CN102332457A - 高光效cmos图像传感器 - Google Patents

高光效cmos图像传感器 Download PDF

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CN102332457A
CN102332457A CN2011100677935A CN201110067793A CN102332457A CN 102332457 A CN102332457 A CN 102332457A CN 2011100677935 A CN2011100677935 A CN 2011100677935A CN 201110067793 A CN201110067793 A CN 201110067793A CN 102332457 A CN102332457 A CN 102332457A
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diode structure
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罗佩璁
杨丹
史训清
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Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute ASTRI
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Abstract

本发明提供一种高光效CMOS图像传感器。由于光电二极管的高填充率和高效的光隔离,可不需要集成微透镜。每个传感器包括多个成像像素,每个像素包括在半导体基板上的一个光电二极管结构,该光电二极管结构靠近图像传感器的光入射面(上表面)。光隔离栅格围住每个光电二极管结构,并设定像素边界。光隔离栅格延伸的深度最少为光电二极管结构的厚度,避免入射光穿过入射像素而进入到相邻像素。一个正扩散柱塞垂直延伸穿过一部分光电二极管结构。一个负扩散柱塞垂直延伸到半导体基板内,使光电二极管里产生的电荷可转移到半导体基板内的一个电荷收集区域。位于光电二极管下方的像素电路控制到图像读取电路的电荷转移。

Description

高光效CMOS图像传感器
【技术领域】
本发明涉及CMOS图像传感器,特别涉及具有高光效、高填充率、和低光电互扰杂讯的CMOS图像传感器。 
【发明背景】
固态成像器件如电荷耦合器件(CCD)和互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)图像传感器被广泛应用于从相机到手机以及计算机的成像应用。由于CMOS制造技术与其它半导体器件的工艺是相容的,因而将CMOS图像传感器与其它器件集成在一起是可行的。 
CMOS图像传感器大体上分为两类:前面照度传感器和背面照度传感器。在前面照度器件里,捕获图像的光电二极管的位置相对远离入射光。而在背面照度器件里,光电二极管的位置更靠近入射光,此背面照度器件技术日益发展成熟。但是,驱动成像传感器的电路通常安置在相邻光电二极管之间的区域里,限制了光电二极管能够捕获光线的面积(就是限制了器件的“填充率”,即光电二极管面积对像素面积的比率)。侧边安置的电路与光电二极管竞争芯片面积,大大降低了光感应面积。 
此外,传统的CMOS图像传感器还结合使用了较小的光电二极管(较低填充率的光电二极管)和微透镜,试图降低相邻像素之间的光互扰杂讯。但是,考虑到光通过小于1.4微米(甚至小于1.2微米)像素上的微透镜时可能产生的衍射或其他光学效应,制作此类微透镜反而会带来不良的效果。然而,若依据该像素尺寸限制,进一步提高像素密度又是不可能的,因此微透镜的使用限制了图像传感器分辨率的提高。 
电性互扰杂讯也是一个问题,其阻碍了更小像素尺寸的发展。更小的像素尺寸结果是在每单位面积上有更高的像素密度,从而增加相邻像素之间光和电的互扰杂讯问题。 
因此,需要改进现有技术,使CMOS图像传感器具有更大的光电二极管填充率,但不需要集成微透镜,从而允许制作像素尺寸小于1.2微米的图像传感器,提高像素密度。同时,需要改进现有技术,使CMOS图像传感器能够支持极高像素密度(由于更小的像素尺寸),而不会产生高的光和电互扰杂讯。 
【发明概述】
本发明提供一种高光效CMOS图像传感器。传感器包括隔离栅格,其环绕每个像素,并阻止入射光照到相邻像素,从而在像素间产生高效的光隔离。由于图像传感器光学二极管具有高填充率,连同隔离栅格这个特征,可以制作出无微透镜的图像传感器,其像素尺寸可小于1.2微米,从而提高传感器的像素密度。因此,可以制作高分辨率的图像传感器。 
本发明提供一个高光效的CMOS图像传感器,其包括多个图像像素,每个像素包括一个在半导体基板上的光电二极管结构,光电二极管被安置在靠近图像传感器的一个光入射面(上表面)。每一个光电二极管结构被一个隔离栅格包围着,并设定为像素边界。隔离栅格延伸的深度最少为光电二极管结构厚度,并被设置以避免像素上的入射光穿过该入射像素而照射到相邻像素上。此外该隔离栅格可延伸穿过半导体基板的厚度,从而避免相邻像素之间的电性互扰杂讯。 
一个正扩散柱塞垂直延伸穿过至少一部分光电二极管结构。一个负扩散柱塞垂直延伸到半导体基板,并与光电二极管结构电性连接以将光电二极管里由入射光产生的电荷转移到半导体基板内的图像传感器的一个电荷收集区域。 
位于光电二极管结构下方的是像素电路,用作控制从光电二极管到图像读取电路间的电荷转移。像素电路至少部分形成在半导体基板内。 
【附图说明】
图1A-U描述部分CMOS图像传感器的形成以及部分传感器像素电路的形成。其中,图1A表示出具有P-I-N外延层的P-型硅晶圆;图1B表 示出P圆形扩散柱塞光刻、蚀刻及P+注入;图1C表示出像素a和P-扩散柱塞P;图1D表示出PR擦除、晶圆退火&氧化沉积;图1E表示出将P-型硅基板与第一硅承载晶圆键合&退火;图1F表示出减薄P-型硅基板;图1G表示出翻转、N-扩散柱塞光刻及N+注入;图1H表示出PR去除、晶圆退火&氧化硅以及氮化硅沉积;图1I表示出像素a、P-扩散柱塞、光学沟槽s和N-扩散柱塞;图1J表示出浅沟槽光刻及蚀刻;图1K表示出光刻胶去除;图1L表示出浅沟槽氧化沉积后去除表面氧化硅及氮化硅;图1M表示出N-阱光刻及N+注入;图1N表示出晶圆退火、栅极氧化&多晶硅沉积;图10表示出栅电极光刻及蚀刻;图1P表示出晶圆光刻及N+注入;图1Q表示出光刻胶去除后晶圆退火;图1R表示出晶圆光刻及P+注入;图1S表示出光刻胶去除及晶圆退火;图1T表示出层间介电层沉积及金属互连;图1U表示出垂直互连制作、金属化重分布及钝化。 
图2A-K描述一个玻璃承载晶圆的键合形成、穿过玻璃晶圆的通孔的形成、以及一个彩色滤光片的形成,从而形成一个CMOS图像传感器。其中图2A表示出键合CIS晶圆到玻璃承载晶圆;图2B表示出硅晶圆减薄以氧化层作为阻挡层;图2C表示出翻转及抗反射层涂布;图2D表示出光隔离槽光刻及蚀刻;图2E表示出光隔离槽沉积;图2F表示出红色滤光片涂布及固化;图2G表示出绿色和蓝色滤波器涂布及固化;图2H表示出键合CIS晶圆和玻璃覆盖晶圆;图2I表示出玻璃承载晶圆减薄;图2J表示出TSV、RDL&键合焊盘准备;图2K表示出凸点制作及回流焊形成焊点。 
【具体实施方式】
附图里描述了一个具有隔离栅格的CMOS图像传感器的制作过程。 
图1A描述了一个具有光电二极管结构的p-掺杂硅晶圆100截面示意图。
在该典型实施例子里,光电二极管结构是一个在基板上形成的外延p-i-n层结构,此外本发明图像传感器可以使用任何光电二极管结构。n-层(n-掺杂硅)被指定为110,i-层(本征硅或非掺杂硅)为120,而p-层(p-掺杂硅)为130。请注意,本发明的所有过程都依赖于通用的CMOS制作技术。因此,对本领域技术人员来说,制程条件的详情都是已知的。任何CMOS制程技术都可以被用来制作本发明的各个层和结构。 
一个玻璃/氧化硅层140形成在p-i-n结构上方。在图1B里,形成一个图案光刻胶层(或其它注入掩膜(implant mask))150,并使用注入掩膜150蚀穿层140而形成一圆孔。穿过该开口,离子注入p-型掺杂剂以建立一个p-扩散柱塞135。该扩散柱塞可以有一个圆形横截面,如图1C的俯视图所示。注意到,离子注入使得i-层和n-层转变成p-型材料以形成p-型扩散柱塞135,如图1D所示。p-型扩散柱塞穿过p-型层130,并与其电性连接。而且,图1D还显示了去除图案光刻胶层(或其它注入掩膜)150并形成另一个硅氧化层160。 
为了便于制作传感器,在图1E里,一个硅承载晶圆170被键合到硅氧化层160的表面。硅承载晶圆170可以通过直接氧化结合或通过一种粘合剂进行键合。由于硅承载晶圆最终会被去除,因而不需要高的键合强度,键合后的晶圆结构会被退火处理。 
在图1F里,通过一种合适的技术诸如蚀刻或抛光,将p-型硅基板减薄。在图1G里,“翻转”该结构,使得硅承载晶圆170现在位于叠层底部。减薄后的p-型硅基板通过光刻工艺形成一个矩形截面开口(也可以是任何其它形状)的光刻胶175图案。通过该光刻胶开口,n-型掺杂物被注入到p-型基板,以建立一个n-型扩散柱塞180(如图1H所示),直到一个足够与光电二极管结构进行电性连接的深度;如图1H所示,n-型扩散柱塞延伸到接近n-型层110的深度。从图1I俯视图可以看到,得到的n-扩散柱塞180有一个矩形截面形状,此外也可以选择其它形状,如圆形截面形状。注意俯视图只显示了扩散柱塞的相对位置,而不是其各自的扩散深度。采用离子注入形成p-型扩散柱塞和n-型扩散柱塞,属于典型的CMOS制程、工艺上可行,从而为光生电荷的转移提供了传输回路。 
在图1H里,光刻胶去除后结构经退火,并沉积氧化硅190和氮化硅薄膜层。在氧化硅190和氮化硅上形成一个光刻胶200图案,然后依光刻胶图案蚀刻而形成一个穿过氧化硅190和氮化硅的浅沟槽210,蚀刻深度直到p-型晶圆100本体里(图1J)。一层氧化硅薄膜230被沉积到沟槽210里(图1L)。 
如图1M所示,利用氧化硅230和n-掺杂扩散柱塞180,一个光刻 胶235图案形成在p-型硅晶圆100上。光刻胶的开口露出一个区域用于进行n-掺杂物注入。跟之前的注入工艺一样,n-掺杂物将部分p-型硅晶圆100转变成一个n-区域,在此例子里形成的是n-阱240,如图1N所示。在图1N里,离子注入后结构被退火,然后沉积一个栅氧化层250,并在该栅氧化层上方沉积一个多晶硅栅电极层260。在图10里,栅电极和栅氧化层被定义出图案和蚀刻,以形成结构270、280和290,其将成为像素电路的基础。在图1P里,形成一个光刻胶图案300,以便进行n-掺杂物注入。跟之前的过程一样,n-注入将部分p-掺杂硅晶圆转变成n-掺杂区域310和315。n-掺杂区域310是浮置扩散区域,用于存储从光电二极管结构转移来的电荷(图1Q)。结构290是栅极转移晶体管(gate transfer transistor),用于控制从光电二极管到浮置扩散区域310的电荷转移。 
在图1Q里,光刻胶被去除后结构被退火。为了建立器件270的p-n结,形成另一个图案化的光刻胶层320,p-型掺杂物被注入到n-阱240内,形成p区域330,如图1R和1S所示。器件270被用作为源跟随晶体管(source follower transistor),用于像素读取。器件280是一个重置晶体管(reset transistor),用于释放存储在n-扩散区域里的电荷,并用于重置在连续像素读取之间的像素电路。在图1S里,光刻胶去除后结构被退火。 
在图1T,一个层间介电(ILD)层340(氧化硅、氧氮化硅、氮化硅、聚合物或其它绝缘材料)被沉积在像素电路器件270、280和290上方。层间介电(ILD)层340被定义出图案并被蚀刻以形成通孔,用于器件270、280和290以及器件360和370金属互连,及器件360和370形成部分读取电路。在金属化之后,形成第二层间介电(ILD)层350,然后其被图案化和金属化。 
在图1U里,垂直互连380与金属化重分布层390一起形成在层间介电(ILD)层350里。图中未显示各种用于像素寻址和像素信号处理的外部电路构造。这些电路在本领域都是已知的,这些已知的像素寻址和读取电路与本发明图像传感器以及已知的信号处理电路都是一起使用。在金属化之后,形成一个钝化层400(氧化硅、氧氮化硅、氮化硅、聚合物或其它绝缘材料)。 
注意到,图1的像素电路仅是典型实施例。在现有的CMOS图像传感器里,包括三个、四个、和五个像素晶体管的组合,多种构造的像素寻址和读取电路都是众所周知的。任何能够从光电二极管结构读取和转移电荷的像素电路构造,都可以用于本发明,只要其被安置在光电二极管结构之下。这样,由于下方的像素电路不会干扰到光电二极管结构的入射光路径,且能与光电二极管通过扩散柱塞实现电荷传输,这样,此类光电二极管结构能够获得最大可能的填充率,因而最大可能提高图像传感器的光学效率。 
转到图2,在图2A里,一个玻璃承载晶圆410被键合在钝化氧化层400上。这可以通过直接氧化结合或通过一个中间粘附材料而结合。使用该玻璃承载晶圆,可以将硅承载层薄化,此时氧化层140作为一个蚀刻阻挡层,如图2B所示。硅承载层薄化工序可以采用任何传统的机械或化学蚀刻或抛光技术。 
图2C的方向是图2B方向的翻转,一个抗反射涂层420形成在氧化层140上方。为了避免相邻像素之间的光互扰杂讯,在像素之间形成有隔离层。在整个图像传感器内,隔离层形成一个栅格结构,每个单独的栅格设定一个独立的像素的边界。如图2D所示,一个光刻胶图案430形成在抗反射涂层上方,并蚀刻出沟槽435以沉积隔离材料。在图2E里,去除光刻胶后隔离材料440被沉积在沟槽435里。在一个典型实施例里,隔离材料440可以反射光以避免入射光进入相邻像素,以及将光反射回到像素光电二极管结构里并增强光电二极管的光的捕捉。为了避免光学互扰杂讯,隔离材料仅需要纳米量级的厚度,此外也可以使用更厚的材料层。如图2E所示,形成的隔离栅格的深度最少等于光电二极管结构厚度,以避免光互扰杂讯。此外隔离栅格深度也可以延伸穿过半导体基板硅晶圆100的厚度,从而避免相邻像素之间的电互扰杂讯。 
在图2F里,沉积一个彩色滤光片450。在图2F里,显示了一个红色滤光片450,而在图2G里,显示的是绿色滤光片460和蓝色滤光片470形成的传感器阵列。滤光片图案可以是贝尔图(Bayer pattern)、贝尔衍生图(Bayer derivative pattern)、或本领域已知的任何其它期望的滤光片图案。由于结合了光电二极管结构的高填充率和使用隔离栅格,可不必要在彩色 滤光片上形成一个微透镜。因为微透镜的应用需要考虑到像素尺寸在光学上的限制,减少对微透镜的需要使得能够建立起微小尺寸的像素,所以可以制作具有更高像素密度和更高分辨率的图像传感器。另外,由于微透镜的制造费用较高,无微透镜的图像传感器可进一步节省成本。 
如图2H所示,一个保护性玻璃覆盖层480被键合在滤光片上方,不制作微透镜层。在图2I里,通过合适的蚀刻或抛光过程,可以将玻璃承载晶圆410薄化。在图2J,在玻璃承载晶圆410里形成通孔490,连接到重新分布层390。键合焊盘500也被建立。使用玻璃承载晶圆,能确保键合时通孔490和重新分布层390对准。同时,玻璃覆盖层-硅晶圆-玻璃承载晶圆的夹层结构更加可靠,回流过程中产生的热-机械应力更小,增强了图像传感器的使用寿命。在图2K里,形成焊点510。 
本发明的图像传感器的运作如下。入射光穿过玻璃覆盖层480,入射到红色滤光片450上,其选择红色波长(对于绿色和蓝色滤光片460和470,其情况类似)。被过滤的光线穿过抗反射层,并到达光电二极管结构内,从而由光子转换为电荷。 
激活转移栅极290将电荷从光电二极管通过扩散柱塞180、135转移到浮置扩散区域310。因此转移栅极具有一个开关的作用,使得电荷能够被暂时存储在光电二极管里,起到抑制噪声的作用。基本地,使用扩散柱塞不会延迟电荷转移。重置栅极280是为下一个次图像的成像作准备,而源跟随栅极270转移由光电二极管结构所取得的像素成像数据。 
有利地,本发明在同一硅晶圆上形成光电二极管和部分像素电路。使用玻璃承载晶圆,能确保键合时通孔和重新分布层对准。使用玻璃-硅-玻璃的结构更加可靠,并增强图像传感器的使用寿命。利用扩散柱塞结构、将像素电路安置在光电二极管之后可以得到大于90%的填充率,并且优选地是大于95%的填充率。隔离栅格层的结构使光互扰杂讯,可选地,电互扰杂讯最小化,并通过将非正规入射光线反射到光电二极管来增强光电二极管的光捕获。结果,极大增强了图像传感器的整体光效率,且不需要微透镜,可进一步节省成本。 
尽管已经参照以上典型实施例描述了本发明,但是各种修改和改变是可能的。例如所有实施例都是关于一个特定的p或n掺杂而进行描述的,而在现有半导体制造技术里,每个掺杂区域的电荷性质可以被改成其相反的电荷性质(即p区域可以被改成n区域,而n区域可以被改成p区域),而建立一个具有相反掺杂极性的基本相同的器件。因此在说明书和所附的权利要求里应该理解的是,等同的“相反掺杂极性”的器件也被包括在本披露和权利要求的范围内。所以这些修改和改变都是在所附权利要求所阐述的本发明范围内。 

Claims (17)

1.一个高光效CMOS图像传感器,包括:
多个成像像素,每个像素包括在半导体基板上的一个光电二极管结构,光电二极管结构被安置在靠近图像传感器的一个光入射面(上表面)以接收入射光,并从接收的入射光产生电荷;
一个隔离栅格包围着光电二极管结构,并设定出一个成像像素边界,隔离栅格延伸的深度最少为光电二极管结构厚度,设置该隔离栅格的目的是避免入射到像素上的光线穿过入射像素而进入到相邻像素;
一个正扩散柱塞,其垂直延伸穿过至少一部分光电二极管结构;一个负扩散柱塞,其垂直延伸到光电二极管结构下方的半导体基板,并与光电二极管结构电连接,使光电二极管结构内因入射光产生的电荷可转移到位于半导体基板内图像传感器的一个电荷收集区域;像素电路用作控制从光电二极管结构到图像读取电路的电荷转移,像素电路位于光电二极管结构下方,至少一部分像素电路是在半导体基板内形成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,还包括一个光学彩色滤光片,其被安置在每个成像像素上方。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中每个光电二极管结构的入射光接收面积至少是一个像素面积的90%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中每个光电二极管结构的入射光接收面积至少是一个像素面积的95%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中位于半导体基板内的图像传感器的电荷收集区域是一个浮置扩散区域。
6.根据权利要求5所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中像素电路包括多个晶体管,其中所述多个晶体管中的一个晶体管是一个转移栅极,其被设置使电荷可从光电二极管结构通过扩散柱塞转移到浮置扩散区域。
7.根据权利要求6所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,还包括一个重置晶体管。
8.根据权利要求2所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中图像传感器可以直接接收穿过彩色滤光片的入射光,而不需要集成一层微透镜。
9.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中每个像素小于1.4微米。
10.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中每个像素小于1.2微米。
11.根据权利要求1所述的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中隔离栅格延伸穿过半导体基板到在半导体基板内形成的部分像素电路,以避免相邻像素电路之间的电互扰杂讯。
12.一个无微透镜的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其包括:
多个成像像素,每个像素包括在半导体基板上的一个光电二极管结构,光电二极管结构被安置在靠近图像传感器的一个光入射面(上表面)以接收入射光,并由接收的入射光产生电荷,每个光电二极管结构的光接收面积至少是像素横截面面积的90%;
一个正扩散柱塞,其垂直延伸穿过至少一部分光电二极管结构;
一个负扩散柱塞,其垂直延伸到光电二极管结构下方的半导体基板内,并与光电二极管结构电性连接,以将在光电二极管结构里入射光产生的电荷,转移到位于半导体基板内的图像传感器的一个浮置扩散电荷收集区域;
像素电路,用作控制从光电二极管结构到浮置扩散区域以及到图像读取电路间的电荷转移,像素电路被安置在光电二极管结构下方,至少一部分像素电路是在半导体基板内形成;
一个隔离栅格包围着光电二极管结构,并设定一个成像像素边界。隔离栅格从传感器表面穿过半导体基板,并延伸到半导体基板内形成的部分像素电路的深度。隔离栅格被设置以避免入射到像素上的光穿过入射像素照射到一个相邻像素,并被设置以避免相邻像素的像素电路之间的电性互扰杂讯。
13.根据权利要求12所述的无微透镜的高光效CMOS图像传感器,还包括一个玻璃承载晶圆,其被键合到半导体基板,并包括像素金属化。
14.根据权利要求12所述的无微透镜的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中像素电路包括多个晶体管,其中所述多个晶体管中的一个晶体管是一个转移栅极,其被设置以通过扩散柱塞将电荷从光电二极管结构转移到浮置扩散区域。
15.根据权利要求12所述的无微透镜的高光效CMOS图像传感器,还包括一个重置晶体管。
16.根据权利要求12所述的无微透镜的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中每个像素小于1.4微米。
17.根据权利要求12所述的无微透镜的高光效CMOS图像传感器,其中每个像素小于1.2微米。
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