CN102170921A - 由镁合金制造的植入物及其制造方法 - Google Patents

由镁合金制造的植入物及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN102170921A
CN102170921A CN2009801396893A CN200980139689A CN102170921A CN 102170921 A CN102170921 A CN 102170921A CN 2009801396893 A CN2009801396893 A CN 2009801396893A CN 200980139689 A CN200980139689 A CN 200980139689A CN 102170921 A CN102170921 A CN 102170921A
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implant
aforementioned
magnesium alloy
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CN102170921B (zh
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弗兰克·维特
诺伯特·霍特
马科·沃尔夫斯塔迪特
汉斯-约阿希姆·费舍
伯恩德·弗洛里奇
沃尔夫冈·沃伊斯
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AAP culture AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及由镁合金制造的植入物,其中孔隙率朝向核心增加。

Description

由镁合金制造的植入物及其制造方法
发明领域
发明背景
可生物再吸收性植入物,尤其是由镁或镁合金制造的植入物,是已知的。特别地讲,已知镁对骨骼痊愈具有积极的作用且在体内缓慢分解,因此可生物再吸收性植入物可以使用镁来制造。
具体地说,已知基本由镁制成的有螺钉、金属线、销钉等。
现有镁植入物的缺点在于一旦植入物降解到较小的深度,则植入物、尤其是螺钉的机械性质会受损到植入物丧失其机械作用的程度。因为各种进一步的腐蚀仅发生在表面处,剩余的残留植入物、即植入物的核心则存留在体内,并且经受相当长的分解过程。
现有镁植入物的进一步的缺点在于难以使用机械加工技术制造所述植入物。镁合金的机械加工工艺始终必然牵涉高燃烧风险。因此,制造始终都是必须在适当小心下进行,并因此耗费时间且复杂。
本发明的目的
因此,本发明的一个目的在于提供一种植入物,就成功治疗而言,其具有改善的性质,且其可以用简单的方式制造。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种植入物,其在分解过程期间,保持其机械性质比较久的时间,即功能肯定已经丧失的残留植入物的分解过程占体内全部滞留时间的分数尽可能低。
本发明的进一步的目的在于减轻必须在体内分解的可生物再吸收性材料的质量。
本发明的另一目的在于提供用于医学应用的镁合金,其具有高耐受性和优良的机械性质。
本发明的一个特定目的在于减少锌的比例,当锌过量时,其可能引起体内炎症,但其被用来改善镁合金的机械性质。
发明内容
根据独立权利要求中任一项,本发明的目的已经通过由镁或镁合金制造的植入物、并通过植入物用的镁合金来解决。
本发明的优选实施方案和修改体在相应的从属权利要求中陈述。
根据一个方面,本发明涉及镁模铸植入物或镁模铸合金的植入物,所述植入物至少在其部分中是多孔的,且孔隙率至少在其部分中从外向内增加。因此,根据本发明,孔隙率从植入物的表面向植入物的核心增加。其原因在于,分解过程在多孔性较低的表面处迟缓,而在植入物的核心则相反。因此,在放置植入物之后,开始的分解相对缓慢,但是一旦靠近表面的区域已经被分解,植入物的剩余残留核心则变成快速分解。相比之下,所述表面优选具有铸皮,能在放置之后的初期延迟腐蚀侵袭。
因此,所述植入物在整个分解过程的比较久的时间内保持其机械性质的最低要求。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,所述植入物的表面基本不含开孔;尤其是所述表面具有少于3个直径在100μm/cm2以上的开孔。
本发明人已经发现,比较低的孔隙率产生出乎意料地强烈加速的分解过程。然而,在闭合的基本无孔的表面上,分解过程的开始非常迟缓。
在本发明的另一优选的实施方案中,形成所述植入物,使得组织结构、即至少部分结晶合金的平均粒径在向内方向上、即朝向核心上变得更粗糙。较大粒度似乎也与体内的较快分解有关。
优选的是在靠近所述表面的第一区域、例如被限定为最大深度0.5mm的第一区域中,孔隙率小于3%、最优选小于2%。
在远离表面的区域、特别是可以限定为从所述表面上看去深度在0.6mm以上的区域中,孔隙率优选在3%以上、最优选5%以上。本文中的术语“孔隙率”是指闭合孔隙率,即开孔与闭孔的比率。所述植入物的孔隙率的程度可以为1~40%、优选为2~8%。
高达约40%的孔隙率在技术上是可行的。然而,已经发现相对小的孔隙率程度,尤其是3%以上,将显著加速剩余的残留植入物的分解过程。
在本发明的一个修改体中,所述植入物包含具有0.5~10%(除非另有说明,否则%量是指wt%)、优选1~9%且最优选3~5%的钇量的镁合金。钇用作主要用于延迟所述植入物的腐蚀的添加剂。因此,钇的量可以设定植入物的所需使用寿命,直到其性质因分解而丧失。
优选的是所述镁合金除钇之外还包含小于2%、更优选小于1%的量的其它稀土,即稀土金属。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,合金中展现出高溶解性的元素Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu的量各自小于0.4%且总计小于0.7%。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,展现出比较高溶解性的元素Nd、La、Ce、Pr、Sm和Eu的量各自小于0.15%且总计小于0.4%。
这样,提供了在铸造期间展现出均匀析出行为的合金。
为了部分地阻止不合需要的副作用,所述植入物优选具有各自小于0.2%且总计小于0.4%的量的元素Al、Zn、Si、Mn、Ca、Zr、Li、Sn、Sr和P中的至少一种。
此外,所述植入物优选包含小于50ppm的元素Ag、Au、Cu、Fe和Ni中的每一种。
然而,本发明的一个供选的实施方案设想了根据适应症加入银,尤其是原子或纳米粒子形式的银,以获得抗菌性质。
铍的量优选小于4ppm。
在本发明的一个修改体中,所述植入物至少在其部分中被涂层。
例如,设想了使用类似地可生物再吸收的、即在体内降解的涂层。
特别提供了生物相容的聚合物、缓慢溶解的氧化物层或羟基磷灰石或其它磷酸钙盐的可降解涂层。
诸如聚-L-乳酸、聚己酸内酯或氟化物涂层的聚合物涂层也在特定滞留时间内溶解。
在放置植入物后的初期,涂层可以几乎完全阻止降解。因此,在初期期间,所述植入物保留其机械性质。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,使用在高于体温的温度下分解或溶解的涂层。因此,可以想象,将已经放置的植入物感应加热到40℃~60℃之间的温度,由此涂层被分解并暴露出剩余的镁植入物以供分解。
在本发明的一个修改体中,所述植入物具有喷砂处理的表面。这样,可以除去毛刺。另一方面,喷砂可以导致表面致密,由此延迟初始的分解过程。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,所述植入物一体形成。
模铸方法已经证明是特别适合用作制造根据本发明的植入物的方法。
本发明人已经发现模铸方法允许以非常经济的方式提供具有多孔核心但表面基本无孔的植入物。
在高压下,在模具中压缩熔体。此时,所述模具优选不像在一些真空协助的模铸过程中的那样被抽空。模具中存在的气体引起流入的熔体发生湍流,从而包围气体、尤其是空气,这产生植入物的孔隙率,同时植入物的表面保持基本无孔且闭合。
在所述模铸工艺期间,在模具中,在尤其20巴以上、优选100巴以上的高压下,压缩所述熔体。
优选的是在极低粘度条件下,在高温下,加工所述熔体。具体地说,铸造温度高于600℃,优选高于700℃。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,铸造速率在5以上、优选在20cm/s以上。
本发明人已经发现高温和高压允许加工具有少量铝和除钇之外的少量稀土的合金。
与用于非医学应用的现有模铸方法相比,优选使用的合金的较差流动行为导致在植入物内形成多孔结构。在非医学应用中必须绝对避免的这类多孔结构引起如上所述的可生物再吸收性植入物的性质改善。
除了诸如通过喷砂去毛刺之外,供选地或附加地,可以通过在将植入物安置在滚筒中引起爆炸使植入物去毛刺。
本发明可用于提供用于各种应用、尤其是螺钉、缝合锚(即,用来固定缝合的锚)和缝合伤口锚(即,用于将软组织固定到骨骼的锚装置)的植入物。
本发明进一步涉及用于植入物的镁合金,尤其是镁模铸合金。所述镁合金具有1~9%的量的钇和在0.1~1.5%之间的量的其它稀土金属、小于0.4%的量的锌。
本发明人已经发现,通过在钇之上还适当选择稀土金属,可以改造机械性质,使得植入物在不加锌的情况下具有足够的强度。并且,可以省去大量的铝且进一步省去稀土金属。因此,所述合金耐受性良好。
具体地说,提供镁合金,其包含如下的另外成份:
各自小于0.4%、总计在0.1~0.7%之间的量的Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu;
各自小于0.15%、总计在0.05~0.3%之间的量的Nd、La、Ce、Pr、Sm和Eu;
各自小于0.2%、总计在0.05~0.3%之间的量的Al、Zn、Si、Mn、Ca、Zr、Li、Sn、Sr和P;
各自小于50ppm的量的Ag、Au、Cu、Fe和Ni;小于4ppm的Be。
这样,可以提供具有在2~2000μm之间的粒度的结晶模铸合金。具体地说,可以提供微晶模铸合金。
本发明的镁合金获得70MPa以上、优选75MPa以上MPa的屈服强度Rp0.2
拉伸强度Rm在90MPa以上、优选大于100MPa以上,断裂伸长A在3%以上。
本发明进一步涉及由镁或镁合金制造的植入物,所述植入物至少在其部分中被涂层。
因此,所述植入物包含由镁或镁合金制造的可生物降解的核心,其仅在涂层已被剥离或熔融掉之后才进行降解。这样,所述植入物在其置放之后保留其机械性质比较长的时间。所述核心优选至少其部分是多孔的,一旦涂层不再存在,则其显著促进降解。
作为涂层,提供如上所述的生物相容的聚合物,例如聚-L-乳酸、聚己酸内酯、缓慢溶解的氧化物层、或由羟基磷灰石或其它磷酸钙盐制造的可降解的涂层。
在本发明的一个修改体中,所述植入物至少其部分上具有涂层,所述涂层在高于体温的温度下分解或溶解。其尤其是聚合涂层,特别是聚环氧乙烷或聚丙交酯的涂层。
可以例如借助于电磁波、尤其无线电或微波能量,通过感应、或通过引入超声波能量,从外部实现加热。
为了防止损坏邻近组织,所述涂层优选具有20~60℃的熔融温度。
附图说明
现在将参考图1-图10的图详细描述本发明。
图1示意地展示贯穿植入物1的剖面,在此是干预螺钉的形式。该示例性实施方案的干预螺钉具有中心通道2。
植入物1通过模铸方法由镁合金制造,并具有基本无孔且闭合的表面3。
在内部,即在远离表面的区域4中,植入物1具有比在表面3处显著更高的孔隙率。
因为通道2不是通过钻眼限定的,而是已经通过铸模限定,所以通道2的表面同样无孔且闭合。
在将植入物放置在体内之后,与在植入物的核心4中的分解速率相比,在植入物的表面3处的分解速率显著降低。
这样,可以提供如下保持其需要的机械性质比较久的时间的植入物。
植入物1可以具有在放置在体内之后基本防止植入物1降解的涂层(未图示)。所述涂层可以在后来通过施加电磁波或通过感应来熔融掉。这样,安装的植入物失去掩盖并进行降解。
图2示意地展示夹板5,其用于例如连接骨碎片。
为了固定,夹板5至少具有螺纹6或者钻孔,螺钉经其插入骨中。
螺纹6优选是在模铸期间借助于被引入铸模中并且在夹板5弹出时被挤出的螺纹销来形成。这样,螺纹6的表面也具有铸皮。或者,螺纹6可被切出。实际上,这破坏了铸皮;然而,在放置之后,螺纹6被螺钉所保护。
图3示意地展示螺钉7,其例如可以用于固定图2中图示的夹板。这代表有角度的稳定系统,其中螺钉7的头部8具有用于啮合夹板的螺纹的外螺纹。螺钉体9提供有用于穿入骨中的螺纹,所述螺纹在尖端具有自切割部分10。
图4示意地展示销钉11,其借助于适当的工具放置。该销钉也是以模铸方法制造且内部是多孔的。销钉11特别打算用于小型骨折。
图5展示用于加固脊椎体的笼架12。笼架12由在其内部13充有骨粒的大体管状部分组成。所述骨粒引起骨生产,使得在由镁合金制成的部分降解之后,脊椎体生长在一起。
参考图6和图7,将描述用于制造植入物1的方法。
图7图示了包含上部15和下部14的铸模的剖视图。在该模具中,在高温和高压下,压缩包含一定量的钇的镁合金。熔体在1秒的若干分之几内固化。这样,在植入物1的表面处形成细粒铸皮,同时在植入物的内部形成具有更粗糙组织的多孔结构,可假定这是由于湍流和所用合金的相对差的流动行为引起的。
随后,如图7中所描绘,包含上部15和下部14的模具被打开且植入物被弹出。
应当理解的是,模具是以适当示意的方式描绘,且在实际使用中,其将包含其它部分和组件。具体地说,设想了包含至少四个部件的模具。
图8展示适合放置于颈椎的笼架12的一个供选的实施方案。该笼架12还具有可以充有骨粒的开口13。
图9和图10展示缝合锚16的不同实施方案。

Claims (39)

1.一种镁模铸或镁模铸合金的植入物,其中所述植入物至少在其部分中是多孔的,且其中孔隙率至少在其部分中从外向内增加。
2.根据前一权利要求的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物的至少一个表面基本不含开孔。
3.根据前一权利要求的植入物,其特征在于所述表面具有少于3个直径在100μm/cm2以上的开孔。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述镁或镁合金的组织结构在向内方向上变得更粗糙。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于在靠近所述表面的第一区域中,孔隙率的程序小于3%、优选小于2%。
6.根据前一权利要求的植入物,其特征在于靠近所述表面的所述区域被限定为最大深度0.5mm。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于在远离所述表面的另一区域中,孔隙率的程度在3%以上、优选在5%以上。
8.根据前一权利要求的植入物,其特征在于远离所述表面的所述区域被限定为深度在0.6mm以上。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有0.5%至10%、优选1%至9%、且最优选3%至5%的量的钇。
10.根据前一权利要求的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有小于2%、优选小于1%的量的其它稀土。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有各自小于0.4%、尤其总计小于0.7%的量的元素Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu中的至少一种。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有各自小于0.15%、尤其总计小于0.4%的量的元素Nd、La、Ce、Pr、Sm和Eu中的至少一种。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有各自小于0.2%、尤其总计小于0.4%的量的元素Al、Zn、Si、Mn、Ca、Zr、Li、Sn、Sr和P中的至少一种。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有各自小于50ppm的量的元素Ag、Au、Cu、Fe和Ni中的至少一种。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物包含的镁合金具有小于4ppm的量的Be。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物的孔隙率的程度为1%至40%、优选为2%至8%。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物至少其部分被涂层。
18.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物具有喷砂的表面。
19.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物一体形成。
20.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物通过在滚筒中引发爆炸来去毛刺。
21.根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物是螺钉、笼架、缝合锚或缝合伤口锚的形式。
22.一种用于尤其根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物的镁合金,其中所述镁合金包含1%至9%的Y和在0.1%至1.5%之间的其它稀土金属,且其中Zn的量小于0.4%。
23.根据前一权利要求的用于植入物的镁合金,其包含如下的另外组分:
各自小于0.4%、总计在0.1%至0.7%之间的量的Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu;
各自小于0.15%、总计在0.05%至0.3%之间的量的Nd、La、Ce、Pr、Sm和Eu;
各自小于0.2%、总计在0.05%至0.3%之间的量的Al、Zn、Si、Mn、Ca、Zr、Li、Sn、Sr和P;
各自小于50ppm的量的Ag、Au、Cu、Fe和Ni;小于4ppm的Be。
24.根据前述权利要求中任一项的用于植入物的镁合金,其特征在于包含粒度在2~2000μm之间的结晶模铸合金。
25.根据前述权利要求中任一项的用于植入物的镁合金,其特征在于所述植入物包含屈服强度Rp0,2在70MPa以上、优选在75MPa以上的镁合金。
26.根据前述权利要求中任一项的用于植入物的镁合金,其特征在于所述植入物包含拉伸强度Rm在90MPa以上、优选在100MPa以上的镁合金。
27.根据前述权利要求中任一项的用于植入物的镁合金,其特征在于所述植入物包含断裂伸长A在3%以上的镁合金。
28.一种来自根据前述权利要求中任一项的镁合金的植入物。
29.一种制造植入物、尤其根据前述权利要求中任一项的植入物的方法,其中镁合金、尤其根据前述权利要求中任一项的镁合金在模铸工艺中形成植入物。
30.根据前一权利要求的制造植入物的方法,其特征在于使用包含1%至9%的Y和0.1至1.5%的其它稀土金属的镁合金。
31.根据前述权利要求中任一项的制造植入物的方法,其特征在于在所述模铸工艺期间在模具中被压缩的熔体所处的压力在20巴以上、优选在100巴以上。
32.根据前述权利要求中任一项的制造植入物的方法,其特征在于铸造温度高于600℃、优选高于700℃。
33.根据前述权利要求中任一项的制造植入物的方法,其特征在于铸造速率在5cm/s以上、优选在20cm/s以上。
34.一种来自尤其根据前述权利要求中任一项的镁或镁合金的植入物,其中所述植入物至少其部分被涂层。
35.根据前一权利要求的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物至少在其部分中具有涂层,所述涂层在高于体温的温度下分解或剥离。
36.根据前面两项权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述涂层包含聚合物、尤其是聚环氧乙烷或聚丙交酯。
37.根据前面三项权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物能通过电磁波加热。
38.根据前面四项权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述植入物能通过感应加热。
39.根据前面五项权利要求中任一项的植入物,其特征在于所述涂层具有20至60℃的熔融温度。
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US20110313527A1 (en) 2011-12-22
US9676026B2 (en) 2017-06-13
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