CN102355992A - 包含具有高的辐射透射率的增塑中间层膜的光电模块 - Google Patents
包含具有高的辐射透射率的增塑中间层膜的光电模块 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102355992A CN102355992A CN201080011974XA CN201080011974A CN102355992A CN 102355992 A CN102355992 A CN 102355992A CN 201080011974X A CN201080011974X A CN 201080011974XA CN 201080011974 A CN201080011974 A CN 201080011974A CN 102355992 A CN102355992 A CN 102355992A
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- pioloform
- polyvinyl acetal
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜用于制造光电模块的用途,该膜的UV透射率大于35%。该膜在85%相对湿度/23℃的环境气候下优选的体积电阻率大于1E11Ohm*cm。该光电模块可以用作立面构件,屋顶表面,温室盖板,隔音墙,阳台或者栏杆元件,或者作为窗口区域的部件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用包含增塑剂的膜来生产光电模块,所述膜基于聚乙烯醇缩醛,具有在UV范围内的高辐射透射率。
现有技术
光电模块由光敏半导体层组成,其具有透明的覆层作为保护抗外部的影响。单晶太阳能电池或者在载体上的多晶薄半导体层可以用作光敏半导体层。薄膜太阳能模块由通过例如蒸镀、气相沉积、溅射或者湿沉积而施加到基底例如透明板或者柔性载体膜上的光敏半导体层组成。
这两种系统通常都借助透明粘接剂层压于玻璃板与例如由玻璃或者塑料制成的硬后盖板之间。
该透明的粘接剂必须完全包封该光敏半导体层和它的电连接导线,必须是UV稳定的和对湿气不敏感的,和在层压加工后必须是完全无气泡的。
基于聚乙烯醇缩醛例如从复合玻璃生产中已知的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的包含增塑剂的膜越来越多的用作光电模块的透明的粘接剂系统。太阳能电池单元被一个或多个PVB膜覆盖,它们然后用期望的覆盖材料在提高的压力和提高的温度下结合来形成层压制件。
原则上,人们所说的光保护剂被广泛的用于聚合物材料例如塑料和油漆中,来提供保护抗有害的UV辐射。它们可以根据所用的不同保护机理而大致分为两类:UV吸收剂(其吸收UV辐射和最终通过将它转化为热能而使其无害化)和光稳定剂(其中断了聚合物材料中由于UV辐射而引发的自由基破坏反应)。
市售的最重要UV吸收剂是二苯甲酮,苯并三唑和氰基丙烯酸酯的衍生物,苯并三唑常常表现出最佳的长期稳定性。光稳定剂组基本上包括人们所说的“HALS”(空间受阻胺)或者空间受阻氨基醚(NOR-HALS)。
聚乙烯醇缩丁醛是一种由饱和单元构成的共聚物,即,它最多包含作为缺陷位而存在的烯属或者芳族键,并且因此还表现出在280–380nm(UV-A + UV-B)的波长范围内没有明显的吸收。此外,在大部分情况中,为了增塑PVB使用非芳族增塑剂,对其来说,在UV吸收方面是同样适用的。作为结果,当膜是由PVB和增塑剂的混合物制成时,实现了相对高的固有UV稳定性。如果该膜通过置于其顶上的矿物玻璃来保护抗UV辐射的特别有害的UV-B部分时,则该稳定性进一步提高。
虽然如此,用于汽车和建筑玻璃应用的常规的市售PVB膜通常带有UV吸收剂,特别是带有苯并三唑衍生物,作为添加剂。其的原因有两种:首先,作为从复合安全玻璃的安全性能出发的功能特征,依靠位于复合安全玻璃(VSG)中间的PVB膜来另外地过滤掉有害的UV-A和UV-B辐射是期望的,因为它提供了一种简单的方式来保护位于玻璃后的材料抗过度曝光和损害。它的一个例子是位于复合安全玻璃橱窗中的显示器或者汽车挡风玻璃下面的仪表板基座(Armaturenbretttr?ger)。其次,取决于原材料聚乙烯醇或者丁醛的品质和在合成和后处理过程中的方法控制,PVB可以包含缺陷或者杂质,其削弱了它的UV稳定性。此外,加入到膜配制剂中的添加剂例如着色剂或者酚类抗氧化剂会对UV敏感的,这样使用UV吸收剂来保护它们是有意义的。
为了包封光电模块中的光敏层,通常使用基于PVB或者EVA的材料。由于上述的生产方法的原因,UV吸收剂也被加入到这些包封膜中。通过这种方式,UV辐射完全或者部分被吸收。虽然这保护了光电模块的光敏层系统抗辐射损害,但是它也降低了光敏层可用的辐射份额。
因此,市售用作包封材料的PVB膜包含苯并三唑类型的UV吸收剂(例如Tinuvin 328),并且在280–380nm的波长范围内,在2x2mm白色玻璃之间的复合体中,根据EN 410所测量的UV透射率小于0.5%。类似地,基于EVA的包封膜包含UV吸收剂来保护它们,并因此具有类似的对于UV辐射的低的透射率值。因此,当使用常规的PVB膜或者EVA来产生光电流时,低于380nm波长的辐射未被利用。
任务
本发明的任务是提高光电模块包封膜的UV透射率,来提高光电模块的光电流产率,同时尽可能小地改变它们的结构。
令人惊讶地,已经发现含有增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛膜能够以这样的方式赋予光稳定性,即,产生高的UV透射率,同时保持良好的光化学稳定性。这使得光电模块的光电流产率明显提高。
发明内容
本发明的目标因此是一种光电模块,其包含由以下制成的层压制件:
a) 透明的前盖板,
b) 一个或多个光敏半导体层,
c) 至少一个包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,和
d) 后盖板,
其中该包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的UV透射率大于35%,该透射率是根据EN 410,在两个2mm厚的白色玻璃板之间的层压制件中测量的。
根据EN 410,UV透射率是在280–380nm的波长范围内测量的。
优选地,使用这样的光敏半导体层,其吸收这个波长范围内的辐射,并且能够将它转化成电能。这是在人们所说的“级联电池”中,尤其通过基于砷化镓/砷化锗,砷化镓铟或者磷化镓铟的层来实现的。
如果本发明的膜用于太阳能电池(其对于UV辐射特定响应)或者含有这样的电池的模块,并且其在可见光光谱范围内是透明的,则它是特别有利的。这样的系统目前处于开发中,并且它们计划在将来用作透明的玻璃板,其滤掉了光谱中的有害的UV部分,同时仍然用于产生光电流。
本发明所用的膜优选的UV透射率大于50%,特别优选大于70%,其是根据EN 410,在两个厚度2mm的白色玻璃板的复合体中测量的。
如果膜c)基本上不含UV吸收剂,即,其浓度在每种情况中相对于膜混合物小于0.01重量%,优选小于0.001%,特别优选等于0重量%,则可以实现此。
本发明所用膜的足够的UV稳定性可以通过选择对于生产聚乙烯醇缩醛优异的聚乙烯醇(PVA)来实现。如果在PVA阶段不饱和单元已经作为缺陷位存在于的聚合物链中,则它们也必然存在于由它所生产的聚乙烯醇缩醛中,并且因此将削弱其的光稳定性和UV透射率。在PVA阶段,该不饱和单元可以以双键的形式存在,其是隔离的或者彼此共轭的或者与羰基键共轭的。PVA中这些不饱和单元可以通过UV光谱法来检测。
如果存在着非常高的缺陷位,则当PVA是作为4重量%的水溶液测量时,它们导致在280nm几乎为1的消光值。为了生产本发明所用的聚乙烯醇缩醛,因此可以使用这样的聚乙烯醇,其在4重量%水溶液和280nm的消光值小于0.5,小于0.3,特别是小于0.2和优选小于0.1。
本发明另外一个目标因此是含有增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,其中该聚乙烯醇缩醛是通过聚乙烯醇的酸催化的缩醛化来生产的,并且这种聚乙烯醇在4重量%水溶液中的消光值小于0.5。
实践中,聚乙烯醇缩醛可以作为用于包封膜的基础起始材料,即使在优化的条件下生产,但是它仍然不可能完全防止沿着聚合物链或者在链端出现缺陷位。所以,加入所选择的光稳定剂到聚乙烯醇缩醛或者膜混合物中,并且免去UV吸收剂会是有帮助的。
作为很大程度上免去UV吸收剂和/或使用具有特别低的缺陷位的PVB的代替或者附加,本发明所用的膜可以带有一种或多种非芳族光稳定剂,特别是带有空间受阻(非芳族)HALS-类型的胺和/或空间受阻(非芳族)氨基醚(NOR-HALS)。通过限制到非芳族产物,确保了该膜的透射率在280–380nm UV范围内没有不必要地削弱。
本发明所用的膜优选包含0.005–1重量%,特别优选0.01–0.5重量%,特别是0.05–0.3重量%和最优选0.10–0.25重量%的非芳族光稳定剂例如HALS或者NOR-HALS类型的空间受阻胺。
本发明另一目标因此是含有增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,其中它们基本上不含芳族UV吸收剂和0.005-1重量%的空间受阻胺(HALS)和/或空间受阻氨基醚(NOR-HALS)。
特别合适的胺是具有通式I,II和或III的空间受阻胺:
式I
式II
这里R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R9,R10,R11=非芳族取代基例如H,C1–C20烷基,羟烷基,烷氧基烷基,酰氧基烷基,每个是未取代的或者用醛-,酮-或者环氧基团取代的,
R12=直接键(glatte Verbindung),C1–C20烷基,羟烷基,烷氧基烷基,酰氧基烷基,每个是未取代的或者用醛-,酮-或者环氧基团取代的,
n=2-4
m=1–10。
这种类型的化合物是市售可得的,例如Ciba Specialities的产品Tinuvin 123(NOR-HALS),Tinuvin 144,Tinuvin 622,Tinuvin 770。例如Asai Denka Co.的ADK Stab LA-57,LA-52或者LA-62或者BASF AG的UVINUL 4050 H是特别合适的。Sanduvor PR-31或者Chimasorb 119是不太合适的,这归因于它们包含的不饱和分子成分(Sanduvor PR-31:苯甲醚基团;Chimasorb 119:三嗪环),其导致了在UV范围内过高的吸收。
为了生产聚乙烯醇缩醛,将聚乙烯醇溶解到水中,并且用醛例如丁醛,甲醛或者丙醛在加入酸催化剂的情况下缩醛化。分离沉淀的聚乙烯醇缩醛,清洗中和,任选地悬浮于碱性的含水介质中,然后再次中和清洗和干燥。
在反应后,用于缩醛化的酸必须再次中和。在合成聚乙烯醇缩醛时获得低碱金属离子含量尤其可通过如下方式实现:取消通常用于中和催化剂的氢氧化钠或者氢氧化钾或者碳酸盐或者彻底清洗在缩醛化中所获得的聚乙烯醇缩醛。作为碱NaOH或者KOH的代替,还可以通过注入例如二氧化碳或者环氧乙烷来中和来自缩醛化步骤的催化剂酸。
聚乙烯醇缩醛中的聚乙烯醇含量可以通过改变用于缩醛化的醛的量来调节。
还可以用具有2-10个碳原子的其他一种或者多种醛(例如戊醛)来进行该缩醛化。
该基于包含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜优选包含未交联的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB),其是通过聚乙烯醇与丁醛的缩醛化来获得的。
使用交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛,特别是交联的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)也是可能的。合适的交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛描述在例如EP 1527107 B1和WO 2004/063231 A1中(热自交联含羧基的聚乙烯醇缩醛),EP 1606325 A1(与多醛交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛)和WO 03/020776 A1(与乙醛酸交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛)。上述专利申请的公开内容包括在本申请说明书中,以它们全部作为参考。
在本发明的范围内,水解的乙酸乙烯酯/乙烯共聚物的三元共聚物可以用作聚乙烯醇。这些化合物通常是大于98 Mol%水解的,并且包含1-10重量的基于乙烯的单元(例如由Kuraray Europe GmbH制造的“Exceval”类型)。
同样在本发明的范围内,乙酸乙烯酯和至少一种另外的乙烯属不饱和的单体的水解的共聚物也可以用作聚乙烯醇。
该聚乙烯醇可以在本发明范围内以纯的或者作为具有不同的聚合度或者水解度的聚乙烯醇混合物来使用。
除了缩醛单元之外,聚乙烯醇缩醛还包含来自于乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯醇的单元。本发明所用的聚乙烯醇缩醛优选的聚乙烯醇份额小于22重量%,20重量%或者18重量%,小于16重量%或者15重量%,和特别小于14重量%。该聚乙烯醇份额应当不小于12重量%。
本发明所用的聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙酸乙烯酯的含量优选小于5重量%,小于3重量%或者小于1重量%,特别优选小于0.75重量%,非常特别优选小于0.5重量%和特别是小于0.25重量%。
缩醛化度可以由聚乙烯醇份额和残留的乙酸酯含量来计算确定。
该膜优选的增塑剂含量不超过40重量%,35重量%,32重量%,30重量%,28重量%,26重量%,24重量%,22重量%,20重量%,18重量%,16重量%,(在每种情况中相对于整个膜配制剂),并且由于膜可加工性的原因,增塑剂含量应当不小于15重量%。本发明的膜和光电模块可以包含一种或多种增塑剂。
原则上,适于本发明所用的膜的增塑剂是一种或多种选自下面的化合物:
多价脂肪族或者芳族酸的酯,例如己二酸二烷基酯例如己二酸二己酯,己二酸二辛酯,己二酸己基环己酯,己二酸庚基和壬基酯的混合物,己二酸二异壬基酯,己二酸庚基壬基酯,和己二酸与脂环族酯醇或者含有醚键的酯醇的酯,癸二酸二烷基酯例如癸二酸二丁酯和癸二酸与脂环族酯醇或者含有醚键的酯醇的酯,邻苯二甲酸的酯例如邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯或者邻苯二甲酸双-2-丁氧基乙酯。
多价脂肪族或者芳族醇或者低聚醚二元醇与一种或多种未支化的或者支化的脂肪族或者芳族取代基的酯或者醚,例如二-,三-或者四甘醇与直链或者支化的脂肪族或者脂环族羧酸的酯;作为后面这一组的例子可以提到的是二甘醇-双-(2-乙基己酸酯),三甘醇-双-(2-乙基己酸酯),三甘醇-双-(2-乙基丁酸酯),四甘醇-双-正庚酸酯,三甘醇-双-正庚酸酯,三甘醇-双-正己酸酯,四甘醇二甲基醚和/或二丙二醇苯甲酸酯。
与脂肪族或者芳族酯醇的膦酸酯例如三(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(TOF),磷酸三乙酯,磷酸二苯基-2-乙基己基酯,和/或磷酸三(邻甲苯酯)。
柠檬酸,琥珀酸和/或富马酸的酯。
很适于本发明膜的增塑剂是选自下面的一种或多种化合物:二-2-乙基己基癸二酸酯(DOS),二-2-乙基己基己二酸酯(DOA),二己基己二酸酯(DHA),二丁基癸二酸酯(DBS),三甘醇-双-正庚酸酯(3G7),四甘醇-双-正庚酸酯(4G7),三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯(3GO和3G8),四甘醇-双-正-2-乙基己酸酯(4GO和4G8),二-2-丁氧基乙基己二酸酯(DBEA),二-2-丁氧基乙氧基乙基己二酸酯(DBEEA),二-2-丁氧基乙基癸二酸酯(DBES),二-2-乙基己基邻苯二甲酸酯(DOP),二-异壬基邻苯二甲酸酯(DINP),三甘醇-双-异壬酸酯,三甘醇-双-2-丙基己酸酯,三(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(TOF),1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬基酯(DINCH)和二丙二醇苯甲酸酯。
非常特别适于作为本发明膜的增塑剂是这样的增塑剂,它的极性(用式100x O/(C+H)表示)小于/等于9.4,这里O,C和H分别代表在各自的分子中氧,碳和氢原子的数目。下表1列出了根据本发明可用的增塑剂及其根据它们的式100x O/(C+H)的极性值。
表1。
名称 | 极性值 |
二-2-乙基己基癸二酸酯(DOS) | 5.3 |
二异壬基环己烷二羧酸酯(DINCH) | 5.4 |
二-2-乙基己基己二酸酯(DOA) | 6.3 |
二-2-乙基己基邻苯二甲酸酯(DOP) | 6.5 |
二己基己二酸酯(DHA) | 7.7 |
二丁基癸二酸酯(DBS) | 7.7 |
三甘醇-双-2-丙基己酸酯 | 8.6 |
三甘醇-双-异壬酸酯 | 8.6 |
二-2-丁氧基乙基癸二酸酯(DBES) | 9.4 |
三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯(3G8) | 9.4 |
本发明所用的膜c)优选包含大于10ppm,优选大于20ppm,优选大于30ppm,优选大于50ppm,优选大于75ppm,优选大于100ppm,优选大于125ppm,特别优选大于150ppm的选自碱土金属(Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra),锌和铝的离子。另一方面,为了避免不期望的雾浊,它不应当包含大于1000ppm的这些多价金属。
同时,在包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜中碱金属离子(Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr)的含量应该调节为尽可能低。该膜优选包含小于150ppm,优选小于100ppm,优选小于75ppm,优选小于50ppm,优选小于25ppm,优选小于10ppm,和特别优选小于5ppm的碱金属离子。
各碱土金属,锌,铝,和碱金属离子在膜中是作为一价或者多价无机酸或者一价或者多价有机酸的盐而存在的。抗衡离子的例子是例如有机羧酸的盐例如甲酸盐,乙酸盐,三氟乙酸盐,丙酸盐,丁酸盐,苯甲酸盐,2-乙基己酸盐等等,其中优选使用具有小于10个C原子,优选小于8个,优选小于6个,优选小于4个和特别优选小于3个C原子的羧酸。无机抗衡离子的例子是氯离子,硝酸根,硫酸根,磷酸根。
优选地,本发明所用的膜的电阻率在85%相对湿度的环境湿度和23℃下是至少1E+11 ohm*cm,优选至少5E+11 ohm*cm,优选1E+12 ohm*cm,优选5E+12 ohm*cm,优选1E+13,优选5E+13 ohm*cm,优选1E+14 ohm*cm。
另外,可能取决于膜的水含量的离子迁移率和由此的电阻率可以通过加入硅石(Kiesels?ure),特别是热解SiO2来影响。该包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜优选包含0.001-15重量%,优选0.01-10重量%和特别2-5重量%的SiO2。
此外,本发明的膜还可以包含常规的添加剂,例如氧化稳定剂,染料,颜料和防粘剂,只要它们不负面影响UV透射率。
基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的理论生产和组成描述在例如EP 185863 B1,EP 1118258 B1,WO 02/102591 A1,EP 1118258 B1或者EP 387148 B1中。
该光电模块可以通过如下方式制备:借助至少一个包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜c),层压透明的前盖板a),光敏半导体层b)和后盖板d),熔融该膜,使得产生光敏半导体层的无气泡和条纹包封。
在本发明光电模块的这种变体中,将光敏半导体层b)嵌入两个膜c)之间,并且与透明的前盖板a)和后盖板d)粘合。
特别是在薄膜太阳能模块中,将光敏半导体层直接施加到载体上(例如通过蒸镀,气相沉积,溅射或者湿沉积)。包封在这种情况中是不可能的。所以,在这种本发明的模块中,将一个或多个光敏半导体层b)施加在透明的前盖板a)或者后盖板d)上,并且通过至少一个包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜c)来彼此粘合。
通常在薄膜模块中,将光敏半导体层整面地施加到载体上,即,达到载体的边缘。然后,再在边缘处除去一部分的光敏半导体层,以留下没有半导体的边缘区域,用于绝缘目的(人们所述的边缘去漆(Randentschichtung))。因为本发明所用膜的高电阻值,因此这种边缘区域可以以优选小于3 cm,特别优选小于2 cm,和特别是小于1 cm来非常窄地产生。
在层压方法过程中,本发明所用的膜填充了光敏半导体层和它们的电连接上存在的空腔。
该包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的厚度通常是0.38,0.51,0.76,1.14,1.52或者2.28mm。
该透明的前盖板a)通常是由玻璃或者PMMA制成的。本发明光电模块的后盖板d)可以由玻璃,塑料或者金属或者其复合材料来制成,并且所述载体的至少之一可以是透明的。还可以由层压玻璃来构成一个或者两个盖板(即,作为至少两个玻璃板和至少一个PVB膜的层压制件)或者作为具有气体间隙的绝缘玻璃板。当然,这些措施的组合也是可行的。
该模块中所用的光敏半导体层不必表现出任何具体的性能。可以使用单晶-或者多晶或者非晶态系统。
为了将以这种方式获得的层体(Schichtk?rper)进行层压,可以使用本领域技术人员熟悉的任何方法,其中制备或者不制备预制复合体。
人们所说的高压釜方法是在大约10-15 bar的升高压力和130-145℃的温度进行大约2小时。例如EP 1235683 B1所述的真空袋或者真空环方法是在大约200mbar和130-145℃进行的。
真空层压器优选用于生产本发明的光电模块。其由能够加热和抽真空的腔室组成,并且在其中复合玻璃板可以在30-60分钟内层压。0.01-300mbar的降低压力和100-200℃,特别是130–160℃的温度已经被证实在实践中是有利的。
可选择地,前述的组装成层体可以在60-150℃温度的至少一对辊子之间压制,来生产本发明的模块。这种用于生产复合玻璃板的系统是已知的,并且在具有两个压制机的系统中在首次压制之前和/或之后,通常装备有至少一个加热通道(Heiztunnel)。
本发明另外一个主题是包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜用于制造光电模块的用途,所述的膜的UV透射率大于35%,该透射率是根据EN410,在两个厚度2mm的白色玻璃板之间测量的。
本发明的光电模块可以用作立面构件(Fassadenbauteil),屋顶表面,温室盖板,隔音墙(Schallschutzwand),阳台或者栏杆元件(Balkon- oder Brüstungselement),或者作为窗口区域的部件。
测量方法:
所述膜的体积电阻率是根据DIN IEC 60093,在规定温度和环境湿度(23℃和85%相对空气湿度),在该膜已经在这种条件调理至少24小时之后来测量的。使用Fetronic GmbH的302132类型平板电极和Amprobe的ISO-Digi 5kV电阻测量仪来进行测量。这种测试电压是2.5 kV,在施加该测试电压后直到记录测量值的等待时间是60秒。为了确保测量电极平板与膜之间足够的接触,对于根据DIN EN ISO 4287的测量来说,其的表面粗糙度Rz应该不大于10mm,这意味着在进行电阻测量之前,有时必需通过热重铸来平滑化PVB膜的初始表面。
聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯醇乙酸酯的含量是根据ASTM D1396-92来测量的。金属离子含量是依靠原子吸收光谱法(AAS)来分析的。膜的含水量或者含湿量是使用卡尔-费歇尔方法来测量的。
为了确定缩醛化中所用的聚乙烯醇的UV吸收,在UV/VIS分光光度计例如Perkin-Elmer Lambda 910中,作为4%水溶液,以1 cm的层厚度在波长280nm对此测量。其中,测量值基于PVA的干物质含量。
实施例
厚度0.76mm的膜是用下表所列组成的混合物来生产的,并且根据EN 410,作为在2个厚度2mm的白色玻璃板(Optiwhite)之间的层压制件检查其光(380–780nm)和UV透射率(280–380nm)。电体积电阻率是如上所述,在膜样品已经在23℃/85%相对湿度充分调理之后测量的。归因于UV损害而导致的气泡或者分层的出现是在尺寸10x10cm的层压制件上(2x2mm Optiwhite玻璃),在辐照室存储20周之后,根据EN 12543来测量的,其中与EN 12543所述条件不同的是,在该腔室中占主导的样品温度是大约80℃。在大于5%的表面区域上表现出气泡的膜是不可用的。
已经表明,本发明的膜在辐照测试具有高的UV透射率和同时良好的稳定性。这种膜适用于光电应用中,因为它们在280到380nm的范围内将光电流产率提高了大约1%,特别是当使用蓝色敏感太阳能电池的情况中更是如此。
表2。
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
PVB | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 |
PVB的PVOH含量 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
UV吸收PVA(1) | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
3G8增塑剂 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
DINCH增塑剂 | - | - | - | - | - |
Tinuvin 328(2) | - | - | - | - | - |
Tinuvin 770 DF(3) | - | - | - | 0.15 | 0.3 |
ADK STAB LA-62(4) | - | - | 0.15 | - | - |
Sanduvor PR-31(5) | - | - | - | - | - |
光透射率TL [EN410](6) | 90.5 | 91.2 | 90.8 | 91.3 | 90.1 |
UV透射度(280-380nm)(6) | 71.80 | 72.00 | 63.40 | 73.50 | 72.50 |
辐照测试(7) | 4% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% |
体积电阻率(8) | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 |
表3。
实施例 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
PVB | 76 | 74 | 76 | 74 | 78 |
PVB的PVOH含量 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 |
UV吸收PVA(1) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
3G8增塑剂 | 24 | - | 24 | - | - |
DINCH增塑剂 | - | 26 | - | 26 | 22 |
Tinuvin 328(2) | - | - | - | - | - |
Tinuvin 770 DF(3) | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
ADK STAB LA-62(4) | - | - | - | - | - |
Sanduvor PR-31(5) | - | - | - | - | - |
光透射率TL [EN410](6) | 91 | 91.1 | 90.7 | 91 | 90.4 |
UV透射度(280-380nm)(6) | 70.20 | 73.00 | 70.20 | 71.80 | 73.40 |
辐照测试(7) | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
体积电阻率(8) | 1.5E+12 | 1.00E+14 | 1.5E+12 | 1.00E+14 | >3.5 E+14 |
表4。
实施例 | VG1 | VG2 | VG3 | VG4 | VG5 | VG6 |
PVB | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 |
PVB的PVOH含量 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
UV吸收PVA(1) | 0.82 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
3G8增塑剂 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
DINCH增塑剂 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Tinuvin 328(2) | - | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.3 | - |
Tinuvin 770 DF(3) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
ADK STAB LA-62(4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sanduvor PR-31(5) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.15 |
光透射率TL [EN410](6) | 87.4 | 90.5 | 90.7 | 88.4 | 91.2 | 90.6 |
UV透射度(280-380nm)(6) | 62.50 | 5.94 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 5.00 |
辐照测试(7) | 15% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
体积电阻率(8) | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 | 3.0E+11 |
表中所给出的全部数据是相对于膜混合物中的PVB+增塑剂之和的重量%。
其中缩写具有下面含义:
3G8 三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯
DINCH 1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬基酯
PVB 具有特定PVA含量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛
(1) 在280nm的4重量%水溶液的消光值
(2) 苯并三唑类型UV吸收剂(Ciba Specialities)
(3) HALS,没有不饱和成分(Ciba Specialities)
(4) HALS,没有不饱和成分(Asahi-Denka)
(5) HALS,具有不饱和成分(Clariant)
(6) 在层压于2个2mm厚的Optiwhite玻璃板之间的0.76mm膜上测量(Pilkington)
(7) 在根据EN 12543(80℃)的辐照测试之后,在距离层压制件边缘大于1 cm之处发生气泡和/或分层的面积的份额
(8) 根据DIN IEC 60093在23℃ /85%相对空气湿度测量,并且测试电压2500V,单位[Ohm*cm]。
Claims (9)
1.光电模块,其包含由以下制成的层压制件:
a) 透明的前盖板,
b) 一个或多个光敏半导体层,
c) 至少一个包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,和
d) 后盖板,
特征在于该包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜c)的UV透射率大于35%,该透射率是根据EN410在两个2mm厚的白色玻璃板之间测量的。
2.权利要求1所述的光电模块,特征在于该聚乙烯醇缩醛是通过聚乙烯醇的缩醛化来生产的,其在280nm和在4重量%的水溶液中具有小于0.5的消光值。
3.权利要求1或者2任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜c)基本上不含UV吸收剂。
4.权利要求1-3任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜c)包含0.001-5重量%的非芳族光稳定剂。
5.权利要求4所述的光电模块,特征在于将空间受阻胺(HALS)或者空间受阻氨基醚(NOR-HALS)用作该非芳族光稳定剂。
6.权利要求1-5任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于该包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜包含大于10ppm的选自碱土金属、锌和铝的金属离子和小于150ppm的碱金属离子。
7.权利要求1-6任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于该包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜c)在85%相对湿度/23℃的环境气候下的体积电阻率是至少1E11 Ohm*cm。
8.包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,特征在于它基本上不包含芳族UV吸收剂和0.005-1重量%空间受阻胺(HALS)和/或空间受阻氨基醚(NOR-HALS)作为非芳族光保护剂。
9.包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,特征在于该聚乙烯醇缩醛是通过聚乙烯醇的酸催化的缩醛化来生产的,其中该聚乙烯醇在4重量%的水溶液中的消光值小于0.5。
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DE102009001629.5 | 2009-03-18 | ||
DE102009001629A DE102009001629A1 (de) | 2009-03-18 | 2009-03-18 | Photovoltaikmodule enthaltend plastifizierte Zwischenschicht-Folien mit hoher Strahlungstransmission |
PCT/EP2010/053250 WO2010106000A1 (de) | 2009-03-18 | 2010-03-15 | Photovoltaikmodule enthaltend plastifizierte zwischenschicht-folien mit hoher strahlungstransmission |
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CN102355992A true CN102355992A (zh) | 2012-02-15 |
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US (1) | US8872019B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2408619B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5939975B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102355992B (zh) |
DE (1) | DE102009001629A1 (zh) |
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WO (1) | WO2010106000A1 (zh) |
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CN105939980A (zh) * | 2014-03-28 | 2016-09-14 | 积水化学工业株式会社 | 夹层玻璃用中间膜及夹层玻璃 |
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CN109923085A (zh) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-06-21 | 积水化学工业株式会社 | 热塑性树脂膜以及含有玻璃板的叠层体 |
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WO2013069660A1 (ja) * | 2011-11-11 | 2013-05-16 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール |
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JP2012521083A (ja) | 2012-09-10 |
EP2408619B1 (de) | 2016-09-21 |
US20120067404A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
DE102009001629A1 (de) | 2010-09-23 |
CN102355992B (zh) | 2015-10-14 |
WO2010106000A1 (de) | 2010-09-23 |
US8872019B2 (en) | 2014-10-28 |
JP5939975B2 (ja) | 2016-06-29 |
MX2011009662A (es) | 2011-09-30 |
EP2408619A1 (de) | 2012-01-25 |
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