CN102019968B - 用于汽车的塑料成型件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于汽车的、仿生学设计的塑料成型件(10),尤其是支架,带有至少一个用于承受较小负荷的低负荷区域(1),该低负荷区域以薄壁技术形成,以及至少一个用于承受较大负荷的高负荷区域(2),该高负荷区域以塑料泡沫技术形成,并且与所述至少一个低负荷区域(1)连接。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于汽车的塑料成型件及其制造方法。
背景技术
塑料成型件,也就是由塑料成型或变形并且必要时例如被切削再加工的部件,被以多种方式应用在汽车上,例如作为支架或内衬,例如形如仪表板支架、内部空间内衬等。
由DE 36 34 559 C1已知的是将多件式的仪表板支架的一部分完全以薄壁技术构造为塑料注塑件。通过该技术可以有利地以毫米级的壁厚构成那些不是必须承受较大负荷的部件,以便节约重量和材料。
另一方面,由DE 199 37 000 A1公开了一种汽车车门内衬,该内衬完全以塑料泡沫技术用较小密度的泡沫芯和紧凑的外套件在热塑性塑料-泡沫浇注方法(TSG)中制造。DE 296 23 807 U1建议了一种遮阳板,其通过蒸汽发泡同样完全在塑料泡沫技术中形成。
由不同类型的DE 103 57 907 B4已知的是,仿生学地优化由铁合金和轻金属合金制成的复合门柱的框架结构。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,为汽车提供一种改进的塑料成型件。
该技术问题通过一种用于汽车的塑料成型件,尤其是支架解决,其带有至少一个用于承受较小负荷的低负荷区域,该低负荷区域以薄壁技术形成,以及至少一个用于承受较大负荷的高负荷区域,该高负荷区域以塑料泡沫技术形成,并且与所述至少一个低负荷区域连接。该技术问题也通过一种用于制造所述塑料成型件的方法解决,其中,按仿生学设计,尤其是结构优化各区域。
按照本发明,将那些已公知的薄壁技术和塑料泡沫技术在塑料成型件中相互组合,方式是以薄壁技术形成一个或多个在运行中最多只需承受小负荷的低负荷区域,并且与一个或多个以塑料泡沫技术构造的、在运行中传入较高负荷的高负荷区域相连接。
这些以塑料泡沫技术形成的高负荷区域(该高负荷区域具有单件或多件式的泡沫芯,该泡沫芯在优选的实施形式中完全或部分地用塑料壳包封,其中由塑料壳限定的内腔能够完全或部分地用泡沫芯填充)由于通过发泡剂和/或流体,尤其是空气和水蒸气发泡的核芯的密度较小而相比其体积具有减小的重量,而另一方面,由于其相比其重量较大的外部尺寸,实现了较高的刚度。此外,泡沫芯可以有利地起减震以及尤其是吸收声音的作用。
因此,按照本发明通过两种技术的组合,可以针对性地加强高负荷区域或者针对性地减小低负荷区域的重量,其中,较小的负荷在本发明中也包括完全没有负荷。
尤其有利的是在仿生学设计的塑料成型件中组合两种技术,所述塑料成型件例如根据用于优化形状的CAO方法(计算机辅助优化)或用于拓扑学优化的SKO方法进行结构优化。在此,通过待优化的部件按照生物学的增长规则“在较高负荷位置积聚材料和/或在较低负荷位置清除材料”,如骨头若承担该部件的功能时所表现的那样虚拟近似地生长,模仿了例如树木或骨头的生物力臂的增长特性。这可以用于消除应力集中(Spannungsspitzen)并因此用于提高强度。
优化可以针对整个部件或者仅针对重要的区域进行。优选借助于有限元模型(FEM)确定待优化的部件或区域中的应力,即,通过在有限元分析中计算应力,然后基于应力例如模拟生物学的生长规则,并且确定由此产生的生长错移(Wachstumsverschiebung)。在下一步可以进行网格修正,以便使FEM网格与新的轮廓相适应。这种生长循环优选在用于分别修正的结构的多个迭代中进行。
在按照本发明的仿生学设计的、尤其是结构优化的塑料成型件中,以塑料泡沫技术构造的高负荷区域因此可以尤其是肋状地,基本上沿着负荷路径(Lastpfade)延伸,并且在该处承受并传递主要的负荷,而以薄壁技术构造的低负荷区域能与该负荷路径相互连接成至少局部封闭的部件。此外,也可以用传统的技术,尤其是带有较大壁厚,例如3毫米或更大的壁厚的注塑技术构造一个或多个用于承受中等负荷的中负荷区域,并且所述中负荷区域可以与低负荷区域和/或高负荷区域连接。因此,结构能够更好地与负荷相适应,并因此减小重量或提高强度和/或刚度。
在一种优选的实施形式中,两个或多个低负荷区域、中负荷区域和/或高负荷区域相互一体地,优选通过相同的工具,尤其是通过相同的模具制造。这尤其可以在一种多步的方法中实现,在所述方法中首先以一种技术制造若干区域,接着以另一种技术制造若干区域。
因此例如可以借助于挤压、拉深和/或压缩制造一个或多个低负荷区域。低负荷区域优选借助于注塑制造,其中,能够例如通过中间冷却、升高的注射压力、平衡浇注和/或使用较高流动性的塑料实现最多1.2mm,优选最多1mm,尤其优选0.9mm的优选壁厚。相比分别以传统的、带有至少3mm的较大壁厚的注塑,较高的注射压力能够实现优选少于1秒的缩短的注射时间,另一方面形成更坚固的形状。
在高负荷区域,可以接着或者平行地例如通过注射流体,尤其是空气和/或蒸汽,和/或通过注入塑料泡沫制造泡沫芯。为此,作为附加或替代,也可以例如通过放热和/或吸热的发泡剂使塑料膨胀。也可以将首先制造的泡沫芯接着用塑料壳挤压包封,然后其例如可以用薄壁技术在低负荷区域中进行。
作为相互一体地以不同的技术形成的区域的补充或替代,两个或多个区域也可以材料接合地相互连接,例如焊接和/或粘结。
尤其以薄壁技术构造的低负荷区域由于壁厚具有低强度,而承受较高负荷的高负荷区域在优选的实施形式中由纤维加强的塑料,例如玻璃纤维加强的或碳纤维加强的塑料(GFK,CFK)制成。
除了注塑之外,按本发明的塑料成型件优选也可以通过挤压(Extrusion),鼓吹成型,薄膜吹气和/或压延(Kalandrieren)制造。尤其可以使用热塑性泡沫浇注(TSG)、MuCell等作为塑料泡沫技术。
通过薄壁技术和与其组合的塑料泡沫技术,尤其通过仿生学设计,可以有利地减小或避免例如由于冷却时收缩、熔融物流相交的接缝等产生的凹陷。因此,按本发明的塑料成型件可以有利地作为内衬或覆盖物而具有一体构造的可见表面。作为替代或补充,也可以设置单独的覆盖层,该覆盖层例如由较软的材料制成,并且能够与塑料成型件粘结。
用于按本发明的塑料成型件的优选材料是,必要时纤维加强的热塑性塑料,如丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS),聚酰胺(PA),聚乳酸(PLA),聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),聚碳酸酯(PC),聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),聚乙烯(PE),聚丙烯(PP),聚苯乙烯(PS),聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)或者这些材料的共混体。
按本发明的塑料成型件尤其可以用作支架,例如仪表板支架,和/或用作例如车门内衬的衬里。该塑料成型件优选用作内部空间的内衬件。
附图说明
本发明其它有利的扩展由以下对优选的实施形式的说明得出。为此局部示意地示出:
图1是按本发明的一种实施形式的塑料成型件的俯视图;以及
图2是图1所示的塑料成型件沿其中的剖切线II-II的视图。
具体实施方式
图1在俯视图中示出了带有矩形的外框3的塑料支架10,该外框3以普通的注塑技术制造,带有3mm的壁厚,并且仅需承担由支架10在其边缘上的连接形成的中等负荷。
通过在注塑时相应地实行所述过程并使用相应的模具,以薄壁技术与所述框形的中负荷区域3一体地制造三个具有约1mm的最小壁厚的低负荷区域1。
支架10应在其上边缘的中部承受较大的负荷,并且在其两个外侧下部的拐角上支承所述负荷。仿生学的结构优化产生了沿着该运行主负荷的Y形负荷路径的材料增厚部2。如尤其在图2的部分剖切的横截面中可见,该材料增厚部2在塑料泡沫技术中制造,即,通过在框架区域3和低负荷区域1的制造过程中或之后通过注入发泡剂产生多孔的塑料泡沫芯2.2,该塑料泡沫芯在其外圆周上由塑料壳2.1包围。泡沫芯2.2的大小和多孔性同样可以如通过该泡沫芯被挤压到注模上并在该处压缩的塑料壳2.1的壁厚一样,通过过程参数,如注入时间,温度控制、增压等预先给定,泡沫芯2.2的形状以及因此呈肋状的、沿着Y-形负荷路径的高负荷区域2的形状通过注塑工具预先给定。
附图标记列表
1 低负荷区域
2 高负荷区域
2.1 塑料壳
2.2 泡沫芯
3 中负荷区域
10 塑料成型件
Claims (14)
1.一种用于汽车的塑料成型件(10),带有:
至少一个用于承受较小负荷的低负荷区域(1),该低负荷区域以薄壁技术形成,以及
至少一个用于承受较大负荷的高负荷区域(2),该高负荷区域以塑料泡沫技术形成,并且与所述至少一个低负荷区域(1)连接,其特征在于,该塑料成型件带有至少一个用于承受中等负荷的中负荷区域(3),该中负荷区域以不同于薄壁技术和塑料泡沫技术的技术形成,并且与所述至少一个低负荷区域(1)和/或所述至少一个高负荷区域(2)连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,至少两个以不同的技术形成的区域(1,2,3)相互一体地制造。
3.如权利要求1所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,至少两个区域材料接合地相互连接。
4.如权利要求1至3之一所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,所述至少一个高负荷区域(2)由纤维加强的塑料制成。
5.如权利要求1至3之一所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,低负荷区域(1)具有最多为1.2mm的最小或平均壁厚。
6.如权利要求1至3之一所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,高负荷区域(2)设计为肋状。
7.如权利要求1至3之一所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,高负荷区域(2)具有一个泡沫芯(2.2)和一个至少部分包围该泡沫芯的塑料壳(2.1)。
8.如权利要求1至3之一所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,高负荷区域(2)基本上沿着负荷路径延伸。
9.如权利要求1至3之一所述的塑料成型件(10),其特征在于,所述塑料成型件具有一体构造的可见表面或单独的覆盖层。
10.一种用于制造按权利要求1至9之一所述的塑料成型件(10)的方法,其特征在于,按仿生学设计各区域(1,2,3)。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,以不同的技术形成的区域(1,2,3)用相同的工具制造。
12.如权利要求10或11所述的方法,其特征在于,在一种多步骤的方法中制造以不同技术形成的区域(1,2,3)。
13.如权利要求10或11所述的方法,其特征在于,借助于挤压、拉深、压缩、带有中间冷却的注塑,在升高的压力下以缩短的注射持续时间在较硬的模具中以平衡浇注和/或由较高流动性的塑料制造低负荷区域(1)。
14.如权利要求10或11所述的方法,其特征在于,在高负荷区域(2)中借助于注入流体和/或塑料制造塑料泡沫芯(2.2)。
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DE102009040934.3A DE102009040934B4 (de) | 2009-09-11 | 2009-09-11 | Kunststoffformteil für ein Kraftfahrzeug |
DE102009040934.3 | 2009-09-11 |
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CN102019968A CN102019968A (zh) | 2011-04-20 |
CN102019968B true CN102019968B (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
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US (1) | US8652611B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102019968B (zh) |
DE (1) | DE102009040934B4 (zh) |
GB (1) | GB2473547A (zh) |
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DE102011119246B4 (de) * | 2011-11-22 | 2013-09-19 | Daimler Ag | Leichtbauelement für eine Karosserie |
DE102012011878A1 (de) | 2012-06-13 | 2013-12-19 | Audi Ag | Karosserie-Tragstruktur für eine Fahrzeug-Karosserie |
EP2889204A4 (en) * | 2012-08-27 | 2016-04-13 | Toray Industries | ROOF STRUCTURE FOR VEHICLES |
DE102013106070C5 (de) * | 2013-06-12 | 2019-10-24 | Leichtbau-Zentrum Sachsen Gmbh | Seitenwandgruppe für Personenkraftwagen |
DE102014202001A1 (de) | 2014-02-04 | 2015-08-06 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Formteil aus einem Kunststoff und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines derartigen Formteils |
DE102015113902A1 (de) * | 2015-08-21 | 2017-02-23 | Wolfgang Staude | Auftriebskörper zum Aufschwimmen auf einer Flüssigkeit |
DE102016204238B4 (de) | 2016-03-15 | 2024-07-25 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Fahrzeug mit einer Baugruppe |
DE102016009511A1 (de) * | 2016-08-04 | 2018-02-08 | Audi Ag | Schalldämpfungsbauteil aus Kunststoff für ein Kraftfahrzeug und Herstellverfahren |
US10625794B1 (en) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-04-21 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Assembly of mating subassemblies having dimensional control features for a motor vehicle |
US10640157B1 (en) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-05-05 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Assembly of subassemblies having a mating bond interface for a motor vehicle |
US10589805B1 (en) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-03-17 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Assembly having a molded in retainer cage for fastening the assembly on a motor vehicle |
US10618574B1 (en) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-04-14 | Global Ip Holdings, Llc | Assembly indicating a plastic molded part having a low load region and at least one spacer adapted to accommodate a high load for a motor vehicle |
DE202019106036U1 (de) * | 2019-10-30 | 2019-12-02 | Vibracoustic Ag | Lagerstrukturbauteil |
CN111469344A (zh) * | 2020-04-22 | 2020-07-31 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种基于仿生结构的金属和复合材料连接方法 |
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US20110086203A1 (en) | 2011-04-14 |
CN102019968A (zh) | 2011-04-20 |
DE102009040934B4 (de) | 2020-06-04 |
DE102009040934A1 (de) | 2011-03-17 |
GB201015056D0 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
US8652611B2 (en) | 2014-02-18 |
GB2473547A (en) | 2011-03-16 |
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