CN102234811B - 从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法 - Google Patents
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- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 23
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
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- PLLZRTNVEXYBNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cd+2] PLLZRTNVEXYBNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
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- MKJPBOVLAZADQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [amino(pyridin-3-yl)methylidene]azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.NC(=N)C1=CC=CN=C1 MKJPBOVLAZADQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- XHIHMDHAPXMAQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;1-butylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XHIHMDHAPXMAQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- WBZKQQHYRPRKNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L disulfite Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O WBZKQQHYRPRKNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001941 electron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 hydrogen Cadmium oxide Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/006—Wet processes
- C22B7/008—Wet processes by an alkaline or ammoniacal leaching
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Abstract
从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法包括:用pH值约为9以上的电解质溶液接触所述含碲化镉组件,用所述电解质溶液接触相对的电极,在所述含碲化镉组件和所属相对的电极之间施加电压差,以导致碲从所述含碲化镉组件中移出并沉积在所述相对的电极上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法。具体而言,本发明涉及从含有碲化镉薄膜的光伏设备废料中回收碲的方法。
背景技术
由于不可再生能源越来越稀缺,利用可持续的、清洁的、可循环利用的太阳能的光伏设备,如碲化镉太阳能电池,越来越受到欢迎。因此,从碲化镉太阳能电池废料(例如用过的碲化镉太阳能电池以及制造碲化镉太阳能电池产生的废料)中回收碲和镉也是一个热议的话题。
目前,回收方法主要包括压碎碲化镉太阳能电池废料、用无机强酸和/或氧化剂与压碎的碲化镉太阳能电池废料发生反应、以及提取并分离碲和镉等步骤。这些多个步骤通常使方法显得十分复杂。此外,将碲化镉太阳能电池废料压碎,以从相对较大的玻璃/塑料体中回收重量小于总重的0.05%的金属材料,这样做明显不经济。
据报导硫酸可以作为电化学电池的电解质用来从碲化镉太阳能电池废料中去除碲化镉,并通过调节使用的电压、搅拌速度以及电解质中镉的浓度在一个电极上重新获得镉与碲的比例为从1∶1到1∶6的碲化镉薄膜。该报导没有详细描述该实验如何进行,所以很难复制该实验。但是,模拟实验显示很难获取可以直接用来生产碲化镉太阳能电池的碲化镉。此外,在模拟实验中试图单独回收碲时,纯碲只能在范围很窄的低pH值电解质中获得,这可能是因为碲和镉在电解质硫酸中都以离子状态存在,它们都有在相近似条件下沉积到电极上的倾向,从而相互污染。尤其是当电解质中的离子浓度随着沉积过程发生变化时,污染的情况更为明显。工业应用中通常很难将电解质的pH值维持在很窄的范围内,因此很难获得可靠质量的碲。
因此,有必要开发一种新的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种新的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法。
一方面,本发明涉及从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,包括:用pH值约为9以上的电解质溶液接触所述含碲化镉组件;用所述电解质溶液接触相对的电极;在所述含碲化镉组件和所述相对的电极之间施加电压差;以导致碲从所述含碲化镉组件中移出并沉积在所述相对的电极上。
另一方面,本发明涉及从含有碲化镉薄膜的太阳能电池废料中回收碲的方法,包括:用pH值约为9以上的电解质溶液接触所述含碲化镉薄膜的太阳能电池废料;用所述电解质溶液接触相对的电极;在所述太阳能电池废料和所述相对的电极之间施加电压差;以导致碲从所述碲化镉薄膜中移出并沉积在所述相对的电极上。
本发明所涉及的方法解决了现有技术的技术问题。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将不会详细描述众所周知的细节,以避免因不必要的细节而使本发明变得令人费解。
说明书中的近似用语用来修饰数量,表示本发明并不限定于该具体数量,还包括与该数量接近的可接受的而不会导致相关基本功能的改变的修正的部分。相应的,用“大约”、“约”等修饰一个数值,意为本发明不限于该精确数值。在某些例子中,近似用语可能对应于测量数值的仪器的精度。
本发明中所提及的数值包括从低到高一个单元一个单元增加的所有数值,此处假设任何较低值与较高值之间间隔至少两个单元。举例来说,如果说了一个组分的数量或一个工艺参数的值,比如,温度,压力,时间等等,是从1到90,20到80较佳,30到70最佳,是想表达15到85,22到68,43到51,30到32等数值都已经明白的列举在此说明书中。对于小于1的数值,0.0001,0.001,0.01或者0.1被认为是比较适当的一个单元。前述只是想要表达的特别示例,所有在列举的最低到最高值之间的数值组合均被视为以类似方式清楚地列在本说明书中。
一方面,本发明涉及从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,包括:用pH值约为9以上的电解质溶液接触所述含碲化镉组件;用所述电解质溶液接触相对的电极;在所述组件和所述相对的电极之间施加电压差;以导致碲从所述组件中移出并沉积在所述相对的电极上。
在一些实施例中,所述含碲化镉组件是光伏设备废料,所述光伏设备废料含有碲化镉薄膜和与碲化镉薄膜相邻的玻璃封装层。本发明所涉及的方法还包括通过加热所述光伏设备废料以去除玻璃封装层,从而使碲化镉薄膜在所述光伏设备废料接触所述电解质溶液之前暴露出来。
在一些实施例中,所述电解质溶液含有强碱材料,如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾等。所述电解质溶液的温度约为80℃,所述电压差约为2.5伏。
当在所述组件和相对的电极间施加所述电压差时,所述组件和相对的电极上发生的电解反应包括:
在所述组件上:CdTe-6e--->Cd2++Te4+
Te2--2e--->Te-2e--->Te2+-2e--->Te4+
在相对的电极上:Te4++4e--->Te
Te4++2e--->Te2++2e--->Te
通过这样的方法,碲化镉从所述组件上溶解,而从所述组件中移出的碲沉积在相对的电极上。
另一方面,因为氢氧化镉的溶解度很低,镉从组件中移出后会从电解质溶液中以氢氧化镉形式沉淀析出,而碲可以形成氧化碲的碱性化合物,比如HTeO3 -或H2TeO4 2-。通过这样的方法,镉不会和碲一起沉积,因此可以在相对的电极上回收纯碲。在相关领域具有一般技术水平的人员可以运用他们所知的技术提纯氢氧化镉获得镉。
相对的电极可以用任何适合制作用于电解液中相对电极的导电材料制成。例如,相对的电极可以至少含有铂金、石墨、铜、铝、铁中的一种。
电解质溶液可以是任何合适的离子溶液,例如包括至少一种下述溶液:氢氧化钠溶液、氢氧化钾溶液、硫酸钠溶液、硫酸钾溶液、N-丁基吡啶四氟硼酸盐、N-乙基溴化吡啶、4-甲脒基氯化吡啶、3-甲脒基氯化吡啶、1-丙酮基氯化吡啶以及1-氨基碘代吡啶。
在一些实施例中,反应条件,例如电解质溶液的温度和pH值以及所述组件和相对的电极之间的电压差,可能根据促进碲化镉从所述组件中溶解和碲在相对的电极上的沉淀以及缩短反应时间的实际需要调整。
以下实验例子可以为本领域中具有一般技能的人实施该发明提供参考。但是,这些例子并不用于限制权利要求的范围。
下述实验在实验室规模的仪器上进行。
一个CHI电化学工作站(来自于上海辰华仪器有限公司)被用来施加电压差并控制实验中的反应时间。
碲化镉薄膜太阳能电池板(来自美国第一太阳能公司(First Solar,Inc.),型号:FS-272,72.5W)被切成宽度为2厘米、长度为10厘米的数块。切块以后,在450℃加热这些碲化镉电池板片10分钟,以去除玻璃封装层,使碲化镉薄膜暴露出来。
去除玻璃封装层的碲化镉电池板片被放入电解质溶液中以作为一个电极与电解质溶液接触。一个宽度为2厘米、长度为10厘米的铂箔被放入电解质溶液中,作为相对的电极与电解质溶液接触。
CHI电化学工作站在碲化镉电池板片和铂箔之间施加电压差,从而产生电解反应,即碲从碲化镉电池板片中移出并沉积在铂箔上。
电解之后,电子能谱分析仪(EDS)或电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(ICP)被用来分析沉积在相对电极(铂箔)上的物质以及沉积的碲相对于全部沉积物质的重量百分比。
对比实验1
在硫酸钠水溶液(0.2M,来自上海国药集团有限公司(SCRC))做电解质溶液的情形下进行了一系列实验。将硫酸加入电解质溶液中以调整电解质溶液的pH值。硅油浴被用来从室温提高电解质溶液的温度。
这一系列实验中的电极之间所施加的电压差、电解质溶液的温度以及电解质溶液的pH值如表1所示。每个实验均在5个小时内完成。除最后一个实验使用EDS分析取代ICP分析外,每个实验经ICP分析后所获得的相对电极上碲的重量百分比如表1所示。
表1
电压(V) | 温度(℃) | pH | 碲的百分比(wt%) |
1.5 | 室温 | 2.1 | 82 |
2 | 80 | 2.1 | 62.2 |
1.5 | 80 | 2.1 | 51.3 |
2 | 室温 | 2.1 | 22.7 |
1.75 | 52.5 | 1.5 | 89 |
1.75 | 52.5 | 1.5 | 87.1 |
1.75 | 52.5 | 1.5 | 82.1 |
1.5 | 室温 | 1 | 100 |
2 | 室温 | 1 | 99.8 |
通过表1可以看出,当电解质的pH值在0.5到2.1的范围内时,纯碲(例如85wt%以上)只能在0.5到1.5这个相对较窄的pH值范围内获得,而且获得的碲的重量百分比的平均值随着电解质溶液pH值的升高而降低。换句话说,获得纯碲的难度随着电解质溶液pH值的升高而增加。
对比实验2
另一系列相似的实验在室温下进行,在这些实验中,硫酸钠电解质溶液中未加硫酸,电解质溶液的pH值为7。
这一系列实验中电极之间施加的电压差以及电解质溶液的浓度如下表2所示。这一系列实验中每个实验进行了大约20个小时。经ICP分析后,每个实验中沉积在相对电极上的碲的重量百分比如表2所示。
表2
电压(V) | 硫酸钠浓度(M) | 碲的百分比(wt%) |
1.8 | 1 | 42.1 |
0.8 | 饱和 | 40 |
0.8 | 饱和 | 10.1 |
0.8 | 饱和 | 2.3 |
通过表2可以看出,当电解质溶液的pH值为7时,沉积的碲的重量百分比非常低,即低于45%。
实验示例
在另一系列的实验中,氢氧化钠溶液(分析纯,来自上海国药集团有限公司(SCRC))被用来作为电解质溶液,并通过改变其浓度调整pH值。硅油浴被用来将温度从室温提高到想要的温度。这一系列实验的时间大约在3小时到20小时之间。电极之间施加的电压差、电解质溶液的温度和pH值以及沉积的碲的重量百分比(经ICP分析获得)如表3所示。
表3
电压(V) | 温度(℃) | pH | 碲的百分比(wt%) |
2.5 | 80 | 14 | 93.6 |
2.5 | 80 | 12.7 | 99.7 |
2.5 | 80 | 9.3 | 95.6 |
2.5 | 80 | 8.5 | 3.5 |
通过表3可以看出,当电解质溶液的pH值为8.5时,在相对电极上所获得的碲的重量百分比很低。但是,在电解质溶液的pH值约为9以上的实验中,纯碲,例如85%wt以上,可以意外的在相对较宽的pH值范围内获得。因此,因为此种方法适用于相对较宽的pH值范围,相对容易控制,从而更适合于工业应用。
尽管在具体实施方式中对本发明的部分特征进行了详细的说明和描述,但在不脱离本发明精神的前提下,可以对本发明进行各种改变和替换。同样的,本领域熟练技术人员也可以根据常规实验获得本发明公开的其它改变和等同物。所有这些改变,替换和等同物都在本发明所定义的权利要求的构思和范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于,包括:用pH值为9以上的电解质溶液接触所述含碲化镉组件;用所述电解质溶液接触相对的电极;以及在所述含碲化镉组件和所述相对的电极之间施加电压差;以导致碲从所述含碲化镉组件中移出并沉积在所述相对的电极上。
2.如权利要求1所述的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于所述含碲化镉组件含有碲化镉薄膜。
3.如权利要求2所述的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于所述含碲化镉组件是光伏设备废料,并含有与碲化镉薄膜相邻的玻璃封装层。
4.如权利要求3所述的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于还包括,在用电解质溶液接触所述光伏设备废料之前,加热所述光伏设备废料以除去玻璃封装层,并使碲化镉薄膜暴露出来。
5.如权利要求1所述的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于所述电解质溶液的温度约为80℃,所述电压差约为2.5伏。
6.如权利要求1所述的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于所述电解质溶液含有强碱材料。
7.如权利要求1所述的从含碲化镉组件中回收碲的方法,其特征在于还包括提纯电解质溶液中的沉淀物以获得镉。
8.从含碲化镉薄膜的太阳能电池废料中回收碲的方法,其特征在于,包括:用pH值为9以上的电解质溶液接触所述含碲化镉薄膜的太阳能电池废料;用所述电解质溶液接触相对的电极;以及在所述太阳能电池废料和所述相对的电极之间施加电压差;以导致碲从所述碲化镉薄膜中移出并沉积在所述相对的电极上。
9.如权利要求8所述的从含碲化镉薄膜的太阳能电池废料中回收碲的方法,其特征在于所述电解质溶液含有强碱材料。
10.如权利要求8所述的从含碲化镉薄膜的太阳能电池废料中回收碲的方法,其特征在于,所述电解质溶液的温度约为80℃,所述电压差约为2.5伏。
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