CN112957539B - 一种用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉 - Google Patents
一种用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌‑锰‑镁合金界面螺钉。锌‑锰‑镁合金界面螺钉是侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉,由高强度低合金化的Zn08Mn01Mg或Zn08Mn04Mg制成;界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,所述环形槽处填充有设定药物;所述界面螺钉的长度和外径根据术前CT三维重建的结果确定。本发明采用的合金降解产物中Zn2+的浓度较低,细胞的增殖效率几乎没有受到影响,植入实验螺钉周边组织没有明显的免疫排斥反应及炎性细胞浸润。此外,Zn‑Mn‑Mg合金在体内较慢的降解速率使得其与周围骨组织之间有较为紧密的结合,从而提升固定强度。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及一种高生物相容性、具有抑菌功能以及促进腱骨愈合功能的可降解的用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉。
背景技术:
在前交叉韧带重建术中,界面螺钉是目前应用最多的直接固定装置,在手术中会常规使用界面螺钉和缝合锚钉将软组织(如韧带和肌腱)连接到骨骼上。界面螺钉固定提供了骨、移植物/肌腱和螺钉之间的压力配合,并经常用于在前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带重建的隧道中固定替换韧带。根据植入物的成分各有不同,可分为金属、聚合物和复合材料以及可吸收固定物,其效果不一。
目前被批准用于临床的大多数界面螺钉是由金属制成,最常用的金属是钛及其合金。与大多数金属不能很好地融入周围骨骼不同,钛合金在骨-植入物界面上的行为更像是陶瓷。体内的不锈钢螺钉会在其周围诱发形成富含炎症细胞的纤维膜,钛合金则能够通过形成钙和磷酸盐的表层直接与骨结合,一般不会产生纤维层,炎症反应也较小,并且可以自发形成氧化层(TiO2),有利于成骨细胞结合到螺钉表面并活跃地分泌类骨基质。钛合金可以提供较高的初始固定强度,但是也存在金属植入物相关的潜在问题,包括固定物移位和磁共振成像伪影。同时,因其不可降解的特性,钛合金植入物在体内长期存在可能会导致多种并发症,包括感染、慢性炎症、异物感、松动,并且可能需要二次手术取出。与周围骨质相比过高的模量也会引发应力遮挡(stress-shielding effects),导致骨质溶解。
第二大类是可降解聚合物材料,包括聚乳酸(poly(lactic acid),PLA),聚乙烯酰胺(poly(glycolic acid),PGA)、羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)及其共聚物。这些聚合物具有接近松质骨的力学性能,并且可在人体内降解从而避免二次手术取出,同时也兼容用于愈合评估的诊断成像。然而,当使用这些基于聚合物的装置时,由于其强度或塑性不足,手术失败的风险增大。更严重的是,这些聚合物的副产物可以诱导种植体周围组织的长期炎症反应。
第三类以聚醚醚酮(poly(ether-ether-ketone),PEEK)为代表,是一种稳定的生物惰性的有机高分子材料,化学、温度、辐射均不会对其理化性质产生明显影响。良好的术后影像学和牢靠的固定是其优势。研究表明,PEEK植入物在动物体内没有诱发急性炎症反应,只有轻微的慢性炎症出现。然而PEEK材料的惰性与疏水性阻碍了蛋白质与细胞在其表面的粘附,难以形成钙磷沉积附着层,导致相对骨整合不良。
综上所述,医用生物材料领域一直在寻找新型界面螺钉替代材料以克服这几类传统界面螺钉材料的生物安全性与力学性能无法兼得的不足。
目前研究较多的是以镁(Mg)及其合金为主的生物可降解金属材料。以Mg为代表的可降解金属材料因良好的生物相容性,无需二次手术取出的优势近十年来获得了广泛关注。基于镁合金的种植物因Mg2+对骨膜间充质干细胞成骨分化的正刺激作用在体内表现出明显的成骨诱导作用。另一方面,相较于钛合金等传统医用金属,它们的弹性模量更接近皮质骨,并能降低应力遮挡水平。在抗拉强度方面,Mg基材料比聚合物强3-16倍(160-250MPa与16-69MPa)。然而Mg的化学性质活泼,在体内降解速率很快且会产生氢气(H2),在表面产生一层氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)2)保护膜。生理环境中高浓度的氯离子(Cl-)可进一步溶解Mg(OH)2,从而加剧其腐蚀程度。降解速率与骨长入速率的不匹配常常导致局部形成空腔影响固定强度。因此,Mg及其合金的应用局限在于,其腐蚀速率一般快于临床需要,并且由于快速腐蚀导致的机械强度的快速损失会增加植入物脱出及碎裂的风险;另一方面,Mg及其合金过快的腐蚀反应在生理条件下会导致不需要的、可能有害的氢气空腔的产生。同时,Mg降解会导致局部pH值的急剧变化,可能导致的后果目前尚不明确。
近几年,针对对化学性质更稳定,降解速率更慢的锌(Zn)基材料的研究逐渐兴起。Zn是生物体中第二丰富的微量元素,具有较高的生物安全性,是构成细胞生理及人体解剖的基础。此外,Zn参与数百种酶促反应,影响人体发育、成熟及免疫功能的调节。人类平均每日Zn摄入量为4-14毫克/天。作为植入物材料,Zn的降解速率慢于Mg而快于铁(Fe),其完全降解需要两年左右的时间,因而更加适合骨科植入物的临床需要。2013年,Bowen等首先开展了使用纯Zn作为血管支架材料的尝试。Park等证明Zn2+具有良好的骨诱导性能。然而,铸态纯Zn的力学强度较低,脆性较大,影响初期固定的稳定性,且具有一定的细胞毒性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉,以解决上述问题。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉,锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉是侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉,由高强度低合金化的Zn08Mn01Mg或Zn08Mn04Mg制成;
中空界面螺钉的内腔的直径是中空界面螺钉外径的45%-55%;界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,所述环形槽处填充有设定药物;
所述界面螺钉的长度和外径根据术前CT三维重建的结果确定。
优选的,所述锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉的屈服强度大于230MPa,极限拉伸强度大于300MPa。
优选的,其特征在于,所述锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉的长度包括但不限于6-10cm;外径包括但不限于2-4cm。
优选的,所述设定药物包括但不限于BMP4和抗生素。
优选的,对于年龄较大、合并其他基础疾病、愈合能力差的患者,在填充的设定药物中增加抗生素成分的配比。
优选的,对于青壮年、运动员、既往体健及术后康复要求高的患者,在填充的设定药物中增加BMP4的配比。
优选的,对于年龄较大、术后对运动功能要求不高的患者,选择侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉的内腔的直径、侧面打孔的直径及侧面打孔的数量,均大于青壮年、运动员及术后对运动功能要求较高的患者。
本发明的有益效果是:
1、材料学优势:由于部分镁合金及可降解螺钉在植入或术后出现的破裂现象(大多与屈服强度过低有关),材料本身是否具有足够的力学强度是优先考虑的方面(屈服强度大于230MPa,极限拉伸强度大于300MPa);高强度低合金化(HSLA)Zn-Mn-Mg合金的力学性能总体处于第一梯队(见附图9);与钛合金等临床常用的不可降解材料相比,Zn-Mn-Mg合金的力学性能的优势则在于与天然骨组织相近的弹性模量,这可以有效降低后期因材料应力遮挡作用引起的螺钉周围骨质溶解。
2、生物相容性、抑菌性能及诱导成骨能力:由于镁合金在体内降解过程中产生H2并急剧提高局部微环境的pH,这是影响其作为植入物材料的生物安全性的主要因素;本发明采用的Zn-Mn-Mg合金降解产物中Zn2+的浓度较低(约4μg/ml),细胞的增殖效率几乎没有受到影响,植入实验螺钉周边组织HE染色结果(见附图8)显示锌合金组标本各个时间点的标本组织学染色未观察到明显的免疫排斥反应及炎性细胞浸润,这进一步明确了Zn08Mn04Mg合金良好的生物相容性,体外证实了Zn-Mn-Mg合金能够有效的抑制细菌的生长与粘附(涂布平板法)(见图7);此外,Zn-Mn-Mg合金在体内较慢的降解速率使得其与周围骨组织之间有较为紧密的结合,从而提升固定强度。
3、不同年龄段选择不同长度、不同直径侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉。对于年龄较大、术后对运动功能要求不高的患者,其供血条件随年龄的增长而逐渐变差,术后界面螺钉所需承受的应力相对较低,所述侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉选择合适长度和直径、孔径较大的中空且侧面孔径较大的界面螺钉,这样虽然牺牲了螺钉的部分力学强度,但是能够在满足患者手术预期的前提下,换取更好的骨组织浸入程度及骨愈合速度,以应对螺钉植入部位较差的血供条件;对于青壮年、运动员及术后对运动功能要求较高的患者,可根据其术前CT三维重建的结果,选择合适长度和直径的、具有孔径较小的中空打孔且侧面孔径更小的界面螺钉,青壮年运动员骨组织血供丰富,愈合能力强,同时对手术预期及术后运动功能的要求较高,术后螺钉所需承受的应力更大,因而选择力学强度更大、更加致密坚硬而中空打孔更稀疏的螺钉。
4、根据患者的身高、体重、年龄、骨质疏松程度及术后的康复要求,界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,环形槽处填充BMP4和抗生素。对于年龄较大、合并其他基础疾病、愈合能力差的患者,可在填充药物中适当增加抗生素成分的配比,以更有效地降低术后感染率。对于青壮年、运动员、既往体健及术后康复要求高的患者,可在填充药物中适当增加BMP4的配比,以更高效地促进骨愈合及腱骨愈合,加快恢复周期,对于运动员群体能够更快地进行康复训练,尽早重返赛场,提高患者术后满意度。中孔打孔设计提供了一个开放的窗口,其所填充药物可不局限于BMP4、抗生素等,可根据患者的具体情况及手术过程选择其他药物,具有进一步研究的潜力和价值。
附图说明
图1为本发明界面螺钉的正视图;
图2为本发明界面螺钉轴向剖视图;
图3为图2的A处放大图;
图4为本发明界面螺钉的仰视图;
图5为本发明界面螺钉的立体图;
图6a至图6d为Zn08Mn01/04Mg合金体外诱导成骨分化检测,RT-PCR检测4,7,14天成骨分化相关基因表达情况;其中,(6a)COLⅠ表达情况;(6b)OCN表达情况;(6c)Runx2表达情况;(6d)7天、14天hBMSCs单位蛋白量碱性磷酸酶活性检测(*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001);
图7为涂布平板法检测合金抑菌性能,三组合金表面粘附的E.coli稀释后在羊血琼脂板培养24h后的击落形成情况;
图8为术后6周、12周、16周两组合金螺钉周围组织HE染色;其中,T:肌腱、B:骨组织;标尺代表500μm;
图9为(HSLA)Zn-Mn-Mg合金与先前进行过体内植入实验的锌合金以及外科领域应用的镁合金材料的力学性能对比。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例来详细说明本发明的技术方案,以下的实施例仅是示例性的,仅能用来解释和说明本发明的技术方案,而不能解释为是对本发明技术方案的限制。
如图1至图5所示,为了更好的骨组织浸入程度及骨愈合速度,本发明请求保护的应用于前交叉韧带重建固定的高强度锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉是侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉,根据CT三维重建的结果,结合不同身高、体重、年龄和骨质疏松程度,选择相匹配的侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉;所述界面螺钉由高强度低合金化的Zn08Mn01Mg或Zn08Mn04Mg制成,屈服强度大于230MPa,极限拉伸强度大于300MPa。
其中,高强度低合金化的Zn-0.8Mn-0.1Mg,其中数字代表重量百分比,简写作Zn08Mn01Mg;或Zn-0.8Mn-0.4Mg,其中数字代表重量百分比,简写作Zn08Mn04Mg界面螺钉。
所述锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉的长度、直径:其中,长度有五种类型:6cm、7cm、8cm、9cm、10cm,根据实际需要也可以设计为其它长度;界面螺钉的直径有三种类型:2cm、3cm、4cm,根据实际需要也可以设计为其它尺寸;螺钉的内腔直径是螺钉直径的45%、46%、47%、48%、49%或50%;界面螺钉的长度和直径根据术前CT三维重建的结果从上述各种配合的界面螺钉型号或尺寸中选择;其中侧面打孔的数量、侧面打孔直径的大小结合不同身高、体重、年龄和骨质疏松程度的确定。
在本申请的以下关于年龄、运动功能等均是根据实际情况确定,并不局限于特定的年龄或特定的运动功能使用限定的界面螺钉型号或尺寸,因此,在本实施例中,不需要进行明确的介绍和说明,具体以手术医生根据实际情况的判断为准。
对于年龄较大、术后对运动功能要求不高的患者,其血供条件随年龄的增长而逐渐变差,术后螺钉所需承受的应力相对较低,可根据其术前CT三维重建的结果,选择合适长度和直径的、孔径更大的中空打孔、侧面孔径更大的界面螺钉,这样虽然牺牲了螺钉的部分力学强度,但是能够在满足患者手术预期的前提下,换取更好的骨组织浸入程度及骨愈合速度,以应对螺钉植入部位较差的血供条件。
对于青壮年、运动员及术后对运动功能要求较高的患者,可根据其术前CT三维重建的结果,选择合适长度和直径的、具有孔径较小的中空打孔、侧面孔径更小的界面螺钉;青壮年运动员骨组织血供丰富,愈合能力强,同时对手术预期及术后运动功能的要求较高,术后螺钉所需承受的应力更大,选择力学强度更大、更加致密坚硬而中空打孔更稀疏的螺钉。
本实施例给出了长8cm,直径3cm的高强度低合金化的Zn08Mn01Mg和Zn08Mn04Mg界面螺钉,其中屈服强度大于230MPa,极限拉伸强度大于300MPa;该界面螺钉采用了中空设计,并在周边进行旋转打孔;该侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉能够打通螺钉内部及外部,更有利于骨髓干细胞、细胞外基质以及多种细胞因子的浸入,在对螺钉的力学强度影响不大的前提下,这种中空及旋转打孔的设计能够促进骨髓干细胞及各种生长因子的流动,在Zn的诱导成骨作用下,促进组织的替代和长入,因而具有更加符合临床需求的生物学性能。
该界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,环形槽处填充BMP4和抗生素,其中BMP4和抗生素按照1:1配比填充,抗生素可以为第二代头孢类抗生素或其它的抗生素。
根据体外成骨性能、生物相容性以及抑菌效果的实验结果如图6至图9所示,将本发明请求保护的Zn08Mn04Mg作为植入界面螺钉进行如下实验:
(1)选择60只雄性、4-6个月龄、体重范围在2.5kgˉ3.0kg之间的新西兰兔用于构建ACLR手术模型;
(2)将0.2g/ml的乌拉坦按照1.5ml/kg剂量注入兔耳缘静脉,肌肉注射陆眠宁/氯胺酮(1:1)维持麻醉状态,剂量0.2ml/kg,同时给予20万单位青霉素,观察是否有过敏反应;
(3)待麻醉满意后脱毛备皮,将兔固定在手术台上后用1%碘酊消毒,75%酒精脱碘,铺手术无菌洞巾,穿戴无菌手套和手术衣;
(4)采用膝关节内侧入路,切开皮肤和皮下组织,在止点处切开筋膜离断趾长伸肌腱,用无菌生理盐水冲洗并编腱备用;
(5)暴露关节囊,小心切开关节囊,将膝关节髌骨向外侧脱位,暴露出前交叉韧带;
(6)用手术刀切断前交叉韧带,按照原有前交叉韧带走形方向使用骨钻在股骨和胫骨各钻一条2.5mm骨道;
(7)在骨道中置入备好的肌腱移植物并拉紧使其具有一定张力,用医用改锥将Zn08Mn04Mg螺钉拧入股骨骨道,用骨桥法固定移植肌腱胫骨端,检查移植肌腱固定强度;
(8)生理盐水彻底冲洗,逐层缝合伤口;
(9)使用Ti6Al4V螺钉在另一侧膝关节执行相同的操作作为对照组;
(10)术后将每只兔子单独喂养,不固定患肢,三天内每日给予肌注青霉素20万单位,饲养6周、12周和16周后取材进行后续研究。
采用高强度低合金化的Zn08Mn01/04Mg合金作为材料(屈服强度大于230MPa,极限拉伸强度大于300MPa),与用Ti6Al4V界面螺钉做对照进行体内及体外实验,其结果示Zn08Mn01/04Mg合金有很好的生物相容性、促进腱骨愈合作用以及抑菌能力。
内源性BMP4是软骨生长、基质沉积和软骨细胞增殖所必需的细胞因子;在体外BMP4可促进间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)向软骨细胞分化及高表达软骨细胞分子标志;BMP4通过激活activin A来诱导小鼠胚胎间充质干细胞的成骨分化;本实施方式证实,在体外实验中,BMP4可成功诱导脂肪来源干细胞(adipose-derived stemcells,ADSCs)向骨、软骨细胞分化并表达骨、软骨形成的重要蛋白I型胶原和II型胶原;在体内实验中,转染BMP4的ADSCs可通过生成透明软骨来修复关节软骨缺损。
因此在界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,其中在环形槽处填充BMP4和抗生素,可高效地促进骨愈合及腱骨愈合,加快恢复周期。
根据患者的身高、体重、年龄、骨质疏松程度及术后的康复要求,界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,环形槽处填充BMP4和抗生素;对于年龄较大、合并其他基础疾病、愈合能力差的患者,可在填充药物中适当增加抗生素成分的配比,以更有效地降低术后感染率;对于青壮年、运动员、既往体健及术后康复要求高的患者,可在填充药物中适当增加BMP4的配比,以更高效地促进骨愈合及腱骨愈合,加快恢复周期,对于运动员群体能够更快地进行康复训练,尽早重返赛场,提高患者术后满意度。
本发明所公开的技术手段不仅限于上述实施方式所公开的技术手段,还包括由以上技术特征任意组合所组成的技术方案;应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉,其特征在于,锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉是侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉,由高强度低合金化的Zn08Mn01Mg制成;
中空界面螺钉的内腔直径是中空界面螺钉外径的45%-55%;界面螺钉侧孔的内壁处开设有环形槽,所述环形槽处填充有设定药物;
所述界面螺钉的长度和外径根据术前CT三维重建的结果确定;
所述锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉的屈服强度大于230MPa,极限拉伸强度大于300MPa;
所述锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉的长度6-10cm;外径2-4cm;
所述设定药物包括BMP4和抗生素。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉,其特征在于,对于年龄较大、合并其他基础疾病、愈合能力差的患者,在填充的设定药物中增加抗生素成分的配比。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉,其特征在于,对于青壮年、运动员、既往体健及术后康复要求高的患者,在填充的设定药物中增加BMP4的配比。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于前交叉韧带重建固定的锌-锰-镁合金界面螺钉,其特征在于,对于年龄较大、术后对运动功能要求不高的患者,选择侧面打孔的中空界面螺钉的内腔直径、侧面打孔的直径及侧面打孔的数量,均大于青壮年、运动员及术后对运动功能要求较高的患者。
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