CN101793890A - Experimental apparatus for simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under artificial rainfall condition - Google Patents
Experimental apparatus for simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under artificial rainfall condition Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an experimental apparatus for simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under an artificial rainfall condition. The experimental apparatus comprises a rainwater storage tank, a water pump, an aqueduct, a supporting frame, a water quantity regulation tank, a valve, a water outlet pipe, a spray head, rainfall holes, a porous water distribution plate, an experimental soil bin, a small sampling perforated pipe and a large sampling perforated pipe, wherein the lower outlet of the rainwater storage tank is connected with a water inlet of the water pump; a water outlet of the water pump is communicated with the water quantity regulation tank arranged on the supporting frame through the aqueduct; the outlet of the water quantity regulation tank is provided with the valve and connected with the spray head through the water outlet pipe; the porous water distribution plate which is provided with a plurality of rainfall holes is arranged under the spray head and above the experimental soil bin; and the small sampling perforated pipe is positioned on the central part of the experimental soil bin, while the large sampling perforated pipe is positioned on the lower part of the experimental soil bin. The experimental apparatus for the water quality and quantity simulation research on the biotical retained elements under the artificial rainfall condition has a simple structure, can regulate rainfall intensity and uniformity, and realize water sampling of soil in different time and different structural space, and has an application prospect in the field of environment engineering and ecological engineering.
Description
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of experimental provision of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under, be mainly used under the artificial rainfall condition, the biology of design is detained the dynamics research of unit to the influence of rainwater water quality and quantity, belongs to environmental engineering and ecological engineering field.
(2) background technology
Urban non-point source pollution is to follow the city fast development and the new problem of appearance.The urban storm runoff is the main cause that causes urban water-body to pollute as the main drive of pollutants transfer.Correlative study both at home and abroad shows that urban land use is not only the root that non-point pollution produces, and also is the media of pollutants transfer, soil utilization and change there is appreciable impact in non-point pollution.The construction of the increase of the waterproof underlying surface in city and subsoil drain system makes urban non-point source pollution be different from agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and the control difficulty is bigger.At present, the method that the control polluter enters water body mainly is to adopt kind of Best Management Practices, dams in the transition process of source that pollutant produces and rainwash and handles pollutant.Biology delay unit is technical measures in the urban storm kind of Best Management Practices, emphasize natural, ecological effect and landscape effect, when improving water quality, can provide extra environmental benefit, realize the Economic Value Added of environment, meet China's STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT thought, in non-point source pollution control, have great importance.At present, the entrained pollutant of rainfall runoff is also not clear at the migration transformation mechanism that biology is detained in the unit, presses for the research that experimentizes in this respect.For this reason, biological be detained first experimental study and use effective control urban non-point source pollution, realize urban sustainable development, the protection Urban Water Environment, to set up ecocity significant.But the biological now experimental study that is detained unit belongs to the starting stage at home, up to the present, has only Shenzhen Bureau of Water Resources that the water yield change procedure that biology is detained unit has been carried out outdoor observational study, does not carry out simulation of water quality and laboratory simulation.Domestic also do not have ready-made experimental provision to utilize.The dynamic changing process that the entrained long-time migration transformation mechanism of pollutant in biology delay unit of research rainfall runoff is water quality and quantity is badly in need of finishing by simulated experiment.At the present invention of experiment demand the first water quality and quantity analogue experiment installation of the biological down delay of artificial rainfall condition is designed.
Though more external scientific research personnel are detained the indoor and site test that unit has carried out water quality and quantity to biology, organically combine but artificial rain device is promptly tested soil box with the first experiment of biological delay main body facility, the experimental provision that makes up the artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under does not appear in the newspapers yet.Estimating biological the delay in the research of unit to urban runoff hydrologic process and water quality impact, pressing for indoor analog simulation and test and obtain the correlation technique parameter.Field experiment and observation process, only can reflect the biological unit's influence to the urban runoff water yield and water quality under a certain specified conditions of being detained, can not system reflect dynamic effects such as different weather conditions, different raininess, vegetation type and medium composition and the degree of depth, different spaces and time etc., thereby be difficult to satisfy the various requirement of practical engineering application the water quality and the water yield.
(3) summary of the invention
1, purpose:
At the problem of above-mentioned existence, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of experimental provision of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under.This apparatus structure is simple, easy to operate, economical and practical, is applicable to the biological down modeling effort of being detained first water quality and quantity of a kind of artificial rainfall condition of indoor urban rainfall runoff simulated experiment.
2, technical scheme:
See Fig. 1, the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under of the present invention, it comprises rainwater storage tank, water pump, aqueduct, support, water yield conciliation case, valve, rising pipe, shower nozzle, rainfall hole, porous water distributing plate, experiment soil box, little thieff hatch pipe and big thieff hatch pipe.Position annexation between them is:
The lower part outlet of rainwater storage tank links to each other with pump intake, the water delivering orifice of water pump is reconciled case by aqueduct with the water yield on being placed on support and is connected, water yield conciliation case exit is provided with a valve and links to each other with shower nozzle by rising pipe, its porous water distributing plate that is provided with many rainfalls hole is placed under the shower nozzle, tests on the soil box, little thieff hatch pipe is positioned at the medium position of experiment soil box, and big thieff hatch pipe is positioned at the bottom position of experiment soil box.
Described rainwater storage tank is the casing of box structure;
Described water pump is the basic model peristaltic pump, and its function is pressed onto in the water yield conciliation case for the water in the rainwater storage tank is taken out automatically by aqueduct;
Described aqueduct is the 16# plastic tube with effect of water guide;
Described support is the metal construction support, is used for the rest water yield to reconcile case;
It is cylindrical organic glass case that the described water yield is reconciled case, is arranged on the support, has the effect of conciliation and stable flow velocity;
Described valve is the brass valve, has the effect of reconciling the flow size;
Described rising pipe is a plastic tube, the effect that has water guide and supply water to shower nozzle;
Described shower nozzle is the aluminum alloy material of seedpod of the lotus type, has the effect at porous water distributing plate surface sprinkling rainwater;
Described rainfall hole is the equally distributed circular hole that gets out with electric drill on the water distributing plate, and rainwater splashes into the experiment soil box from circular hole;
Described porous water distributing plate is to use board making, and there is even rainfall hole on the surface, and the batten with high 4-6mm surrounds all around, and the surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, has temporary transient storage and the evenly effect of distribution rainwater;
Described experiment soil box is the box structure casing, and the surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, and seam mouth place is sewed up with glass cement, has waterproof, antisepsis.Be used for used various types of slowly drained soils of long-time splendid attire experiment and rubble etc.;
Sever above the described little thieff hatch pipe wide for 14-16mm, long be the rectangular channel of 945-955mm, be layered on the rectangular channel surface with mesh diameter less than the woven wire of 2mm, and be fixed with steel wire.This manages horizontal positioned, is used for gathering the water sample of soil;
75mm place, every interval stamps the aperture that diameter is 8mm directly over the surface of described big thieff hatch pipe, positive front and back both side surface directly over per two in the middle of the aperture is stamped the aperture that diameter is 8mm again, be side opening and nearest directly over the distance of aperture place pipe diameter disc be 37.5mm, the pipe total length is 1290-1310m.This manages horizontal positioned, is used to gather the water sample at metalling place;
Wherein, this rainwater storage tank is made with sheet material; This sheet material can be selected plank or poly (methyl methacrylate) plate or corrosion resistant plate or other waterproof material for use;
Wherein, the model of this water pump is that BT100-2J, pump head are YZ1515X;
Wherein, the model of this valve is MC6100B;
Wherein, this rising pipe is that thickness is that 1.5-2.5mm, external diameter are the 18-22mm plastic tube;
Wherein, the model of this shower nozzle is 400PL;
Wherein, the diameter in this rainfall hole is 2.5-3.5mm;
Wherein, this porous water distributing plate is that length and width are respectively 1.21-1.23m, 1.21-1.23m, and thickness is the board making of 18-20mm;
Wherein, the high size of the length and width of this experiment soil box is respectively 1.21-1.23m, 1.21-1.23m, 1.21-1.23m; Thickness of slab 19-21mm,
Wherein, the thickness of this little thieff hatch pipe is that 2.4-2.6mm, external diameter are that 19-21mm, length are 1.29-1.31 rice; This little thieff hatch pipe can be selected pvc pipe for use;
Wherein, the thickness of this big thieff hatch pipe is that 2.4-2.6mm, external diameter are that 49-51mm, length are 1.29-1.31 rice; This big thieff hatch pipe can be selected pvc pipe for use;
Workflow of the present invention is as follows:
Described porous water distributing plate places the top of support, artificial rainwater is extracted into the water yield with pump and reconciles in the case, control rainfall runoff speed by the water level and the valve of reconciling in water pump, the water yield conciliation case, evenly be sprayed in the porous water distributing plate by shower nozzle by the rainwater of reconciling the case outflow, the porous water distributing plate is to be the plank that the batten of 5cm surrounds by height, and gets out the rainfall hole that diameter is 3mm with electric drill.The experiment agent set is the experiment soil box, comprises surperficial rainwater retention layer, planting soil overlayer, vegetation and plantation layer, first, second, third sample level, sand filter blanket, metalling and the 4th sample level.In order to reduce expenses, porous water distributing plate and experiment soil box mainly with timber as experiment material, its each surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, in the hope of reaching waterproof, corrosion-resistant purpose.
Adopt technique scheme, device with artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under of the present invention, use the self-control sprinkler can regulate rainfall intensity, the sampling pipe of employing can be gathered the water sample under different time and the space distribution situation.Utilize this device can carry out the monitoring of soil moisture content, the soil moisture and the water yield simultaneously, and be used for the first water quality and quantity tests of simulating of biological delay under the artificial rainfall condition.
3, advantage and effect: the experimental provision of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under of the present invention, have simple in structure, cost is low and characteristics such as economical and practical.Scalable rainfall intensity of the present invention, the convenient soil water sample that is used for simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under different time and the space structure of gathering has been saved labor capacity.
(4) description of drawings
The first Experimental equipment of the biological delay of Fig. 1
The biological main equipment that is detained unit of Fig. 2 is promptly tested the structural representation of soil box
The biological main equipment that is detained unit of Fig. 3 is promptly tested the synoptic diagram of looking down of soil box
The biological main equipment that is detained unit of Fig. 4 is promptly tested the front schematic view of soil box
The structural representation of the little thieff hatch pipe of Fig. 5
The structural representation of the big thieff hatch pipe of Fig. 6
Symbol description is as follows among the figure:
1 rainwater storage tank; 2 water pumps; 3 supports; 4 aqueducts; 5 water yields are reconciled case; 6 valves; 7 rising pipes; 8 shower nozzles; 9 porous water distributing plates; 10 rainfall holes; 11 little thieff hatch pipes; 12 experiment soil boxs; 13 big thieff hatch pipes; 14 surperficial rainwater retention layers; 15 planting soil overlayers; 16 ground floor sampling locations; 17 vegetation and plantation layer; 18 second layer sampling locations; 19 the 3rd layers of sampling location; 20 sand filter blankets; 21 metallings; 22 the 4th layers of sampling location.
(5) embodiment
See Fig. 1, the present invention is a kind of experimental provision of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under, and it comprises rainwater storage tank 1, water pump 2, aqueduct 4, support 3, water yield conciliation case 5, valve 6, rising pipe 7, shower nozzle 8, porous water distributing plate 9, rainfall hole 10, experiment soil box 12, little thieff hatch pipe 11 and big thieff hatch pipe 13.Position annexation between them is:
The lower part outlet of rainwater storage tank 1 links to each other with water pump 2 water inlets, the water delivering orifice of water pump 2 is reconciled case 5 by aqueduct 4 with the water yield on being placed on support 3 and is connected, water yield conciliation case 5 exits are provided with a valve 6 and link to each other with shower nozzle 8 by rising pipe 7, its porous water distributing plate 9 that is provided with many rainfalls hole 10 is placed under the shower nozzle 8, tests on the soil box 12, little thieff hatch pipe 11 is positioned at the medium position of experiment soil box 12, and big thieff hatch pipe 13 is positioned at the bottom position of experiment soil box 12.
Described rainwater storage tank 1 is the casing of box structure, and material is an organic glass;
Described water pump 2 is that basic model peristaltic pump, model are that BT100-2J, pump head YZ1515X, function are pressed onto in the water yield conciliation case for the water in the rainwater storage tank is taken out automatically by aqueduct;
Described aqueduct 4 is 16
#Plastic tube, has the effect of water guide;
Described support 3 is plain metal structure stands, as shown in Figure 3, is used for the rest water yield to reconcile case;
It is columniform organic glass casees that the described water yield is reconciled case 5, is arranged on the support, has the effect of conciliation and stable flow velocity;
Described valve 6 is that brass valve, model are MC6100B, have an effect of reconciling the flow size;
Described rising pipe 7 is that thickness is the plastic tube of 2mm, and external diameter is 20mm, the effect that has water guide and supply water to shower nozzle;
Described shower nozzle 8 is aluminum alloy materials of seedpod of the lotus type, and model is: 400PL has the effect at water distributing plate surface sprinkling rainwater;
Described rainfall hole 10 is that the diameter that gets out with electric drill on the water distributing plate is the equally distributed circular hole of 3mm, and rainwater splashes into the experiment soil box from circular hole;
Described porous water distributing plate 9 is that length and width are respectively 1.22m, 1.22m, and thickness is the plank of 19mm, and there is even rainfall hole on the surface, and the batten with high 5mm surrounds all around, and the surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, has temporary transient storage and the evenly effect of distribution rainwater;
Described experiment soil box 12 is wooden casings of box structure that the length and width height is respectively 1.22m, 1.22m, 1.22m, thickness of slab 20mm, and the surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, and seam mouth place is sewed up with glass cement, has stronger waterproof, antisepsis.Be used for used various types of slowly drained soils of long-time splendid attire experiment and rubble etc.;
Described little thieff hatch pipe 11 is that thickness is that 2.5mm, external diameter are that 20mm, length are the pvc pipe of 1300mm, sever above the pipe wide for 15mm, long be the rectangular channel of 950m, be layered on the semi-circular groove surface with mesh diameter less than the woven wire of 2mm, and be fixed with steel wire.Little thieff hatch pipe horizontal positioned is used for gathering the water sample of soil;
Described big thieff hatch pipe 13 is that thickness is that 2.5mm, external diameter are the pvc pipe of 50mm, 75mm place, every interval stamps the aperture that diameter is 8mm directly over the tube-surface, positive front and back both side surface directly over per two in the middle of the aperture is stamped the aperture that diameter is 8mm again, be side opening and nearest directly over the distance of aperture place pipe diameter disc be 37.5mm, the pipe total length is 1300mm.Big thieff hatch pipe horizontal positioned is used to gather the water sample at metalling place;
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is explained in further detail: see accompanying drawing
The present invention proposes to set up the experimental provision that is used for the artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under.Fig. 1 is biological first Experimental equipment of being detained, the artificial rainwater that configures is stored in the rainwater storage tank 1, and artificial rainwater is imported in the water yield conciliation case 5 that is placed on the support 3 by aqueduct 4 with water pump 2, the water yield is reconciled case rising pipe 7 place's valves 6 scalable rainwater flows, the rainwater that water yield conciliation case discharges is sprayed onto on the porous water distributing plate 9 by the shower nozzle 8 of rising pipe 7, there is equally distributed rainfall hole 10 on porous water distributing plate surface, artificial rainwater can be distributed in porous water distributing plate surface rapidly after variable valve is opened and reached certain flow, finishes the process of the anthropomorphic worker's rainfall of automatic mold like this.The main equipment of artificial rainwater infiltrate simulated experiment is promptly tested soil box 12, effect such as holds back by diafiltration, evaporation, adsorption by soil, plant absorbing, microbial degradation, cover surface, can reduce the rainfall runoff amount and remove pollutant in the artificial rainwater.The artificial rainwater of each soil layer of infiltrate can be gathered water samples by little thieff hatch pipe 11 (have three layers, 3 every layer, totally 9 pipes) and big thieff hatch 13 are convenient, and is used for simulated experiment and analysis.
The structure that the biological main equipment that is detained unit is promptly tested soil box is shown in Figure 2, comprises surperficial rainwater retention layer 14, and this layer depth is 12cm; Planting soil overlayer 15, this layer depth h
1Be 5cm, principal ingredient is bark (bark); Vegetation and plantation layer 17, degree of depth h
2Be 60cm, principal ingredient sand and organism, this layer have three layers of sampling location, and ground floor sampling location 16 is apart from planting soil overlayer upper surface 10cm; The 3rd layer of sampling location 19 is at distance sand filter blanket upper strata 5cm; Second layer sampling location 18 is in the middle of two sampling locations up and down, apart from the position of planting soil overlayer upper surface 30cm; Sand filter blanket 20 degree of depth h
3Be 5cm; Metalling 21 degree of depth h
4Be 40cm; The 4th layer of sampling location 22 is positioned at the metalling bottom, and purpose is to analyze metalling water sample is influenced.
Fig. 3 promptly tests the synoptic diagram of looking down of soil box for the biological main equipment that is detained unit, casing mainly is respectively so that length and width are thick: the scale board of 1220mm, 1220mm, 20mm is formed, rectangle timber with the thick 1537mm of being respectively of length and width, 100mm, 50mm around the casing forms a circle, totally three layers, see Fig. 4.Eight angles of box house are all used the rectangle timber of the generous 100mm of being respectively, 50mm to fix five scale boards to make it become casing.
Fig. 4 promptly tests the front schematic view of soil box for the biological main equipment that is detained unit, from scheming as seen the batten of the wide and thick 50mm of being respectively, 25mm to be fixed on casing certain position all around, and above the rectangular parallelepiped that timber surrounds is placed on, to reach the fixedly effect of rectangle wood.
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of little thieff hatch pipe, is 1300mm from scheming visible little thieff hatch length of tube, internal diameter be 15mm, external diameter be 20mm, thickness be 2.5mm, pipe above sever wide for 15mm, long be the rectangular channel of 950mm.Little thieff hatch pipe horizontal positioned is used for gathering the water sample of soil.
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of big thieff hatch pipe, from scheming visible big thieff hatch length of tube is 1300mm, internal diameter is that 45mm, external diameter are that 50mm, thickness are 2.5mm, 75mm place, every interval stamps the aperture that diameter is 8mm directly over the tube-surface, positive front and back both side surface directly over per two in the middle of the aperture is stamped the aperture that diameter is 8mm again, promptly side opening with nearest directly over the aperture place distance of managing the diameter disc be 37.5mm.This manages horizontal positioned, is used to gather the water sample at metalling place.
Claims (10)
1. the experimental provision of an artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under is characterized in that: it comprises that rainwater storage tank, water pump, aqueduct, support, the water yield reconcile case, valve, rising pipe, shower nozzle, rainfall hole, porous water distributing plate, experiment soil box, little thieff hatch pipe and big thieff hatch pipe; Position annexation between them is:
The lower part outlet of rainwater storage tank links to each other with pump intake, the water delivering orifice of water pump is reconciled case by aqueduct with the water yield on being placed on support and is connected, water yield conciliation case exit is provided with a valve and links to each other with shower nozzle by rising pipe, its porous water distributing plate that is provided with many rainfalls hole is placed under the shower nozzle, tests on the soil box, little thieff hatch pipe is positioned at the medium position of experiment soil box, and big thieff hatch pipe is positioned at the lower position of experiment soil box;
Described rainwater storage tank is the casing of box structure;
Described water pump is the basic model peristaltic pump, and its function is pressed onto in the water yield conciliation case for the water in the rainwater storage tank is taken out automatically by aqueduct;
Described aqueduct be have water guide effect 16
#Plastic tube;
Described support is the metal construction support, is used for the rest water yield to reconcile case;
It is cylindrical organic glass case that the described water yield is reconciled case, is arranged on the support, has the effect of conciliation and stable flow velocity;
Described valve is the brass valve, has the effect of reconciling the flow size;
Described rising pipe is a plastic tube, the effect that has water guide and supply water to shower nozzle;
Described shower nozzle is the aluminum alloy material of seedpod of the lotus type, has the effect at porous water distributing plate surface sprinkling rainwater;
Described rainfall hole is the equally distributed circular hole that gets out with electric drill on the water distributing plate, and rainwater splashes into the experiment soil box from circular hole;
Described porous water distributing plate is to use board making, and there is even rainfall hole on the surface, and the batten with high 4-6mm surrounds all around, and the surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, has temporary transient storage and the evenly effect of distribution rainwater;
Described experiment soil box is the box structure casing, and the surface scribbles double-deck water-repellent paint, and seam mouth place is sewed up with glass cement, has waterproof, antisepsis;
Have rectangular channel above the described little thieff hatch pipe, be layered on the rectangular channel surface with mesh diameter less than the woven wire of 2mm, and be fixed with steel wire, this manages horizontal positioned, is used for gathering the water sample of soil;
Stamp aperture directly over the surface of described big thieff hatch pipe, the positive front and back both side surface directly over per two in the middle of the aperture is stamped aperture again, and this manages horizontal positioned, is used to gather the water sample at metalling place;
2. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1 is characterized in that: this water pump is the basic model peristaltic pump, and model is that BT100-2J, pump head are YZ1515X.
3. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the model of this valve is MC6100B.
4. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1 is characterized in that: this rising pipe is that thickness is that 1.5-2.5mm, external diameter are the 18-22mm plastic tube.
5. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the model of this shower nozzle is 400PL.
6. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the diameter in this rainfall hole is 2.5-3.5mm.
7. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this porous water distributing plate is that length and width are respectively 1.21-1.23m, 1.21-1.23m, and thickness is the board making of 18-20mm.
8. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the high size of the length and width of this experiment soil box is respectively 1.21-1.23m, 1.21-1.23m, 1.21-1.23m, and sheet metal thickness is 19-21mm.
9. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this little thieff hatch pipe is a pvc pipe, have above the pipe and widely be that for 14-16mm is long the rectangular channel of 945-955mm, the thickness of pipe are that 2.4-2.6mm, external diameter are that 19-21mm, length are 1.29-1.31m.
10. the experimental provision of a kind of artificial rainfall condition simulation research on water quality and quantity of biotical retained elements under according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this big thieff hatch is a pvc pipe, 75mm place, every interval stamps the aperture that diameter is 8mm directly over the surface of pipe, positive front and back both side surface directly over per two in the middle of the aperture is stamped the aperture that diameter is 8mm again, be side opening and nearest directly over the distance of aperture place pipe diameter disc be 37.5mm, the thickness of pipe is that 2.4-2.6mm, external diameter are that 49-51mm, length are 1.29-1.31m.
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