CN102149464A - 成型的非均相催化剂 - Google Patents

成型的非均相催化剂 Download PDF

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CN102149464A
CN102149464A CN2009801354532A CN200980135453A CN102149464A CN 102149464 A CN102149464 A CN 102149464A CN 2009801354532 A CN2009801354532 A CN 2009801354532A CN 200980135453 A CN200980135453 A CN 200980135453A CN 102149464 A CN102149464 A CN 102149464A
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D·J·伯德萨尔
M·巴波维克
M·P·U·卡尔森
S·A·弗兰切
M·尼杰梅兰德
W·M·森格楼
E·H·斯蒂提
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Abstract

描述了催化剂单元,包括长度C和直径D的圆柱体,其中所述单元具有以五边形图案设置的沿纵向延伸通过其的五个孔,并具有沿该单元的长度延伸的五个沟槽,所述沟槽与所述五边形图案的相邻孔等距设置。该催化剂可以特别用于蒸汽重整反应器中。

Description

成型的非均相催化剂
技术领域
本发明涉及成型的非均相催化剂。
背景技术
非均相催化剂典型地作为颗粒床提供,液体和/或气体反应混合物通常在升高的温度和压力通过其。因此,非均相催化材料通常以成型形式提供以提供催化剂活性和通过量的平衡。通常,较小的催化剂颗粒具有较高的表面积以及因此具有较高的活性,但提供较低的通过量,因为通过该催化剂床的压降较高。为了与此抗衡,已经使用了各种催化剂设计,其可以具有一个或多个通孔以尝试提高几何表面积并使压降最小化。
WO2004/014549公开了用于气态反应的成型的非均相催化剂,包括圆柱形单元,其具有在约0.5∶1-1∶1范围内的直径与高度比,并具有多个通过其的非圆形横截面的成型孔。一些实施方案另外具有沿该圆柱体的外部长度延伸的2个、3个或4个V型沟槽或通道。
尽管沟槽和孔都可以提高理论几何表面积,但通常该颗粒的强度随着孔和沟槽数量的增大而降低。过去,尽管制备了4、7和10孔颗粒,但强度和几何表面积仍不能总是足以用于大多数所需的用途。申请人设计了克服与这些设计相关的问题的催化剂单元。
发明内容
因此,本发明提供了催化剂单元,包括具有长度C和直径D的圆柱体,其中所述单元具有以五边形图案设置的沿纵向延伸通过其的五个孔,并具有沿该单元的长度延伸的五个沟槽,所述沟槽与所述五边形图案的相邻孔等距设置。
本发明进一步提供了催化剂单元的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(i)将粉末载体材料,非必要地与造粒助剂一起加料到造粒模具中;(ii)压制该粉末以形成成型的单元,和然后(iii)非必要地加热该成型单元以形成催化剂单元,所述模具的形状使得该催化剂单元是圆柱体形状,具有长度C和直径D,其中所述单元具有以五边形图案设置的沿纵向延伸通过其的五个孔,并具有沿该单元的长度延伸的五个沟槽,所述沟槽与所述五边形图案的相邻孔等距设置。
本发明进一步提供了使用包括该催化剂单元的催化剂的催化方法,通过将反应混合物,优选气态反应混合物,与该催化剂在实现催化反应的条件下接触而进行。
申请人发现5孔五叶(pentalobal)催化剂单元与之前的催化剂单元相比提供了更高的几何表面积和强度。
对于大多数催化用途,C优选在2-25mm范围内,D优选在4-40mm范围内。
该催化剂单元可以是平顶的或具有圆顶端。优选地,该圆柱体具有长度A和B的圆顶端。该圆柱体的一端或两端,优选两端都是圆顶的。A和B可以相同或不同。该催化剂单元的圆顶与圆柱体部分之比(即(A+B)/C)可以在0.10-0.40范围内。可替代地,该圆顶比可以在0.40-5.00范围内,以提供相对高度圆顶形的结构,其中在将该单元设置在填料床中时与现有技术结构相比该孔更可及。在这些实施方案中,优选(A+B)/C在0.4-3.00范围内。该圆顶端可以在横截面中形成圆或椭圆的段(segment),适宜地具有R≥D/2的半径。
该催化剂单元的长径比,其可以定义为总长度除以直径,即C/D或在有圆顶端时的(A+B+C)/D,适宜地在0.5-2.0范围内。优选地,(A+B+C)/D在0.75-1.50范围内,因为这样降低了该单元堆叠的趋势,并同时提供了降低的破裂趋势。
该催化剂单元具有沿其长度轴向延伸通过其的五个孔。该孔应当适宜地关于该圆柱体的横截面对称设置,以使所得到的催化剂的强度最大化。申请人发现五边形图案与例如在具有中心孔的正方形图案中的5个孔相比使得所得到的颗粒的强度最大化。本发明的特征是该催化剂单元不具有中心孔。本发明的五边形图案不必是各侧边具有相等长度的正五边形,但其是优选的。因此在依照本发明的设置中有五个沟槽或通道,产生五个凸部,各自具有距相邻的沟槽或通道相等距离的孔。
该孔的横截面可以是圆形的,或者具有前述WO2004/014549中公开的多种横截面中的一种或多种。在优选实施方案中,所有孔的横截面都是圆形的,因为这样使得所得到的催化剂单元的强度最大化。
该孔可以具有相同尺寸或不同尺寸。优选孔具有圆形横截面且独立地具有在0.05D-0.5D,更优选0.1D-0.3D的范围内的直径d’。
该催化剂单元具有五个沿其长度延伸的沟槽。优选地,该沟槽是直的且沿该催化剂单元的外部轴向长度延伸,因为这样使制备简化。该沟槽的型状可以是半圆形的、椭圆形的、U型的、V型的、II型的或这些的组合。
该沟槽或通道是对称设置的,使得其与所述五边形图案的相邻孔等距,即各沟槽的中心与两个相邻孔的中心形成了对称三角形。在该孔以正五边形设置时,所有沟槽在该催化剂单元外周周围等距设置。在该沟槽是半圆形或椭圆形时,其可以独立地具有在0.05D-0.5D,优选0.1D-0.333D的范围内的直径d”、宽度或深度。
申请人发现将总沟槽宽度(即组合开口)限制到≤该单元圆周的35%(即≤0.35(πD))是适宜的,因为这样防止了催化剂床中相邻单元的不期望的咬合。咬合能够降低流速而且能够由于杠杆作用产生破裂的催化剂。
为了有助于该制备方法,可以设置一个或两个圆顶端以在该成型单元的圆柱形部分的一端或两端上提供凸缘。该凸缘的宽度w’适宜地在0.2-2.0mm范围内。
该催化剂单元可以由包含一种或多种催化活性金属的粉末状组合物制成,由此直接生成该催化剂,或者也可以由一种或多种粉末状催化剂载体材料制成,然后将所得到的单元进行处理,例如通过用一种或多种金属化合物浸渍或沉积以生成该催化剂。
可以使用粉末状金属、金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物、金属碳酸盐、金属碱式碳酸盐或其混合物制备该催化剂单元。
包含催化活性金属的粉末状组合物可以通过将各金属氧化物、碳酸盐、氢氧化物或碱式碳酸盐混合而制备,或者可以通过已知的沉淀技术制备,由此例如使用碱沉淀剂沉淀出可溶盐的混合物并将其干燥和非必要地煅烧。
优选的催化剂载体材料选自:粉末状的氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锆、金属铝酸盐或其混合物,其可以包含一种或多种稳定化合物,例如氧化镧、二氧化硅和氧化钾。用这些制备的催化剂单元可以称作成型的催化剂载体单元,因此最终的催化剂将进一步包括已经浸渍到所述成型的催化剂载体单元中和/或沉积在其上的一种或多种金属化合物。
该催化剂单元优选包括一种或多种选自以下的金属:Na、K、Mg、Ca、Ba、Al、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、La、Hf、W、Re、Ir、Pt、Au、Pb或Ce。
该催化剂单元可以使用任意已知的催化剂配制剂使用已有方法制备。
在一种实施方案中,该催化剂单元包括一种或多种过渡金属,例如镍、钴、铁或铜,和/或一种或多种贵金属,例如铂、钯、铑、铱或钌,其以金属、氧化物、氢氧化物、碳酸盐或碱式碳酸盐的形式存在。
在可替代的实施方案中,该催化剂单元包括一种或多种过渡金属,例如镍、铜、钴或铁,和/或贵金属,例如铂、钯、铑、铱或钌,其已经浸渍在耐火催化剂载体材料(例如氧化铝、铝酸钙、铝酸镁或氧化锆基成型催化剂载体单元)中或沉积在其上。
在该催化剂中的过渡金属和贵金属含量可以为至多85wt%,但优选在1-60wt%范围内。
造粒是本发明优选的制备方法。因此该催化剂单元的制备方法可以包括以下步骤:(i)将粉末材料,非必要地与造粒助剂或润滑剂(例如石墨或硬脂酸镁)加料到造粒模具中,(ii)压制该粉末以形成成型单元,和然后(iii)非必要地加热该成型单元以形成催化剂单元。可以进行可能包括煅烧的加热步骤,以提高该催化剂单元的强度。
该粉末材料可以包括还原和/或氧化形式的一种或多种催化活性的金属,或者可以是催化剂载体材料,在这种情况中,最终的催化剂可以通过将金属化合物浸渍到该成型的催化剂载体单元中和/或将金属化合物沉积在其上的单独步骤制备。为了实现如此,可以应用已知技术。例如,在一种实施方案中,可以将硝酸镍的溶液浸渍到该成型的催化剂载体单元中,干燥并煅烧以使该硝酸镍分解,由此形成含氧化镍的催化剂。可替代地,该粉末状材料可以是包括已经经过干燥和非必要的煅烧和/或还原和钝化的一种或多种催化金属的沉淀组合物。
也可以使用可替代的制备方法,例如注模,或者也可以是挤出以形成成型的挤出物然后在该挤出物上形成圆顶的两步工序。
包含催化金属化合物的催化剂单元可以经过各种处理,例如用含氢气和/或一氧化碳的气流还原,或硫化(例如用硫化氢),以使其在使用中具有活性。该后处理可以在异位或原位进行,即在装设到使用其的反应器中之前或之后进行。
依照本发明制备的催化剂单元可以应用于任意非均相催化方法,但优选应用于固定床方法,更优选应用于使用气态反应物的固定床方法。因此该催化方法包括:将反应物混合物(优选气态反应物混合物)与该催化剂在实现该催化反应的条件下接触。该催化方法可以选自加氢处理(例如加氢脱硫、加氢);蒸汽重整(包括预重整、催化蒸汽重整、自热重整和二段转化和用于直接还原铁的重整方法)、催化部分氧化、水煤气变换(包括等温变换、酸变换、低温变换、中间温变换、中温变换和高温变换反应)、甲烷化、通过费托反应的烃合成、甲醇合成、氨合成、氨氧化和一氧化二氮分解反应。该催化剂单元也可以用于从污染的气体或液体流体流中回收重金属(例如汞和砷)。
优选用途是烃的催化蒸汽重整,其中烃(例如天然气或石脑油)与蒸汽混合并在升高的温度和压力通过设置在多个外加热催化剂管中的典型地包括在耐火载体上的Ni或另一VIII族金属的催化剂单元的床。另一种优选应用是自热重整和二段转化,其中含烃气体混合物经过用氧气或空气的部分氧化然后所得到的经加热和部分氧化的气体混合物通过再次典型地包括在耐火载体上的Ni或另一VIII族金属的蒸汽重整催化剂的固定床。
附图说明
参照附图描述本发明,其中:
图1是描绘依照本发明的催化剂单元的侧视图,和
图2是显示图1的催化剂单元的顶部的端视图。
图3是依照本发明的催化剂单元和对比催化剂单元的等容(isometric)图。
图1和2共同描绘了圆柱体12形状的催化剂单元10,具有长度C和直径D,其具有五个对称设置的延伸通过其的圆形横截面的孔14。五个孔的中心形成了近似五边形的图案。四个孔各自的直径(d’)约为0.17D。该圆柱体12具有长度A和B的圆顶端16、18,在横截面中形成段(segment)。A和B相同。(A+B+C)/D约为1.04。(A+B)/C约为0.34。该催化剂单元具有五个沿其长度延伸且在该单元外周周围等距设置的直沟槽20。该沟槽20与相邻孔14等距设置。该沟槽都是大致半圆形的,且具有约0.17D的直径(d”)。该单元具有该圆顶端16、18与该圆柱形部分12相连接的凸缘22。
图3显示了依照本发明的5孔催化剂单元(5H-P)和非依照本发明的替代的单元(5H-Q)。在5H-Q中,五个孔设置为具有中心孔的正方形,因此该单元仅具有4个沟槽。在两种情形中,(A+B+C)/D都等于1.25。
具体实施方式
进一步参照以下实施例描述本发明。
实施例1
基于对图3中所示的颗粒的计算研究,下面给出了由相同材料制备的5H-P(依照本发明)和5H-Q(未依照本发明)的性质的计算值。
  性质   5H-Q   5H-P
  A mm   1.0   1.0
  B mm   1.0   1.0
  C mm   18.0   18.0
  D mm   16.0   16.0
  沟槽宽度/深度mm   4.0/4.0   3.5/2.5
  孔直径(d’)mm   4.0   3.8
  结果   5H-Q   5H-P
  几何表面积(m2/m3)   368.2   379.3
  空隙度   109.1   109.2
  当量直径(mm)   5.24   5.18
  强度   130   154
在依照本发明的设计中GSA略有提高而强度显著提高。

Claims (19)

1.催化剂单元,包括具有长度C和直径D的圆柱体,其中所述单元具有以五边形图案设置的沿纵向延伸通过其的五个孔,并具有沿该单元的长度延伸的五个沟槽,所述沟槽与所述五边形图案的相邻孔等距设置。
2.权利要求1的催化剂单元,其中该圆柱体具有长度A和B的圆顶端。
3.权利要求2的催化剂单元,其中长度C的圆柱体具有圆顶端,且(A+B)/C在0.10-5.00范围内。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的催化剂单元,其中该单元的长径比在0.5-2.00范围内。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项的催化剂单元,其中该孔具有圆形横截面,且独立地具有在0.05D-0.5D范围内的直径d’。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项的催化剂单元,其中该沟槽是半圆形或椭圆形的,且独立地具有在0.05D-0.5D范围内的直径d”、宽度或深度。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项的催化剂单元,其中总沟槽宽度≤该单元圆周的35%。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项的催化剂单元,其中设置一个或两个圆顶端以在该圆柱体的一端或两端上提供凸缘。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项的催化剂单元,包括金属或选自金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物、金属碳酸盐、金属碱式碳酸盐或其混合物的金属化合物。
10.权利要求9的催化剂单元,其中该金属或金属化合物包括选自以下的一种或多种金属:Na、K、Mg、Ca、Ba、Al、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、La、Hf、W、Re、Ir、Pt、Au、Pb或Ce。
11.权利要求1-10中任一项的催化剂单元,包括氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锆或金属铝酸盐或其混合物。
12.权利要求1-11中任一项的催化剂单元,包含一种或多种已经浸渍到所述单元中和/或沉积在所述单元上的金属化合物。
13.权利要求12的催化剂单元,其中该金属化合物包括一种或多种选自以下的金属:Na、K、Mg、Ca、Ba、Al、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、La、Hf、W、Re、Ir、Pt、Au、Pb或Ce。
14.权利要求1-13中任一项的催化剂单元的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(i)将粉末材料,非必要地与造粒助剂一起加料到造粒模具中,(ii)压制该粉末以形成成型单元,和然后(iii)非必要地加热该成型单元以形成催化剂单元,所述模具的形状使得该催化剂单元是具有长度C和直径D的圆柱体形状,且所述单元具有以五边形图案设置的沿纵向延伸通过其的五个孔,并具有沿该单元的长度延伸的五个沟槽,所述沟槽与所述五边形图案的相邻孔等距设置。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中该粉末材料是包括一种或多种催化金属的沉淀组合物,其已经经过干燥和非必要的煅烧和/或还原和钝化。
16.权利要求14的方法,其中该粉末材料是催化剂载体材料。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中该方法进一步包括通过用一种或多种金属化合物浸渍或沉积而处理所得到的单元的步骤。
18.使用权利要求1-13中任一项的或权利要求14-17中任一项制备的催化剂单元的催化方法,包括将反应混合物与催化剂单元在实现该催化反应的条件下接触。
19.权利要求18的催化方法,选自以下:加氢处理,包括加氢脱硫、加氢;蒸汽重整,包括预重整、催化蒸汽重整、自热重整和二段转化和用于直接还原铁的重整方法;催化部分氧化;水煤气变换,包括等温变换、酸变换、低温变换、中间温变换、中温变换和高温变换反应;甲烷化;通过费托反应的烃合成;甲醇合成;氨合成;氨氧化和一氧化二氮分解反应,或用于从污染的气体或液体流体流中回收重金属,例如汞和砷。
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RU2011114154A (ru) 2012-10-20
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WO2010029324A1 (en) 2010-03-18
RU2488444C2 (ru) 2013-07-27
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