CN102239128B - 透水混凝土组合物 - Google Patents
透水混凝土组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102239128B CN102239128B CN200980149140.2A CN200980149140A CN102239128B CN 102239128 B CN102239128 B CN 102239128B CN 200980149140 A CN200980149140 A CN 200980149140A CN 102239128 B CN102239128 B CN 102239128B
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- pervious concrete
- concrete composition
- vinyl
- multipolymer
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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Abstract
本发明涉及透水混凝土组合物,其包含水硬性粘合剂、填料和聚合物,其特征在于包含玻璃化转变温度Tg≤20℃的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物作为所述聚合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包含水泥、填料和聚合物的透水混凝土组合物、所述透水混凝土组合物的制备方法以及所述透水混凝土组合物的用途。
透水混凝土是富含孔洞的无细集料混凝土。透水混凝土的孔洞体积为10至35体积%,优选为20至25体积%。无细集料孔(Haufwerksporen)是通过使用具有狭窄受限的粒径组的填料产生的,其中通常仅使用单一的粒径组(均一粒径,例如碎石5/8mm),并且几乎完全减少精细成分的含量。透水混凝土具有恰好足够的水泥胶粘剂,使得集料的单个颗粒仅在接触位置上通过薄的硬化水泥层相互胶合,并在压实之后仍然不填充单个颗粒之间的孔洞。开孔的混凝土(透水混凝土)尤其是用于降低诸如道路修筑的基础设施项目中的噪音,以建设低噪音道路。此外,透水混凝土由于其开孔特性还用于诸如停车场、展览区域和自行车行驶道路的可渗漏交通面的排水。由于形成裂纹和颗粒脱离(Partikelausbruch),该道路系统的长寿命是有限的。为了弥补这些缺陷,用聚合物分散体对透水混凝土进行改性。
在透水混凝土层中使用聚合物改善了冻融耐受性、抗裂能力并产生少的颗粒脱离,因此提高了透水混凝土层的稳定性并延长了寿命。在此决定性的是充分提高混凝土基体的挠度,并因此使裂纹的形成和颗粒脱离最小化,但是同时还保持机械强度,以充分确保混凝土的耐久性。
背景技术
DE-OS 19 53 158描述了一种透水性多孔混凝土,其是由均一粒级的颗粒状矿物集料、诸如水泥的粘合剂和水溶性大分子物质以及任选存在的诸如聚乙酸乙烯酯的热塑性塑料的含水分散体制成的。但是因为水溶性大分子物质可被雨水洗去并且纯的聚乙酸乙烯酯在低于10℃的较低温度下会变脆,所以该系统并不满足对于透水且吸噪的路面的耐久性的要求。
DE 10 2004 006 165 A1描述了一种多层开孔的地面覆盖层,其顶部开孔层是利用单组份或双组份的聚氨酯或环氧化物粘结剂作为粘合剂引入的。复杂地引入多层的整个系统以及使用聚氨酯或环氧化物粘结剂作为粘合剂,不使用更廉价的矿物粘合剂如水泥,导致该地面覆盖层昂贵并且无法广泛使用。此外,聚氨酯和环氧化物粘结剂在生态上也不是不存在问题的。
EP 0 710 633 B1的主题是透水混凝土,其包含阴离子苯乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚物形式的聚合物粘合剂。所用的苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物优选应当具有在35℃至50℃范围内的高的最低成膜温度(MFT)。此类苯乙烯共聚物是硬质聚合物,其无法充分提高开孔混凝土层的挠度,并且具有不足的裂纹搭接性能(Rissüberbrückungseigenschaften)。因为具有高MFT的硬质苯乙烯丙烯酸酯在低于10℃的低温下会变脆,并且会损害其性能,所以导致在均一粒径混凝土层中形成裂纹和颗粒脱离,并因此导致差的耐久性,尤其是在冬季时期之后。
WO2008/052482A1请求保护由聚合物改性的开孔混凝土组成的路面以及此类表面的制造方法。该结构由底层、粘结层(Haftbrücke)、透水混凝土和表面处理层组成。任意的聚合物分散体可用于对透水混凝土层或粘结层进行聚合物改性。该结构的缺点在于,需要表面处理层以改善透水混凝土层的磨损及抗滑力。该表面处理层是以聚合物改性的砂浆的形式涂覆的,其会部分地密封透水混凝土层的孔,这对开孔结构的吸噪的特性和排水有负面影响。此外,涂覆要求额外的加工步骤,这对经济性有负面影响。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于,充分改善透水混凝土组合物,以使裂纹的形成和颗粒脱离最小化,不会由此损害机械强度。此外,应当省略掉表面处理层的施加。惊人地发现,与现有技术相比,根据本发明的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物提高了透水混凝土在不同的天候条件下(在冷和暖的温度下)的弯曲张力强度(Biegezugfestigkeit)及因此提高了挠度。
本发明涉及透水混凝土组合物,其包含水硬性粘合剂、填料和聚合物,其特征在于包含玻璃化转变温度Tg≤20℃的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物作为所述聚合物。
合适的水硬性粘合剂是选自以下组中的一种或多种:水泥,尤其是卜特兰水泥、高铝水泥、火山灰水泥、矿渣水泥、镁氧水泥、磷酸盐水泥或高炉水泥;以及混合水泥(复合水泥)。优选为卜特兰水泥以及不同水泥种类的混合水泥或者含有改善水泥的物质的混合水泥,例如白榴火山灰,如粉煤灰或硅粉。更优选的混合水泥是卜特兰-矿渣水泥。均基于透水混凝土组合物的干燥物料的总重量,水硬性粘合剂的使用量通常为10至50重量%,优选为10至30重量%。
合适的填料是优选具有尽可能均匀的粒径分布的砾石或碎石。粒径通常为3至25mm,优选为5至11mm。合适的填料的例子是高级碎石5/8、碎石5/8、碎石8/11及圆粒砂砾,更优选为碎石5/8和高级碎石5/8。均基于透水混凝土组合物的干燥物料的总重量,填料的使用量通常为50至85重量%,优选为60至80重量%。
其他合适的填料是砂粒。粒径通常为0至4mm,优选为0至2mm。砂粒的例子是石英砂、石英砂粉、碎砂0/2和高级碎砂0/0.25。均基于透水混凝土组合物的干燥物料的总重量,砂粒的少的使用量为0.05至20重量%,优选为1至10重量%。通过使用防滑砂(polierresistentem Sand)可以提高静摩擦系数,并因此提高了汽车轮胎在路面上的抓地力。
可以通过加入添加剂而改善透水混凝土组合物的应用技术特性。其例子是纤维、增稠剂、颜料、稳泡剂、消泡剂、固化促进剂、疏水化剂、增塑剂、助流剂、用于控制混凝土体积密度的气孔剂或者用于改善可泵送性的助泵剂。这些添加剂的使用量是本领域技术人员公知的。
合适的聚合物是玻璃化转变温度Tg≤20℃的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物。乙烯含量优选为1至25重量%。更优选为所述规格的经保护胶体稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物。玻璃化转变温度Tg优选为–15℃至+20℃,更优选为–10℃至+15℃,特别优选为–10℃至+8℃,最优选为–10℃至0℃。聚合物的玻璃化转变温度Tg可利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)由已知的方式测得。Tg也可利用Fox方程预先进行近似计算。依照Fox T.G.,Bull.Am.Physics Soc.1,3,page123(1956):
1/Tg=x1/Tg1+x2/Tg2+…+xn/Tgn
其中xn代表单体n的以重量%/100计的质量分数,而Tgn代表单体n的均聚物以开尔文计的玻璃化转变温度。均聚物的Tg值记载于“聚合物手册(Polymer Handbook)”,第二版,J.Wiley&Sons,New York(1975)。
所述乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物可以包含其他共聚单体。其他合适的共聚单体选自以下组中:具有3至12个碳原子的羧酸的乙烯基酯、丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸的酯、卤乙烯如氯乙烯、和烯烃如丙烯。合适的乙烯基酯是丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、2–乙基己酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯、乙酸1–甲基乙烯酯、新戊酸乙烯酯以及具有9至11个碳原子的α–分支单羧酸的乙烯基酯,如VeoVa9R或VeoVa10R(Resolution公司的商品名)。合适的甲基丙烯酸酯或丙烯酸酯是具有1至15个碳原子的非分支或分支型醇的酯,如丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸2–乙基己酯和丙烯酸降冰片基酯。基于共聚物的总重量,这些共聚单体任选以1至30重量%的量进行共聚合。
基于共聚物的总重量,任选还可共聚合0.05至10重量%的辅助单体。辅助单体的例子是烯键式不饱和的单羧酸及二羧酸,优选为丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、富马酸及马来酸;烯键式不饱和的羧酰胺及腈,优选为丙烯酰胺及丙烯腈;富马酸及马来酸的单酯及二酯,如二乙酯及二异丙酯;以及马来酸酐;烯键式不饱和的磺酸及其盐,优选为乙烯基磺酸、2–丙烯酰胺基–2–甲基丙磺酸。其他例子是预交联的共聚单体,如多重烯键式不饱和的共聚单体,如己二酸二乙烯酯、马来酸二烯丙酯、甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯或氰脲酸三烯丙酯;或后交联的共聚单体,如丙烯酰胺基羟基乙酸(AGA)、甲基丙烯酰胺基羟基乙酸甲酯(MAGME)、N–羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)、N–羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺(NMMA)、N–羟甲基氨基甲酸烯丙酯;N–羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N–羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺及N–羟甲基氨基甲酸烯丙酯的烷基醚,如异丁氧基醚或酯。环氧基官能的共聚单体也是合适的,如甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯及丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。其他例子是硅官能的共聚单体,如丙烯酰氧基丙基三(烷氧基)硅烷及甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三(烷氧基)硅烷、乙烯基三烷氧基硅烷及乙烯基甲基二烷氧基硅烷,其中例如可以包含甲氧基、乙氧基及乙氧基丙二醇醚基作为所述烷氧基。还述及具有羟基或CO基的单体,如甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯及丙烯酸羟烷基酯,如丙烯酸羟乙基酯、丙烯酸羟丙基酯、丙烯酸羟丁基酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙基酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙基酯或甲基丙烯酸羟丁基酯,以及诸如双丙酮丙烯酰胺及丙烯酸乙酰基乙酰氧基乙酯或甲基丙烯酸乙酰基乙酰氧基乙酯的化合物。
特别优选为75至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯与10至25重量%乙烯的共聚物;以及
30至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯与1至25重量%乙烯及1至50重量%的一种或多种选自以下组中的其他共聚单体的共聚物:在羧酸基中具有3至12个碳原子的乙烯基酯,如丙酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯,具有9至11个碳原子的α–分支羧酸的乙烯基酯,如VeoVa9、VeoVa10和VeoVa11;及
30至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯、1至25重量%乙烯及优选1至60重量%具有1至15个碳原子的非分支或分支型醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯尤其是甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸正丁酯或丙烯酸2–乙基己酯的共聚物;及
30至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯、1至30重量%月桂酸乙烯酯或具有9至11个碳原子的α–分支羧酸的乙烯基酯、以及1至30重量%具有1至15个碳原子的非分支或分支型醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯尤其是甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸正丁酯或丙烯酸2–乙基己酯的共聚物,该共聚物还包含1至25重量%乙烯;
其中所述共聚物还可包含所述量的所述辅助单体,而且重量百分比数据相加之和均为100重量%。
所述共聚物是根据乳液聚合法制备的,其中聚合温度通常为40℃至100℃,优选为60℃至90℃。使用对于乳液聚合常用的氧化还原引发剂组合引发聚合反应。在聚合反应期间可以使用调节物质以控制分子量。优选在存在保护胶体的情况下进行聚合反应。
合适的保护胶体是部分水解或完全水解的聚乙烯醇;聚乙烯醇缩醛;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;水溶性形式的多糖,如淀粉(直链淀粉及支链淀粉),纤维素及其羧甲基衍生物、甲基衍生物、羟乙基衍生物及羟丙基衍生物;蛋白质,如酪蛋白或酪蛋白酸盐、大豆蛋白、明胶;木质素磺酸盐;合成聚合物,如聚(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酸酯与羧基官能的共聚单体单元的共聚物、聚(甲基)丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基磺酸及其水溶性共聚物;三聚氰胺甲醛磺酸盐、萘甲醛磺酸盐、苯乙烯马来酸共聚物及乙烯基醚马来酸共聚物;及阳离子保护胶体,例如包含具有季铵基的单体单元的聚合物。优选水解度为80至95摩尔%且在浓度为4%的水溶液中的粘度为1至30mPa·s(法,在20℃下,DIN53015)的部分水解的聚乙烯醇。基于单体的总重量,通常在聚合反应中添加总计1至20重量%的量的保护胶体。
优选在不添加乳化剂的情况下进行聚合。在例外的情况下,额外使用少量的,任选基于单体的量1至5重量%的乳化剂,可以是有利的。由此获得的含水分散体的固体含量为30至75重量%,优选为50至60重量%。
任选在添加保护胶体作为干燥助剂之后,例如利用流化床干燥、冻干或喷干对所述含水分散体实施干燥,以制备水中可再分散的聚合物粉末。优选对分散体实施喷干。基于该分散体的聚合物成分,干燥助剂的总使用量通常为3至30重量%。换而言之,基于聚合物成分,在干燥过程之前保护胶体的总量应当为3至30重量%;基于聚合物成分,优选使用5至20重量%。合适且优选的干燥助剂是所述合适且优选的保护胶体。
乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物,优选经保护胶体稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物,在透水混凝土组合物中的使用量为1至20重量%,优选为5至15重量%,其中重量百分比数据是基于水硬性粘合剂在透水混凝土组合物中的含量,而且重量百分比数据相加之和均为100重量%。乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物可以其含水分散体的形式或者以其水中可再分散的聚合物粉末的形式使用。在使用含水分散体形式的共聚物时,基于共聚物的干重计算其含量。
将所述组合物的成分与水混合以制备透水混凝土组合物。在此,计算基于水硬性粘合剂的水量,使得所述组合物的水灰比为约0.1至0.6,优选为0.2至0.4。
所述透水混凝土组合物可以利用常用的机械进行加工。在道路修筑中例如利用在沥青铺设中常用的铺路机。可以在施加透水混凝土层之前施加粘结层以改善透水混凝土层与基底的粘着性。这些粘结层的配方是本领域技术人员公知的。
除了在道路修筑中使用透水混凝土组合物,例如用于制造车行道路面或可渗漏的表面,还可以将其用于水利工程中。其他的应用是用于制造混凝土过滤成型体,如混凝土过滤管、混凝土过滤块和混凝土过滤板,以及用于制造噪声防护墙。
原则上对透水混凝土中的聚合物在功效方面提出严格的要求,因为由于该系统的开孔特性即使在内部区域也发生强烈的风化侵蚀作用(整个混凝土基体大表面范围的冲刷灌注)。通过使用根据本发明所述的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物,提高了均一粒径混凝土层的挠度。与以前使用的苯乙烯丙烯酸酯共聚物不同,在大约低于5℃的低的室外温度(秋天、冬天、春天)下出人意料地保持了吸噪的单粒层的挠度(参见储存1和4)。所述乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物在这些条件下显示出与更高温度下(温暖的夏天,直接阳光照射)可比较的弯曲张力强度(Biegezugfestigkeiten)。另一方面,具有更高Tg的苯乙烯丙烯酸酯共聚物和乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物在低于5℃的温度下会变脆,均一粒径混凝土层由此决定的更低的挠度(弯曲张力强度)导致尤其是在冷天加重的裂纹形成和颗粒脱离,这特别是在冬季时期之后显示出不能令人满意的耐久性。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于进一步阐述本发明:
使用以下配方以制备所述透水混凝土:
17.4重量份的卜特兰水泥(CEM I42.5N)
82.4重量份的高级碎石5/8mm
0.05重量份的消泡剂(Agitan P801)
0.21重量份的混凝土增塑剂(Melment F10)
w/c=0.28
将6kg该干燥混合物在强制式混合机内预混合几秒。随后加入0.188kg水和0.209kg聚合物分散体(分散体的水含量针对w/c(水灰比)计算)。将所有的成分混合3分钟。接着静置3分钟,然后再一次混合1分钟。
测试固体含量均为50%的以下聚合物分散体:
实施例1:
经聚乙烯醇稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物含水分散体(乙烯含量:14重量%),其玻璃化转变温度为+5℃。
实施例2:
经聚乙烯醇稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物含水分散体(乙烯含量:21重量%),其玻璃化转变温度为–7℃。
实施例3:
经聚乙烯醇稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯-Veova10-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物含水分散体(乙烯含量:8重量%),其玻璃化转变温度为+13℃。
实施例4:
经聚乙烯醇稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯-Veova10-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物含水分散体(乙烯含量:12重量%),其玻璃化转变温度为+6℃。
对比例1:
经阴离子稳定化的苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物含水分散体,其玻璃化转变温度为+21℃。
测试样品的制备:
经储存制备3个测试样品(尺寸:40mm高,40mm宽,160mm长)。为此将混凝土混合物引入钢制模板中,并通过施加负荷而压实至约24%的所期望的孔洞含量。该模板用薄膜覆盖,在天候试验箱(23℃/50%的相对湿度)中储存24小时直至脱模。
在测量弯曲张力强度之前直接测定棱柱体(Prismen)的质量,以测定理论孔洞含量。对于在天候试验箱(23℃/50%的相对湿度)中储存老化28天所制得的测试样品的孔洞含量,测得以下数值:
实施例1:23.8%
实施例2:24.0%
实施例3:24.1%
实施例4:23.7%
对比例1:24.0%
在以下条件下储存之后,依照DIN1048-5或者根据DIN12808-3在三点弯曲张力测试(以测试样品中心的单负荷进行加载)中测定弯曲张力强度:
储存L1:
正常气候(NC)储存:28天NC(23℃/50%的相对湿度)
在23℃下测量弯曲张力强度。
储存L2:
热储存:14天NC,14天70℃
在23℃下测量弯曲张力强度。
储存L3:
冻融储存,水和25次冻融循环
7天NC,21天水(20℃),–20℃4小时,在水中+20℃2小时,3天NC。
在23℃下测量弯曲张力强度。
储存L4:
正常气候储存:28天NC(23℃/50%的相对湿度),2天0℃。
在0℃下测量弯曲张力强度。
结果汇总于表1:
表1:
Claims (12)
1.透水混凝土组合物,其孔洞体积为10至35体积%且包含水硬性粘合剂、填料和聚合物,其特征在于包含玻璃化转变温度Tg≤20℃的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物作为所述聚合物,所述乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物中乙烯含量为1至25重量%。
2.根据权利要求1的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于包含经保护胶体稳定化的乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物。
3.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于,玻璃化转变温度Tg为–10℃至+15℃。
4.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于,玻璃化转变温度Tg为–10℃至+8℃。
5.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于,玻璃化转变温度Tg为–10℃至0℃。
6.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于包含水解度为80至95摩尔%且在浓度为4%的水溶液中的粘度为1至30mPa·s的部分水解的聚乙烯醇作为保护胶体。
7.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于包含75至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯与10至25重量%乙烯的共聚物。
8.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于包含30至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯与1至25重量%乙烯及1至50重量%的一种或多种选自以下组中的其他共聚单体的共聚物:在羧酸基中具有3至12个碳原子的乙烯基酯。
9.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于包含30至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯、1至25重量%乙烯及1至60重量%具有1至15个碳原子的非分支或分支型醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯的共聚物。
10.根据权利要求1或2的透水混凝土组合物,其特征在于包含30至90重量%乙酸乙烯酯、1至30重量%月桂酸乙烯酯或具有9至11个碳原子的α–分支羧酸的乙烯基酯、以及1至30重量%具有1至15个碳原子的非分支或分支型醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯的共聚物,该共聚物还包含1至25重量%乙烯。
11.根据权利要求1至10之一的透水混凝土组合物在道路修筑或水利工程中的用途。
12.根据权利要求1至10之一的透水混凝土组合物用于制造混凝土过滤成型体或噪声防护墙的用途。
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CN106431073B (zh) * | 2016-09-28 | 2018-10-16 | 山东宏艺科技股份有限公司 | 一种透水混凝土添加剂及其制备方法 |
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BRPI0922268A2 (pt) | 2015-12-29 |
JP2012510423A (ja) | 2012-05-10 |
KR101304631B1 (ko) | 2013-09-05 |
BRPI0922268B1 (pt) | 2019-03-26 |
EP2352707A1 (de) | 2011-08-10 |
KR20110083732A (ko) | 2011-07-20 |
US9670094B2 (en) | 2017-06-06 |
CN102239128A (zh) | 2011-11-09 |
US20110230598A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
WO2010063782A1 (de) | 2010-06-10 |
DE102008044395A1 (de) | 2010-06-10 |
EP2352707B1 (de) | 2012-10-10 |
ES2396154T3 (es) | 2013-02-19 |
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