717381A (zh) * | 2002-11-28 | 2006-01-04 | 大赛璐化学工业株式会社 | 聚甘油、聚甘油脂肪酸酯及其制备方法 |
WO2005118678A1 (en) * | 2004-06-03 | 2005-12-15 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Process for the preparation of polyether polyols |
CN101326149A (zh) * | 2005-12-09 | 2008-12-17 | 花王株式会社 | 聚甘油醚衍生物的制造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2011000854A1 (de) | 2011-01-06 |
JP5650211B2 (ja) | 2015-01-07 |
EP2448994A1 (de) | 2012-05-09 |
US20120101308A1 (en) | 2012-04-26 |
KR20120047921A (ko) | 2012-05-14 |
CN102471476A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
EP2448994B1 (de) | 2013-08-14 |
SG176903A1 (en) | 2012-01-30 |
US9096713B2 (en) | 2015-08-04 |
JP2012531511A (ja) | 2012-12-10 |
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