CN102017185A - 包含具有高体积电阻和好的耐渗透性的塑化中间层膜的光电模块 - Google Patents
包含具有高体积电阻和好的耐渗透性的塑化中间层膜的光电模块 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102017185A CN102017185A CN2009801164650A CN200980116465A CN102017185A CN 102017185 A CN102017185 A CN 102017185A CN 2009801164650 A CN2009801164650 A CN 2009801164650A CN 200980116465 A CN200980116465 A CN 200980116465A CN 102017185 A CN102017185 A CN 102017185A
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- Prior art keywords
- film
- pioloform
- optical
- polyvinyl acetal
- plasticizer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 title 1
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- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl benzoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- GPZYYYGYCRFPBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-Hydroxyflavone Chemical compound C=1C(=O)C2=CC(O)=CC=C2OC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 GPZYYYGYCRFPBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002014 Aerosil® 130 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- QSAWQNUELGIYBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCCCC1C(O)=O QSAWQNUELGIYBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
- C08K5/101—Esters; Ether-esters of monocarboxylic acids
- C08K5/103—Esters; Ether-esters of monocarboxylic acids with polyalcohols
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
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Abstract
本发明涉及基于聚乙烯醇缩醛并且包含多于10ppm的选自碱土金属、锌和铝的金属离子以及少于150ppm的碱金属离子的含增塑剂的膜用于制造光电模块的用途。该膜优选在85%相对湿度/23℃的环境气候中展现多于1E11 ohm*cm的体积电阻。该光电模块可用作正面元件、屋顶面、温室覆盖物、隔音墙、阳台或胸墙元件,或者作为窗口区域构件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用具有增加的体积电阻和好的耐渗透性的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜制造光电模块。
现有技术
光电模块由装配有透明覆盖层以提供保护免遭外部影响的光敏半导体层组成。作为光敏半导体层,可以使用单晶太阳能电池或载体的多晶薄半导体层。薄膜太阳能模块由借助于例如蒸镀、气相沉积、溅射或湿沉积施加于基材例如透明片材或柔性载体膜的光敏半导体层组成。
通常借助于透明粘结剂将两个体系层压在玻璃板与例如由玻璃或塑料制成的刚硬后覆盖板之间。
透明粘结剂必须完全包封光敏半导体层并且其的电连接,必须UV稳定和湿度不敏感,并且必须在层压工艺后完全无气泡。
作为透明粘结剂,通常使用如DE 41 22 721 C1或DE 41 28 766 A1中公开的热固性浇注树脂或可交联乙烯乙酸乙烯酯-(EVA)-基体系。在未固化状态中,可以将这些粘结剂体系调节至低粘度使得它们以无气泡的方式包封太阳能电池元件。加入固化或交联剂后,得到机械抗性的粘结层。这些粘结剂体系的缺点是在固化过程期间,通常释放侵蚀性物质例如酸,其可能破坏光敏半导体层,特别是薄膜模块。另外,由于UV辐射在几年后一些浇注树脂往往形成气泡或分层。
热固性粘合剂体系的一种替代物是使用基于聚乙烯醇缩醛,例如从复合玻璃的制造中已知的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的含增塑剂的膜。将太阳能电池元件用一个或多个PVB膜覆盖,并且在升高的压力和升高的温度下将膜与所希望的覆盖材料粘结形成层压物。
使用PVB膜制造太阳能模块的方法例如从DE 40 26 165 C2、DE 42278 60 A1、DE 29 237 70 C2、DE 35 38 986 C2或US 4,321,418中已知。PVB膜在太阳能模块中作为复合安全玻璃的用途公开于例如DE 20 302045 U1、EP 1617487 A1和DE 35 389 86 C2中。然而,这些文献没有包含关于使用的PVB膜的机械、化学和电性能的任何信息。
随着光敏半导体层越来越高的效率和太阳能模块的全球分布,膜的电性能特别变得越来越重要。还必须避免在模块的整个寿命期间在极端天气条件例如热带温度、高空气湿度或强UV辐射下半导体层的电荷损失或者甚至短路。根据IEC 61215,使光电模块进行许多试验(湿热试验、湿漏电流试验)以减小模块的损耗电流(Verluststrom)。
已知PVB膜的电阻随着增加的水分含量而急剧降低,这强烈地促进光电模块中出现泄露电流(Leckstrom)。在光电模块的边缘区域,作为包封材料的膜暴露于环境并且经受环境条件例如高环境湿度。这里,边缘区域的膜的水含量可能强烈增加并且具有至多平衡湿度的值(约3重量%)。膜的边缘区域中增加的水含量强烈降低了其在该区域中的电阻。朝向膜的中部,水含量再次减小,但为了避免泄漏电流,因此不能将光敏半导体层设置到直至膜或模块的边缘区域。这减小了模块的和因此减小了电效率。
太阳能电池,特别是例如基于CIS(铜/铟/(二)硒化物)或铜/铟/镓/硫化物/硒化物(CIGS)的薄膜太阳能模块的光敏半导体层,或者用作电导体的薄层(TCO:透明导电氧化物)容易遭受化学腐蚀。包封材料因此必须尽可能化学惰性并且不得含腐蚀性化学添加剂,例如固化剂(Vernetzer)、交联剂或底漆。还应该避免水、碱金属离子或痕量酸的存在。
尽管通常用于光电模块的塑料被公知为有效的电绝缘材料,但没有展现出残余导电性,这通常可能归因于杂质例如水、离子催化剂残余物或盐。特别地,离子杂质与扩散进入的水之间的共同作用(这在用使用期间典型的环境湿度实践中将总是预期)是显著部分的残余导电性的原因。
出于该原因,似乎显然用尽可能小盐含量制得用于光电模块的粘结膜。在通常用于制造复合安全玻璃的常规聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)膜的情形中,膜的盐含量一方面取决于PVB聚合物的盐含量,根据制造方法取决于在此采用的清洗工艺的质量,该聚合物通常含有20-300ppm量的无机酸盐,例如NaCl、KCl、NaNO3、KNO3、Na2SO4或K2SO4。另一方面,碱金属盐和碱土金属盐通常以约20-500ppm的量作为所谓的抗粘附剂加入常规PVB膜以增加玻璃/膜/玻璃复合物的耐渗透性。需要这些盐以调节所述膜对玻璃的足够低的粘结水平。如果使用PVB膜制造的光电模块除了高电流产生外还展现出复合玻璃的安全性,则例如由于模块是玻璃正面的一部分,因此有通常用于减少粘结的抗粘附剂的组合和数量还可能减小电阻并且增加半导体层的腐蚀的问题。
因此复合玻璃的玻璃组件部分的安全性通常被认为是足够的,如果该组件在根据EN 12600的摆锤冲击试验期间符合至少3B等级的话,在试验中使50kg双轮胎摆锤相对于玻璃从190mm的落差摇摆。如果摆锤没有打碎玻璃组件或者没有形成过大的开口并且没有锋利边缘的碎片散落,则认为通过试验。在常规使用并且厚度测量为0.76mm的粘结性减小的PVB膜的情形中,复合玻璃通过摆锤冲击试验,即使有显著更大的落差,特别为1200mm情况下也是如此,由此达到最高抗性等级1B。如果光电模块例如作为玻璃组件集成到建筑正面中并且符合对复合安全玻璃的防破碎性的常规高要求,则PVB膜将展现出对玻璃或邻近的功能层不过高的粘结性。
技术目的
因此本发明的目的是提供具有高体积电阻和好的耐渗透性的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜与玻璃板组合用于制造光电模块。
技术解决方案
已经发现加入有例如碱土金属盐并且还具有低的碱金属盐含量的PVB膜使得可以获得具有足够的渗透性的光电模块。此外,基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜的体积电阻进一步增加并且这些膜的半导体层的腐蚀性也减小。
发明描述
本发明因此涉及包含下列组件的层压物的光电模块:
a)透明前覆盖层
b)一个或多个光敏半导体层
c)至少一个基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜,和
d)后覆盖层
其中该基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)包含多于10ppm的选自碱土金属、锌和铝的金属离子以及少于150ppm的碱金属离子。
当使用多种不同金属离子时,提及的浓度基于单个浓度的相应总和,即基于碱金属离子或多价金属离子的总浓度。
根据本发明使用的膜c)优选含有多于15ppm,优选多于20ppm,优选多于30ppm,优选多于50ppm,优选多于75ppm,优选多于100ppm,优选多于125ppm并且特别优选多于150ppm的碱土金属(Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra)、锌或铝的离子。然而另一方面,应该含有不超过1000ppm的所述多价金属以避免不希望的膜混浊。
同时,基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜中碱金属离子(Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs、Fr)含量应该被设置为尽可能低。特别地,膜含有少于100ppm,优选少于75ppm,优选少于50ppm,优选少于25ppm,优选少于15ppm,优选少于10ppm并且特别优选少于5ppm的碱金属离子。
相应的碱土金属、锌、铝或碱金属的离子以单价或多价无机酸盐或者单价或多价有机酸盐的形式加入膜混合物。抗衡离子的例子包括,例如有机羧酸盐,例如甲酸盐、乙酸盐、三氟乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐、苯甲酸盐、2-乙基己酸盐等,其中优选使用具有少于10个C原子,优选少于8,优选少于6,优选少于4并且特别优选具有少于3个C原子的羧酸。无机抗衡离子的例子包括氯离子、硝酸根、硫酸根和磷酸根。
根据本发明使用的膜优选在85%相对湿度的环境湿度下在23℃展现出至少1E+11ohm*cm,优选至少5E+11ohm*cm、1E+12ohm*cm、5E+12ohm*cm、1E+13、5E+13ohm*cm或1E+14ohm*cm的电阻率。
为了制备聚乙烯醇缩醛,将聚乙烯醇溶于水并且伴随着加入酸催化剂用醛例如丁醛缩醛化。将制得的聚乙烯醇缩醛分离出来、中性清洗、任选地悬浮于碱性含水介质中并且然后再次中性清洗,并且干燥。
在反应结束后,必须将用于缩醛化的酸再次中和。尤其是,通过省去通常用于中和催化剂的氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾或者碳酸盐,或者通过彻底清洗缩醛化期间获得的聚乙烯醇缩醛而合成聚乙烯醇缩醛,可以实现碱金属离子的低含量。作为碱NaOH或KOH的替代,可以例如通过吹入二氧化碳或环氧乙烷中和来自缩醛化步骤的催化剂酸。
可以通过在缩醛化期间使用的醛的量调节聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙烯醇含量。
也可以使用其它或另外的具有2-10个碳原子的醛(例如戊醛)进行缩醛化。
基于含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜优选包含通过用丁醛将聚乙烯醇缩醛化获得的未交联聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)。
交联聚乙烯醇缩醛,特别是交联聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的使用也是可能的。合适的交联聚乙烯醇缩醛描述于例如EP 1527107 B1和WO2004/063231 A1(含羧基的聚乙烯醇缩醛的热自交联)、EP 1606325 A1(与聚醛交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛),和WO 03/020776 A1(与乙醛酸交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛)。这些专利申请的公开内容全部作为参考引入本文。
水解乙酸乙烯酯/乙烯共聚物的三聚物也可用作本发明范围内的聚乙烯醇。这些化合物通常水解至超过98mol%并且含有1-10重量%基于乙烯的单元(例如得自Kuraray Europe GmbH的″Exceval″类型)。
此外,由乙酸乙烯酯和至少一种另外的烯属不饱和单体的水解共聚物也可用作本发明范围内的聚乙烯醇。
在本发明的范围内,聚乙烯醇可以纯的形式或者作为具有不同的聚合度或水解度的聚乙烯醇混合物使用。
除了缩醛单元,聚乙烯醇缩醛还含有得自乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯醇的单元。根据本发明使用的聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙烯醇含量优选为少于22重量%、20重量%或18重量%,少于16重量%或15重量%,并且特别地少于14重量%。聚乙烯醇含量应该不低于12重量%。
根据本发明使用的聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙酸乙烯酯含量优选低于5重量%、低于3重量%或低于1重量%,特别优选低于0.75重量%,非常特别优选低于0.5重量%并且特别地低于0.25重量%。
缩醛化度可由聚乙烯醇含量和残余乙酸酯含量计算。
膜优选具有最大40重量%、35重量%、32重量%、30重量%、28重量%、26重量%、24重量%、22重量%、20重量%、18重量%、16重量%的增塑剂含量,因此出于膜的加工性的原因,增塑剂含量应该不低于15重量%(在每一情形下基于总的膜制剂)。根据本发明的膜或光电模块可以包含一种或多种增塑剂。
用于根据本发明使用的膜的原则上合适的增塑剂是选自以下的一种或多种化合物:
-多价脂族或芳族酸的酯,例如己二酸二烷基酯例如己二酸二己酯、己二酸二辛酯、己二酸己基环己酯、己二酸庚酯和壬酯的混合物、己二酸二异壬酯、己二酸庚基壬酯,和己二酸与脂环族酯醇或者含醚键的酯醇的酯,癸二酸二烷基酯例如癸二酸二丁酯,以及癸二酸与脂环族酯醇或含醚键的酯醇的酯,邻苯二甲酸酯例如邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯或双-2-丁氧基乙基邻苯二甲酸酯,
-具有一个或多个未支化或支化的脂族或芳族取代基的多元脂族或芳族醇或者低聚醚乙二醇的酯或醚,例如具有线型或支化脂族或脂环族羧酸的二、三或四乙二醇的酯;后一类的例子可以包括二甘醇-双-(2-乙基己酸酯)、三甘醇-双-(2-乙基己酸酯)、三甘醇-双-(2-乙基丁酸酯)、四甘醇-双-正庚酸酯、三甘醇-双-正庚酸酯、三甘醇-双-正己酸酯、四甘醇二甲醚和/或二丙二醇苯甲酸酯。
-具有脂族或芳族酯醇的磷酸酯,例如三(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(TOF)、磷酸三乙酯、二苯基-2-乙基己基磷酸酯,和/或磷酸三甲苯酯。
-柠檬酸、琥珀酸和/或富马酸的酯。
特别适合用作用于根据本发明使用的膜的增塑剂的化合物包括选自以下的那些的一种或多种:二-2-乙基己基癸二酸酯(DOS)、二-2-乙基己基己二酸酯(DOA)、己二酸二己酯(DHA)、癸二酸二丁酯(DBS)、三甘醇-双-正庚酸酯(3G7)、四甘醇-双-正庚酸酯(4G7)、三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯(3GO或3G8)、四甘醇-双-正-2-乙基己酸酯(4GO或4G8)、二-2-丁氧基乙基己二酸酯(DBEA),二-2-丁氧基乙氧基乙基己二酸酯(DBEEA)、二-2-丁氧基乙基癸二酸酯(DBES)、二-2-乙基己基邻苯二甲酸酯(DOP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)、三甘醇-双-异壬酸酯、三甘醇-双-2-丙基己酸酯、三(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(TOF)、1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯(DINCH)和二丙二醇苯甲酸酯。
特别适合作为用于根据本发明使用的膜的增塑剂的是其的极性(由式100xO/(C+H)表示)小于/等于9.4的增塑剂;其中O、C和H表示相应分子中的氧、碳和氢原子数目。下表示出了可根据本发明使用并且其的极性值根据式100xO/(C+H)的增塑剂。
表1
名称 | 极性值 |
二-2-乙基己基癸二酸酯(DOS) | 5.3 |
二异壬基环己烷二羧酸酯(DINCH) | 5.4 |
二-2-乙基己基己二酸酯(DOA) | 6.3 |
二-2-乙基己基邻苯二甲酸酯(DOP) | 6.5 |
己二酸二己酯(DHA) | 7.7 |
癸二酸二丁酯(DBS) | 7.7 |
三甘醇-双-2-丙基己酸酯 | 8.6 |
三甘醇-双-异壬酸酯 | 8.6 |
二-2-丁氧基乙基癸二酸酯(DBES) | 9.4 |
三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯(3G8) | 9.4 |
此外,可能取决于膜的水含量的离子迁移率并且因此电阻率可能受到硅酸,特别是热解SiO2加入的影响。基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜优选包含0.001-15重量%,优选0.01-10重量%并且特别为2-5重量%的SiO2。
此外,根据本发明的膜还可以另外包含常规添加剂,例如氧化稳定剂、UV稳定剂、着色剂、颜料和抗粘结剂。
基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的原理性制备和组成描述于例如EP 185 863B1、EP 1 118 258 B1、WO 02/102591 A1、EP 1 118 258 B1或EP 387 148 B1中。
使用至少一个基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c),通过以使得获得无气泡和无波纹包封的光敏半导体层的方式使膜熔合,通过将透明前覆盖层a)、光敏半导体层b)和后覆盖层d)层压制造光电模块。
在根据本发明的光电模块的该变型中,将光敏半导体层嵌入两个膜c)之间并且以该方式与覆盖层a)和d)粘结。
基于含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的厚度通常为0.38、0.51、0.76、1.14、1.52或2.28mm。
特别地在薄膜太阳能模块情形中,光敏半导体层直接施加于载体(例如通过蒸镀、气相沉积、溅射或湿沉积)。这里光敏半导体层包封是不可能的。
在根据本发明的光电模块的一个变型中,光敏半导体层施加于覆盖层d)(例如通过蒸镀、气相沉积、溅射或湿沉积)并且借助于至少一个膜c)与透明前覆盖层a)粘结。
在另一个变型中,光敏半导体层施加于透明前覆盖层a)并且借助于至少一个膜c)与后覆盖层d)粘结。
在薄膜模块中,光敏半导体层的整个表面通常施加于载体,即直至载体的边缘。出于绝缘目的,然后在边缘将一些光敏半导体层以使得留下无半导体边缘区域的方式再次除去(所谓的边缘脱层)。由于根据本发明使用的膜的高电阻值,因此可以制得非常窄的该边缘区域,优选小于3cm,特别优选小于2cm并且特别为小于1cm窄。
在层压过程期间,根据本发明使用的膜填充存在于光敏半导体层或其的电连接的空隙。
透明前覆盖层通常由玻璃或PMMA组成。根据本发明的光电模块的后覆盖层可由玻璃、塑料或金属或者其的复合物组成,其中至少一个载体可以是透明的。还可以将一个或两个覆盖层设计为复合玻璃(即由至少两个玻璃板和至少一个PVB膜制成的层压物)或者具有气隙的绝缘玻璃。自然地,这些措施的组合也是可能的。
用于模块的光敏半导体层不需要具有任何特殊性能。可以使用单晶、多晶或非晶态体系。
为了层压由此获得的层体可以使用本领域那些技术人员已知的方法,预先或不预先制备预复合物(Vorverbund)。
所谓的高压釜工艺在约10-15巴的升高压力和130-145℃的温度下在约2小时内进行。例如根据EP 1 235 683 B1,真空袋或真空环方法在约200毫巴和130-145℃的温度工作。
真空层压机优选用于制造根据本发明的光电模块。它们由可加热并且可抽真空的室组成,在其中复合玻璃可以在30-60分钟内层压。0.01-300毫巴的降低压力和100-200℃,特别是130-160℃的温度在实践中证明有价值。
备选地,可以在至少一对辊子之间在60-150℃温度将如上所述组装的层体压制成根据本发明的模块。这类装置被已知用于制造复合玻璃并且通常在具有两个压制设备的装置中在第一压制设备的上游或下游具有至少一个加热通道。
工业应用
本发明进一步涉及包含多于10ppm的选自碱土金属、锌和铝的金属离子以及少于150ppm的碱金属离子,或者根据提及的优选实施方案构造的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)用于制造光电模块的用途。
根据本发明的光电模块可用作正面元件(Fassadenbauteil)、屋顶面、温室覆盖物、隔音墙、阳台或胸墙元件,或者作为窗口区域构件。
测量方法:
在膜于下面条件下调节至少24h后,根据DIN IEC 60093在规定的温度和环境湿度(23℃和85%空气相对湿度)下进行膜的体积电阻率测量。为了完成测量,使用得自Fetronic GmbH公司的型号302 132的板电极,和得自Amprobe公司的电阻测量仪器ISO-Digi 5kV。试验电压为2.5kV,施加试验电压后直到获得测量数据的等待时间为60秒。为了保证测量电极的平板与膜之间充分接触,当根据DIN EN ISO 4287测量时膜的表面粗糙度Rz应该不大于10mm;即如果需要,在电阻测量前必须通过热重新压印使PVB膜的原始表面光滑。
聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯醇乙酸酯含量根据ASTM D1396-92测量。金属离子含量的分析借助于原子吸收光谱(AAS)进行。膜的水或水分含量通过Karl Fischer方法确定。
摆锤冲击试验根据EN 12600进行;结果根据该标准的分类给出。
膜对玻璃的粘合性由‘摆锤值’给出,在每一情形下基于玻璃的燃烧或涂锡侧。摆锤试验以本领域技术人员已知的方式进行。
浊度根据ASTM 1003 D在光滑膜上以%计的浊度值确定。
为了评价PVB膜的粘结性,在没有太阳能电池的玻璃/玻璃层压物上以DE 197 56 274 A1中公开的方式进行压缩剪切试验。为了制备试验样品,将待试验的PVB膜布置在规格为300mmx300mm并且具有2mm厚度的两个平面硅酸盐玻璃板之间,并且在预复合物烘箱中用压延辊将空气排空形成玻璃预复合物,并且然后在高压釜中在12巴压力和140℃温度在总共90分钟内将其压制成平面的复合安全玻璃。从由此制得的复合安全玻璃上切割10个测量为25.4mmx25.4mm的样品。根据DE 197 56 274 A1将这些以45°角夹在试验设备中,间隙深度约为相应玻璃厚度的2/3。上半部分装载有连续升高、正好垂直向下的力直到试验样品剪切开,即观察待试验的复合安全板剪断。
试验参数如下:
表2
对于每一试验样品,由10个相同试验样品将剪切期间施加的力线型平均。参考以下实施例并且要求了平均压缩剪切试验值,该平均值由10次测量确定。对于余下的而言,将参考DE 197 56 274 A1。
实施例
使用下表中所示的组成的混合物制备0.76mm厚的膜,并且测试它们的电阻和对玻璃的粘结性以及由5mm浮法玻璃/膜/5mm浮法玻璃形成的复合玻璃的耐摆锤冲击性。
表3和4中详述的量以基于PVB和增塑剂的总和的重量%给出。3G8是三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯,AEROSIL 130和TINUVIN 328是得自Evonik Degussa GmbH或CIBA的商业产品。对于在23℃/85%相对湿度下经气候整理的膜,体积电阻根据DIN IEC 60093以Ohm给出(如上所述)。
作为PVB,使用具有60-90mPas粘度(根据DIN 53015作为于乙醇中5%溶液(含5%水)在20℃测量)并具有20.0重量%的PVA含量的高粘度聚乙烯醇缩丁醛,由于彻底清洗,其的Na离子含量小于3ppm。
可以看出,具有根据本发明的盐浓度的膜展现出高电阻率以及由此制得的玻璃/膜/玻璃层压物的好的耐渗透性。这类膜适用于光伏应用。通过加入SiO2可以实现电阻率的进一步提高。
表3
表4
Claims (10)
1.光电模块,包含下列组件的层压物:
a)透明前覆盖层
b)一个或多个光敏半导体层
c)至少一个基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜,和
d)后覆盖层
特征在于所述基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)包含多于10ppm的选自碱土金属、锌和铝的金属离子以及少于150ppm的碱金属离子。
2.根据权利要求1的光电模块,特征在于所述基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)具有最大40重量%的增塑剂含量。
3.根据权利要求1或2的光电模块,特征在于所述基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)在85%相对湿度/23℃的环境气候中具有多于1E11ohm*cm的体积电阻。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项的光电模块,特征在于所述聚乙烯醇缩醛具有少于5重量%的聚乙酸乙烯酯含量。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项的光电模块,特征在于使用一种或多种化合物作为增塑剂,所述化合物的极性,由式100xO/(C+H)表示,小于/等于9.4,其中O、C和H表示相应分子中的氧、碳和氢原子数目。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项的光电模块,特征在于所述聚乙烯醇缩醛具有小于22重量%的聚乙烯醇含量。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项的光电模块,特征在于基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)包含0.001-15重量%的SiO2。
8.根据权利要求1-7任一项的光电模块,特征在于将一个或多个光敏半导体层b)施加于透明前覆盖层a)或后覆盖层d),并且通过至少一个基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜c)彼此粘合。
9.包含多于10ppm的选自碱土金属、锌和铝的金属离子以及少于150ppm的碱金属离子的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的含增塑剂的膜用于制造光电模块的用途。
10.根据权利要求1-8任一项的光电模块用作正面元件、屋顶面、温室覆盖物、隔音墙、阳台或胸墙元件,或者作为窗口区域构件的用途。
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DE102007000816A1 (de) * | 2007-10-05 | 2009-04-09 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule mit weichmacherhaltigen Folien auf Basis von Polyvinylacetal mit hohem spezifischen Widerstand |
DE102007055733A1 (de) * | 2007-12-07 | 2009-06-10 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule mit reflektierenden Klebefolien |
DE102008001512A1 (de) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Dünnschicht-Solarmodul als Verbundsicherheitsglas |
DE102008001507A1 (de) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule enthaltend plastifizierte Zwischenschicht-Folien mit hohem Alkalititer |
DE102008042218A1 (de) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule enthaltend plastifizierte Zwischenschicht-Folien mit niedriger Glasübergangstemperatur |
DE102008001502A1 (de) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule mit Kieselsäure-haltigen plastifizierten Zwischenschicht-Folien |
DE102008001505A1 (de) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule enthaltend plastifizierte Zwischenschicht-Folien mit niedrigem Polyvinylacetatgehalt |
-
2008
- 2008-05-08 DE DE102008001654A patent/DE102008001654A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-05-08 US US12/991,573 patent/US20110056555A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-05-08 JP JP2011507935A patent/JP2011520278A/ja active Pending
- 2009-05-08 WO PCT/EP2009/055586 patent/WO2009135930A2/de active Application Filing
- 2009-05-08 CN CN2009801164650A patent/CN102017185A/zh active Pending
- 2009-05-08 EP EP09742148A patent/EP2286463A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2286463A2 (de) | 2011-02-23 |
US20110056555A1 (en) | 2011-03-10 |
WO2009135930A2 (de) | 2009-11-12 |
WO2009135930A3 (de) | 2010-09-23 |
DE102008001654A1 (de) | 2009-11-12 |
JP2011520278A (ja) | 2011-07-14 |
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