CN101692506A - Active equalization method for lithium ion battery pack in charging state - Google Patents
Active equalization method for lithium ion battery pack in charging state Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an active equalization technique of a lithium battery pack. Based on booster technology and a super capacitor, the technique can be used for voltage equalization of large capacity series connected lithium battery packs in charging state. The conventional active equalization technique has the problems of low electric quantity transmission efficiency, complex controlling and the like. By combining an electric quantity transmission technique of inductor and capacitance, the active equalization technique of the invention can perform electricity quantity transmission of any two batteries in the lithium ion battery pack to achieve the aim of voltage equalization of the lithium ion battery pack, and the comprehensive efficiency can reach about 84 percent. The conventional active equalization technique is characterized by flexible specific control, high efficiency of electricity quantity transmission and the like.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of cascaded lithium ion batteries group electric weight equalization methods, can be used for the electric voltage equalization under the high-capacity dynamical cascaded lithium ion batteries group charged state.
Background technology
Lithium ion battery [hereinafter to be referred as lithium battery] be a kind ofly have high-energy-density, high working voltage, memory-less effect, have extended cycle life, pollution-free, in light weight, battery that self discharge is little, be widely used in all trades and professions at present.Because the operating voltage of lithium battery is about 2.5 ~ 4.2V (lithium battery of different materials is different) generally, need in the practical application several, tens even a hundreds of single lithium battery are together in series, to improve operating voltage.But because the restriction of lithium battery production technology exists capacity, voltage, internal resistance and self-discharge rate etc. inconsistent, even also can there are differences in same batch battery between the lithium battery monomer.In actual use, this species diversity can have a strong impact on the useful life of lithium battery, so be necessary serial lithium battery group [hereinafter to be referred as the lithium battery group] is carried out balanced management.
At present, lithium battery group equalization methods mainly contains two kinds: passive equilibrium and initiatively balanced.Passive equilibrium mainly is to give voltage high cell discharge in charging process by equalizing resistance, makes the voltage of whole Battery pack reach consistent.The shortcoming of this method is to waste energy, and because the restriction of discharging current is not suitable for jumbo lithium battery group.Initiatively equalization methods has inductance and two kinds of electric weight branch modes of electric capacity, use maximum inductance equilibriums that is based on Boost/buck in the inductance branch mode, this mode is carried out the electric weight transmission between adjacent cell, electric weight is transferred to the low battery of voltage from the high battery of voltage, and the efficient of electric weight transmission can reach more than 80%.The shortcoming of this mode is to carry out the electric weight transmission between adjacent lithium battery, need carry out repeatedly electric weight transmission for non-adjacent lithium battery, just can reach balanced purpose, and this greatly reduces the electric weight transmission efficiency.And,, then needing a plurality of balance modules so for the multi-series lithium battery group because single balance module can only carry out equilibrium to two adjacent cell, this has also increased the complexity of system greatly.The electric capacity branch mode since the lithium battery group in voltage differences several millivolts and tens the milli between, the electric weight of single transfer is few, so the transfer efficiency of this mode also is very low.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above-mentioned existing problem, the invention provides a kind of new active equalization methods, this technology combines the electric weight transfer techniques of inductance and electric capacity, can carry out electric weight to any two batteries in the lithium battery group and pass and to move, and the electric weight of single transfer is than high many of the pure capacitive way of tradition.
In the present technique specification, the value defined that monomer battery voltage in the lithium battery group is departed from average voltage is a bias voltage.The bias voltage of any battery is higher than certain value in the lithium battery group, and it is inconsistent then defining the lithium battery group, need carry out equilibrium to the lithium battery group, and this value then is defined as the bias voltage limit.
The present invention has mainly comprised following components: voltage detection unit, switch arrays, farad capacitor, electric capacity control unit and main control unit.Voltage detection unit is used for detecting the voltage of each monomer of lithium battery group; Switch arrays are used for the gating of the different batteries of lithium battery group; The intermediate medium that farad capacitor shifts as electric weight; The electric capacity control unit is used to control the charge and discharge process of farad capacitor; Main control unit is controlled whole balancing procedure by control switch array, farad capacitor, electric capacity control unit.The electric capacity control unit comprises the driving mechanism of electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor, capacitance voltage detecting unit, Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor, Boost inductance and related switch.Electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor is the operating mechanism that discharges and recharges of control capacitance, and the parasitic diode of metal-oxide-semiconductor is also as the Boost fly-wheel diode simultaneously; The capacitance voltage detecting unit detects capacitance voltage and also passes to main control unit, for the setting of the duty ratio of Boost provides foundation; The parasitic diode of Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor, Boost inductance and electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor constitutes a complete Boost booster circuit, by the Boost booster circuit electric capacity is charged the battery.
This equalization methods course of work can be divided into following process: at first voltage detection unit detects the voltage of lithium battery group cell, main control unit judges according to the voltage of cell whether the lithium battery group satisfies the startup balancer, promptly start balancer if satisfy, the battery the highest from voltage carries out the electric weight transmission to the minimum battery of voltage.The electric weight transmission can be divided into two parts: 1) electric capacity live part, at first the high battery of switch arrays gate voltage is opened electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor then, is charged to electric capacity by battery.The strict control of electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor charging current when capacitance voltage reaches preset value, is closed electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor, and the off switch array is to the gating of battery simultaneously.2) capacitor discharge part, the low battery of switch arrays gate voltage at first, by the Boost booster circuit in the electric capacity control unit electric capacity is charged the battery, in this process, main control unit is adjusted the duty ratio of Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor control signal according to capacitance voltage, drop to the final discharging voltage of setting at capacitance voltage, stop capacitor discharge.Repeat this two processes, no longer satisfied up to equilibrium condition.
The main points of this equalization methods are the control in switch arrays, capacitor charge and discharge interval and the control of Boost control MOS control signal duty ratio.Switch arrays require to a certain when battery balanced, do not influence other batteries, because energy storage device is a farad capacitor in the technical program, single energy delivered height, the time of the capacitor charge and discharge long size of the capacity and the euqalizing current of electric capacity (specifically according to),, can use the binary channels relay to do switch arrays so the frequency ratio of switch is lower, and switch arrays are to carry out switch motion under immunization with gD DNA vaccine, needn't consider the influence of the life-span of relay to equalizing circuit.
At the electric capacity charging initial stage, the pressure reduction of electric capacity and battery is bigger, and need control this moment to charging current, and the grid step voltage that can adjust electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor reaches the purpose of Control current.Charge latter stage at electric capacity, approaching along with electric capacity and cell voltage, electric current reduces thereupon, in actual conditions, owing to have switch conduction impedance and the direct current equivalent internal resistance of electric capacity own in the charge circuit, can't be charged to capacitance voltage consistent in the short period of time with cell voltage.When the battery that experiment showed, 3.8V to initial voltage is the farad capacitor charging of 0 20F, if if there is the impedance of 200m Ω in the charge circuit, and do not control charging current, electric capacity is charged to 3.0V from 0V needs 6 seconds, and being charged to 3.7V needs 15 seconds.The calculating of capacitor charging time can be calculated according to formula (1).Can greatly reduce the charging interval so suitably reduce the electric capacity end of charge voltage,
Wherein: F is that capacitance, R are equivalent resistance, the U in the charge circuit
BBe cell voltage, U
CBe capacitance voltage.U
C0Be electric capacity initial voltage, U
C1Be the electric capacity end of charge voltage
The duty ratio of Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor control signal directly influences capacitor discharge electric current and balanced efficient.The duty ratio of control signal can be calculated according to formula (2).At the capacitor discharge initial stage, capacitance voltage is lower than by the voltage of balancing battery, and both diversity ratios are less, needs lower duty ratio this moment, and along with
The Vc capacitance voltage, the increase of Vb cell voltage capacitor discharge time, the voltage of electric capacity and the pressure reduction of battery are increasing, if do not adjust duty ratio this moment, discharging current can reduce, thereby causes increase discharge time.At this moment can adjust duty ratio in real time according to formula (2), discharging current is controlled in certain scope.The capacitor discharge final voltage that is reduced to setting at capacitance voltage stops capacitance discharges.
The selection of the setting of some key parameters and components and parts in the technical program:
(1) farad capacitor: the electric weight that the capacity impact single of farad capacitor transmits, the electric weight that single transmits can be calculated by formula (3).
C=(U
C1-U
C0) F (3) U wherein
C1Be end of charge voltage, U
C0For the difference of two voltages of final discharging voltage is big more, the electric weight that single transmits is big more
(2) capacitor discharge final voltage U
C0: since the characteristic of farad capacitor itself and the consideration of discharging efficiency, U
C0Can be set to 2V.
(3) electric capacity end of charge voltage U
C1: U
C1Be set to deduct 0.3 to the value of electric capacity charged battery voltage.So both guarantee the electric weight of single transfer, also reduced the charging interval of electric capacity simultaneously.Such as the voltage of giving the electric capacity rechargeable battery is 3.8V, can be U
C1Be made as 3.5V, calculate according to formula 1, it is 7.2 seconds that electric capacity is charged to the required time of 2.5V from 2V.
(4) inductance: the value of inductance can be calculated according to formula (4)
V wherein
CminBe the capacitor discharge final voltage, Vm is the pressure drop of Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor, I
oBe average discharge current, f is the Boost control frequency
The peak current of inductance is to determine by formula (5)
(5) Boost control Mos pipe: Boost control Mos pipe needs to select the low metal-oxide-semiconductor of conduction impedance.
(6) switch arrays: switch arrays can use small capacity double passage relay.
The technical program can be used for lithium battery group 0.2C following low discharging current, constant current charge and leave standstill three kinds of equilibriums under the situation.
1) low discharging current: in the present technique explanation, low discharging current is defined as below the 0.2C, and the less discharge of discharging current fluctuation.In the low discharging current process, bias voltage limit can be set, the average voltage that departs from battery pack when a certain monomer voltage of battery pack surpasses bias voltage prescribes a time limit, and starts balancer, and the battery high from voltage carries out the electric weight transmission to the low battery of voltage.
2) leave standstill equilibrium: under the situation of leaving standstill, the aspect is considered owing to cut down the consumption of energy etc., battery management system is in resting state in the overwhelming majority time, just periodically lithium battery group voltage is detected, cycle can be made as one hour or half an hour, and the bias voltage of any one battery is prescribed a time limit above bias voltage in detecting the lithium battery group, started balancer, voltage basically identical up to battery pack then stops equilibrium.
3) constant current charge: the charging of lithium battery group can be divided into fills and two kinds of patterns of trickle charge soon.In fast mold filling formula, do not carry out equilibrium, wherein any one battery reaches the limit charging voltage, and the whole battery group charging finishes.In the trickle charge pattern, the batteries charging process can be divided into constant current and two processes of constant voltage, and present technique only is operated in the constant current charge process, and its balance policy has two kinds.
Strategy 1: between lithium battery discharge cut-off voltage and charging cut-ff voltage, establish several voltages checkpoint, the charging cut-ff voltage is made as last voltage checkpoint.When wherein any one battery reaches the voltage checkpoint, check whether battery pack satisfies equilibrium condition, if satisfy, then stop charging, perhaps carry out constant current charge, start balancer and carry out equilibrium with little electric current, the battery higher from voltage carries out the electric weight transmission to the lower battery of voltage, behind certain hour, it is consistent that voltage reaches, again with big electric current constant current charge.When a certain cell voltage in the battery pack reaches last voltage detecting point (cut-ff voltage promptly charges), if there are inconsistent words in battery pack, certainly there is the voltage of battery not reach cut-ff voltage, carrying out electric weight from high to low shifts, if voltage phase difference is not too many, after equilibrium was finished, the cell voltage of whole battery group was all near cut-ff voltage, we or can carry out constant current to battery pack and replenish electricity, perhaps directly battery pack is carried out constant voltage charge.
Strategy 2: with the two kinds of situations in front, in the constant current charge process of lithium battery group, in real time the voltage of battery is monitored, when the bias voltage that detects a certain battery reaches bias voltage in limited time, stop the charging or with little electric current constant current charge, start balancer, treat that lithium battery group voltage reaches unanimity again with big electric current constant current charge.When any one battery reaches cut-ff voltage in the lithium battery group, stop constant current charge, start balancer and make battery voltage reach consistent, then the lithium battery group is replenished, battery up to the lithium battery group all reaches cut-ff voltage, carries out constant voltage charge at last.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following characteristics: (1) control is flexible, and present technique can be carried out the electric weight transmission to any two batteries in the battery pack, and traditional inductance equalization methods can only carry out the electric weight transmission between adjacent battery.(2) electric weight transfer efficiency height, the efficient of the comprehensive electric weight transmission of single can reach 84%, and does not need to carry out the multiple energy transmission for two non-adjacent batteries.(3) owing to adopted jumbo farad capacitor, and the degree of depth of capacitor discharge is big, so the electric weight height of single transfer.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 2 is pie graphs of electric capacity control unit
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing comprehensive description embodiments of the invention.
As shown in Figure 1, complete lithium battery balanced management system (annotating: only refer to balanced management system, but not the lithium battery group management system on the ordinary meaning) should comprise following components: switch arrays [1], electric capacity control unit [2], farad capacitor [3], relevant driving mechanism [4], main control unit [5] and voltage detection unit [6].
As shown in Figure 2, the electric capacity control unit mainly comprises following components: electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor [1], Boost inductance [2], capacitance voltage detecting unit [3] and Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor [5].
Equilibrium in the embodiment 1:6 series lithium battery group charging process
The setting of components and parts and parameter: 1) the capacitance discharges electric current is 2A, and final discharging voltage is 2V, and end of charge voltage is that battery voltage value deducts 0.3 value.Calculate according to formula (1), when cell voltage was 3.8V, the electric capacity end of charge voltage was 3.5V, and this moment, capacitor charging time was 7.2s, and the charging average current is 4.1A.2) farad capacitor is selected the farad capacitor module of two 20F series connection, and is withstand voltage about 5.4V.3) inductance is according to formula 4 and formula 5, select inductance value be 330 μ H and by the above electric current of 4.5A can be unsaturated inductor.4) the Boost control frequency is set at 2kHz.5) electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor and Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor are selected P type metal-oxide-semiconductor, and model is IRML6401.
Capacitance is 8Ah, and the charging cut-ff voltage is 4.2V, and the battery pack initial voltage is 19.382V.The cycle of in the charging process cell voltage being sampled is 1 minute.The voltage checkpoint of battery pack is 3.5,4,4.2, and the bias voltage limit is made as 20mV.Balance policy adopts strategy 1 balanced in the charging process:
??V1 | ??V2 | ??V3 | ??V4 | ??V5 | ??V6 | Average voltage | |
??3.234 | ??3.233 | ??3.23 | ??3.227 | ??3.232 | ??3.226 | ??3.23 | |
First voltage checkpoint 3.5V | ??3.507 | ??3.507 | ??3.505 | ??3.506 | ??3.504 | ??3.496 | ??3.504 |
First voltage checkpoint 4V | ??4.004 | ??3.982 | ??4.002 | ??3.989 | ??4.000 | ??3.949 | ??3.988 |
Cell voltage after the equilibrium for the first time | ??3.988 | ??3.982 | ??3.988 | ??3.989 | ??3.988 | ??3.984 | ??3.988 |
First voltage checkpoint 4.2V | ??4.197 | ??4.186 | ??4.196 | ??4.193 | ??4.2 | ??4.168 | ??4.19 |
Balanced for the second time back also replenishes electricity back cell voltage | ??4.2 | ??4.196 | ??4.2 | ??4.203 | ??4.2 | ??4.197 |
Embodiment 2: the equilibrium in the low discharging current process
The setting of components and parts and parameter: 1) the capacitance discharges electric current is 2A, and final discharging voltage is 2V, and end of charge voltage is that battery voltage value deducts 0.3 value.Calculate according to formula (1), when cell voltage was 3.8V, the electric capacity end of charge voltage was 3.5V, and this moment, capacitor charging time was 7.2s, and the charging average current is 4.1A.2) farad capacitor is selected the farad capacitor module of two 20F series connection, and is withstand voltage about 5.4V.3) inductance is according to formula 4 and formula 5, select inductance value be 330 μ H and by the above electric current of 4.5A can be unsaturated inductor.4) the Boost control frequency is set at 2kHz.5) electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor and Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor are selected P type metal-oxide-semiconductor, and model is IRML6401.
Capacitance is 8Ah, and the battery pack initial voltage is 22.551V.At the low discharging current electric current is 1A, and the cycle of in the discharge process cell voltage being sampled is 1 minute, and the battery discharge final voltage is 3.2V, and the bias voltage limit is made as 20mV.
??V1 | ??V2 | ??V3 | ??V4 | ??V5 | ??V6 | |
Discharge initiation voltage | ??3.761 | ??3.758 | ??3.759 | ??3.758 | ??3.756 | ??3.759 |
Detect battery bias and surpass the bias voltage limit, carry out equilibrium | ??3.438 | ??3.471 | ??3.449 | ??3.45 | ??3.442 | ??3.451 |
Battery voltage value after equilibrium is finished | ??3.395 | ??3.397 | ??3.389 | ??3.395 | ??3.385 | ??3.388 |
Battery discharge stops | ??3.204 | ??3.206 | ??3.199 | ??3.205 | ??3.208 | ??3.201 |
Embodiment 3: leave standstill the equilibrium in the process
The setting of components and parts and parameter: 1) the capacitance discharges electric current is 2A, and final discharging voltage is 2V, and end of charge voltage is that battery voltage value deducts 0.3 value.Calculate according to formula (1), when cell voltage was 3.8V, the electric capacity end of charge voltage was 3.5V, and this moment, capacitor charging time was 7.2s, and the charging average current is 4.1A.2) farad capacitor is selected the farad capacitor module of two 20F series connection, and is withstand voltage about 5.4V.3) inductance is according to formula 4 and formula 5, select inductance value be 330 μ H and by the above electric current of 4.5A can be unsaturated inductor.4) the Boost control frequency is set at 2kHz.5) electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor and Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor are selected P type metal-oxide-semiconductor, and model is IRML6401.
Capacitance is 8Ah, and the battery pack initial voltage is 21.892V.Leaving standstill the cycle of under the situation cell voltage being sampled is 1 hour.And the bias voltage limit is made as 20mV.
??V1 | ??V2 | ??V3 | ??V4 | ??V5 | ??V6 | |
Initial voltage value | ??3.652 | ??3.658 | ??3.650 | ??3.650 | ??3.647 | ??3.635 |
Voltage after the equilibrium | ??3.65 | ??3.649 | ??3.650 | ??3.650 | ??3.647 | ??3.644 |
Claims (12)
1. equalization methods and the system under the lithium battery group charged state, this method is in lithium battery group low discharging current process, when detecting lithium battery group voltage when inconsistent, the battery the highest from voltage carries out the electric weight transmission to the minimum battery of voltage, it is characterized in that comprising electric capacity charging and two parts of capacitor discharge, the highest battery of voltage in the gating battery pack is charged to electric capacity by this battery in the electric capacity live part; The battery that capacitor discharge part gate voltage is minimum based on the boost principle, utilizes electric capacity that described this battery is carried out electric weight and replenishes, and repeats this two processes, and is no longer satisfied until equilibrium condition.
2. the described lithium battery group of claim 1 charge equalization method is characterized in that in the described electric capacity live part, at the initial stage of electric capacity charging, and the control charging current, and according to formula (1)
Wherein: F is a capacitance, and R is the equivalent resistance in the charge circuit, U
BBe cell voltage, U
CBe capacitance voltage, U
C0Be electric capacity initial voltage, U
C1Be the electric capacity end of charge voltage,
Calculate capacitor charging time, and controlled, to control total balancing procedure time.
3. the described lithium battery group of claim 1 charge equalization method is characterized in that predefined balanced entry condition is that bias voltage has surpassed the bias voltage limit in the battery pack.
4. the described lithium battery group of claim 1 charge equalization method is characterized in that in the described capacitor discharge part, based on the boost principle, along with capacitor discharge time increases, according to the pressure reduction of electric capacity and battery, adjusts boost PWM duty ratio according to formula (2):
Influence discharging current by the control duty ratio, be reduced to the lower voltage limit of setting, stop capacitance discharges at capacitance voltage.
5. according to the described lithium battery group of claim 1-4 charge equalization method, it is characterized in that.
6. according to the described lithium battery group of claim 5 charge equalization method, it is characterized in that: the end of charge voltage of electric capacity is that battery voltage value deducts 0.3 value, and the capacitor discharge final voltage is 2V.
7. according to the described lithium battery group of claim 6 charge equalization method, it is characterized in that: the position that battery that described voltage is the highest and the minimum battery of voltage are arranged in battery pack is adjacent one another are or non-conterminous.
8. a system that the lithium battery group is carried out equilibrium according to the described lithium battery group of claim 1-7 charge equalization method is made up of switch arrays, farad capacitor, electric capacity control unit and main control unit, and switch arrays are used for the gating of the different batteries of lithium battery group; The intermediate medium that farad capacitor shifts as electric weight; Electric capacity control unit control capacitance charge and discharge process; Main control unit is controlled whole balancing procedure by control switch array, farad capacitor and electric capacity control unit.
9. the described system of claim 8 is characterized in that: switch arrays are used for the highest battery of gate voltage to be the minimum battery of electric capacity charging and gate voltage to carry out electric weight additional for it.
10. claim 8 or 9 described systems is characterized in that: the electric capacity control unit comprises the driving mechanism of electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor, capacitance voltage detecting unit, Boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor, Boost inductance and related switch.Electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor is the operating mechanism that discharges and recharges of control capacitance, and the parasitic diode of metal-oxide-semiconductor is also as the Boost fly-wheel diode simultaneously; The capacitance voltage detecting unit detects capacitance voltage and also passes to main control unit, for the setting of the duty ratio of boost provides foundation; The parasitic diode of boost control metal-oxide-semiconductor, Boost inductance and electric capacity charging control metal-oxide-semiconductor constitutes a complete Boost booster circuit, by the Boost booster circuit electric capacity is charged the battery.
11. the described system of claim 10 is characterized in that using the binary channels relay to do switch arrays.
12. the described system of claim 8-10 is characterized in that described electric capacity is farad capacitor.
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