CN102217452B - Fertilizing device and fertilizing method - Google Patents
Fertilizing device and fertilizing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN102217452B CN102217452B CN2011100939232A CN201110093923A CN102217452B CN 102217452 B CN102217452 B CN 102217452B CN 2011100939232 A CN2011100939232 A CN 2011100939232A CN 201110093923 A CN201110093923 A CN 201110093923A CN 102217452 B CN102217452 B CN 102217452B
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- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizing device and a fertilizing method. The fertilizing device comprises a fertilizing head, a fertilizer storage apparatus and a negative pressure chamber, wherein the fertilizing head is disposed on the bottom of the fertilizing device, equipped with fine pores, connected with the fertilizer storage apparatus, and positioned at a predetermined depth and a predetermined distance away from crop roots in soil; the fertilizer storage apparatus, one end of which communicates with the fertilizing head and the other end of which communicates with the negative pressure chamber, is positioned in the middle portion of the fertilizing device and used to store a fertilizer solution; The negative pressure chamber, the lower portion of which communicates with the fertilizer storage apparatus, is positioned on the top of the fertilizing device and filled with air of preset air pressure and volume, so as to make the water potential of the fertilizing head at a pressure containing reserved air higher than that of the soil corresponding to the vigorous growth of crops and less than that of the soil at the field water capacity. By the application of the fertilizing device and the fertilizing method, the utilization rate of fertilizers can be raised, the waste of fertilizers can be minimized, the cost of crops planted by peasant households can be reduced, and the environmental negative effects of fertilizing can be mitigated.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fertilizer practice, particularly a kind of fertilizer apparatus and fertilizing method.
Background technology
In the process of growth of crop, need to from soil, absorb in right amount various mineral nutrient elements, grow in order to maintain its normal growth, finish its life course.Wherein, comprise macroelement such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, moderate-element such as calcium, magnesium, sulphur, trace element is such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, boron etc.
In the modern agricultural systemof production, because anthropogenic soil can offer the mineral nutrient element of Crop in Growing Season of Crops limited, thereby, one of essential measure that ensures crop yield, quality by fertilising for crop provides an amount of mineral nutrient element, according to statistics, the fertilizer number that the whole world applies the farmland every year is with ten million ton (such as more than 5,000 ten thousand tons of present annual applying fertilizers of China), and fertilizer can reach more than 30% the contribution rate of cereal crops output.
After fertilizer is manured into soil, a series of natural circular flow will occur, its whereabouts mainly comprises following several form:
1. utilization absorbed by crops;
2. by the temporary absorption of soil, maintenance;
3. absorbed by microorganism or with soil humus complexing, chemical combination and be stored in the soil;
4. with pedogenesis physics or chemical reaction, and be permanently fixed;
5. change into gas and escape into atmosphere;
6. leaching goes out soil.
Wherein, fertilizer utilization absorbed by crops is the basic goal of fertilising, be fertilizer effectively utilize part, fertilizer absorbs by the temporary absorption of soil, maintenance and by microorganism or with soil humus complexing, chemical combination and to be stored in the soil also be substantially favourable process, and fertilizer and pedogenesis physics or chemical reaction, be permanently fixed, change into that gas escapes into atmosphere and leaching goes out the process that soil then is the complete ineffective treatment of fertilizer, loss, the waste of fertilizer, and very likely contaminated environment, spoiled soil quality.
Scientific research and production practices sufficient proof, the ineffective treatment of fertilizer, loss process are not only relevant with soil property, relevant with many factors such as fertilizer concentration, loam contact area, soil water contents especially, usually, fertilizer concentration is larger, the loam contact area is larger, moisture is higher, then the ineffective treatment of fertilizer and bleed rate just faster (as, soil moisture be unsaturated thousand times in the leachability of saturation state, more than ten thousand times), the availability of fertilizer is just lower.
Because there is the phenomenon of ineffective treatment, loss in fertilizer in soil, so that the availability of fertilizer is generally not high at present, for example, China's N fertilizer utilization rate less than 30%, phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency less than 15%, potassium utilization rate is less than 35%, the poor efficiency of fertilizer not only makes fertilizer not be fully used, waste manure resources, and, the residue fertilizer nutrient that does not have utilization absorbed by crops, will be lost to by all means in air, the water body, thereby cause serious environmental problem, for example, widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area, greenhouse gas emission, acid rain, soil degradation etc.
In order to improve the effective rate of utilization of fertilizer, reduce the residue fertilizer nutrient to the pollution of environment, how research efficiently applies fertilizer, and is the field of agricultural sciences problem demanding prompt solution.
In the prior art, the basic skills of fertilising is that one or many is sneaked into whole topsoils or local topsoil, absorbs for crop root with the form of fertilizer by solid or the aqueous solution.But under such fertilization mode, following several unfavorable shape feelings can occur:
1. the nutrient density in the soil solution is very inhomogeneous, can have high local concentrations in the short-term after fertilising, even causes the burning seedling, and within all the other long periods, fertilizer concentration again may be well below the needed suitable concentration of crop;
2. fertilizer fully mixes with soil, contact-making surface is large: by sowing fertilizers on soil, but owing to crop root only exists in the certain area of soil, and do not have crop roots in other zones of soil, fertilizer in this zone can't directly be absorbed by root system of plant, causes the waste of fertilizer; And if the employing partial fertilizer then owing to the dynamic growth of crop root, is difficult to so that fertilising zone and crop root region height are identical;
3. in a single day fertilizer is manured into soil, will have enough to meet the need according to its intrinsic natural law, can't the behavior of conditioned fertilizer product in soil.Particularly after crop was gathered, the residue fertilizer nutrient of utilization absorbed by crops was not wasted substantially;
4. crop is difficult to be identical to the demand of nutrient and the supply of fertilizer nutrient, utilizes fertilizer thereby affect the crop efficient absorption;
If 5. larger rainfall or heavy irrigation occur, then can cause because soil water content is too high fertilizer nutrient to run off.
For the problems referred to above, in some high benefit economic crops or industrialized agriculture, begin to use the method for fertigation, attempt to overcome existing with the form of fertilizer by solid or the aqueous solution, one or many is sneaked into whole soil or local soil and the problem that produces.Fertigation, being about to fertilizer dissolves in the irrigation water, utilize irrigation water that fertilizer is transported in the soil, adopt fertigation, can solve preferably the inhomogeneous problem of nutrient density in the soil solution, but the fertilizer nutrient loss that behavior in soil of, conditioned fertilizer product large for fertilizer and soil contact, crop are difficult to be identical to the supply of the demand of nutrient and fertilizer nutrient and heavy irrigation causes, the method of fertigation also fails to improve preferably or solve, so that the availability of fertilizer is still lower; Further, under many circumstances, because be not consistent with the nutrient demand phase need water period of crop, and because weather, irrigation period changes, in a large amount of nutrients of crop needs, but might not need irrigation; And the method for fertigation need irrigating facility to do the basis, and irrigating facility often needs power, has additionally increased energy-consuming, thereby has increased the cost of Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households crop, is difficult to carry out spread common crops.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, main purpose of the present invention is to propose a kind of fertilizer apparatus, improves the availability of fertilizer, cost, the environmental contamination reduction of reduction Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households crop.
Another object of the present invention is to propose a kind of fertilizing method, improve the availability of fertilizer, cost, the environmental contamination reduction of reduction Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households crop.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides a kind of fertilizer apparatus, this device comprises: fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber, wherein,
Fertilizing head is positioned at fertilizer apparatus bottom, is provided with pore, links to each other with the fertile device of storage, be positioned over soil in grow the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance arranged;
Store up fertile device, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution;
Negative pressure chamber, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus top, be connected with the fertile device of storage down, be full of the air of default air pressure and volume in it, be higher than the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth so that comprise the flow of water of the described fertilizing head of the air pressure of reserving air, the soil water potential when being in field capacity less than soil.
Described fertilizing head is the equipment with microcellular structure.
Further comprise:
Be provided with for the negative pressure regulating valve of regulating the initial negative pressure of negative pressure chamber at the top of described negative pressure chamber.
A kind of fertilizing method, the method comprises:
Setting comprises the fertilizer apparatus of fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber;
Described fertilizing head is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, be provided with pore, link to each other with the fertile device of storage;
The fertile device of described storage is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution;
Described negative pressure chamber is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus top, be connected with the fertile device of storage down, be full of the air of default air pressure and volume in it, be higher than the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth so that comprise the flow of water of the described fertilizing head of the air pressure of reserving air, the soil water potential when being in field capacity less than soil;
With the fertilizer apparatus that arranges be positioned over soil in growth the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance are arranged.
The described soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth for-0.1Bar～-5.0Bar, the soil water potential when described soil is in field capacity-0.1～-0.3Bar between.
Described soil water potential computing formula is:
φ
±=φ
Base+ P
0+ P
± water+ φ
g+ φ
Solute
In the formula,
φ
±Be soil water potential;
φ
BaseBe the soil matrix gesture;
P
0Be atmospheric pressure;
P
Tu ShuiBe the soil water colunm pressure;
φ
gBe soil gravitational potential;
φ
SoluteBe the soil solute gesture.
Described fertilizing head flow of water computing formula is:
ξ
Execute=ξ
Base+ P+ ξ
Water+ ξ
g+ ξ
Solute
In the formula,
ξ
ExecuteBe the fertilizing head flow of water;
ξ
BaseBe the fertilizing head matric potential;
P is negative pressure chamber's air pressure;
ξ
WaterFor storing up fertilizer solution water colunm pressure in the fertile device;
ξ
gBe fertilizing head gravitational potential;
ξ
SoluteBe the fertilizing head solute potential.
When soil was in unsaturated state, the computing formula of the difference of the described fertilizing head flow of water and described soil water potential was:
In the formula,
Δ is the poor of the described fertilizing head flow of water and described soil water potential;
H
AirBe negative pressure chamber's initial air post height;
P
AirBe negative pressure chamber's initial gas pressure;
H
LiquidBe the initial liquid level of fertilizer solution;
H is current fertilizer apparatus fertilizer solution liquid level, H
Air, H
Liquid, H unit is centimetre; ξ
Water=0.0009807H (Bar).
As seen from the above technical solutions, a kind of fertilizer apparatus provided by the invention and fertilizing method, fertilizer apparatus comprises: fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber, wherein, fertilizing head is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, is provided with pore, link to each other with the fertile device of storage, being positioned over grows in the soil the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance; Store up fertile device, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution; Negative pressure chamber, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus top, be connected with the fertile device of storage down, be full of the air of default air pressure and volume in it, be higher than the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth so that comprise the flow of water of the described fertilizing head of the air pressure of reserving air, the soil water potential when being in field capacity less than soil.Like this, add up by experiment, analyze, obtain the soil water potential of the vigorous correspondence of plant growth and the soil water potential that soil is in field capacity, adjust initial air volume and air pressure thereof in the fertilizer apparatus negative pressure chamber, so that when the fertilizing head flow of water is higher than soil water potential, the solution that stores up in the fertile device flows out to soil by the pore that arranges in the fertilizing head, when the fertilizing head flow of water is lower than soil water potential, moisture in the soil flows to the fertile device of storage by the pore that arranges in the fertilizing head, avoid fertilizer loss, improved the availability of fertilizer, avoided fertilizer loss, reduced the cost of Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households crop.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of fertilizer apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the schematic flow sheet of fertilizing method of the present invention.
Embodiment
For making the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the specific embodiments.
In the prior art, the method for applying fertilizer by the form of solid or the aqueous solution and the method for fertigation exist all that utilization rate of fertilizer is not high, peasant household's fertilising cost is high, the easy defective of contaminated environment.Among the present invention, consider a kind of natural quality that soil has, be the characteristics of soil water potential attribute, that is to say, in overwhelming majority's nature situation, mobile the rely on soil moisture of soil nutrient in soil is as medium, and the movement of soil moisture is driven by soil water potential, and moisture always flows to the low place of potential energy from the high place of potential energy.Soil nutrient is dissolved in the moisture, moisture relies on the driving of soil water potential from soil, flow to crop root, thereby can the moisture that be dissolved with soil nutrient flow to crop root, and crop can absorb the moisture that is dissolved with soil nutrient, depend on that fully the flow of water between soil and the crop is poor, be the height of soil water potential, soil water potential is higher, more can drive soil moisture and flow to crop root.
Through experiment and research for many years, the soil water potential of finding most of dry farmlands of the season of growth generally-0.1Bar～-15.0Bar between, wherein, most of crops in soil water potential be-0.3Bar～-grow during 5.0Bar the most vigorous.If soil water potential is greater than-0.1Bar, will be so that soil moisture content surpass field capacity, cause that moisture is as easy as rolling off a log to flow, and fertilizer nutrient will be taken away, thereby cause the loss of fertilizer.
Based on above-mentioned the principles of science and analysis, if can control the flow of water of fertilizer solution, soil water potential in the time of can be greater than plant growth and less than so that soil moisture content surpasses the soil water potential of field capacity, like this, just can guarantee at crop growth period to crop fertilization, and in the too high situation of soil moisture content, can not be because of the flowing of moisture, and fertilizer nutrient is taken away.
Thereby the present invention proposes a kind of brand-new, high efficiency fertilizing method-negative pressure fertilization method, by the flow of water of control fertilizer, reaches the purpose of the availability that improves fertilizer.The mechanism of negative pressure fertilising is briefly described by following elder generation: according to the basic natural law of " water always flows to the low place of potential energy from the high place of potential energy ", with moisture as carrier, take full advantage of the potential energy of soil itself, by regulating the flow of water of fertilizer solution, make it under negative pressure state, fertilizer solution is transported to crop root.
The negative pressure of the present invention that it should be noted that is for atmospheric pressure, i.e. subatmospheric air pressure.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of fertilizer apparatus of the present invention.Referring to Fig. 1, this fertilizer apparatus comprises: fertilizing head 101, the fertile device 102 of storage and negative pressure chamber 103, wherein,
Fertilizing head 101 is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, is provided with pore, links to each other with the fertile device 102 of storage, and being positioned over grows in the soil 106 desired depth of crop root 107 and the position of preset distance;
Among the present invention, the crop root position can be estimated according to the growing state of the kind of crop 105 and crop by the fertilising personnel and obtains, and desired depth and preset distance can according to actual needs, be determined according to experience.For example, desired depth can be soil ground to the degree of depth in crop root centre position, and preset distance can not affect in the situation of crop root growth, the distance suitable apart from crop root get final product, and be shorter with the path that guarantees the fertilizer nutrient conveying.
Store up fertile device 102, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head 101, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber 103, is used for depositing fertilizer solution 104;
Among the present invention, setting by default air pressure, so that when the fertilizing head flow of water is higher than soil water potential, the solution that stores up in the fertile device flows out to soil by the pore that arranges in the fertilizing head, when the fertilizing head flow of water was lower than soil water potential, the moisture in the soil flow to the fertile device of storage by the pore that arranges in the fertilizing head.
The concrete setting of default air pressure follow-uply specifically is described again.
Fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber form the container of sealing.
Preferably, be provided with at the top of negative pressure chamber for the negative pressure regulating valve 108 of regulating the initial negative pressure of negative pressure chamber.
Institute it should be noted that, the size of fertilizer apparatus of the present invention can arrange according to actual needs, for example, consider that agrotype, vegetative period length, required nutrient, fertilizer apparatus lay the degree of depth etc. in soil, for instance, for fruit tree, the depth dimensions of the fertilizer apparatus that arranges and length and width size can be greater than the corresponding sizes of the fertilizer apparatus that is used for Cotton fertilization, and, during fertilizer apparatus can all be placed into the soil, but the convenience in order to guarantee that fertilizer replenishes arranges the fertilizer apparatus top and is higher than the suitable distance of soil surface.
Among the present invention, fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber both can be as a whole, also can be that three parts are linked together by pipeline, stored up boundary unfixing between fertile device and the negative pressure chamber, take the liquid level of fertilizer solution as division surface, change along with the variation of fertilizer solution liquid level.Initial negative pressure in the negative pressure chamber can produce by bleeding, but the process in fertilising, negative pressure chamber's air pressure changes along with the variation of fertilizer solution liquid level, when the fertilising beginning, negative pressure chamber's volume is less, and initial gas pressure can be made as an atmospheric pressure, certainly, in the practical application, also can adjust according to actual needs the initial gas pressure in the negative pressure chamber.In the fertilising process, along with fertilizer solution flows to soil, negative pressure chamber's volume increases, and air pressure reduces, and after fertilizer solution all flowed out in the fertile device of storage, it is maximum that negative pressure chamber's volume reaches, and air pressure reaches minimum.The final minimum air pressure of negative pressure chamber depends on original volume, the initial gas pressure of negative pressure chamber and stores up fertile device volume.In the practical application, if the original volume of negative pressure chamber is 0, then negative pressure chamber is not considering to store up in the situation of fertilizer solution vapour pressure in the fertile device in the fertilising process, and its air pressure is always 0 in theory, then as-1.0Bar, namely is in vacuum state take negative pressure means.
Among the present invention, store up fertilizer solution in the fertile device by the crop root UNICOM in fertilizing head and the soil, consider the relation of the flow of water of soil water potential and fertilizer solution, if soil water potential is lower than the fertilizer solution flow of water, will be under the poor driving of the flow of water, fertilizer solution will flow to soil by fertilizing head from store up fertile device, thereby fertilizer nutrient is delivered to rhizosphere soil, apply fertilizer to crop root; And if soil water potential is higher than the fertilizer solution flow of water, the solution in the soil will be by fertilizing head from soil flow to the fertile device of storage, and like this, fertilizer applicator stops to fertilizer provision from soil.As previously mentioned, if soil water potential maintains-0.1Bar～-5.0Bar between, just can guarantee that plant growth is comparatively vigorous, that is to say, as long as arrange the flow of water of the fertilizer solution in the fertilizer apparatus a little higher than-0.1Bar～-5.0Bar, for example,-0.05Bar then can drive fertilizer solution and flow to root system in the soil, guarantees the fertilising to crop, and, along with fertilizer solution injects soil, the flow of water of soil also raises gradually, and the fertilizer solution flow of water reduces gradually, through certain hour, the fertilizer solution flow of water and soil water potential are kept a dynamic equilibrium, are subject to heavy rain or heavy irrigation at soil, so that soil water potential is during greater than-0.1Bar, because soil water potential is higher than the fertilizer solution flow of water, can guarantee that fertilizer does not outflow.For instance, if be in the crop root in vegetative period, soil water potential around it is-0.4Bar, the flow of water of the fertilizer solution at the fertilizing head place that arranges is-0.2Bar, then when fertilizer apparatus being placed crop root other, the flow of water of fertilizer solution is higher than soil water potential, the driving fertilizer solution flows to the crop root in the soil, owing to negative pressure chamber's internal volume enlarges gradually, so that the flow of water of fertilizer solution reduces gradually, and the other soil of crop root, because the pouring of fertilizer solution, soil water potential raises gradually, like this, through after a while, both reach balance.After crop root absorbs fertilizer solution, so that soil water potential descends, from and drive fertilizer solution and flow to soil, and when crop root was subject to heavy rain or rainwater heavy irrigation, soil water potential rose rapidly, drove rainwater and flowed to the fertile device of storage, compression negative pressure chamber internal volume, so that the fertilizer solution flow of water raises, finally also reach a dynamic equilibrium, prevent the fertilizer solution outflow.
As previously mentioned, the atmospheric pressure (about 1.0Bar) of relative fertilizer apparatus outside, air pressure in the negative pressure chamber is negative value, reserves air capacity in the negative pressure chamber by control, can keep air pressure in the negative pressure chamber 0～-1.0Bar between, like this, too much when soil moisture, when namely producing easily quick soil moisture and moving, fertilizer applicator is fertilizer not only, on the contrary the soil solution is drawn into fertilizer applicator, has prevented that fertilizer from outflowing with water.
Among the present invention, fertilizing head is the equipment with microcellular structure, when its micropore is full of water, as long as keep the poor numerical value that sets in advance that is no more than of fertilizing head inner and outer air pressure, can make it have permeable air-locked characteristic, so that the air in the soil can not enter the fertile device of storage by fertilizing head, thereby the flow of water that can keep fertilizing head the corresponding flow of water of field capacity institute between-the 1.0Bar (in practice, decide on the actual field capacity of soil, the corresponding soil water potential of the field capacity of most soil-0.1～-0.3Bar between).
The below sets default air pressure to the present invention, and namely the occurrence of initial gas pressure describes in the negative pressure chamber.
If negative pressure chamber's initial air post height is H
Air, initial gas pressure is P
Air, current negative pressure chamber air pressure is P, the initial liquid level of fertilizer solution is H
Liquid, the current soil flow of water is φ
±, as previously mentioned, the flow direction of fertilizer solution depends on the poor Δ of the flow of water between fertilizing head and the soil.Wherein,
φ
±=φ
Base+ P
0+ P
± water+ φ
g+ φ
Solute(1)
In the formula,
φ
±Be soil water potential;
φ
BaseBe the soil matrix gesture;
P
0Be atmospheric pressure;
P
± waterBe the soil water colunm pressure;
φ
gBe soil gravitational potential;
φ
SoluteBe the soil solute gesture.
The computing formula of the flow of water of fertilizing head is:
ξ
Execute=ξ
Base+ P+ ξ
Water+ ξ
g+ ξ
Solute(2)
In the formula,
ξ
ExecuteBe the fertilizing head flow of water;
ξ
BaseBe the fertilizing head matric potential;
P is negative pressure chamber's air pressure;
ξ
WaterFor storing up fertilizer solution water colunm pressure in the fertile device;
ξ
gBe fertilizing head gravitational potential, ξ
g=φ
g
ξ
SoluteBe the fertilizing head solute potential.Wherein,
Soil matrix gesture φ
Base, fertilizing head matric potential ξ
BaseBe less than or equal to 0, water content is higher, and matric potential is larger, for soil matrix gesture φ
Base, when having heavy irrigation, larger rainfall, the state so that soil moisture content reaches capacity, then soil matrix gesture φ
BaseReaching maximum, is 0, in other situations, and soil matrix gesture φ
BaseNegative forever, that is:
Matric potential is to promote the main power that moisture moves.In the fertilising process, because the micropore in the fertilizing head is filled up by fertilizer solution, be in all the time saturation state, so among the present invention, fertilizing head matric potential ξ base size is always 0, that is:
ξ
Base=0 (4)
Gravitational potential φ
g, ξ
gBe a relative value, depend on the residing position of reference point fully, among the present invention, because fertilizing head and soil are on the same level face, therefore, anyway select reference point, fertilizing head gravitational potential ξ
gWith soil gravitational potential φ
gAll the time equate, that is:
ξ
g＝φ
g (5)
Soil solute gesture φ
Solute, fertilizing head solute potential ξ
SoluteForever be less than or equal to 0, its value height depends on the height of solution concentration in soil or the fertilizing head, and concentration is higher, and corresponding solute potential is less, and the solute potential of pure water is the highest, is 0.In fertilising process shown in the present, because the fertilizer solute can freely pass fertilizing head with solution, therefore, fertilizer solute concentration and rhizosphere soil solution concentration in the fertilizing head differ very little, can ignore.Thereby, among the present invention, in the fertilising process, can think soil solute gesture φ
SoluteWith fertilizing head solute potential ξ
SoluteAlso substantially equal, that is:
φ
Solute=ξ
Solute(6)
Soil water colunm pressure P
± waterWith atmospheric pressure P
0Consist of the pressure potential of soil, wherein, for a specified place, atmospheric pressure P
0Variation between the anniversary is very little, can think constant.And soil water colunm pressure P
Tu ShuiOnly exist in the situation of soil saturation, its size is: 0.0009807H Bar, wherein, H equals soil depth and waterflooding water depth sum, namely for the height with centimetre water column that represents
The air pressure P of negative pressure chamber and fertilizer solution water colunm pressure ξ
WaterConsist of the pressure potential of fertilizing head, wherein, consider to have following relation in the temperature-resistant situation:
P
AirXH
Air=Px (H
Air+ H
Liquid-H) (8)
In the formula, H is current fertilizer apparatus fertilizer solution liquid level.
Can be got by following formula:
That is to say the air pressure P of negative pressure chamber and negative pressure chamber's initial air post height H
Air, initial gas pressure P
AirAnd it is relevant to store up the current liquid level of fertile device fertilizer solution.
The poor Δ of the flow of water between fertilizing head and the soil equals the difference of the fertilizing head flow of water and soil water potential:
Δ=ξ
Execute-φ
±(10)
With formula (1), formula (2) substitution formula (10), can get:
Δ=(ξ
Base+ P+ ξ
Water+ ξ
g+ ξ
Solute)-(φ
Base+ P
0+ P
Tu Shui+ φ
g+ φ
Solute) (11)
In the formula,
ξ
Base=0, ξ
g=φ
g, φ
Solute=ξ
Solute, substitution formula (11) can get:
Δ=(P+ ξ
Water)-(φ
Base+ P
0+ P
Tu Shui) (12)
When soil is in unsaturated state, φ
Base＜0
Obviously, for certain soil water potential, in case gentle being installed with of the volume of initial air decided, Δ is the monotone decreasing function of a H, and its value scope is:
The former, namely
The situation that fertilizer solution is about to flow the moment, this moment fertilizing head the flow of water dropped to minimum, and the latter, i.e. P
Air+ 0.0009807H-P
0-φ
BaseBe the situation of applying fertilizer of just having begun, this moment, the flow of water of fertilizing head was the highest.When soil water potential was equal with the fertilizing head flow of water, fertilizer solution no longer flowed to soil.Obviously, can select moment that fertilizer solution is about to flow as the moment of fertilising process automatic stop, namely have:
According to formula (14), (the soil matrix gesture is lower than this threshold value can to select according to actual needs the soil matrix gesture threshold value that needs fertilising, then to soil application, be higher than this threshold value, soil moisture flows to the fertile device of storage by fertilizing head, thereby stop to soil application), obviously, this threshold value can only be 0～-P
0Between, if threshold value is selected less than-P
0, then the Δ perseverance only has fertilizer liquid to exist greater than 0, and the fertilising process just can not stop.For example, can select water-retaining quantity among field of soil (generally-0.1～-0.3Bar between) as threshold value.For selected threshold value, by adjusting P
Air, H
Air, H
LiquidValue, can be so that Δ 〉=0, namely under soil is in unsaturated state, can be by arranging, so that the fertilizing head flow of water is greater than soil water potential, moisture flows to soil from fertilizing head, thereby to fertilizer provision from soil, can effectively the fertilizer nutrient in the fertilizer apparatus be delivered to the crop root zone in the soil.
In the practice, for formula (14), P
AirOften be chosen for P
0This moment, Δ value scope was:
As seen, use the present invention, can be according to the requirement of crop to soil moisture, 0～-P
0Scope in freely select the soil water potential threshold value of fertilising process automatic stop, as threshold value, just can effectively avoid the loss of fertilizer if select to be equal to or less than the corresponding flow of water of water-retaining quantity among field of soil (generally-0.1～-0.3Bar between).
Fig. 2 is the schematic flow sheet of fertilizing method of the present invention.Referring to Fig. 2, this flow process comprises:
Step 201 arranges the fertilizer apparatus that comprises fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber;
Step 202 arranges fertilizing head and is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, is provided with pore on the fertilizing head, and fertilizing head links to each other with the fertile device of storage;
In this step, the fertilizing head placement that also can lay flat on one's back.
Step 203 arranges the fertile device of storage and is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, and an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution;
In this step, setting by default air pressure, so that when the fertilizing head flow of water is higher than soil water potential, the solution that stores up in the fertile device flows out to soil by the pore that arranges in the fertilizing head, when the fertilizing head flow of water was lower than soil water potential, the moisture in the soil flow to the fertile device of storage by the pore that arranges in the fertilizing head.
Preferably, the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth for-0.3Bar～-5.0Bar, the soil water potential when soil is in field capacity is greater than-0.1Bar.
The soil water potential computing formula is:
φ
±=φ
Base+ P
0+ P
± water+ φ
g+ φ
Solute
In the formula,
φ
±Be soil water potential;
φ
BaseBe the soil matrix gesture,
P
0Be atmospheric pressure;
P
Tu ShuiBe the soil water colunm pressure,
φ
gBe soil gravitational potential;
φ
SoluteBe the soil solute gesture.
Fertilizing head flow of water computing formula is:
ξ
Execute=ξ
Base+ P+ ξ
Water+ ξ
g+ ξ
Solute+ P
Solution
In the formula,
ξ
ExecuteBe the fertilizing head flow of water;
ξ
BaseBe fertilizing head matric potential, ξ
Base=0;
P is negative pressure chamber's air pressure,
Wherein, H
AirBe negative pressure chamber's initial air post height, P
AirBe initial gas pressure, H
LiquidBe the initial liquid level of fertilizer solution, H is fertilizer apparatus fertilizer solution liquid level in the fertilising process, H
Air, H
Liquid, H unit is centimetre;
ξ
WaterFor storing up fertilizer solution water colunm pressure in the fertile device, ξ
Water=0.0009807H;
ξ
gBe fertilizing head gravitational potential, ξ
g=φ
g
ξ
SoluteBe fertilizing head solute potential, φ
Solute=ξ
Solute
Step 205 is positioned over the fertilizer apparatus that arranges that growth has the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance in the soil.
As seen by above-mentioned, fertilizer apparatus of the present invention and fertilizing method comprise fertilizing head, store up the fertilizer apparatus of fertile device and negative pressure chamber by setting; Described fertilizing head is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, be provided with pore, link to each other with the fertile device of storage; The fertile device of described storage is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution; Described negative pressure chamber is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus top, be connected with the fertile device of storage down, be full of the air of default air pressure and volume in it, be higher than the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth, the soil water potential when being in field capacity less than soil so that comprise the flow of water of fertilizing head of the air pressure of described reservation air; The fertilizer apparatus that arranges is positioned over growth has the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance in the soil.Have following advantage:
1, can continue, evenly, reposefully to provide nutrient near the optimum nutrient density of crop to crop, greatly improved the absorption efficiency of crop to fertilizer;
2, in the situation that larger rainfall or heavy irrigation occur, can automatically stop farthest to have reduced the fertilizer loss amount, thereby having improved the availability of fertilizer to crop supply nutrient, slow down environmental pollution, effectively reduced the cost of Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households crop;
3, avoided the fertilizer high concentration, contact with soil in large area, reduced simultaneously the time of staying of fertilizer in soil, farthest avoided fixing, the conversion of fertilizer in soil, volatilization etc.;
4, can carry out exactly partial fertilizer, improve the availability of fertilizer;
5, can according to actual needs, stop at any time crop supply nutrient;
6, take full advantage of the potential energy of soil itself, do not need to provide external energy, be easy to carry out spread common crops.
7, rely on the matric potential of soil self, fertilizer solution is drawn in the soil, avoided present fertilising process to the destruction of soil structure.
The above is preferred embodiment of the present invention only, is not for limiting protection scope of the present invention.Within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any modification of doing, be equal to and replace and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a fertilizer apparatus is characterized in that, this fertilizer apparatus comprises: fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber, wherein,
Fertilizing head is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, is provided with pore, links to each other with the fertile device of storage, and being positioned over grows in the soil the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance;
Store up fertile device, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution;
Negative pressure chamber, be positioned at the fertilizer apparatus top, be connected with the fertile device of storage down, be full of the air of default air pressure and volume in it, be higher than the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth so that comprise the flow of water of the described fertilizing head of the air pressure of reserving air, the soil water potential when being in field capacity less than soil;
Be provided with for the negative pressure regulating valve of regulating the initial negative pressure of negative pressure chamber at the top of described negative pressure chamber;
Described fertilizing head is the equipment with microcellular structure.
2. fertilizing method is characterized in that the method comprises:
Setting comprises the fertilizer apparatus of fertilizing head, the fertile device of storage and negative pressure chamber;
Described fertilizing head is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus bottom, be provided with pore, link to each other with the fertile device of storage;
The fertile device of described storage is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus middle part, an end is connected with fertilizing head, and the other end is connected with negative pressure chamber, is used for depositing fertilizer solution;
Described negative pressure chamber is set is positioned at the fertilizer apparatus top, be connected with the fertile device of storage down, be full of the air of default air pressure and volume in it, be higher than the soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth so that comprise the flow of water of the described fertilizing head of the air pressure of reserving air, the soil water potential when being in field capacity less than soil;
Be provided with for the negative pressure regulating valve of regulating the initial negative pressure of negative pressure chamber at the top of described negative pressure chamber;
Described fertilizing head is the equipment with microcellular structure;
The fertilizer apparatus that arranges is positioned over growth has the desired depth of crop root and the position of preset distance in the soil.
3. method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, the described soil water potential that makes the vigorous correspondence of plant growth for-0.1Bar～-5.0Bar, the soil water potential when described soil is in field capacity generally-0.1～-0.3Bar between.
4. method as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3 is characterized in that described soil water potential computing formula is:
φ
Soil=φ
Base+ P
0+ P
Tu Shui+ φ
g+ φ
Solute
In the formula,
φ
SoilBe soil water potential;
φ
BaseBe the soil matrix gesture;
P
0Be atmospheric pressure;
P
Tu ShuiBe the soil water colunm pressure;
φ
gBe soil gravitational potential;
φ
SoluteBe the soil solute gesture.
5. method as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, described fertilizing head flow of water computing formula is:
ξ
Execute=ξ
Base+ P+ ξ
Water+ ξ
g+ ξ
Solute
In the formula,
ξ
ExecuteBe the fertilizing head flow of water;
ξ
BaseBe the fertilizing head matric potential;
P is negative pressure chamber's air pressure;
ξ
WaterFor storing up fertilizer solution water colunm pressure in the fertile device;
ξ
gBe fertilizing head gravitational potential;
ξ
SoluteBe the fertilizing head solute potential.
6. method as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, when soil was in unsaturated state, the computing formula of the difference of the described fertilizing head flow of water and described soil water potential was:
In the formula,
Δ is the poor of the described fertilizing head flow of water and described soil water potential;
H
AirBe negative pressure chamber's initial air post height;
P
AirBe negative pressure chamber's initial gas pressure;
H
LiquidBe the initial liquid level of fertilizer solution;
H is current fertilizer apparatus fertilizer solution liquid level, H
Air, H
Liquid, H unit is centimetre;
ξ
Water=0.0009807H (Bar).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011100939232A CN102217452B (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2011-04-15 | Fertilizing device and fertilizing method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011100939232A CN102217452B (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2011-04-15 | Fertilizing device and fertilizing method |
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| CN102217452B true CN102217452B (en) | 2013-03-13 |
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| CN103141364B (en) * | 2013-03-28 | 2014-12-17 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Constant negative pressure irrigation device and constant negative pressure irrigation method |
| CN103688730B (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2015-09-30 | 北京东方园林股份有限公司 | The Plant technique device and method of a kind of saturated yielding soil shrub plantation |
| CN104885677A (en) * | 2015-06-13 | 2015-09-09 | 王娟 | Buried type biofertilizer box for soapberry tree |
| CN104885675A (en) * | 2015-06-13 | 2015-09-09 | 王娟 | Embedded bio-fertilizer box for vernicia fordii |
| CN105130714A (en) * | 2015-08-18 | 2015-12-09 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Method for improving cucumber output and quality and water-soluble fertilizer |
| CN108450111A (en) * | 2018-04-09 | 2018-08-28 | 湖南农业大学 | The water-fertilizer integral Negative pressure irrigation method of overwintering cauliflower |
| CN109349075B (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2024-02-06 | 李沛燃 | Forest fertilizing device and application thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN2442509Y (en) * | 2000-08-01 | 2001-08-15 | 马树升 | Ground soil infiltrating sucking negative pressure delay irrigator for storing water of woody plant root |
| CN2461272Y (en) * | 2001-01-04 | 2001-11-28 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Sucking/permeating irrigation appts. |
| CN201163918Y (en) * | 2007-11-30 | 2008-12-17 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Device for automatically controlling constant soil water potential |
| CN202035281U (en) * | 2011-04-15 | 2011-11-16 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Fertilization device |
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