CN101686981B - 重氮双环类smac模拟物及其用途 - Google Patents
重氮双环类smac模拟物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及Smac的重氮双环类模拟物,其发挥编程性细胞死亡蛋白抑制剂的作用。本发明还涉及这些模拟物用于诱导编程性细胞死亡性细胞死亡和使细胞对编程性细胞死亡诱导剂敏感的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物化学领域。尤其是,本发明涉及Smac的N-末端序列的构象约束的模拟物,其发挥编程性细胞死亡蛋白抑制剂的作用。本发明还涉及这些模拟物诱导编程性细胞死亡或使细胞对编程性细胞死亡的诱导敏感的用途。
背景技术
侵害性癌细胞表型是导致胞内信号传导途径失调的多种遗传和外遗传改变的结果(Ponder,Nature 411:336(2001))。然而,所有癌细胞的共同特征是它们不能执行编程性细胞死亡程序,丙因正常编程性细胞死亡机器的缺陷而导致的缺乏适当的编程性细胞死亡为癌症的标志(Lowe等人,Carcinogenesis 21:485(2000))。目前大多数的癌症疗法,包括化疗剂、辐射和免疫疗法均通过间接诱导癌细胞中的编程性细胞死亡起作用。因此,癌细胞因正常编程性细胞死亡机器中的缺陷而不能执行编程性细胞死亡程序通常与对化疗、辐射或免疫疗法诱导的编程性细胞死亡的抗性增加相关。不同起源的人体癌症因编程性细胞死亡缺陷而对目前治疗方案的原发性或获得性抗性为目前癌症疗法中的主要问题(Lowe等人,Carcinogenesis 21:485(2000);Nicholson,Nature 407:810(2000))。因此,目前和未来对为改善癌症患者的存活和生活质量而设计和开发新分子靶特异性抗癌疗法的努力必须包括特异性地靶向于对编程性细胞死亡耐受的癌细胞的策略。在这方面,在直接抑制癌细胞中的编程性细胞死亡方面起重要作用的靶向关键负调节物代表了用于新抗癌药物设计的非常富有前途的治疗策略。
已经鉴定了两类编程性细胞死亡的中心负调节物。第一类调节物为Bcl-2家族蛋白,其以两种有效的抗编程性细胞死亡分子Bcl-2和Bcl-XL蛋白为典型(Adams等人,Science 281:1322(1998);Reed,Adv.Pharmacol.41:501(1997);Reed等人,J.Cell.Biochem.60:23(1996))。已经广泛综述了在癌症中靶向于Bcl-2和Bcl-XL以恢复癌细胞敏感性并且克服癌细胞对编程性细胞死亡的抗性的治疗策略(Adams等人,Science 281:1322(1998);Reed,Adv.Pharmacol.41:501(1997);Reed等人,J.Cell.Biochem.60:23(1996))。几个实验室致力于设计Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的小分子抑制剂。
编程性细胞死亡的第二类中心负调节物为编程性细胞死亡蛋白的抑制剂(IAP)(Deveraux等人,Genes Dev.13:239(1999);Salvesen等人,Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell.Biol.3:401(2002))。这一类别包括蛋白质例如XIAP、cIAP-1、cIAP-2、ML-IAP、HIAP、KIAP、TSIAP、NAIP、生存素、livin、ILP-2、apollon和BRUCE。IAP蛋白有效抑制相当大量广泛编程性细胞死亡刺激,包括化疗剂、辐射和免疫疗法在癌细胞中诱导的编程性细胞死亡。
X-连接的IAP(XIAP)为所有IAP成员中在抑制编程性细胞死亡方面最有效的抑制剂(Holcik等人,Apoptosis 6:253(2001);LaCasse等人,Oncogene 17:3247(1998);Takahashi等人,J.Biol.Chem.273:7787(1998);Deveraux等人,Nature 388:300(1997);Sun等人,Nature 401:818(1999);Deveraux等人,EMBO J.18:5242(1999);Asselin等人,Cancer Res.61:1862(2001))。XIAP在死亡受体介导的和线粒体介导的两种途径中的编程性细胞死亡负调节中起关键作用。XIAP作为有效的内源性编程性细胞死亡抑制剂通过直接结合和有效抑制胱天蛋白酶家族酶中的三个成员胱天蛋白酶-3、-7和-9起作用(Takahashi等人,J.Biol.Chem.273:7787(1998);Deveraux等人,Nature 388:300(1997);Sun等人,Nature 401:818(1999);Deveraux等人,EMBO J.18:5242(1999);Asselin等人,Cancer Res.61:1862(2001);Riedl等Cell 104:791(2001);Chai等人,Cell 104:769(2001);Huang等人,Cell 104:781(2001))。XIAP含有编程性细胞死亡重复(BIR)结构域的三个杆状病毒抑制剂以及C-末端RING指状结构。第三个BIR结构域(BIR3)选择性靶向胱天蛋白酶-9,即线粒体途径中的起始物胱天蛋白酶,而BIR1与BIR2之间的连接体区抑制胱天蛋白酶-3和胱天蛋白酶-7二者(Salvesen等人,Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell.Biol.3:401(2002))。尽管与XIAP的结合可以防止所有三种胱天蛋白酶活化,但是显然与胱天蛋白酶-9的相互作用对其抑制编程性细胞死亡而言最为关键(Ekert等人,J.Cell Biol.152;483(2001);Srinivasula等人,Nature 410:112(2001))。因为XIAP在下游效应器阶段(即多个信号传导途径汇集的点)阻断编程性细胞死亡,所以靶向XIAP的策略可以证实对于克服癌细胞对编程性细胞死亡的抗性是尤其有效的(Fulda等人,Nature Med.8:808(2002);Arnt等人,J.Biol.Chem.277:44236(2002))。
尽管XIAP在每种类型癌症中的确切作用远未得到完全了解,但是有证据确切地表明XIAP在许多类型的癌症中广泛过量表达,并且可能在癌细胞对多种目前的治疗剂的抗性中起重要作用(Holcik等人,Apoptosis 6:253(2001);LaCasse等人,Oncogene 17:3247(1998))。
已发现XIAP蛋白在大部分NCI 60人癌细胞系中表达(Tamm等人,Clin.Cancer Res.6:1796(2000))。对在78位预先未治疗的患者的肿瘤样品的分析表明,那些具有较低水平XIAP的患者具有显著更长的存活(Tamm等人,Clin.Cancer Res.6:1796(2000))。已发现XIAP在人恶性神经胶质瘤中表达(Wagenknecht等人,Cell DeathDiffer.6:370(1999);Fulda等人,Nature Med.8:808(2002))。发现XIAP在人前列腺癌细胞中表达,并且阻断与Apo2配体/肿瘤坏死因子相关的编程性细胞死亡,这种编程性细胞死亡在有线粒体活化存在下诱导配体介导的前列腺癌细胞的编程性细胞死亡(McEleny等人,Prostate 51:133(2002);Ng等人,Mol.Cancer Ther.1:1051(2002))。XIAP在患者的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中过量表达并且与NSCLC的发病机制有关(Hofmann等人,J.Cancer Res.Clin.Oncol.128:554(2002))。XIAP的表达和使用顺铂治疗时XIAP下调的缺乏与人卵巢癌的顺铂耐药性有关(Li等人,Endocrinology 142:370(2001);Cheng等人,Drug Resist.Update 5:131(2002))。这些数据共同提示,XIAP可能在几种人癌症对目前治疗剂的抗性中起重要作用。
血管壁的完整性是血管体内稳态和器官功能所必需的。在血管发展和病理性血管发生期间,内皮细胞存活和编程性细胞死亡之间的动态平衡促进这种完整性。现已显示,cIAP-1是血管发展期间维持内皮细胞存活和血管体内稳态所必需的(Santoro等人,NatureGenetics 39:1397(2007)。因此,在胚胎发生、再生和肿瘤发生期间,cIAP-1可能在控制血管发生和血管体内稳态方面发挥重要作用。
编程性细胞死亡不是单一过程,而是涉及许多导致细胞降解的不同、有时相互连接的信号路径。编程性细胞死亡的特定形式中涉及的路径取决于许多因素,例如引发该过程的一个或多个损害。其它因素包括特定受体的活化或过度活化,例如由肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、肿瘤坏死因子相关的编程性细胞死亡诱导性配体(TRAIL或Apo2L)或FAS配体引起的“死亡”受体的活化。另一个决定性因素是所涉及的细胞的类型,因为在Fas或TNFα受体活化之后所谓的类型I和类型II细胞显示不同的信号路径。
已经显示TRAIL(Apo2L)在与两个促编程性细胞死亡TRAIL受体中的任意一个,即TRAIL-R1(或DR4)(Pan等人,Science276:111(1997))或TRAIL-R2(KILLER,或DR5)(Wu等人,Nat.Genet.17:141-143(1997);Pan等人,Science 277:815(1997);Walczak等人,EMBO J.16:5386(1997))结合后为癌细胞(而不是正常细胞)中编程性细胞死亡的选择性和有效诱导物。由TRAIL引起的促编程性细胞死亡性死亡受体的活化引起死亡诱导信号复合体(DISC)的形成,该复合体由作为接合体的受体FADD(Kischkel等人,Immunity 12:611(2000);Kuang等人,J.Biol.Chem.275:25065(2000))和作为引发剂胱天蛋白酶的胱天蛋白酶-8构成。一旦形成DISC,胱天蛋白酶-8由诱导的亲近而自加工和活化(Medema等人,EMBO J.16:2794(1997);Muzio等人,J.Biol.Chem.273:2926(1998))。
TRAIL作为潜在癌症治疗剂已经产生了很大的兴趣(French等人,Nat.Med.5:146(1999)),因为其对癌细胞的选择性靶向,而大多数正常细胞好象耐受TRAIL(Ashkenazi等人,Science281:1305(1998);Walczak等人,Nat.Med.5:157(1999))。TRAIL的系统施用已经证明安全和有效地杀死乳腺或结肠异种移植的肿瘤并延长小鼠的存活(Walczak等人,Nat.Med.5:157(1999))。虽然TRAIL可以特异杀死许多类型癌细胞,但是许多其它类型癌细胞显示TRAIL抗性(Kim等人,Clin.Cancer Res.6:335(2000);Zhang等人,CancerRes.59:2747(1999))。此外,通过应用特异识别TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的抗体(单克隆或多克隆抗体)杀死了癌细胞。
许多机理已被鉴定为对TRAIL抗性负责的潜在因素。这些机理在许多水平上存在,包括在受体水平、线粒体水平、后线粒体水平和DISC水平上。例如,胱天蛋白酶-8表达的丧失(Teitz等人,Nat.Med.6:529(2000);Griffith等人,J.Immunol.161:2833(1998))或细胞FLICE抑制剂蛋白质(cFLIP)的高表达(Kim等人,Clin.Cancer Res.6:335(2000);Zhang等人,Cancer Res.59:2747 1999;Kataoka等人,J.Immunol.161:3936(1998))使得癌细胞耐受TRAIL。Yeh等人已经证实,cFLIP缺陷性胚胎小鼠成纤维细胞对受体介导的编程性细胞死亡尤其敏感(Yeh等人,Immunity 12:533(2000))。cFLIP的若干剪接变体是已知的,包括短剪接变体cFLIP-S和长剪接变体cFLIP-L。已经表明,由于cFLIP-S的逆转录病毒介导的转导,cFLIP缺陷性胚胎小鼠成纤维细胞变得对TRAIL诱导的编程性细胞死亡耐受(Bin等人,FEBS Lett.510:37(2002))。
虽然TRAIL代表肿瘤选择性死亡受体活化的潜在有希望的候选物(即,它优先在肿瘤细胞而不是正常组织中引起编程性细胞死亡),但是许多癌细胞对上述编程性细胞死亡诱导药物耐受。结果,用这些药物的治疗通常要求用照射和/或细胞毒化学品的共同治疗以达到治疗效果。然而,辐射和化疗都具有显著的副作用,并且如有可能一般加以避免。
因此,仍需要可以选择性地和有效地使肿瘤细胞对选择性编程性细胞死亡诱导药物例如TRAIL或TRAIL受体抗体敏感,同时不使周围正常细胞敏感的药剂。此种药剂还将可用于降低或防止通常与使用受体介导的编程性细胞死亡癌症药物有关的抗药性,从而改进它们的有效性和消除对组合治疗的需要。
近来,将Smac/DIABLO(第二种线粒体衍生的胱天蛋白酶激活物)鉴定为响应于编程性细胞死亡刺激物而从线粒体释放入胞质溶胶的蛋白质(Budihardjo等人,Annu.Rev.Cell Dev.Biol.15:269(1999);Du等人,Cell 102:33(2000))。使用在成熟为成熟多肽过程中通过蛋白水解除去的N-末端线粒体引导肽合成Smac。已证实Smac与XIAP和其它IAP直接相互作用并且破坏其与胱天蛋白酶的结合,并促进胱天蛋白酶活化。Smac为有效的XIAP内源性抑制剂。
近来已经确定了与Smac蛋白和肽相复合的XIAP的BIR3结构域的高分辨实验性三维(3D)结构(Sun等人,J.Biol.Chem.275:36152(2000);Wu等人,Nature 408:1008(2000))(附图1)。Smac的N-末端四肽(Ala-Val-Pro-Ile或AVPI(SEQ ID NO:1))通过几种氢键相互作用和范德瓦耳斯相互作用识别XIAP的BIR3结构域上的表面沟。还证实BIR3与胱天蛋白酶-9之间的相互作用涉及胱天蛋白酶-9小亚基的氨基末端上的四个残基(Ala-Thr-Pro-Phe或ATPF(SEQ IDNO:2))到BIR3结构域上的同一表面沟。近来几项研究已经令人信服地证实,Smac通过与胱天蛋白酶-9竞争BIR3结构域表面上的相同结合沟而促进胱天蛋白酶-9的催化活性(Ekert等人,J.Cell Biol.152:483(2001);Srinivasula等人,Nature 410:112(2001))。
不同于大部分蛋白-蛋白相互作用,Smac-XIAP相互作用仅由Smac蛋白上的四个氨基酸残基和XIAP的BIR3结构域上的明确确定的表面沟介导。Smac肽AVPI(SEQ ID NO:1)与XIAP BIR3结合的Kd值(Kd=0.4μM)基本上与成熟Smac蛋白相同(Kd=0.42μM)。这个明确确定的相互作用位点对模拟Smac与XIAP之间结合的非肽类药物样小分子的设计而言是理想的。
近来证实,由与载体肽结合以促进胞内递送的Smac N-末端前四个氨基酸残基组成的细胞可渗透性Smac肽(AVPI(SEQ IDNO:1))可以在体外使不同肿瘤细胞和在体内使恶性神经胶质瘤细胞对死亡受体连接或细胞毒性药物诱导的编程性细胞死亡敏感(Fulda等人,Nature Med.8:808(2002))。重要的是,这种Smac肽强烈促进Apo2L/TRAIL在颅内恶性神经胶质瘤的体内异种移植物模型中的抗肿瘤活性。完全根除已建立的肿瘤和小鼠的存活仅在使用Smac肽类和Apo2L/TRAIL的联合疗法时得以实现。具有重要意义的是,Smac肽对正常脑组织没有可检测到的毒性。
第二项近期的独立研究还证实,由与不同载体肽结合的Smac N-末端前4-8个氨基酸残基组成的肽促进了编程性细胞死亡的诱导和不同化疗药,包括紫杉醇、依托泊苷、SN-38和多柔比星在MCF-7和其它人乳腺癌细胞系中的长程抗增殖作用(Arnt等人,J.Biol.Chem.277:44236(2002))。该研究结论性地证实,XIAP和cIAP-1为这些肽类在细胞中的主要分子靶。
第三项研究证实,与聚精氨酸结合的前7个N-末端残基的Smac肽在非小细胞肺癌H460细胞中可恢复凋亡体活性并且逆转编程性细胞死亡抗性(Yang等人,Cancer Res.63:831(2003))。已证实XIAP负责H460细胞中凋亡体活性的缺乏和胱天蛋白酶活性的抑制。当与化疗联用时,细胞可渗透的Smac肽使鼠体内肿瘤生长退化,而对小鼠几乎没有毒性。这些近期独立的研究共同强烈提示,有效的稳定的细胞可渗透Smac肽模拟物可能对人乳腺癌和其它类型的癌症具有显著的治疗潜能。
基于肽的抑制剂为阐明IAP的抗编程性细胞死亡功能和IAP在癌细胞对化疗剂的响应方面的作用的有用工具。但基于肽的抑制剂作为可能有用的治疗剂一般存在内在局限性。这些限制包括其细胞渗透性差和体内稳定性差。实际上,在这三项发表的使用基于Smac的肽抑制剂的研究中,所述的肽类必须与载体肽类融合以使其具有相对的细胞渗透性。
为了克服基于肽的抑制剂的内在局限性,本发明涉及构象约束的Smac模拟物的设计。
发明概述
普遍认为,癌细胞或它们的支持细胞不能对基因损伤或暴露于编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂(例如抗癌药和辐射)反应而经历编程性细胞死亡是癌症发生和进展的主要因素。在癌细胞或它们的支持细胞(例如,肿瘤维管结构中的新血管细胞)中诱导编程性细胞死亡被认为是目前市场上或实践中实质上所有有效癌症治疗药物或放射治疗的通用作用机制。细胞不能经历编程性细胞死亡的一种原因是IAP的表达和蓄积增加。
本发明考虑到,患有癌症或其它与编程性细胞死亡失调有关的增殖性障碍或疾病的动物暴露于治疗有效量的抑制IAP的功能的药物(例如,小分子),将彻底杀灭所述患病的细胞或支持细胞(持续存活依赖于IAP的过度活性或过量表达的那些细胞)和/或使该细胞成为对癌症治疗药物或放射疗法的细胞死亡诱导活性更敏感的群体。本发明考虑到,IAP的抑制剂,当作为单一疗法给药用于诱导依赖于IAP功能的癌细胞中的编程性细胞死亡时,或当与其它细胞死亡诱导性癌症治疗药物或放射疗法暂时结合以便使更大比例的癌细胞或支持细胞(与只单独使用所述癌症治疗药物或放射疗法治疗的动物中的相应群体的细胞相比)对执行编程性细胞死亡程序更敏感时,满足了治疗多种癌症类型的未满足的需求。
本发明还考虑到,用治疗有效量的抑制IAP(例如,cIAP-1)的功能的药物(例如,小分子)治疗患有内皮细胞有关的疾病(例如,肿瘤血管发生、视网膜病变和动脉粥样硬化)的动物,可以防止或抑制血管发生并在病理状况中的血管发展期间破坏血管体内稳态。可以用本发明化合物治疗的具体障碍包括黄斑变性、内风湿性关节炎、银屑病、糖尿病性视网膜病变、早熟的视网膜病变、角膜移植排斥、新血管性青光眼、晶状体后纤维组织形成、发红、Osler-Webber综合征、心肌血管发生、噬斑新血管化、毛细管扩张、血友病性关节、血管纤维瘤、伤口颗粒形成、肠粘连、动脉粥样硬化、硬皮病和肥大性疤痕。
申请人发现,与碳环基类似物(例如,SM-122)相比,向双环系统中插入NR5对与XIAP的结合具有某些意想不到的影响(图表1)。例如,SM-245P3(R5=Me)和SM-246P(R5=Bn)与XIAP BIR3的结合亲和性和在MDA-MB-231和SK-OV-3癌细胞系中的细胞活性小于SM-122。令人意想不到的是,SM-337(R5=COCH2Ph)和SM-406(R5=COCH2CH(CH3)2与XIAP BIR3的结合亲和性和在MDA-MB-231和SK-OV-3癌细胞系中的细胞活性等于或好于SM-122。申请人发现,除了某些生物学性质以外,相对于SM-122,SM-406和其它有关的类似物还在口服生物利用度方面表现出令人意想不到的提高。图表1
申请人还发现,本发明的化合物当与其它抗癌药(例如,泰索帝、吉西他滨、米托蒽醌、依托泊苷)联合时,在癌细胞系中表现出令人意想不到的体外活性的提高。另外,申请人发现,本发明的化合物当与其它抗癌药(例如,泰索帝、吉西他滨)联合时,在体内癌症异种移植模型中表现出令人意想不到的平均肿瘤体积的减小。因此,在本发明的某些实施方案中,用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物和一病程的抗癌药或辐射联合治疗动物,在该动物中产生更大的肿瘤反应和临床益处(与单独使用所述化合物或抗癌药物/辐射治疗的动物相比)。另一方面,因为本发明的化合物降低了所有表达IAP的细胞的编程性细胞死亡阈值,增加了对抗癌药物/辐射的编程性细胞死亡诱导活性反应而成功执行编程性细胞死亡程序的细胞的比例。可替代地,本发明的化合物可用于允许给予更低(并因此毒性更小和更耐受)剂量的抗癌药和/或辐射,以产生与单独使用常规剂量的抗癌药/辐射相同的肿瘤反应/临床益处。因为所有被批准的抗癌药物和辐射治疗的剂量是已知的,所以本发明考虑到了它们与本发明的化合物的不同组合。另外,因为本发明的化合物至少部分地通过抑制IAP起作用,所以可以暂时将癌细胞和支持细胞暴露于治疗有效量的所述化合物连接,以使细胞对所述抗癌药或辐射治疗反应而执行编程性细胞死亡程序的意图一致。因此,在一些实施方案中,联合某些暂时关系给予本发明的组合物,提供特别有效的治疗实践。
本发明涉及Smac模拟物,其适用于抑制IAP蛋白的活性,尤其是增加细胞对编程性细胞死亡诱导剂的敏感性。在一个特殊的实施方案中,所述Smac模拟物是式I的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药:其中:A1和A2独立地选自氢和任选被取代的烷基,其中当V是O时,A2不存在;V选自N、CH和O;W选自CH和N;X选自氢和任选被取代的C1-3烷基;Y选自CONH、NHCO、C(O)O、OC(O)、(CH2)1-3(其中一个或多个CH2基团可以被O、S或NR1替代)、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;Z是(CR1R2)r;D是(CR1R2)n-NR5-(CR3R4)m;J选自任选被取代的亚烷基和(CR1R2)p-R6-(CR3R4)q;T选自C=O、C=S、C=NR1、S、S=O、SO2、O、NR1、CR1R2、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;U选自H、NR1R2、N(R1)COR7、OR1、SR1、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的芳基和杂芳基;n、m、p和q独立地选自0-5;r是0-3;各R1、R2、R3和R4独立地选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;R5选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的杂烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基、任选被取代的杂芳基和COR7;R6选自O、S、NR1、CR1R2、C=O、C=S和C=NR1;以及R7选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基。
在另一个实施方案中,Smac模拟物是具有通式II的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药:其中:A1和A2独立地选自氢和任选被取代的烷基,其中当V是O时,A2不存在;V选自N、CH和O;W选自CH和N;X是任选被取代的C1-3烷基;Y选自CONH、C(O)O、(CH2)1-3(其中一个或多个CH2基团可以被O、S或NR1替代)、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;D是(CR1R2)n-NR5-(CR3R4)m;J选自任选被取代的亚烷基和(CR1R2)p-R6-(CR3R4)q;T选自C=O、C=S、C=NR1、S、O、NR1、CR1R2、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;U选自H、NR1R2、OR1、SR1、任选被取代的烷基和任选被取代的芳基;n、m、p和q独立地选自0-5;各R1、R2、R3和R4独立地选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;R5选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的杂烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基、任选被取代的杂芳基和COR7;R6选自O、S、NR1、CR1R2、C=O、C=S和C=NR1;R7选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基。
在一个实施方案中,所述任选的取代基不包括羧酸、任选被一个或多个烷基、卤素、羟基或卤代烷基取代的环烷基或任选被芳基取代的芳基,并且任选被取代的杂环基不包括氧代哌嗪基。
在另一个特殊的实施方案中,Smac模拟物是式VI的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药:其中A1、A2、R5、T和U具有上文关于式I所述的含义,并且X是任选被取代的烷基。
在另一个特殊的实施方案中,Smac模拟物是式IX的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药:其中A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、R5、T和U具有与上文关于式I所述相同的含义。
在另一个特殊的实施方案中,Smac模拟物是式X的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药:其中A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、R5、T和U具有与上文关于式I所述相同的含义。
本发明涉及由式I-X表示的化合物,其是IAP蛋白的抑制剂。本发明涉及本发明的化合物诱导细胞中编程性细胞死亡和抑制血管发生的用途。本发明还涉及本发明的化合物使细胞对编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂敏感的用途。所述化合物适用于治疗、减轻或预防对诱导编程性细胞死亡有反应的障碍,例如,特征在于编程性细胞死亡失调的障碍,包括过度增殖性疾病例如癌症。在一些实施方案中,所述化合物可用于治疗、减轻或预防特征在于对癌症疗法耐受的癌症(例如,那些化学耐受性、辐射耐受性、激素耐受性等的癌症)。在其它实施方案中,所述化合物可用于治疗特征在于过量表达IAP的过度增殖性疾病。在其它实施方案中,所述化合物可以用作在有此需要的动物中防止或抑制血管发生的方法。
本发明提供药物组合物,其包含诱导细胞中编程性细胞死亡或使细胞对编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂敏感治疗上有效的量的式I-X的化合物。
本发明还提供药剂盒(kit),其包含式I的化合物和将所述化合物给予动物的用法说明。该药剂盒可以任选地含有其它治疗剂,例如,抗癌药或编程性细胞死亡调节剂。
本发明还提供用于制备式XI化合物的方法其中A1和A2独立地选自氢和任选被取代的烷基,其中当V是O时,A2不存在;V选自N、CH和O;W选自CH和N;X选自氢和任选被取代的C1-3烷基;Y选自CONH、NHCO、C(O)O、OC(O)、(CH2)1-3(其中一个或多个CH2基团可以被O、S或NR1替代)、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;Z是(CR1R2)r;T选自C=O、C=S、C=NR1、S、S=O、SO2、O、NR1、CR1R2、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;U选自H、NR1R2、N(R1)COR7、OR1、SR1、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的芳基和杂芳基;m是1或2;r是0-3;各R1、R2、R3和R4独立地选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;以及R7选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;该方法包括将式XII的化合物其中A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、Z、T、U和m具有上文关于式XI所述的含义,与R7CO-L缩合,其中:R7选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;以及L是离去基团,形成式XI的化合物。
附图简要说明
图1是说明SM-406(AT-406)在乳腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性的图。
图2是说明SM-406(AT-406)和泰索帝在前列腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性的图。
图4是说明SM-406(AT-406)和泰索帝在乳腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性的图。
图6是说明SM-406(AT-406)和吉西他滨在胰腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性的图。
图7是说明SM-406(AT-406)在乳腺癌异种移植模型中的剂量方案最优化研究的图。
图8是说明SM-406在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞系、SK-OV-3和OVCAR-4卵巢癌细胞系以及SK-Mel-2黑素瘤癌细胞系中抑制细胞生长的图。
图9是说明SM-406在HL-60和SR白血病细胞系中抑制细胞生长的图。
图10是说明SM-406在BT-549、MDA-MB-415、SUM-159、MDA-MB-468、MDA-MB-453和2LMP人乳腺癌细胞系中抑制细胞生长的图。
图11是说明TNFα联合SM-406在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-436中抑制细胞生长的图。
图12是说明TNFα联合SM-406在人乳腺癌细胞系SUM-159中抑制细胞生长的图。
图13是说明TRAIL联合SM-406在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中抑制细胞生长的图。
图14是说明TRAIL联合SM-406在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231(2LMP)中抑制细胞生长的图。
图15是说明吉西他滨联合SM-406在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中抑制细胞生长的图。
图16是说明米托蒽醌联合SM-406在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中抑制细胞生长的图。
图17是说明SM-406联合roscovitine(Ros)在人前列腺细胞系PC3中抑制细胞生长的图。
图18是说明泰索帝(TXT)联合SM-406在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-453中抑制细胞生长的图。
图19是说明VP-16联合SM-406在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中抑制细胞生长的图。
图20是说明Smac模拟物对MDA-MB-231癌细胞中cIAP-1蛋白的影响的图。
图21是说明Smac模拟物对SK-OV-3癌细胞中cIAP-1/2蛋白的影响的图。
图22是说明SM-406在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞中诱导编程性细胞死亡的图。
图23是说明SM-406在SK-OV-3卵巢癌细胞中诱导编程性细胞死亡的图。
图24是说明SM-406在Panc-1胰腺癌细胞中诱导编程性细胞死亡的图。
图25是说明SM-406在严重并发性免疫缺陷型(SCID)小鼠中的人乳腺癌的MDA-MB-231异种移植模型中抑制肿瘤生长的图。
图26是说明SM-406在裸鼠中人前列腺癌的PC-3异种移植模型中抑制肿瘤生长的图。
图27是说明SM-406在裸鼠中人乳腺癌的2LMP异种移植模型中抑制肿瘤生长的的图。
图28是一系列说明SM-406和SM-428与IAP蛋白的四个成员((A)XIAP;(B)cIAP1;(C)cIAP2;(D)ML-IAP)的BIR3结构域竞争性结合曲线的图,其是使用基于荧光偏振的结合试验测定的。本发明的详细描述
本发明涉及由式I-X表示的构象约束的化合物,其是Smac的模拟物并且发挥IAP抑制剂的作用。这些化合物使细胞对编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂敏感,在一些情况下,它们本身通过抑制IAP而诱导编程性细胞死亡。因此,本发明涉及使细胞对编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂敏感的方法和在细胞中诱导编程性细胞死亡的方法,其包括使细胞与式I-X的化合物(单独或联合编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂)接触。本发明进一步涉及在动物中治疗、缓解或预防对编程性细胞死亡的诱导有反应的障碍的方法,该方法包括将式I-X的化合物和编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂给予所述动物。所述障碍包括那些特征在于编程性细胞死亡失调的障碍和那些特征在于IAP过量表达的障碍。本发明进一步涉及在有其需要的动物中防止或抑制血管发生的方法,该方法包括将式I-X的化合物给予所述动物。
本文所用的术语“IAP蛋白”指的是编程性细胞死亡蛋白家族抑制剂中的任意已知的成员,包括,但不限于XIAP、cIAP-1、cIAP-2、ML-IAP、HIAP、TSIAP、KIAP、NAIP、生存素、livin、ILP-2、apollon和BRUCE。
本文所用的术语“IAP过量表达”指的是细胞中与表达编码IAP蛋白的mRNA基础水平或具有IAP蛋白基础水平的类似相应非病理学细胞相比,编码IAP蛋白的mRNA水平升高(例如异常水平)和/或IAP蛋白的水平升高。用于检测细胞中编码IAP蛋白的mRNA水平或IAP蛋白水平的方法包括,但不限于使用IAP蛋白抗体的蛋白质印迹、免疫组织化学法和核酸扩增或直接RNA检测法。与细胞中IAP蛋白的绝对水平同样重要的是测定它们过量表达IAP蛋白,同样重要的还有这类细胞中IAP蛋白与其他促编程性细胞死亡信号分子(例如促编程性细胞死亡Bcl-2族蛋白)相比的相对水平。当这两种水平的平衡使得若不是由于IAP蛋白水平,促编程性细胞死亡信号分子将足以使细胞进行编程性细胞死亡程序并且死亡时,所述的细胞的存活将依赖于IAP蛋白。在这类细胞中,接触抑制有效量的IAP蛋白抑制剂将足以使细胞进行编程性细胞死亡程序并且死亡。因此,术语“IAP蛋白的过量表达”还指细胞,其因促编程性细胞死亡信号和抗编程性细胞死亡信号的相对水平,响应抑制有效量的抑制IAP蛋白功能的化合物而发生编程性细胞死亡。
本文所用的术语“抗癌剂”和“抗癌药”指的是用于治疗过度增殖性疾病,例如癌症(例如哺乳动物中)的任意治疗剂(例如化疗性化合物和/或分子治疗性化合物)、放疗或外科手术干预。
本文所用的术语“前药”指的是需要在靶生理系统中生物转化(例如自发或酶促)以将前药释放或转化(例如通过酶、生理、机械、电磁方式)成活性药物的母体“药物”分子的药理学上无活性的衍生物。设计前药是为了克服与稳定性、毒性、缺乏特异性或有限的生物利用度相关的问题。示例性前药包括活性药物分子自身和化学掩蔽基团(例如可逆地抑制所述药物活性的基团)。某些优选的前药为具有在代谢条件下可裂解的基团的化合物的变型或衍生物。示例性前药在它们在生理条件进行进行溶剂解或进行酶降解或其它生物转化(例如磷酸化、氢化、脱氢、糖基化)时,在体内或体外变成具有药学活性。前药通常提供在哺乳动物生物体中溶解度、组织相容性或延缓释放的优点(例如,参见Bundgard,Design of Prodrugs,pp.7-9,21-24,Elsevier,Amsterdam(1985);以及Silverman,The Organic Chemistry of DrugDesign and Drug Action,pp.352-401,Academic Press,San Diego,CA(1992))。常用的前药包括酸衍生物,例如通过使母体酸与合适的醇(例如低级链烷醇)反应制备的酯类,通过使母体酸化合物与胺反应制备的酰胺类,或反应生成酰化碱性衍生物的碱性基团(例如低级烷基酰胺)。
本文所用的术语“药物上可接受的盐”指的是在靶动物(例如哺乳动物)体内为生理上耐受的本发明化合物的任意盐(例如通过与酸或碱反应获得)。本发明化合物的盐可以产生于无机酸和碱或者有机酸和碱。酸的实例包括,但不限于盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、高氯酸、富马酸、马来酸、磷酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、水杨酸、琥珀酸、对甲苯磺酸、酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、甲酸、苯甲酸、丙二酸、磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、苯磺酸等。其它尽管自身并非药物上可接受的酸,例如草酸,可以用于制备可用作获得本发明化合物及其药物上可接受的酸加成盐的中间体。
碱的实例包括,但不限于碱金属(例如钠)氢氧化物、碱土金属(例如镁)氢氧化物、氨和通式NW4 +的化合物,其中W为C1-4烷基,等。
盐的实例包括,但不限于:乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐(digluconate)、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、富马酸盐、氟庚酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、胶质酸盐、过硫酸盐、苯基丙酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、琥珀酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、十一酸盐等。盐的其它实例包括与合适的阳离子诸如Na+、NH4 +和NW4 +(其中W为C1-4烷基)化合的本发明化合物的阴离子等。为了治疗应用,将本发明化合物的盐考虑为药物上可接受的盐。然而,例如,非药物上可接受的酸和碱的盐也可以应用于制备或纯化药物上可接受的化合物。
本文所用的术语“治疗有效量”指的是足以使得疾病的一种或多种症状改善或者预防疾病进展或者导致疾病退化的治疗剂的用量。例如,就治疗癌症而言,治疗有效量优选指的是减小肿瘤生长速率、减小肿瘤质量、减少转移瘤的数量、增加肿瘤进展的时间或增加存活时间至少5%,优选至少10%,至少15%,至少20%,至少25%,至少30%,至少35%,至少40%,至少45%,至少50%,至少55%,至少60%,至少65%,至少70%,至少75%,至少80%,至少85%,至少90%,至少95%或至少100%的治疗剂用量。
本文所用的术语“致敏”和“敏化”指的是通过给予第一药剂(例如通式I的化合物)使动物或动物体内的细胞对第二药剂的生物作用(例如促进或阻滞细胞功能的方面,包括,但不限于细胞分裂、细胞生长、增殖、侵害、血管发生或编程性细胞死亡)更为敏感或更具响应性。可以将第一药剂对靶细胞的致敏效应以在与和不与第一药剂一起施用第二药剂时观察到的想要的生物作用(例如促进或阻滞细胞功能的方面,包括,但不限于细胞生长、增殖、侵害、血管发生或编程性细胞死亡)的差异来度量。致敏细胞的响应可以比在没有第一药剂存在下的响应增加至少10%,至少20%,至少30%,至少40%,至少50%,至少60%,至少70%,至少80%,至少90%,至少100%,至少150%,至少200%,至少350%,至少300%,至少350%,至少400%,至少450%或至少500%。
本文所用的术语“编程性细胞死亡的失调”指的是细胞通过编程性细胞死亡发生细胞死亡(例如倾向性)的能力上的任何异常。编程性细胞死亡的失调与多种状况相关或由它们诱导,包括例如,自身免疫性疾病(例如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、移植物抗宿主病、重症肌无力或斯耶格仑综合征)、慢性炎症状况(例如银屑病、哮喘或克罗恩病)、过度增殖性疾病(例如肿瘤、B细胞淋巴瘤或T细胞淋巴瘤)、病毒感染(例如疱疹、乳头瘤或HIV)和其它状况,例如骨关节炎和动脉粥样硬化。应注意,当这种失调由病毒感染诱导或与之相关时,在发生或观察到失调时可能检测到病毒感染,也可能未检测到病毒感染。即,病毒-诱导的失调甚至可能在病毒感染症状消失后发生。
本文所用的术语“血管发生”意指新血管向组织或器官中的发生。本文所用的术语“抗血管发生”是指预防或减少新血管的生长。可以用本发明化合物治疗的与血管发生有关的疾病或障碍的实例包括黄斑变性、内风湿性关节炎、银屑病、糖尿病性视网膜病变、早熟的视网膜病变、角膜移植排斥、新血管性青光眼、晶状体后纤维组织形成、发红、Osler-Webber综合征、心肌血管发生、噬斑新血管化、毛细管扩张、血友病性关节、血管纤维瘤、伤口颗粒形成、肠粘连、动脉粥样硬化、硬皮病和肥大性疤痕。
本文所用的术语“过度增殖性疾病”指的是动物体内局限化群体的增殖细胞不受通常的正常生长限制的控制。过度增殖性疾病的实例包括但不局限于癌症(例如肿瘤、赘生物、淋巴瘤等)或自身免疫性障碍。如果赘生物未发生侵害或转移,那么认为赘生物为良性的;如果这两种情况中发生一种,那么认为是恶性的。“转移”细胞指的是细胞可以侵入和破坏附近的机体结构。增生是细胞增殖的一种形式,包括组织或器官中的细胞数量增加,而结构或功能没有显著改变。组织变形是受控细胞生长的一种形式,其中一种类型的完全分化细胞取代了另一种类型的分化细胞。在另一个实施方案中,过度增殖性疾病是类风湿性关节炎、炎性肠病、骨关节炎、平滑肌瘤、腺瘤、脂肪瘤、血管瘤、纤维瘤、血管闭塞、再狭窄、动脉粥样硬化、肿瘤前病变(例如腺瘤样增生和前列腺上皮内瘤形成)、原位癌、口毛发性白斑病或银屑病。
活化淋巴样细胞的病理性生长通常导致自身免疫性疾病或慢性炎症疾病。本文所用的术语“自身免疫性疾病”指的是生物产生识别生物自身分子、细胞或组织的抗体或免疫细胞的任何状况。自身免疫性疾病的非限制性实例包括自身免疫性溶血性贫血、自身免疫性肝炎、贝格尔病或IgA肾病、口炎性腹泻、慢性疲劳综合征、克罗恩病、皮肌炎、纤维肌痛、移植物抗宿主病、格雷夫斯病、桥本甲状腺炎、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、扁平苔癣、多发性硬化、重症肌无力、银屑病、风湿热、风湿性关节炎、硬皮病、斯耶格伦综合征、系统性红斑狼疮、1型糖尿病、溃疡性结肠炎、白癜风等。
本文所用的术语“肿瘤性疾病”指的是为良性(非癌性)或恶性(癌性)的任何异常细胞生长。
本文所用的术语“抗肿瘤剂”指的是阻止被靶向的(例如恶性)赘生物增殖、生长或扩散的任意化合物。
本文所用的术语“预防”指的是动物体内病理细胞(例如过度增殖性或赘生性细胞)的出现的减少。预防可以为完全性的,例如受试者体内的病理细胞完全不存在。预防还可以为部分的,使得受试者体内出现的病理细胞少于未使用本发明而出现的病理细胞。
本文所使用的术语“编程性细胞死亡调节剂”是指与调节编程性细胞死亡(例如,抑制、减少、增加、促进)有关的药剂。在一个实施方案中,编程性细胞死亡的调节剂是编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂。本文所使用的术语“编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂”是指诱导细胞(例如癌细胞)中编程性细胞死亡、使那些细胞更易执行编程性细胞死亡程序。在一个实施方案中,诱导编程性细胞死亡的药剂是抗癌药。编程性细胞死亡调节剂的实例包括蛋白(其包含死亡结构域),例如但不限于Fas/CD95、TRAMP、TNF RI、DR1、DR2、DR3、DR4、DR5、DR6、FADD和RIP。编程性细胞死亡调节剂的其它实例包括但不限于,TNFα、Fas配体、Fas/CD95及其它TNF家族受体的抗体、TRAIL(亦称为Apo2配体或Apo2L/TRAIL)、TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的激动剂(例如,单克隆或多克隆激动性抗体)、Bcl-2、p53、BAX、BAD、Akt、CAD、PI3激酶、PP1和胱天蛋白酶蛋白。调节剂广泛地包括TNF家族受体和TNF家族配体的激动剂和拮抗剂。编程性细胞死亡调节剂可以是可溶性的或膜结合的(例如配体或受体)。优选的编程性细胞死亡调节剂是编程性细胞死亡诱导物,例如TNF或TNF相关的配体,尤其是TRAMP配体、Fas/CD95配体、TNFR-1配体或TRAIL。
本发明的IAP抑制剂是Smac模拟物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,其具有通式I:其中:A1和A2独立地选自氢和任选被取代的烷基,其中当V是O时,A2不存在;V选自N、CH和O;W选自CH和N;X选自氢和任选被取代的C1-3烷基;Y选自CONH、NHCO、C(O)O、OC(O)、(CH2)1-3(其中一个或多个CH2基团可以被O、S或NR1替代)、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;Z是(CR1R2)r;D是(CR1R2)n-NR5-(CR3R4)m;J选自任选被取代的亚烷基和(CR1R2)p-R6-(CR3R4)q;T选自C=O、C=S、C=NR1、S、S=O、SO2、O、NR1、CR1R2、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;U选自H、NR1R2、N(R1)COR7、OR1、SR1、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的芳基和杂芳基;n、m、p和q独立地选自0-5;r是0-3;各R1、R2、R3和R4独立地选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;R5选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的杂烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基、任选被取代的杂芳基和COR7;R6选自O、S、NR1、CR1R2、C=O、C=S和C=NR1;以及R7选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基。
在一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。
在另一个特殊的实施方案中,Smac模拟物是式II的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或前药:其中:A1和A2独立地选自氢和任选被取代的烷基,其中当V是O时,A2不存在;V选自N、CH和O;W选自CH和N;X是任选被取代的C1-3烷基;Y选自CONH、C(O)O、(CH2)1-3(其中一个或多个CH2基团可以被O、S或NR1替代)、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;D是(CR1R2)n-NR5-(CR3R4)m;J选自任选被取代的亚烷基和(CR1R2)p-R6-(CR3R4)q;T选自C=O、C=S、C=NR1、S、O、NR1、CR1R2、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;U选自H、NR1R2、OR1、SR1、任选被取代的烷基和任选被取代的芳基;n、m、p和q独立地选自0-5;各R1、R2、R3和R4独立地选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基;R5选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的杂烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基、任选被取代的杂芳基和COR7;R6选自O、S、NR1、CR1R2、C=O、C=S和C=NR1;以及R7选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基。
在一个实施方案中,所述任选的取代基不包括羧酸;任选被一个或多个烷基、卤素、羟基或卤代烷基取代的环烷基;或任选被芳基取代的芳基;并且任选被取代的杂环基不包括氧代哌嗪基。
在另一个实施方案中,n和m独立地选自0-4,使得n+m为3或4。在另一个实施方案中,p和q独立地选自0和1,使得p+q为1。在另一个实施方案中,n和m独立地选自0-4,使得n+m为3或4并且p和q独立地选自0和1,使得p+q为1。在另一个实施方案中,n和m独立地选自0-4,使得n+m是3或4,p和q独立地选自0和1,使得p+q是1并且T是C=O。在另一个实施方案中,n和m独立地选自0-4,使得n+m是3或4,p和q独立地选自0和1,使得p+q是1并且U是NR1R2。在另一个实施方案中,n和m独立地选自0-4,使得n+m是3或4,p和q独立地选自0和1,使得p+q是1并且R6是CH2。在另一个实施方案中,n和m独立地选自0-4,使得n+m是3或4,p和q独立地选自0和1,使得p+q是1,Y是CONH,W是CH并且V是N。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基和杂任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。
在一个实施方案中,A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、R5、T和U具有上文关于式II所述的含义。在另一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)。
在一个实施方案中,A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、R5、T和U具有上文关于式II所述的含义。在另一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
在一个实施方案中,A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、R5、T和U具有上文关于式II所述的含义。在另一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
在一个实施方案中,A1、A2、X、R5、T和U具有上文关于式II所述的含义。在另一个实施方案中,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
在一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,Y是CONH。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
在一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,Y是CONH。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
在一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,Y是CONH。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
在一个实施方案中,W是CH,V是N,T是C=O,U是NR1R2并且R5是COR7。在另一个实施方案中,Y是CONH。在另一个实施方案中,A1是任选被取代的烷基并且A2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1选自任选被取代的碳环基和任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基选自任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基。在另一个实施方案中,R1是任选被取代的烷基,其中所述任选的取代基是任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳基,以及R2是氢。在另一个实施方案中,R1是-CHPh2。在另一个实施方案中,R7是任选被取代的烷基。在另一个实施方案中,R7是-CH2CH(CH3)2。
有用的烷基包括直链或支化C1-18烷基,尤其是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、叔丁基、仲丁基、3-戊基和3-己基。在一个实施方案中,所述烷基是C1-6烷基。
术语“亚烷基(alkylenyl)”是指含1、2、3或4个连接的亚甲基的二价烷基,由-(CH2)4-示例。
有用的烯基包括直链或支化C2-18烷基,特别是乙烯基、丙烯基、异丙烯基、丁烯基、异丁烯基和己烯基。
有用的炔基是C2-18炔基,特别是乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基和2-丁炔基。
有用的环烷基是C3-10环烷基。典型的环烷基包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、金刚烷基和降冰片基。
有用的芳基包括C6-14芳基,特别是苯基(缩写为“Ph”)、萘基、菲基、蒽基、茚基、甘菊环基、联苯基、亚联苯基和芴基。
有用的杂芳基包括C5-14杂芳基,尤其是噻吩基、苯并[b]噻吩基、萘并[2,3-b]噻吩基、噻蒽基、呋喃基、吡喃基、异苯并呋喃基、色烯基、呫吨基、吩呫吨基(phenoxanthenyl)、2H-吡咯基、吡咯基、咪唑基、三唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、吲嗪基、异吲哚基、3H-吲哚基、吲哚基、吲唑基、嘌呤基、4H-喹嗪基、异喹啉基、喹啉基、酞嗪基(phthalzinyl)、萘啶基、喹喔啉基(quinozalinyl)、噌啉基、蝶啶基、咔唑基、β-咔啉基、菲啶基、吖啶基、萘嵌间二氮杂苯基、菲咯啉基、吩嗪基、异噻唑基、吩噻嗪基、异噁唑基、呋咱基、吩噁嗪基、1,4-二氢喹喔啉-2,3-二酮、7-氨基香豆素、吡啶并[1,2-a]嘧啶-4-酮、1,2-苯并异噁唑-3-基、苯并咪唑基、2-羟吲哚基和2-氧代苯并咪唑基。当杂芳基在环上含有氮原子时,那么该氮原子可以为N-氧化物形式,例如吡啶基N-氧化物、吡嗪基N-氧化物、嘧啶基N-氧化物等。
任选的取代基包括一个或多个烷基;卤素;羟基;羧酸(即,-CO2H及其盐);卤代烷基;任选被一个或多个烷基、卤素、羟基或卤代烷基取代的环烷基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素、卤代烷基、芳基或杂芳基取代的芳基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基或杂芳基取代的芳氧基;芳烷基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂芳氧基;烷氧基;烷硫基;芳硫基;酰氨基;氨基;酰氧基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的芳酰氧基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤素或卤代烷基取代的二苯基氧膦基氧基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂环基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的杂环烷氧基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的部分不饱和杂环烷基;任选被一个或多个低级烷基、卤代烷基和芳基取代的部分不饱和杂环烷氧基。
有用的饱和或部分饱和碳环基是如上文所定义的环烷基,以及环烯基,例如环戊烯基、环庚烯基和环辛烯基。碳环基还包括具有稠合的任选取代的芳基的基团例如萘满。
有用的卤素包括氟、氯、溴和碘。
有用的芳烷基和杂芳烷基包括被一个或多个上述任选被取代的C6-14芳基或杂芳基取代的任何上述C1-18烷基。在一个实施方案中,所述芳烷基被两个任选被取代的C6-14芳基取代。在另一个实施方案中,所述芳烷基被一个任选被取代的C6-14芳基取代。在一个实施方案中,所述任选被取代的C6-14芳基是任选被取代的苯基。有用的芳烷基包括苄基(缩写为Bn)、苯乙基和萘甲基。
有用的卤代烷基包括被一个或多个氟、氯、溴或碘原子取代的C1-10烷基,例如氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、1,1-二氟乙基、氯甲基、氯氟甲基和三氯甲基。
有用的烷氧基包括被上述C1-18烷基之一取代的氧。
有用的烷硫基包括被上述C1-18烷基之一取代的硫。还包括此类烷硫基的亚砜和砜。
有用的酰氨基包括羰基酰氨基以及与氨基氮连接的任何C1-6酰基(烷酰基),例如乙酸氨基、丙酰氨基、丁酰氨基、戊酰氨基、己酰氨基以及芳基-取代的C2-6取代的酰基。
有用的酰氧基是与氧基(-O-)连接的任何C1-6酰基(烷酰基),例如甲酰氧基、乙酰氧基、丙酰氧基、丁酰氧基、戊酰氧基、己酰氧基等。
有用的芳基酰氧基包括在上述任何酰氧基上取代的任何上述芳基,例如2,6-二氯苯甲酰氧基、2,6-二氟苯甲酰氧基和2,6-二-(三氟甲基)苯甲酰氧基。
有用的氨基包括-NH2、-NHR11和-NR11R12,其中R11和R12是如上文所定义的C1-18烷基或环烷基。
有用的饱和或部分饱和的杂环基包括四氢呋喃基、吡喃基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、氧代哌嗪基、吡咯烷基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、二氢吲哚基、异二氢吲哚基、奎宁环基、吗啉基、异苯并二氢吡喃基、苯并二氢吡喃基、吡唑烷基、吡唑啉基、特窗酰基(tetronoyl)和tetramoyl。
有用的亚芳基包括C6-14亚芳基,特别是亚苯基、亚萘基、亚菲基、亚蒽基、亚茚基、亚薁基、亚联苯基、亚联苯烯基(biphenylenylene)和亚芴基。
有用的亚杂芳基包括二取代的杂芳基例如2,5-亚噻吩基、2,4-亚咪唑基和1,3-亚三唑基。
本文中使用的术语“离去基团”是指原子或基团,该原子或基团在说明的反应中脱离被认为是所述底物的残基或主要部分的原子或基团。在酰胺偶联反应中,典型的离去基团包括-F,-Cl,-Br,-OH,-OC6F5,-O(CO)烷基等等。在一个实施方案中,所述离去基团是-Cl。在另一个实施方案中,所述离去基团是-OH的活化形式(例如,OBt,O-酰基异脲)。可以使用活化剂(例如,二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC),1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺(EDC),苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐(PyBop))以活化羧酸(即,所述离去基团是-OH),形成酰胺。这些活化剂是有机合成领域中的技术人员熟知的。也可以添加其它添加剂,例如N-羟基苯并三唑(HOBt)或N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(HOSu)以最佳化反应参数(例如,速率,收率,纯度,外消旋化)。
本文在提及化学反应的产物时使用的术语“分离的”意指在后续化学转化之前,所期望的一种或多种产物与反应混合物的不期望的组分(例如,溶剂,原料,化学试剂)分离。可以通过多种多样的方法,将所期望的一种或多种产物与不期望的组分分离,例如,通过硅藻土或硅胶过滤,接着除去挥发性(例如,溶剂)组分。
本文中使用的术语“氨基保护基”是指在分子的其它官能团或部分上进行反应时,隐蔽(即,保护)胺官能度的基团。本领域的技术人员熟悉胺保护基团的选择、连接和裂解,并且理解许多不同的保护基团是本领域中已知的,一个或另一个保护基团的适合性取决于所计划的特定合成方案。可获得关于该主题的论述用于参考,例如Greene和Wuts,″Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,″3rd Ed.,pp.17-245(J.Wiley & Sons,1999),通过参考将其公开的内容并入本文。适合的胺保护基团包括苄氧羰基(Cbz)、叔丁氧羰基(BOC)、9-芴基甲氧羰基(FMOC)和苄基(Bn)。
本文中使用的术语“大约或约”包所述值±10%。因此,“大约10”意指9至11。
在整个说明书中,选择基团及其任选的取代基,以提供稳定的结构部分和化合物。
本发明的某些化合物可以作为立体异构体(包括旋光异构体)存在。本发明包括所有立体异构体(既作为纯的单独立体异构体制备物和每种的富集制备物),以及这类立体异构体的外消旋混合物以及可以按照本领域技术人员众所周知的方法分离的单独对映体。
本发明还涉及制备式XI化合物的方法,它包括缩合式XII的化合物与R7CO-L,其中A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、Z、T、U和R7具有上文关于式I所述的含义,m是1或2,以及L是离去基团。在一个实施方案中,L是Cl或OBt。在一个实施方案中,Z是(CR1R2)r并且r是0。在另一个实施方案中,m是1。
在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在二氯甲烷中进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约25℃进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约1小时至大约48小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约12小时内完成。
在一个实施方案中,L是-OH。在另一个实施方案中,在有活化剂存在的情况下进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是二环己基碳二亚胺、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺或苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,在有活化剂和添加剂存在的情况下进行所述缩合反应,使反应参数例如纯度和收率最优化。在另一个实施方案中,所述添加剂是N-羟基苯并三唑。
可以通过本领域中已知的分析方法例如TLC,LC,LC/MS,HPLC,NMR等,监测式XII的化合物和R7CO-L之间的所述缩合反应的过程。可通过本领域中已知的任何方法例如正相柱色谱法和反相柱色谱法(例如,硅胶柱色谱法或反相HPLC),结晶,萃取等,分离和纯化式XI的化合物。可以将因此分离的产物进行进一步的纯化(例如,重结晶),直到达到期望水平的纯度。在一个实施方案中,式XI的化合物具有90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或更高的纯度。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及制备式XIII化合物的方法,包括缩合式XIV的化合物与R7CO-L,其中A1、A2、V、W、X、Y、Z、T和U具有上文关于式I所述的含义,m是1或2,以及L是离去基团。在一个实施方案中,L是Cl或OBt。在一个实施方案中,Z是(CR1R2)r并且r是0。在另一个实施方案中,m是1。
在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在二氯甲烷中进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约25℃进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约1小时至大约48小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约12小时内完成。
在一个实施方案中,L是-OH或-OBt。在另一个实施方案中,在有活化剂存在的情况下进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是二环己基碳二亚胺、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺或苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,在存在活化剂和添加剂的情况下进行所述缩合反应,使反应参数例如纯度和收率最优化。在另一个实施方案中,所述添加剂是N-羟基苯并三唑。
可以通过本领域中已知的分析方法例如TLC,LC,LC/MS,HPLC,NMR等,监测式XIV的化合物和R7CO-L之间的所述缩合反应的过程。可以通过本领域中已知的任何方法例如正相和反相柱色谱法(例如,硅胶柱色谱法或反相HPLC)、结晶、萃取等,分离和纯化式XIII的化合物。可以将因此分离的产物进行进一步的纯化(例如,重结晶),直到达到期望水平的纯度。在一个实施方案中,式XIII的化合物具有90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或更高的纯度。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及制备式XV化合物的方法,包括缩合式XVI的化合物与R7CO-L,其中A1、A2、V、W、X、T、U和R7具有上文关于式I所述的含义,m是1或2,以及L是离去基团。在一个实施方案中,L是Cl、OH或OBt。在一个实施方案中,m是1。
在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在二氯甲烷中进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约25℃进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约1小时至大约48小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约12小时内完成。
在一个实施方案中,L是-OH或-OBt。在另一个实施方案中,在有活化剂存在的情况下进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是二环己基碳二亚胺、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺或苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,在存在活化剂和添加剂的情况下进行所述缩合反应,使反应参数例如纯度和收率最优化。在另一个实施方案中,所述添加剂是N-羟基苯并三唑。
可以通过本领域中已知的分析方法例如TLC,LC,LC/MS,HPLC,NMR等,监测式XIV的化合物和R7CO-L之间的所述缩合反应的过程。可以通过本领域中已知的任何方法例如正相和反相柱色谱法(例如,硅胶柱色谱法或反相HPLC)、结晶、萃取等,分离和纯化式XV的化合物。可以将因此分离的产物进行进一步的纯化(例如,重结晶),直到达到期望水平的纯度。在一个实施方案中,式XV的化合物具有90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或更高的纯度。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及制备式XVII化合物的方法,包括缩合式XVIII的化合物与R7CO-L,其中A1、A2、V、X、T、U和R7具有上文关于式I所述的含义,m是1或2,以及L是离去基团。在一个实施方案中,L是Cl、OH或OBt。在一个实施方案中,m是1。
在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在二氯甲烷中进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约25℃进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约1小时至大约48小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约12小时内完成。
在一个实施方案中,L是-OH或-OBt。在另一个实施方案中,在有活化剂存在的情况下进行所述缩合反应。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是二环己基碳二亚胺、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺或苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,在存在活化剂和添加剂的情况下进行所述缩合反应,使反应参数例如纯度和收率最优化。在另一个实施方案中,所述添加剂是N-羟基苯并三唑。
可以通过本领域中已知的分析方法例如TLC,LC,LC/MS,HPLC,NMR等,监测式XVIII的化合物和R7CO-L之间的所述缩合反应的过程。可以通过本领域中已知的任何方法例如正相和反相柱色谱法(例如,硅胶柱色谱法或反相HPLC)、结晶、萃取等,分离和纯化式XVII的化合物。可以将因此分离的产物进行进一步的纯化(例如,重结晶),直到达到期望水平的纯度。在一个实施方案中,式XVII的化合物具有90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或更高的纯度。
本发明还涉及式XIX化合物的制备,其中m是1或2,以及P1是胺保护基团,该方法包括:a)缩合式XX的化合物与式XXI的化合物,其中P1和P2是胺保护基团,并且P1不等于P2,得到式XXII的化合物,b)将式XXII的烯烃转化为醛,得到式XXIII的化合物;c)除去式XXIII化合物的P2胺保护基团,得到式XXIV的化合物;以及d)还原式XXIV化合物的C=N双键,得到式XIX的化合物。
在一个实施方案中,式XXI的化合物是N-α-(叔丁氧羰基)-N-β-(苄氧羰基)-L-二氨基-丙酸(Boc-Dap(Z)-OH)。在一个实施方案中,在有活化剂存在的情况下进行式XX化合物与式XXI化合物的缩合。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是二环己基碳二亚胺、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺或苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,在存在活化剂和添加剂的情况下进行所述缩合反应,使反应参数例如纯度和收率最优化。在另一个实施方案中,所述添加剂是N-羟基苯并三唑。
适用于本发明方法中的胺保护基团P1和P2是众所周知的,例如但不限于三氟乙酰基、叔丁氧羰基(Boc)、苄氧羰基(CBz)、烯丙氧羰基(Alloc)、三苯甲基(三苯基甲基)、9-芴基甲基烯氧(enoxy)羰基(Fmoc)等等。使用不干扰目的化合物的其它部分的温和反应条件,一般能够选择性地引入和除去这些基团。可以使用本领域中已知的方法,在方便的阶段引入和除去这些保护基团。这些保护基团的化学性质、它们的引入和它们的除去方法在本领域中是已知的并且能够例如在Greene和Wuts,″Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,″3rd Ed.,pp.17-245(J.Wiley & Sons,1999)中找到,通过引用将其全部内容并入本文。
在一个实施方案中,P1和P2选自三氟乙酰基、叔丁氧羰基(Boc)、苄氧羰基(CBz)、烯丙氧羰基(Alloc)、三苯甲基(三苯基甲基)和9-芴基甲基烯氧羰基(Fmoc),使得P1不等于P2。在一个实施方案中,P1和P2是正交保护基团,即,在P2保护基团存在下能够选择性地除去P1保护基团,或者在P1保护基团存在下能够选择性地除去P2保护基团。正交保护基团策略是本领域中已知的。在一个实施方案中,P1是叔丁氧羰基(Boc)。在一个实施方案中,P2是苄氧羰基(CBz)。在一个实施方案中,P1是叔丁氧羰基(Boc)并且P2是苄氧羰基(CBz)。
在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行式XX的化合物与式XXI的化合物的缩合。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行式XX的化合物与式XXI的化合物的缩合。在另一个实施方案中,在二氯甲烷中进行式XX的化合物与式XXI的化合物的缩合。
在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约30℃进行式XX的化合物与式XXI的化合物缩合。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20至大约30℃进行所述缩合反应。在一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约1小时至大约48小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述缩合反应在大约12小时内完成。
在另一个实施方案中,用臭氧处理式XXII的烯烃,得到式XXIII的醛,以及m是1。在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷或四氢呋喃中进行所述与臭氧的反应。在另一个实施方案中,在二氯甲烷中进行所述与臭氧的反应。在一个实施方案中,在大约-100℃至大约0℃进行所述与臭氧的反应。在另一个实施方案中,在大约-78℃进行所述与臭氧的反应。在一个实施方案中,当反应混合物的颜色变蓝(表示溶液中存在过量的臭氧)时,所述与臭氧的反应完成。
在一个实施方案中,首先将式XXII的烯烃转化为伯醇,然后将该醇氧化,得到式XXIII的醛,以及m是2。在一个实施方案中,经由硼氢化反应将式XXII的烯烃转化为伯醇。在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二氧杂环己烷或四氢呋喃中进行所述硼氢化反应。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行所述硼氢化反应。在另一个实施方案中,使用9-硼杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(9-BBN)进行所述硼氢化反应。在一个实施方案中,用Dess-Martin periodinane将所述伯醇氧化为醛,得到式XXIII的醛,以及m是2。在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如二氯甲烷中进行所述氧化。在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约25℃进行所述氧化。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃进行所述氧化。在一个实施方案中,所述氧化在大约1小时至大约48小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述氧化在大约12小时内完成。
在一个实施方案中,P2是Cbz基团。在另一个实施方案中,P2是CBz并且通过用碳披钯的氢化被裂解。在一个实施方案中,在甲醇、乙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、3-丁醇、叔-丁醇、1-丙醇或2-丙醇中进行所述氢化。在另一个实施方案中,在2-丙醇中进行所述氢化。在一个实施方案中,在大约0℃至大约40℃进行所述氢化。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃至大约30℃进行所述氢化。在一个实施方案中,所述氢化在大约1小时至大约24小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述氢化在大约12小时内完成。
在一个实施方案中,在还原C=N双键之前分离式XXIV的化合物。在一个实施方案中,通过硅藻土过滤分离式XXIV的化合物。在一个实施方案中,通过硅藻土过滤,接着蒸发溶剂,分离式XXIV的化合物。
在一个实施方案中,用H2和碳披钯、Na(CN)BH3或NaBH(OAc)3,将式XXIV化合物的C=N双键还原。在另一个实施方案中,所述还原剂是NaBH(OAc)3。在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如甲醇、乙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、3-丁醇、叔-丁醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行所述还原。在另一个实施方案中,在四氢呋喃中进行所述还原。在一个实施方案中,在大约0℃至大约25℃进行所述还原。在另一个实施方案中,在大约20℃至大约30℃进行所述还原。在一个实施方案中,所述还原在大约1小时至大约24小时内完成。在另一个实施方案中,所述与臭氧的反应在大约12小时内完成。
可以通过本领域中已知的分析方法例如TLC,LC,LC/MS,HPLC,NMR等,监测上述制备式XIX化合物的任一反应的过程。可以通过本领域中已知的任何方法例如正相和反相柱色谱法(例如,硅胶柱色谱法或反相HPLC)、结晶、萃取等,分离和纯化式XIX的化合物。可以将因此分离的产物进行进一步的纯化(例如,重结晶),直到达到期望水平的纯度。在一个实施方案中,式XIX的化合物具有90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或更高的纯度。
可以使用本领域技术人员已知的方法,制备本发明的化合物。具体地说,可以按照实施例中典型反应举例说明的方法,制备式I-XXIII的化合物。
本发明的重要方面是式I-X的化合物诱导编程性细胞死亡,并且还强化应反应编程性细胞死亡诱导信号而发生的编程性细胞死亡的诱导。因此考虑到,这些化合物使细胞对编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂敏感,包括对这类诱导剂耐受的细胞。本发明的IAP抑制剂可以用于在可以通过诱导编程性细胞死亡进行治疗、减轻或预防的任意障碍中诱导编程性细胞死亡。因此,本发明提供用于靶向特征在于过量表达IAP蛋白的动物的组合物和方法。在一些实施方案中,与非病理性样品(例如,非癌细胞)相比,所述细胞(例如,癌细胞)显示升高的IAP蛋白表达水平。在其它实施方案中,所述细胞通过执行编程性细胞死亡程序和对抑制有效量的式I-X化合物反应而死亡,有效表现出升高的IAP蛋白表达水平,所述反应至少部分是由于在所述细胞中依赖于用于它们存活的IAP蛋白功能而发生。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及调节编程性细胞死亡有关的状态,其与一种或多种编程性细胞死亡调节剂有关。编程性细胞死亡调节剂的实例包括,但不限于,Fas/CD95,TRAMP,TNF RI,DR1,DR2,DR3,DR4,DR5,DR6,FADD,RIP,TNFα,Fas配体,TRAIL,TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的抗体,Bcl-2,p53,BAX,BAD,Akt,CAD,PI3激酶,PP1,以及胱天蛋白酶蛋白。也包括其它参与编程性细胞死亡的开始、决定和降解阶段的药剂。编程性细胞死亡调节剂的实例包括药剂、活性、存在或变化,其浓度可以调节受治疗者中的编程性细胞死亡。优选的编程性细胞死亡调节剂是编程性细胞死亡的诱导剂,例如TNF或TNF相关配体,尤其是TRAMP配体、Fas/CD95配体、TNFR-1配体或TRAIL。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合物和方法用于治疗动物(例如,哺乳动物受治疗者包括,但不限于,人和兽医学动物)中患病的细胞、组织、器官或病理状况和/或疾病状态。在这一方面,不同的疾病和病理状况易于使用本发明的方法和组合物进行治疗或预防。这些疾病和病况的非限制性举例性清单包括,但不限于,乳腺癌、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、黑素瘤、恶性黑素瘤、卵巢癌、脑癌、原发性脑癌、头-颈癌、神经胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌、非-小细胞肺癌、头或颈癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、维尔姆斯肿瘤、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食道癌、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肾上腺癌、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺皮质癌、恶性胰腺胰岛素瘤、恶性类癌瘤癌、绒毛膜癌、蕈样真菌病、恶性血钙过多、宫颈增生、白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性髓细胞性白血病、慢性髓细胞性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、毛细胞性白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、真性红细胞增多、原发性血小板增多、何杰金病、非何杰金淋巴瘤、软组织肉瘤、骨肉瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症和视网膜母细胞瘤等;T和B细胞介导的自身免疫病;炎性疾病;感染(作为抗溃疡药,例如,在幽门螺旋杆菌的情况下);过度增殖性疾病;AIDS;变性病况、血管疾病(例如原发性静脉曲张病)等。本发明的化合物还可以用于治疗在编程性细胞死亡或编程性细胞死亡机器中存在缺陷的疾病,例如,多发性硬化、哮喘、动脉粥样硬化等。在某些实施方案中,被治疗的癌细胞为转移性的。在其它实施方案中,被治疗的癌细胞对抗癌剂有抗性。
在某些实施方案中,适合于用本发明组合物和方法治疗的感染包括,但不限于由病毒、细菌、真菌、支原体、阮病毒等导致的感染。
本发明的某些实施方案提供了给予有效量的通式I-X化合物和至少一种额外的治疗剂(包括,但不限于化疗抗肿瘤药、编程性细胞死亡调节剂、抗微生物药、抗病毒药、抗真菌药和抗炎剂)和/或治疗技术(例如外科手术干预和/或放疗)的方法。
预计许多合适的抗癌药用于本发明的方法。实际上,本发明关注,但不限于大量抗癌剂的施用,诸如:诱导编程性细胞死亡的药剂;多核苷酸类(例如反义,核酶,siRNA);多肽类(例如酶和抗体);生物模拟物(例如棉酚或BH3模拟物);与Bcl-2家族蛋白,例如Bax结合(例如寡聚化或络合)的药剂;生物碱类;烷化剂;抗肿瘤抗生素;抗代谢物;激素;铂化合物;单克隆或多克隆抗体(例如与抗癌药、毒素、防御素缀合的抗体)、毒素;放射性核素;生物反应调节物(例如干扰素(例如IFN-α)和白细胞介素(例如IL-2));过继免疫治疗剂;造血生长因子;诱导肿瘤细胞分化的药剂(例如全反式视黄酸);基因疗法试剂(例如反义疗法试剂和核苷酸);肿瘤疫苗;血管生成抑制剂;蛋白体抑制剂;NF-KB调节剂;抗-CDK化合物;HDAC抑制剂等。适合于与所公开的化合物共同施用的化疗化合物和抗癌疗法的大量其它实例为本领域技术人员公知的。
在某些实施方案中,抗癌剂包括诱导或刺激编程性细胞死亡的药剂。诱导编程性细胞死亡的药剂包括,但不限于辐射(例如X-射线、γ射线、UV);肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)相关的因子(例如,TNF家族受体蛋白、TNF家族配体、TRAIL、TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的抗体);激酶抑制剂(例如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)激酶抑制剂、血管生长因子受体(VGFR)激酶抑制剂、成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)激酶抑制剂、血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)激酶抑制剂和Bcr-Abl激酶抑制剂(诸如GLEEVEC));反义分子;抗体(例如HERCEPTIN、RITUXAN、ZEVALIN和AVASTIN);抗雌激素药(例如雷洛昔芬和他莫昔芬);抗雄激素药(例如氟他胺、比卡鲁胺、非那雄胺、氨鲁米特、酮康唑和皮质类固醇);环加氧酶2(COX-2)抑制剂(例如塞来考昔、美洛昔康、NS-398和非类固醇抗炎药(NSAID));抗炎药(例如保泰松、DECADRON、DELTASONE、地塞米松、地塞米松intensol、DEXONE、HEXADROL、羟氯喹、METICORTEN、ORADEXON、ORASONE、羟布宗、PEDIAPRED、保泰松、PLAQUENIL、泼尼松龙、泼尼松、PRELONE和TANDEARIL);以及癌症化疗药(例如伊立替康(CAMPTOSAR)、CPT-11、氟达拉滨(FLUDARA)、达卡巴嗪(DTIC)、地塞米松、米托蒽醌、MYLOTARG、VP-16、顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂、5-FU、多柔比星、吉西他滨、硼替佐米、吉非替尼、贝伐珠单抗、TAXOTERE或TAXOL);细胞信号分子;神经酰胺类和细胞因子;星孢素等。
在其它实施方案中,本发明的组合物和方法提供了通式I-X的化合物和至少一种选自烷化剂、抗代谢物和天然产物(例如草本和其它植物和/或动物衍生的化合物)的抗过度增殖药或抗肿瘤剂。
适用于本发明组合物和方法的烷化剂包括,但不限于:1)氮芥类(例如氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、美法仑(L-沙可来新);以及苯丁酸氮芥);2)亚乙基亚胺类和甲基蜜胺类(例如六甲蜜胺和塞替派);3)磺酸烷基酯类(例如白消安);4)亚硝基脲类(例如卡莫司汀(BCNU);洛莫司汀(CCNU);司莫司汀(赛氮芥);以及链佐星(链唑霉素));以及5)三氮烯类(例如达卡巴嗪(DTIC;二甲基三氮烯基咪唑甲酰胺)。
在某些实施方案中,适用于本发明组合物和方法的抗代谢物包括,但不限于:1)叶酸类似物(例如甲氨蝶呤(氨甲蝶呤));2)嘧啶类似物(例如氟尿嘧啶(5-氟尿嘧啶;5-FU)、氟尿苷(氟脱氧尿苷;FudR)和阿糖胞苷(阿糖胞苷));以及3)嘌呤类似物(例如巯嘌呤(6-巯嘌呤;6-MP)、硫鸟嘌呤(6-硫鸟嘌呤;TG)和喷司他丁(2′-脱氧柯福霉素))。
在其它实施方案中,适用于本发明组合物和方法的化疗剂包括,但不限于:1)长春花生物碱(例如长春碱(VLB)、长春新碱);2)表鬼臼毒素(例如依托泊苷和替尼泊苷);3)抗生素(例如更生霉素(放线菌素D)、柔红霉素(道诺霉素;柔毛霉素)、多柔比星、博来霉素、普卡霉素(光辉霉素)和丝裂霉素(丝裂霉素C));4)酶(例如L-天冬酰胺酶);5)生物反应调节剂(例如干扰素-α);6)铂配位复合物(例如顺铂(顺式-DDP)和卡铂);7)蒽二酮类(例如米托蒽醌);8)取代的脲类(例如羟基脲);9)甲基肼衍生物(例如丙卡巴肼(N-甲基肼;MIH));10)肾上腺皮质抑制剂(例如米托坦(o,p ′-DDD)和氨鲁米特);11)肾上腺皮质类固醇类(例如泼尼松);12)孕激素类(例如己酸羟孕酮、醋酸甲羟孕酮和醋酸甲地孕酮);13)雌激素类(例如己烯雌酚和炔雌醇);14)抗雌激素药(例如他莫昔芬);15)雄激素类(例如丙酸睾酮和氟甲睾酮);16)抗雄激素药(例如氟他胺);以及17)促性腺激素释放激素类似物(例如亮丙瑞林)。
常规用于癌症疗法环境中的任何溶瘤细胞的药剂可应用于本发明的组合物和方法中。例如,美国食品与药品监督管理局维持了批准在美国使用的溶瘤细胞的药剂的配方集。与U.S.F.D.A.对应的国际合作机构维持了相似的配方集。表1中提供了批准用于美国的典型抗肿瘤药的清单。本领域技术人员可以理解,所有美国批准的化疗药所需的“产品标签”描述了所列举的药剂被批准的适应症、给药信息、毒性数据等。表1
阿地白介素(去-丙氨酰基-1,丝氨酸-125人白细胞介素-2) | Proleukin | Chiron Corp.,Emeryville,CA |
阿仑单抗(IgG1κ抗CD52抗体) | Campath | Millennium and ILEXPartners,LP,Cambridge,MA |
阿利维A酸(9-顺式-维A酸) | Panretin | Ligand Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,San Diego CA |
别嘌醇(1,5-二氢-4H-吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4-酮一钠盐) | Zyloprim | GlaxoSmithKline,ResearchTriangle Park,NC |
六甲蜜胺(N,N,N’,N’,N”,N”,-六甲基-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-三胺) | Hexalen | US Bioscience,WestConshohocken,PA |
氨磷汀(乙硫醇,2-[(3-氨基丙基)氨基]-,二氢磷酸(酯)) | Ethyol | US Bioscience |
阿那曲唑(1,3-苯二乙腈,a,a,a’a’-四甲基-5-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)) | Arimidex | AstraZenecaPharmaceuticals,LP,Wilmington,DE |
三氧化二砷 | Trisenox | Cell Therapeutic,Inc.,Seattle,WA |
天冬酰胺酶(L-天冬酰胺酰胺水解酶,EC-2型) | Elspar | Merck &Co.,Inc.,Whitehouse Station,NJ |
活BCG(牛分枝杆菌减毒株的冻干制品(卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Gukin))[BCG],次代菌株Montreal) | TICE BCG | Organon Teknika,Corp.,Durham,NC |
贝沙罗汀胶囊(4-[1-(5,6,7,8-四氢-3,5,5,8,8-五甲基-2-萘基)乙烯基]苯甲酸) | Targretin | Ligand Pharmaceuticals |
贝沙罗汀凝胶 | Targretin | Ligand Pharmaceuticals |
博来霉素(轮枝链霉菌产生的细胞毒性糖肽抗生素;博来霉素A2和博来霉素B2) | Blenoxane | Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.,NY,NY |
卡培他滨(5’-脱氧-5-氟-N-[(戊氧基)羰基]-胞苷) | Xeloda | Roche |
卡铂(铂,二胺[1,1-环丁烷二羧酸(2-)-0,0’]-,(SP-4-2)) | Paraplatin | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
卡莫司汀(1,3-双(2-氯乙基)-1-亚硝基脲) | BCNU,BiCNU | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
卡莫司汀与聚苯丙生20植入物 | GliadelWafer | Guilford Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Baltimore,MD |
塞来考昔(为4-[5-(4-甲基苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]苯磺酰胺) | Celebrex | Searle Pharmaceuticals,England |
苯丁酸氮芥(4-[双(2氯乙基)氨基]苯丁酸) | Leukeran | GlaxoSmithKline |
顺铂(PtCl2H6N2) | Platinol | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
克拉屈滨(2-氯-2’-脱氧-b-D-腺苷) | Leustatin,2-CdA | R.W.JohnsonPharmaceutical ResearchInstitute,Raritan,NJ |
环磷酰胺(2-[双(2-氯乙基)氨基]四氢-2H-13,2-氧杂氮杂磷杂环己烯2-氧化物一水合物 | Cytoxan,Neosar | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
阿糖胞苷(1-b-D-阿糖呋喃糖胞噻啶,C9H13N3O5) | Cytosar-U | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
阿糖胞苷脂质体 | DepoCyt | Skye Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,San Diego,CA |
达卡巴嗪(5-(3,3-二甲基-1-三氮烯基)-咪唑-4-甲酰胺(DTIC) | DTIC-Dome | Bayer AG,Leverkusen,Germany |
更生霉素,放线菌素D(微小链霉菌产生的放线菌素,C62H86N12O16) | Cosmegen | Merck |
答贝泊汀α(重组肽) | Aranesp | Amgen,Inc.,ThousandOaks,CA |
柔红霉素脂质体((8S-顺式)-8-乙酰基-10-[(3-氨基-2,3,6-三脱氧-á-L-来苏-吡喃己糖基(hexopyranosyl))氧基]-7,8,9,10-四氢-6,8,11-三羟基-1-甲氧基-5,12-萘二酮盐酸盐 | DanuoXome | Nexstar Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Boulder,CO |
盐酸柔红霉素,道诺霉素((1S,3S)-3-乙酰基-1,2,3,4,6,11-六氢-3,5,12-三羟基-10-甲氧基-6,11-二氧代-1-萘基3-氨基-2,3,6-三脱氧-(α)-L-来苏-吡喃己糖苷(hexopyranoside)盐酸盐) | Cerubidine | Wyeth Ayerst,Madison,NJ |
地尼白介素-毒素连接物(重组肽) | Ontak | Seragen,Inc.,Hopkinton,MA |
右雷佐生((S)-4,4’-(1-甲基-1,2-乙二基)双-2,6-哌嗪二酮 | Zinecard | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
多西他赛((2R,3S)-N-羧基-3-苯基异丝氨酸,N-叔丁基酯,13-酯与5b-20-环氧-12a,4,7b,10b,13a-六羟基tax-11-烯-9-酮4-乙酸酯2-苯甲酸酯三水合物) | Taxotere | Aventis Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Bridgewater,NJ |
盐酸多柔比星(8S,10S)-10-[(3-氨基-2,3,6-三脱氧-a-L-来苏-吡喃己糖基(hexopyranosyl))氧基]-8-乙醇酰基-7,8,9,10-四氢-6,8,11-三羟基-1-甲氧基-5,12-萘二酮盐酸盐 | Adriamycin,Rubex | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
多柔比星 | AdriamycinPFSIntravenousinjection | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
多柔比星脂质体 | Doxil | Sequus Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Menlo park,CA |
丙酸甲雄烷酮(17b-羟基-2a-甲基-5a-雄烷-3-酮丙酸酯) | Dromostanolone | Eli Lilly & Company,Indianapolis,IN |
丙酸甲雄烷酮 | Masteroneinjection | Syntex,Corp.,Palo Alto,CA |
Elliott’s B溶液 | Elliott′s BSolution | Orphan Medical,Inc |
表柔比星((8S-顺式)-10-[(3-氨基-2,3,6-三脱氧-a-L-阿拉伯糖-吡喃己糖基(hexopyranosyl))氧基]-7,8,9,10-四氢-6,8,11-三羟基-8-(羟基乙酰基)-1-甲氧基-5,12-萘二酮盐酸盐 | Ellence | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
阿法依伯汀(重组肽) | Epogen | Amgen,Inc |
雌莫司汀(雌-1,3,5(10)-三烯-3,17-二醇(17(β))-,3-[双(2-氯乙基)氨基甲酸酯]17-(二氢磷酸),二钠盐,一水合物,或雌二醇3-[双(2-氯乙基)氨基甲酸酯]17-(二氢磷酸),二钠盐,一水合物) | Emcyt | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
磷酸依托泊苷(4’-去甲基表鬼臼毒素9-[4,6-O-(R)-亚乙基-(β)-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷],4’-(二氢磷酸盐) | Etopophos | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
依托泊苷,VP-16(4’-去甲基表鬼臼毒素9-[4,6-O-(R)-亚乙基-(β)-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷]) | Vepesid | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
依西美坦(6-亚甲基雄-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮) | Aromasin | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
非格司亭(r-metHuG-CSF) | Neupogen | Amgen,Inc |
氟尿苷(动脉内)(2’-脱氧-5-氟尿苷) | FUDR | Roche |
氟达拉滨(抗病毒药阿糖腺苷的氟化核苷酸类似物,9-b-D-阿糖呋喃糖腺嘌呤)(ara-A) | Fludara | Berlex Laboratories,Inc.,Cedar Knolls,NJ |
氟尿嘧啶,5-FU(5-氟-2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶二酮) | Adrucil | ICN Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Humacao,Puerto Rico |
氟维司群(7-α-[9-(4,4,5,5,5-五氟戊基亚磺酰基)壬基]雌-1,3,5-(10)-三烯-3,17-β-二醇) | Faslodex | IPR Pharmaceuticals,Guayama,Puerto Rico |
吉西他滨(2’-脱氧-2’,2’-二氟胞苷一盐酸盐(b-异构体)) | Gemzar | Eli Lilly |
吉姆单抗奥佐米星(抗-CD33hP67.6) | Mylotarg | Wyeth Ayerst |
醋酸戈舍瑞林[D-Ser(But)6,Azgly10]LHRH的乙酸盐;pyro-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(But)-Leu-Arg-Pro-Azgly-NH2乙酸盐[C59H84N18O14·(C2H4O2)x | ZoladexImplant | AstraZenecaPharmaceuticals |
羟基脲 | Hydrea | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
替伊莫单抗(因单克隆抗体Ibritumomab与连接剂-螯合剂Tiuxetan[N-[2-双(羧甲基)氨基]-3-(对-异硫氰酸苯基)-丙基]-[N-[2-双(羧甲基)氨基]-2-(甲基)-乙基]甘氨酸之间的硫脲共价价形成的免疫缀合物) | Zevalin | Biogen IDEC,Inc.,Cambridge MA |
伊达比星(5,12-萘二酮,9-乙酰基-7-[(3-氨基-2,3,6-三脱氧-(α)-L-来苏-吡喃己糖基(hexopyranosyl))氧基]-7,8,9,10-四氢-6,9,11-三羟基盐酸盐,(7S-顺式)) | Idamycin | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
异环磷酰胺(3-(2-氯乙基)-2-[(2-氯乙基)氨基]四氢-2H-1,3,2-氧氮磷环2-氧化物 | IFEX | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
甲磺酸伊马替尼(4-[(4-甲基-1-哌嗪基)甲基]-N-[4-甲基-3-[[4-(3-吡啶基)-2-嘧啶基]氨基]-苯基]苯甲酰胺甲磺酸盐) | Gleevec | Novartis AG,Basel,Switzerland |
干扰素α-2a(重组肽) | Roferon-A | Hoffmann-La Roche,Inc.,Nutley,NJ |
干扰素α-2b(重组肽) | Intron A(冻干的Betaseron) | Schering AG,Berlin,Germany |
盐酸伊立替康((4S)-4,11-二乙基-4-羟基-9-[(4-哌啶并哌啶子基)羰基氧基]-1H-吡喃并[3’,4’:6,7]中氮茚并[1,2-b]喹啉-3,14(4H,12H)二酮盐酸盐三水合物 | Camptosar | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
来那度胺3-(4-氨基-1-氧代1,3-二氢-2H-异吲哚-2-基)哌啶-2,6-二酮 | Revlimid | Celgene |
来曲唑(4,4’-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基亚甲基)二苄腈 | Femara | Novartis |
亚叶酸(L-谷氨酸,N[4[[(2氨基-5-甲酰基-1,4,5,6,7,8六氢4氧代6-喋啶基)甲基]氨基]苯甲酰基],钙盐(1∶1)) | Wellcovorin,Leucovorin | Immunex,Corp.,Seattle,WA |
盐酸左旋咪唑((-)-(S)-2,3,5,6-四氢-6-苯基咪唑并[2,1-b]-噻唑一盐酸盐C11H12N2S·HCl) | Ergamisol | Janssen ResearchFoundation,Titusville,NJ |
洛莫司汀(1-(2-氯-乙基)-3-环己基-1-亚硝基脲) | CeeNU | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
Meclorethamine,氮芥(2-氯-N-(2-氯乙基)-N-甲基乙胺盐酸盐) | Mustargen | Merck |
醋酸甲地孕酮17α(乙酰氧基)-6-甲基孕-4,6-二烯-3,20-二酮 | Megace | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
美法仑,L-PAM(4-[双(2-氯乙基)氨基]-L-苯丙氨酸) | Alkeran | GlaxoSmithKline |
巯嘌呤,6-MP(1,7-二氢-6H-嘌呤-6-硫酮一水合物) | Purinethol | GlaxoSmithKline |
美司钠(2-巯基乙烷磺酸钠) | Mesnex | Asta Medica |
甲氨蝶呤(N-[4-[[(2,4-二氨基-6-喋啶基)甲基]甲氨基]苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸) | Methotrexate | Lederle Laboratories |
甲氧沙林(9-甲氧基-7H-呋喃并[3,2-g][1]-苯并吡喃-7-酮) | Uvadex | Therakos,Inc.,Way Exton,Pa |
丝裂霉素C | Mutamycin | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
丝裂霉素C | Mitozytrex | SuperGen,Inc.,Dublin,CA |
米托坦(1,1-二氯-2-(邻-氯苯基)-2-(对-氯苯基)乙烷) | Lysodren | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
米托蒽醌(1,4-二羟基-5,8-双[[2-[(2-羟乙基)氨基]乙基]氨基]-9,10-蒽二酮二盐酸盐) | Novantrone | Immunex Corporation |
苯丙酸南诺龙 | Durabolin-50 | Organon,Inc.,West Orange,NJ |
诺非单抗 | Verluma | Boehringer IngelheimPharma KG,Germany |
奥普瑞白介素(IL-11) | Neumega | Genetics Institute,Inc.,Alexandria,VA |
奥沙利铂(顺式-[(1R,2R)-1,2-环己烷二胺-N,N’][草酸(2-)-O,O’]铂) | Eloxatin | Sanofi Synthelabo,Inc.,NY,NY |
紫杉醇与(2R,3S)-N-苯甲酰基-3-苯基异丝氨酸形成的(5β,20-环氧-1,2a,4,7β,10β,13a-六羟基tax-11-烯-9-酮4,10-二乙酸酯2-苯甲酸酯13-酯) | TAXOL | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
氨羟二磷酸二钠(膦酸(3-氨基-1-羟基亚丙基)双-,二钠盐,五水合物,(APD)) | Aredia | Novartis |
培加酶((一甲氧基聚乙二醇琥珀酰亚胺基)11-17-腺苷脱氨酶 | Adagen(PegademaseBovine) | Enzon Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Bridgewater,NJ |
培门冬酶(一甲氧基聚乙二醇琥珀酰亚胺基L-天冬酰胺酶) | Oncaspar | Enzon |
培非司亭(重组甲硫氨酰基人G-CSF(非格司亭)和一甲氧基聚乙二醇的共价缀合物) | Neulasta | Amgen,Inc |
喷司他丁 | Nipent | Parke-Davis PharmaceuticalCo.,Rockville,MD |
哌泊溴烷 | Vercyte | Abbott Laboratories,AbbottPark,IL |
普卡霉素,光辉霉素(褶链霉菌产生的抗生素) | Mithracin | Pfizer,Inc.,NY,NY |
卟吩姆钠 | Photofrin | QLT Phototherapeutics,Inc.,Vancouver,Canada |
丙卡巴肼(N-异丙基-μ-(2-甲基肼基)-对-甲苯酰胺一盐酸盐) | Matulane | Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals,Inc.,Gaithersburg,MD |
米帕林(6-氯-9-(1-甲基-4-二乙基-胺)丁氨基-2-甲氧基吖啶 | Atabrine | Abbott Labs |
拉布立酶(重组肽) | Elitek | Sanofi-Synthelabo,Inc., |
利妥昔单抗(重组抗-CD20抗体) | Rituxan | Genentech,Inc.,South SanFrancisco,CA |
沙格司亭(重组肽) | Prokine | Immunex Corp |
链佐星(链佐星2-脱氧-2-[[(甲基亚硝基氨基)羰基]氨基]-a(和b)-D-吡喃葡糖和220mg无水柠檬酸) | Zanosar | Pharmacia & UpjohnCompany |
滑石粉(Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) | Sclerosol | Bryan,Corp.,Woburn,MA |
他莫昔芬((Z)2-[4-(1,2-二苯基-1-丁烯基)苯氧基]-N,N-二甲基乙胺2-羟基-1,2,3-丙烷三羧酸酯(1∶1)) | Nolvadex | AstraZenecaPharmaceuticals |
替莫唑胺(3,4-二氢-3-甲基-4-氧代咪唑并[5,1-d]-as-四嗪-8-甲酰胺 | Temodar | Schering |
替尼泊苷,VM-26(4’-去甲基表鬼臼毒素9-[4,6-0-(R)-2-噻吩甲叉-(β)-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | Vumon | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
睾内酯(13-羟基-3-氧代-13,17-seco雄甾-1,4-二烯-17-酸[dgr]-内酯) | Teslac | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
硫鸟嘌呤,6-TG(2-氨基-1,7-二氢-6H-嘌呤-6-硫酮) | Thioguanine | GlaxoSmithKline |
塞替派(氮丙啶,1,1’1”-膦基硫酰基次基三-,或三(1-氮丙啶基)硫膦) | Thioplex | Immunex Corporation |
盐酸托泊替康((S)-10-[(二甲氨基)甲基]-4-乙基-4,9-二羟基-1H-吡喃并[3’,4’:6,7]中氮茚并[1,2-b]喹啉-3,14-(4H,12H)-二酮一盐酸盐) | Hycamtin | GlaxoSmithKline |
托瑞米芬(2-(对-[(Z)-4-氯-1,2-二苯基-1-丁烯基]-苯氧基)-N,N-二甲基乙胺柠檬酸盐(1∶1)) | Fareston | Roberts PharmaceuticalCorp.,Eatontown,NJ |
托西莫单抗,I 131托西莫单抗(重组鼠免疫治疗性单克隆IgG2aλ抗-CD20抗体(I 131为放射性免疫治疗抗体) | Bexxar | Corixa Corp.,Seattle,WA |
曲妥单抗(重组单克隆IgG1κ抗-HER2抗体) | Herceptin | Genentech,Inc |
维A酸,ATRA(全反式视黄酸) | Vesanoid | Roche |
乌拉莫司汀 | UracilMustardCapsules | Roberts Labs |
戊柔比星,N-三氟乙酰基阿霉素-14-戊酸酯((2S)-顺式)-2-[1,2,3,4,6,11-六氢-2,5,12-三羟基-7甲氧基-6,11-二氧代-[[4,2,3,6,-三脱氧-3-[(三氟乙酰基)-氨基-α-L-来苏-吡喃己糖基(hexopyranosyl)]氧基]-2-萘基]-2-氧代乙基戊酸酯) | Valstar | Anthra-->Medeva |
长春碱,长春新碱(C46H56N4O10·H2SO4) | Velban | Eli Lilly |
长春新碱(C46H56N4O10·H2SO4) | Oncovin | Eli Lilly |
长春瑞滨(3’,4’-双脱氢-4’-脱氧-C’-去甲长春碱[R-(R*,R*)-2,3-二羟基丁二酸(1∶2)(盐)]) | Navelbine | GlaxoSmithKline |
唑来膦酸盐,唑来膦酸((1-羟基-2-咪唑-1-基-膦酰基乙基)膦酸一水合物) | Zometa | Novartis |
抗癌剂还包括已经确定具有抗癌剂活性但是目前还没有经美国食品和药物管理局或其它对应机构批准的或正在进行新用途评价的化合物。实例包括但不限于,3-AP、12-O-十四酰佛波醇(tetradecanoylphorbol)-13-乙酸盐、17AAG、852A、ABI-007、ABR-217620、ABT-751、ADI-PEG 20、AE-941、AG-013736、AGRO100、丙氨菌素、AMG 706、抗体G250、坑瘤酮、AP23573、阿帕齐醌、APC8015、阿替莫德、ATN-161、阿曲生坦、阿扎胞苷、BB-10901、BCX-1777、贝伐珠单抗、BG00001、比卡鲁胺、BMS 247550、硼替佐米、苔藓抑素-1、布舍瑞林、钙三醇、CCI-779、CDB-2914、头孢克肟、西妥昔单抗、CG0070、西仑吉肽、氯法拉滨、康普瑞汀A4磷酸盐、CP-675,206、CP-724,714、CpG 7909、姜黄素、地西他滨、DENSPM、度骨化醇、E7070、E7389、海鞘素743、乙法昔罗、依氟鸟氨酸、EKB-569、恩扎啕林、厄洛替尼、依昔舒林、芬维A胺、黄酮吡多、氟达拉滨、氟他胺、福莫司汀、FR901228、G17DT、加利昔单抗、吉非替尼、高金雀花碱、葡磷酰胺、GTI-2040、组氨瑞林、HKI-272、高粗榧碱、HSPPC-96、hu14.18-干扰白细胞素-2融合蛋白、HuMax-CD4、伊洛前列素、咪喹莫德、英利昔单抗、白介素-12、IPI-504、依罗夫文、依沙匹隆、拉帕替尼、来妥替尼、亮丙立德、LMB-9免疫毒素、氯那法尼、luniliximab、马磷酰胺、MB07133、MDX-010、MLN2704、单克隆抗体3F8、单克隆抗体J591、莫特沙芬、MS-275、MVA-MUC1-IL2、尼鲁米特、硝基喜树碱、诺拉曲塞二盐酸盐、诺瓦得士、NS-9、O6-苄基鸟嘌呤、奥利美生钠、ONYX-015、奥戈伏单抗、OSI-774、帕尼单抗、伯尔定、PD-0325901、培美曲塞、PHY906、吡格列酮、吡非尼酮、匹蒽醌、PS-341,PSC 833,PXD101,吡唑啉吖啶、R115777、RAD001、豹蛙酶、若贝霉素类似物、rhuAngiostatin蛋白、rhuMab 2C4、罗格列酮、卢比替康、S-1、S-8184、沙铂、SB-、15992、SGN-0010、SGN-40、索拉非尼、SR31747A、ST1571、SU011248、N-(辛二酰基)苯胺羟肟酸、苏拉明、他波司他、他仑帕奈、他立喹达、坦罗莫司、TGFa-PE38免疫毒素、瑟利德米、胸腺法新、替匹法尼、替拉扎明、TLK286、曲贝替定、三甲曲沙葡糖醛酸脂、TroVax、UCN-1、丙戊酸、长春氟宁、VNP40101M、伏洛昔单抗、伏林司他、VX-680、ZD1839、ZD6474、齐留通和佐舒喹达三盐酸盐。
关于抗癌剂和其它治疗剂的更详细描述,本领域技术人员可以参考许多说明性手册,包括,但不限于Physician′s DeskReference以及Goodman和Gilman的″Pharmaceutical Basis ofTherapeutics″第10版Eds.Hardman等人,2002。
本发明提供了与放疗一起施用通式I-X的化合物的方法。本发明并不限于用于将治疗剂量的辐射传递给动物的类型、用量或递送和给药系统。例如,动物可以接受光子放疗、粒子束放疗、其它类型的放疗及其组合。在某些实施方案中,使用线性加速器将辐射递送给动物。在还有的其它实施方案中,使用γ刀递送放射。
辐射源可以在动物的内部或外部。外部放射治疗最为常用并且包括使用例如线性加速器使高能辐射束通过皮肤定向于肿瘤部位。尽管射束局限于肿瘤部位,但是几乎不可能避免接触正常健康组织。然而,外放射通常为动物充分耐受。内放射疗法包括在体内肿瘤部位处或接近肿瘤部位处植入辐射发射源,诸如珠、金属线、丸粒、胶囊、颗粒等,包括使用特异性靶向癌细胞的递送系统(例如使用与癌细胞结合配体结合的颗粒)。这类植入物可以在治疗后除去或在体内保持失活状态。内放射疗法的类型包括,但不限于近距放射疗法、间质照射、腔内照射、放射免疫疗法等。
动物可以可选地接受放射致敏剂(例如甲硝唑、米索硝唑、动脉内溴甙(Budr)、静脉内碘苷(IudR)、硝基咪唑、5-取代的-4-硝基咪唑类、2H-异吲哚二酮类、[[(2-溴乙基)-氨基]甲基]-硝基-1H-咪唑-1-乙醇、硝基苯胺衍生物、DNA-亲和性低氧选择性细胞毒素、卤化DNA配体、1,2,4苯并三嗪氧化物、2-硝基咪唑衍生物、含氟的硝基吡咯衍生物、苯甲酰胺、烟酰胺、吖啶-嵌入剂、5-硫代四唑衍生物、3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑、4,5-二硝基咪唑衍生物、羟基化texaphrins、顺铂、丝裂霉素、tiripazamine、亚硝基脲、巯基嘌呤、氨甲蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶、博来霉素、长春新碱、卡铂、表柔比星、多柔比星、环磷酰胺、长春地辛、依托泊苷、紫杉醇、热(过热)等)、辐射防护剂(例如半胱胺、氨基烷基二氢硫代磷酸酯、氨磷汀(WR 2721)、IL-1、IL-6等)。放射致敏剂促进杀死肿瘤细胞。辐射防护剂防止健康组织受到放射的有害作用。
可以对动物施用任意类型的辐射,只要患者耐受放射剂量而没有不可接受的负面副作用即可。合适类型的放疗包括,例如,电离(电磁)放疗(例如X-射线或γ射线)或粒子束放疗(例如高线性能量放射)。将电离放射定义为包括具有产生电离,即得到或失去电子的足够能量的粒子或光子的放射(例如,如US 5,770,581中所述,将该文献的全部内容引入本文作为参考)。放射的作用至少部分可以受到临床医师控制。为最大限度地接触靶细胞并且降低毒性,优选将放射剂量分次给予。
对动物施用的总辐射剂量优选为约.01戈瑞(Gy)-约100Gy。更优选,在治疗期过程中施用约10Gy-约65Gy(例如约15Gy,20Gy,25Gy,30Gy,35Gy,40Gy,45Gy,50Gy,55Gy或60Gy)。尽管在某些实施方案中,可以在1天过程中施用完整剂量的放射,但是理想的是,将总剂量分次并且在几天内给予。理想的是在至少约3天过程中给予放疗,例如至少5、7、10、14、17、21、25、28、32、35、38、42、46、52或56天(约1-8周)。因此,每日放射剂量包括约1-5Gy(例如约1Gy,1.5Gy,1.8Gy,2Gy,2.5Gy,2.8Gy,3Gy,3.2Gy,3.5Gy,3.8Gy,4Gy,4.2Gy或4.5Gy),优选1-2Gy(例如1.5-2Gy)。每日辐射剂量应足以诱导破坏被靶向的细胞。如果延长超过一定期限,那么并不优选每天给予放射,从而使动物休息并且实现该疗法的作用。例如,对每周治疗而言,理想的是连续5天给予放射,并且有2天不给予,由此每周有2天休息。然而,可以1天/周,2天/周,3天/周,4天/周,5天/周,6天/周或所有7天/周给予辐射,这取决于动物的反应性和任何可能的副作用。可以在治疗期中的任意时间时启动放疗。优选在第1周或第2周启动辐射并且在该治疗期的剩余期限内给予。例如,在包括6周治疗例如实体瘤的治疗期间,在第1-6周或第2-6周内给予放射。或者,在包括5周治疗期的第1-5周或第2-5周内给予放射。然而,本发明并不限于这些示例性的放疗施用方案。
抗微生物治疗剂也可以用作本发明中的治疗剂。可以使用可以杀伤、抑制或者减弱微生物功能的任意活性剂以及预计具有这类活性的任意药剂。抗微生物剂包括,但不限于天然和合成的抗生素、抗体、抑制蛋白(例如防御素)、反义核酸、膜破裂剂等,可以单独使用或以组合方式使用。实际上,可以使用任何类型的抗生素,包括,但不限于抗细菌剂、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂等。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,在下列条件中的一种或多种下,对动物施用通式I-X的化合物和一种或多种治疗剂或抗癌剂:以不同的周期性,以不同的持续时间,以不同的浓度,通过不同的给药途径,在一种组合物中,在单独的组合物中等。在某些实施方案中,在施用治疗剂或抗癌剂之前施用所述的化合物,例如在施用治疗剂或抗癌药之前0.5、1、2、3、4、5、10、12或18小时,1、2、3、4、5或6天,1、2、3或4周施用该化合物。在某些实施方案中,在施用治疗剂或抗癌剂之后施用所述的化合物,例如在施用抗癌药之后0.5、1、2、3、4、5、10、12或18小时,1、2、3、4、5或6天,1、2、3或4周施用该化合物。在某些实施方案中,同时施用所述的化合物和治疗剂或抗癌剂,但使用不同的方案,例如每日施用所述的化合物,而每周1次、每2周1次、每3周1次或每4周1次施用所述的治疗剂或抗癌剂。在其它实施方案中,每周1次施用所述的化合物,而每日、每周1次、每2周1次、每3周1次或每4周1次施用所述的治疗剂或抗癌剂。
本发明范围内的组合物包括以有效实现其预想目的的量包含本发明化合物的所有组合物。尽管个体需要不同,但是确定每种成分的有效量的最佳范围属于本领域技术人员的范围。一般来说,对哺乳动物,例如人而言,每天口服给药0.0025-50mg/kg因对诱导编程性细胞死亡有反应的疾病而被治疗的哺乳动物体重的剂量的化合物或等量的其药物上可接受的盐。例如,口服给药约0.01-约25mg/kg以治疗、改善或预防这类疾病。就肌内注射而言,剂量一般为口服剂量的约一半。例如,合适的肌内剂量为约0.0025-约25mg/kg,最优选约0.01-约5mg/kg。
单位口服剂量可以包括约0.01-约1000mg,例如约0.1-约100mg的化合物。可以将单位剂量作为一片或多片片剂或者一粒或多粒胶囊每天给予一次或多次,所述的片剂或胶囊各自含有约0.1-约10,适宜地是约0.25-50mg化合物或其溶剂合物。
在局部用制剂中,所述化合物的存在浓度约为0.01-100mg/克载体。在一个实施方案中,化合物的存在浓度约为0.07-1.0mg/ml,例如约0.1-0.5mg/ml,例如约0.4mg/ml。
除将化合物作为原料化学品给药外,还可以将本发明的化合物作为药物制剂的组成部分施用,所述的药物制剂含有合适的药物上可接受的载体,包括有利于将所述化合物加工成可以在药学上使用的制剂的赋形剂和助剂。优选地,所述的制剂,特别是那些可以口服或局部给药并且可以用于优选给药类型的制剂,例如片剂、锭剂、缓释糖锭剂和胶囊、口腔清洗剂和口腔洗剂、凝胶、液体混悬液、洗发剂、发胶、洗发香波,以及还有可以通过直肠给药的制剂,诸如栓剂,以及通过静脉内输注、注射、局部或口服给药的合适的溶液含有约0.01-99%,例如约0.25-75%的活性化合物与赋形剂。
可以将本发明的药物组合物对可以经历本发明化合物有益作用的任意动物给药。在这类动物中最重要的是哺乳动物,例如人,不过,本发明并不限于此。其它动物包括兽医动物(牛、绵羊、猪、马、狗、猫等)。
可以通过实现预想目的的任意方式施用所述的化合物及其药物组合物。例如,可以通过肠胃外、皮下、静脉内、肌内、腹膜内、透皮、颊粘膜、鞘内、颅内、鼻内或局部途径给药。交替地,或同时,可以通过口服途径进行给药。给药剂量取决于接受者的年龄、健康情况和体重、同时治疗的种类(如果有的话)、治疗频率和所需效果的性质。
按照自身公知的方式,例如通过常规的混合、制粒、制锭、溶解或冻干方法,制备本发明的药物制剂。因此,可以通过下列步骤获得口服使用的药物制剂:将活性化合物与固体赋形剂合并,可选地研磨所得混合物并且如果需要或必要,在添加合适的助剂后加工颗粒混合物,从而得到片芯或锭芯。
具体来说,合适的赋形剂为:填充剂,例如糖类,例如乳糖或蔗糖、甘露糖醇或山梨醇;纤维素制品和/或磷酸钙,例如磷酸三钙或磷酸氢钙;以及粘合剂,例如淀粉糊,例如使用玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、稻淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、明胶、西黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。如果需要,可以加入崩解剂,例如上述淀粉和羧甲基淀粉、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、琼脂或藻酸或其盐,例如藻胶钠。助剂尤其是流动调节剂和润滑剂,例如二氧化硅、滑石粉、硬脂酸或其盐,例如硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸钙,和/或聚乙二醇。如果需要,可以给锭芯包上耐胃液的合适的包衣材料。为了这一目的,可以使用浓糖溶液,它可以可选地含有阿拉伯胶、滑石粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化钛、漆溶液和合适的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物。为了生产耐胃液的包衣材料,使用合适的纤维素制品,例如邻苯二酸乙酰纤维素或邻苯二甲酸羟丙基甲基纤维素的溶液。例如,为了鉴别或为了表征活性化合物剂量的组合,可以向片剂或锭剂包衣层中加入染料或色素。
可以口服使用的其它药物制剂包括由明胶制成的推拉式胶囊以及由明胶和增塑剂诸如甘油或山梨醇制成的密封软胶囊。推拉式胶囊可以含有颗粒形式的活性化合物,所述的颗粒中可以混合有诸如乳糖这类填充剂、例如淀粉这类粘合剂和/或诸如滑石粉或硬脂酸镁这类润滑剂以及任选地,稳定剂。在软胶囊中,优选将活性化合物溶于或悬浮于合适的液体中,例如脂肪油或液体石蜡。此外,可以加入稳定剂。
可以通过直肠使用的可能的药物制剂包括:例如由一种或多种活性化合物与栓剂基质的组合组成的栓剂。合适的栓剂基质例如为天然或合成的甘油三酯类或链烷烃类。此外,还能够使用由活性化合物与基质组合组成的直肠用胶囊。可能的基质材料包括:例如液体甘油三酯类、聚乙二醇类或链烷烃类。
用于肠胃外给药的合适的制剂包括水溶性形式的活性化合物,例如水溶性盐和碱性溶液的水溶液。此外,可以将活性化合物的混悬液以合适的油性注射混悬液形式给药。合适的亲脂性溶剂或介质包括:脂肪油,例如芝麻油;或合成的脂肪酸酯类,例如油酸乙酯或甘油三酯类或聚乙二醇-400。含水的注射混悬液可以含有增加该混悬液粘度的物质,包括:例如羧甲基纤维素钠、山梨醇和/或葡聚糖。任选地,该混悬液中还可以含有稳定剂。
优选通过选择合适的载体将本发明的局部用组合物配制成油剂、霜剂、洗剂、软膏剂等。合适的载体包括植物油或矿物油、白凡士林(白软石蜡)、支链脂肪或油、动物脂肪和高分子量醇(大于C12)。优选的载体为那些活性组分在其中可溶的载体。还可以包括乳化剂、稳定剂、湿润剂和抗氧化剂,并且如果需要,还可以包括赋予颜色或香味的药剂。另外,透皮促进剂可以用于这些局部用制剂中。这类促进剂的实例可以在美国专利US 3,989,816和US 4,444,762中找到。
优选由矿物油、自乳化蜂蜡和水的混合物配制霜剂,在该混合物中混合了混合溶于少量油诸如杏仁油的活性组分。这类霜剂的典型实例为一种包括约40份水、约20份蜂蜡、约40份矿物油和约1份杏仁油的霜剂。
可以通过将活性组分在植物油诸如杏仁油中的溶液与温热的软石蜡混合并且使该混合物冷却而配制软膏剂。这类软膏剂的典型实例为一种包括按重量计约30%杏仁油和约70%白软石蜡的软膏剂。
可以通过将活性组分溶于合适的高分子量醇例如丙二醇或聚乙二醇而便利地制备洗剂。
下列实施例用于解释本发明的方法和组合物,而非限制它们。在临床疗法中通常遇到并且对本领域技术人员显而易见的对条件和参数的其它合适的修改和改变属于本发明的精神和范围内。具体实施方式实施例1共价约束的Smac模拟物的合成
一般性方法:在300MHz的质子频率下获得NMR光谱。用Me4Si(0.00ppm)、CHCl3(7.26ppm)、CD2HOD(3.31ppm)或DHO(4.79ppm)作为内标报告1H化学位移。用CDCl3(77.00ppm)、CD3OD(49.00ppm)或1,4-二氧杂环己烷(67.16ppm)作为内标报告13C化学位移。在室温测定旋光度。可以通过反相HPLC(0.1%TFA的水溶液和0.1%TFA乙腈溶液作为洗脱剂),纯化本发明的化合物并将其分离为TFA盐。一般性程序A(羧酸和胺之间的缩合):
在0℃搅拌下,向两种底物的CH2Cl2(20mg/mL,对于次要的底物)溶液中添加EDC(每氨基1.1eq)、HOBt(每氨基1.1eq)和N,N-二异丙基乙胺(每氨基4eq)。在室温将混合物搅拌8小时然后浓缩。通过所述色谱法纯化残余物,得到产物。一般性程序B(Boc脱保护):
向所述底物的甲醇溶液(20mg/mL)中添加HCl的1,4-二氧杂环己烷溶液(4M,10-20eq/Boc)。在室温将溶液搅拌过夜,然后浓缩,得到产物。实施例2Smac模拟物中间体的合成
可以使用方案1-7中所述的方法学,合成构象约束的Smac模拟物的合成途径中的中间体。方案1试剂和条件(a)i.4N HCl在1,4-二氧杂环己烷甲醇中;ii.Boc-Dap(Z)-OH,EDC,HOBt,N,N-二异丙基乙胺,CH2Cl2,52%,两步;(b)O3,然后PPh3,CH2Cl2,90%;(c)H2,10%Pd-C,i-PrOH,41%;(d)H2,10%Pd-C,i-PrOH;(e)NaBH(OAc)3,THF;(f)9-BBN(2eq),THF,回流,12h,然后3N NaOH(2eq),35%H2O2(2.5eq),0℃-rt,85%;(f)i.Dess-Martin periodinane,CH2Cl2;ii.H2,10%Pd-C,i-PrOH,50%,两步;(h)H2,10%Pd-C,i-PrOH;(i)NaBH(OAc)3,THF.
方案1中显示了中间体5和7的合成。可以根据报道的方法,用五步由焦谷氨酸1制备化合物2(参见:(1)Zhang,J.;Xiong,C.;Wang,W.;Ying,J.;Hruby,V.,J.Org.Lett.,2002,4(23),4029-4032,(2)Polyak,F.和Lubell,W.D.J.Org,Chem.1998,63,5937-5949,以及(3)Tetrahedron Letters 2005,46,945-947.),为两种非对映异构体的混合物,R型异构体为主要产物(比例约为4∶1)。除去2中的Boc基团,接着与N-α-(叔丁氧羰基)-N-β-(苄氧羰基)-L-二氨基-丙酸(Boc-Dap(Z)-OH)缩合,得到酰胺3。臭氧氧化3中的C-C双键,得到醛4。裂解4中的Cbz基团,所得到的胺与所述醛基团分子内缩合,随后在延长反应时间下,在一锅中实现烯胺的还原,得到化合物5。可替代地,将4的CBz基团脱保护,分子内环化,分离烯胺中间体并还原,提供5。在该转化中,只获得化合物5,没有可检测的其异构体形成,这提示在这些条件下来自次要异构体的氨基醛没有环化。
向化合物2(540mg,2mmol)在20mL甲醇中的溶液中添加4mL的4N HCl在1,4-二氧杂环己烷中的溶液。在室温将溶液搅拌过夜,然后浓缩,得到铵盐。向该盐在15mL二氯甲烷中的混合物中添加1.17g(2.4eq)Boc-Dap(Z)-OH·DCHA、460mg(2.4mmol)EDC、320mg(2.4mmol)HOBt和3mL N,N-二异丙基乙胺。在室温将混合物搅拌过夜,然后浓缩。通过色谱法纯化残余物,得到化合物3(YP-348)(580mg,59%)。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)(主要异构体)δ7.34-7.28(m,5H),5.80-5.77(m,1H),5.59(m,1H),5.36-5.33(d,J=10.0Hz,2H),5.19-5.01(m,4H),4.67-4.62(m,1H),4.47-4.44(m,1H),3.76-3.74(s,1H),3.74-3.71(s,2H),2.32-2.30(m,1H),2.16-2.12(m,1H),1.99-1.95(m,2H),1.42(s,9H);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ172.4,170.5,156.5,155.2,136.4,134.6,133.8,128.3,127.9,118.5,117.1,80.0,66.6,59.7,58.2,52.6,43.4,29.2,28.1,26.6。
在-78℃,使O3通过化合物3(490mg,1mmol)在20mLCH2Cl2中的溶液中鼓泡,直到颜色变成淡蓝色。再通入O3鼓泡15分钟,然后通入空气鼓泡以除去过量的O3。添加3mL Et3N后,将混合物温至室温并搅拌1小时。蒸发溶剂并通过色谱法纯化残余物,得到醛4(YP-367)(340mg,69%)。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)(主要的异构体)δ9.78-9.67(m,1H),7.53-7.32(m,5H),5.44(s,1/2H),5.32(s,1/2H),5.15-5.06(m,2H),4.64(m,1H),4.40-4.39(m,1H),3.78-3.76(s,3/2H),3.76-3.74(s,3/2H),3.48-3.42(m,3H),2.78-2.52(m,1H),2.40-2.20(m,1H),2.16(m,2H),2.06-1.89(m,1H),1.44-1.43(m,9H);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ200.3,199.5,172.6,172.2,170.3,156.5,136.4,128.4,128.0,66.7,59.7,59.1,54.3,52.4,52.3,48.4,43.3,29.6,28.2,21.0。
向化合物4(290mg,0.6mmol)在20mL异丙醇中的溶液中添加0.2g 10%Pd/C。在H2下,在室温将混合物搅拌过夜,通过硅藻土过滤并浓缩。将残余物溶于无水THF中。向该溶液中,添加NaBH(OAc)3(380mg,1.8mmol)。在室温将混合物搅拌过夜,以CH2Cl2稀释,以盐水洗涤,用Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。通过色谱法纯化残余物,得到化合物5(72mg,35%)。[α]20 D-30.2(c=1.7,CHCl3);1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ5.45(brd,J=8.0Hz,1H),4.67(m,1H),4.52(t,J=9.0Hz,1H),4.23(m,1H),3.74(s,3H),3.20(m,2H),2.94(m,1H),2.74(dd,J=13.6,10.9Hz,1),2.35(m,1H),2.14(m,1H),1.99(m,1H),1.86-1.74(m,3H),1.66(m,1H),1.43(brs,9H);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ173.42,170.60,155.16,79.68,59.46,58.39,54.92,52.44,46.72,37.45,32.15,29.64,28.29,26.98。
用9-BBN氢硼化3中的C-C双键,接着碱性氧化所得到的硼烷,得到醇6。用Dess-Martin periodinane氧化6,得到两种醛的混合物,以与用于化合物5的相同的程序将其环化,得到化合物7。类似于5,在该转化过程中只获得一种异构体。
化合物7的分析数据:[α]20 D-23.2(c=1.0,CHCl3);1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ5.23(brd,J=8.0Hz,1H),4.79(m,1H),4.65(dd,J=9.7,8.2Hz),4.22(m,1H),3.74(s,3H),3.02-2.80(m,4H),2.38-1.70(m,9H),1.43(brs,9H);13CNMR(75MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ173.38,171.59,155.09,79.68,62.03,59.82,53.72,53.15,52.48,50.09,34.66,34.55,29.47,28.31,27.33。方案2
YP-248P的分析数据:1H NMR显示,该化合物具有两种旋转异构体,其比例为2∶1。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ7.47-7.44(m,1H),7.38-7.32(m,4H),5.65-5.62(d,J=8Hz,1H),5.31-5.16(m,2H),4.64-4.60(m,1H),4.51-4.46(t,J=8Hz,1H),4.24-4.23(m,1H),4.23-4.21(m,1H),3.75(s,1H),3.73(s,2H),3.66-3.63(m,1H),3.63-3.61(m,1H),3.61-3.31(m,1H),2.36-2.34(m,1H),2.11-1.76(m,6H),1.44-1.45(s,9H)。
酰胺中间体的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ5.79(brd,J=7.0Hz,1H),4.50-4.35(m,2H),4.05(m,1H),3.98-3.85(m,2H),3.70(s,3H),3.32-3.04(m,2H),2.54(m,1H),2.40-2.26(m,2H),2.25-1.60(m,6H),1.39(s,9H),0.98-0.89(m,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ173.12,172.52,168.85,154.69,79.80,59.51,56.11,54.38,53.51,52.23,46.18,42.02,32.51,31.12,28.12,26.54,25.81,22.69,22.40。方案3
YP-237P的分析数据:[α]20 D-21.5°(c=1.0,CHCl3);1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ3.71(t,J=6.5Hz,3H),3.60(dd,J=9.0,5.4Hz,1H),3.11(m,1H),2.05(m,1H),1.95-1.63(m,3H),1.46(s,9H),1.25(m,1H),0.89(s,9H),0.05(s,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ174.5,80.8,61.5,60.6,57.5,38.8,31.8,30.4,28.0,25.9,18.2,-5.4;HRMS:[M+H]+ m/z的计算值330.2464;实测值330.2466。
YP-238P的分析数据:[α]20 D-90.0°(c=1.67,CHCl3);1HNMR显示,该化合物具有两种旋转异构体,其比例为1∶1。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ7.28(m,5H),5.59(m,1H),5.35(m,1H),5.20-5.05(m,2H),4.85(m,1/2H),4.65(m,1/2H),4.46(m,1H),4.35(m,1H),3.80(m,1/2H),3.70-3.50(m,2H),3.40(m,1H),3.25(m,1/2H),2.32(m,1H),2.20-1.50(m,4H),1.46(s,4.5H),1.44(s,4.5H),1.43(s,4.5H),1.41(s,4.5H);HRMS:[M+Na]+m/z的计算值558.2791;实测值558.2794。
YP-239的分析数据:[α]20 D-51.6°(c=1.67,CHCl3);1HNMR显示,该化合物具有两种旋转异构体,其比例为2∶1。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ9.76(s,2/3H),9.71(s,1/3H),7.40-7.28(m,5H),5.72-5.30(m,2H),5.20-4.95(m,2H),4.90-4.25(m,3H),3.52-3.05(m,3H),2.90-1.60(m,4H),1.50-1.35(m,18H);HRMS:[M+Na]+ m/z的计算值556.2635;实测值556.2629。
YP-239P的分析数据:[α]20 D-8.4°(c=0.65,CHCl3);1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ5.49(brd,J=8.1Hz,1H),4.70(m,1H),4.41(t,J=9.3Hz,1H),4.30(m,1H),3.25-3.18(m,2H),2.89(m,1H),2.75(dd,J=13.5,11.1Hz,1H),2.34(m,1H),2.18-1.60(m,6H),1.49(s,9H),1.44(s,9H);13CNMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ171.8,170.4,155.2,81.7,79.5,60.6,58.5,54.9,52.3,46.9,37.5,32.1,28.3,28.0,27.0;HRMS:[M+Na]+ m/z的计算值406.2318;实测值406.2317。方案4
YP-244的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ7.92-7.75(m,1H),7.48-7.46(m,1H),7.37-7.24(m,15H),6.24-6.18(t,J=8.3Hz,1H),5.76-5.70(t,J=7.3Hz,1H),5.15(s,2H),4.70-4.65(m,1H),4.57-4.54(m,1H),4.15-4.10(m,2H),3.60-3.40(m,1H),2.67-2.61(m,2H),2.12-2.01(m,2H),1.82-1.76(m,2H),1.48-1.47(s,9H)。
YP-244P2的分析数据:1H NMR显示,该化合物具有两种旋转异构体,其比例为1∶1。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ7.83-7.69(m,1H),7.47-7.45(m,1H),7.36-7.26(m,15H),6.24-6.18(t,J=8.2Hz,1H),5.15(s,2H),4.89-4.79(m,1H),4.70-4.62(q,J=6.9Hz,1H),4.23-4.07(m,2H),3.60-3.47(1H),2.82(s,3/2H),2.79(s,3/2H),2.62-2.59(m,2H),2.48-2.30(m,1H),2.13-2.03(m,2H),1.86-1.79(m,2H),1.51(s,9/2H),1.49(s,9/2H),1.38-1.35(d,J=7.0Hz,3H)。
YP-245的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ9.09-9.07(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.32-7.18(m,10H),6.99-6.80(br,1H),6.23-6.20(d,J=7.3Hz,1H),5.08-5.04(m,1H),4.72-4.67(t,J=8.5Hz,1H),4.33-4.18(m,1H),307-2.94(m,1H),2.80(s,3H),2.73-2.54(m,1H),2.53-2.38(m,1H),2.31-2.24(t,J=11Hz,1H),2.18-2.00(m,2H),1.75-1.74(m,2H),1.53(s,9H),1.35-1.26(d,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
YP-370的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ7.60-7.05(m,9H),5.78-5.50(m,1H),5.20-5.11(m,2H),4.65-4.30(m,2H),4.28-4.22(m,1H),3.60-3.48(m,1H),3.42-3.38(m,1H),2.93-2.68(m,2H),2.58-2.40(m,1H),2.28-1.98(m,4H),1.98-1.70(m,6H),1.44(s,9H)。
YP-372的分析数据:1H NMR显示,该化合物具有两种旋转异构体,其比例为1∶1。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ7.45(m,1H),7.36-7.10(m,9H),6.72-6.58(m,1H),5.21-5.14(t,J=9.9Hz,2H),4.82(m,1H),4.48-4.41(m,1H),4.14-4.09(m,2H),3.82-3.60(m,1H),3.20-2.90(m,2H),2.79(s,3/2H),2.77(s,3/2H),2.50-2.36(m,1H),2.18-2.01(m,4H),1.89-1.82(m,6H),1.49(s,9/2H),1.46(s,9/2H),1.37-1.33(m,3H);HRMS:[M+Na]+ m/z的计算值698.3530;实测值698.3541。
YP-373的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,TMS)δ8.77-8.75(d,J=7.1Hz,1H),7.21-7.05(m,4H),6.90-6.73(br,1H),5.06-4.98(m,2H),4.65-4.59(t,J=8.1Hz,1H),4.23-4.17(m,1H),3.02-3.01(m,1H),2.76(s,3H),2.70-2.68(m,2H),2.60-2.48(m,2H),2.38(m,1H),2.12-2.03(m,4H),1.82-1.72(m,6H),1.47(s,9H),1.32-1.29(d,J=7.1Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ170.6,168.4,137.6,136.4,129.3,128.9,127.2,125.8,60.3,58.254.4,49.3,47.4,46.8,34.9,31.8,29.0,28.2,27.6,18.7,14.1;HRMS:[M+Na]+ m/z的计算值564.3162;实测值564.3163。方案5
可以通过方案5中所示的方法,制备式A表示的化合物,其中m是1-2,并且R1和R2独立地选自氢、任选被取代的烷基、任选被取代的碳环基、任选被取代的杂环基、任选被取代的芳基和任选被取代的杂芳基。简言之,用Cbz保护基团保护中间体a中的氨基,得到中间体b。水解b的酯基团,产生酸c。将c与胺NR1R2缩合,得到式A的化合物。方案6
可以如方案6中所示,制备式B表示的化合物,其中A1、A2、Z、X、T、U、m和R5具有上文关于式I所述的含义。简言之,除去a中的Boc保护基团,提供胺b。将b与相应的Boc-保护的氨基酸缩合,得到酰胺c。除去c中的Cbz保护基团,得到胺d。向d中的氨基引入R5,得到e。可以用相应的烷基卤(例如,MeI)取代d或用适合的亲电体通过其它亲核置换反应,引入R5。当R5是COR7时,可以通过将d与R7CO-L(其中L是离去基团)缩合,引入COR7。例如,R7CO-L可以是相应的羧酸(即,R7CO2H)或酰氯(即,R7COCl)。除去e中的Boc保护基团,得到f。通过用烷基卤取代f或用相应的醛还原性胺化f,引入A1基团,提供式B表示的Smac模拟物。
在一个实施方案中,通过将d与相应的羧酸(即,R7CO2H)缩合,引入COR7。在另一个实施方案中,在活化剂(例如,二环己基碳二亚胺、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺、苯并三唑-1-基氧基)三吡咯烷基磷翁六氟磷酸盐)的存在下,进行R7CO2H与d的缩合。在另一个实施方案中,所述活化剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,在活化剂和一种或多种另外的添加剂(例如,N-羟基苯并三唑)的存在下,进行R7CO2H与d缩合,以使反应参数例如收率最佳化。在一个实施方案中,所述反应在大约1小时至大约24小时内完成。在一个实施方案中,在大约-20℃至大约25℃的温度下进行所述反应。在一个实施方案中,在惰性有机溶剂例如乙腈、苯、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2,-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二氧杂环己烷、二氯甲烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或四氢呋喃中进行所述反应。方案7
可以用方案7中所示的方法,合成式C表示的化合物(其中m是1或2,并且R1、R2和R7具有上文关于式I所述的含义)。还原a中的酯基团,得到醇b。甲磺酸化b中的羟基,接着用叠氮化钠取代所得到的甲磺酸酯,得到叠氮化物c。在THF-H2O中用PPh3还原叠氮化物,提供胺d。用醛R1CHO还原性胺化d,得到胺e。向e中的氨基引入R″,得到式C的化合物。当R″是R2时,可以通过用烷基卤或其它适合的亲电体取代,或还原性胺化醛,将其与氨基相连。当R″是COR7时,可以通过将e与R7CO-L(其中L是离去基团)缩合,将其引入。在一个实施方案中,R7CO-L是酸(即,R7CO2H)或酰氯(即,R7COCl)。实施例3
YP-245P3的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O,TMS)δ7.28-7.20(m,10H),5.97(s,1H),5.25(br,1H),4.51(br,1H),3.91-3.84(q,J=7.1Hz,1H),3.82-3.70(m,1H),3.58-3.55(m,1H),3.48-3.43(m,1H),3.23-3.19(t,J=12Hz,1H),2.90(s,3H),2.56(s,3H),2.40-2.36(m,1H),2.13-1.73(m,5H),1.41-1.38(d,J=7.1Hz,3H);HRMS:[M+H]+ m/z的计算值492.2975;实测值492.2971。实施例4
YP-246P的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O,TMS)δ7.33-7.13(m,15H),6.03-6.01(m,1H),5.32-5.30(m,1H),4.64-4.61(m,1H),4.31(s,2H),3.85-3.83(q,J=7.1Hz,1H),3.69(m,1H),3.59-3.51(m,1H),3.12-3.08(t,J=11.6Hz,1H),2.55(s,3H),2.40-2.28(m,1H),2.09-2.04(m,1H),1.81-1.66(m,4H),1.37-1.35(d,J=7.1Hz,3H);HRMS:[M+H]+ m/z计算值568.3288;实测值568.3284。实施例5
SM-330的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O,TMS)δ8.88-8.76(m,1H),7.30-7.18(m,10H),5.95-5.93(d,J=4.7Hz,1H),4.93-4.91(m,1H),4.38-4.26(m,1H),4.24(m,1H),3.90-3.86(m,1H),3.69-3.65(m,1H),3.50-3.38(m,2H),2.58(s,3H),2.23-2.18(m,1H),2.04(s,3H),1.93(s,2H),1.81-1.74(m,4H),1.43-1.41(d,J=7.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ175.3,173.3,172.9,170.2,141.2,129.2,128.1,127.7,62.3,62.158.5,57.8,57.3,52.6,51.8,32.2,31.3,27.5,21.5,20.7,15.5;HRMS:[M+H]+ m/z计算值520.2924;实测值520.2924。实施例6
SM-337的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD,TMS)δ7.34-7.27(m,15H),6.18-6.15(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),4.60-4.57(m,1H),4.28(m,1H),4.12-4.07(m,1H),3.99-3.82(m,4H),3.50-3.40(m,1H),2.67(s,3/2H),2.66(s,3/2H),2.34(m,1H),2.07-2.00(m,3H),1.88-1.81(m,2H),1.56-1.52(d,J=6.8Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,CD3OD)δ174.6,174.0,169.6,169.4,143.1,136.4,130.3,129.5,128.6,128.2,127.8,62.7,58.3,54.2,41.6,33.3,31.9,28.2,16.3。实施例7
SM-350的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD,TMS)δ8.94-8.92(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.34-7.26(m,12H),7.04-6.98(m,2H),6.18-6.15(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),4.60-4.57(m,1H),4.31(br,1H),4.02-3.76(m,4H),3.50(m,1H),2.68(s,3H),2.34(m,1H),2.11-1.82(m,5H),1.55-1.53(d,J=7.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,CD3OD)δ173.2,170.2,169.7,164.8,161.5,143.1,132.5,131.9,129.6,128.6,128.1,116.2,62.7,58.4,53.9,40.5,33.3,32.3,31.8,28.3,16.3;HRMS:[M+Na]+m/z计算值636.2962;实测值636.2974。实施例8
SM-356的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD,TMS)δ8.93-8.91(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.38-7.26(m,11H),6.90-6.86(m,2H),6.18-6.16(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),5.10-5.00(m,1H),4.61-4.58(m,1H),4.40-4.28(m,1H),4.15-3.91(m,4H),3.36(m,2H),2.69(s,2H),2.67(s,1H),2.42-2.28(m,1H),2.02-1.95(m,5H),1.55-1.53(d,J=7.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,CD3OD)δ173.2,172.4,170.2,169.7,169.4,143.2,134.1,129.6,128.4,128.1,120.1,112.0,104.1,62.7,58.4,53.9,34.2,33.3,32.3,31.7,28.3,16.2;HRMS:[M+Na]+ m/z计算值654.2868;实测值654.2866。实施例9
SM-376的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD,TMS)δ8.50-8.43(m,1H),7.46-7.44(m,1H),7.32-7.31(m,4H),7.26-7.24(m,1H),7.15-7.11(m,3H),5.09(m,2H),4.43(m,1H),4.20(m,1H),4.01-3.92(m,4H),3.58-3.42(m,1H),2.83-2.81(m,2H),2.70(s,1H),2.68(s,2H),2.38-2.25(m,1H),2.09-1.82(m,8H),1.27-1.53(d,J=7.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,CD3OD)δ174.1,173.6,169.6,169.3,138.5,137.9,136.5,130.2,129.8,128.0,127.0,62.9,58.3,54.4,41.6,32.1,31.9,31.4,30.2,28.4,21.7,16.4;HRMS:[M+Na]+ m/z计算值582.3056;实测值582.3080。实施例10
SM-377的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD,TMS)δ8.50-8.40(m,1H),7.47-7.44(m,1H),7.36-7.31(m,2H),7.15-7.01(m,5H),5.09(m,2H),4.43(m,1H),4.38-4.28(m,1H),4.12(m,1H),4.02-3.93(m,4H),2.83-2.81(m,2H),2.70(s,3H),2.38-2.28(m,1H),2.12-1.82(m,8H),1.56-1.53(d,J=7.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(75MHz,CD3OD)δ173.8,173.5,169.7,169.3,138.5,132.5,131.8,129.9,126.9,116.3,62.9,58.3,57.8,54.1,40.6,33.4,32.2,31.7,30.2,28.4,21.7,16.3;HRMS:[M+H]+m/z计算值578.3143;实测值578.3147。实施例11
SM-401的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.37(m,2H),7.30(m,5H),7.05(m,2H),4.46(m,2H),4.33(m,2H),3.92-3.81(m,6H),3.54(m,1H),3.32(m,1H),2.74(s,3H),2.34(m,1H),2.16-1.78(m,5H),1.54(d,J=6.3Hz,3H)。13C NMR (MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ173.2,168.8,168.5,164.0,160.8,135.3,129.4,129.2,128.8,126.9,115.3,115.0,62.0,61.2,57.3,57.1,53.2,53.0,42.9,42.3,40.7,32.5,31.3,27.5,15.5。实施例12
SM-402的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.60(m,1H),7.40(m,4H),7.02(m,4H),4.52-4.43(m,2H),4.35-4.29(m,2H),4.08-3.80(m,6H),3.54(m,1H),3.38(m,1H),2.70(s,3H),2.33(m,1H),2.13-1.82(m,5H),1.54(d,J=6.9Hz,3H)。13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ173.1,172.8,168.8,168.5,164.1,135.1,131.5,131.0,129.2,115.3,115.0,61.9,57.3,52.9,42.3,39.6,32.4,31.3,30.9,27.3,15.3实施例13
SM-403的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.39-7.22(m,9H),7.08-7.02(m,4H),6.15(d,J=6.0,1H),4.97(m,1H),4.54(m,1H),4.30(m,1H),4.02-3.66(m,6H),3.59-3.54(m,1H),2.66(s,3H),2.33(m,1H),2.11-1.80(m,5H),1.53(d,J=6.6Hz,3H)。13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ173.4,172.4,168.8,168.4,164.2,160.9,138.1,135.3,129.8,129.7,129.6,129.5,129.4,129.0,128.7,128.6,126.9,115.6,115.3,115.0,72.6,61.9,57.3,56.2,53.1,47.0,40.6,32.3,31.5,31.1,27.4,15.5。实施例14
SM-404的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.37-7.25(m,6H),7.11-6.91(m,6H),6.15(d,J=7.5,1H),4.83(m,1H),4.54(m,1H),4.30(m,1H),4.02-3.60(m,6H),3.51(m,1H),2.94(m,2H),2.72(s,3H),2.23(m,1H),2.11-1.80(m,5H),1.53(d,J=6.6Hz,3H)。13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300MHz)δ174.0,172.4,168.7,168.4,163.7,160.8,137.9,137.4,130.7,130.6,129.9,129.8,129.6,129.5,115.6,115.3,115.1,115.0,114.0,71.5,67.2,57.4,56.0,55.9,52.8,51.7,35.0,32.3,31.5,31.1,30.7,27.4,15.4。实施例15
SM-405的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.40-7.25(m,10H),6.15(s,1H),4.61-4.55(m,1H),4.28-4.22(m,1H),4.00-3.95(m,2H),3.86-3.81(m,1H),3.68-3.66(m,1H),3.45-3.40(m,1H),2.94-2.92(m,1H),2.72(s,3H),2.68-2.57(m,2H),2.34-2.23(m,2H),2.16-1.79(m,7H),1.66-1.53(m,4H),1.52(d,J=7.2Hz,3H)。13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ176.1,172.2,168.8,168.3,142.2,142.1,132.2,132.0,129.1,128.7,128.4,127.9,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.2,61.8,57.5,57.3,53.1,38.9,38.7,37.2,32.5,32.2,31.4,31.0,27.4,24.9,15.3。实施例16
SM-406的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.38-7.25(m,10H),6.14(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),4.62-4.56(m,1H),4.30-4.25(m,1H),4.05-3.96(m,2H),3.87-3.49(m,4H),2.72(s,3H),2.46(m,2H),2.37-2.32(m,1H),2.15-2.00(m,5H),1.84-1.80(m,1H),1.56(d,J=5.4Hz,3H),1.00(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ175.7,172.3,168.8,168.3,142.2,142.1,132.2,132.0,129.1,129.0,128.7,128.4,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.2,61.8,57.4,57.3,53.2,41.7,38.6,37.2,32.2,31.4,31.0,27.4,26.3,22.0,15.3。实施例17
SM-407的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.31-7.27(m,12H),6.94(m,2H),6.15(m,1H),4.82-4.70(m,1H),4.53(m,1H),4.09-3.58(m,5H),3.36(m,1H),3.05-2.72(m,4H),2.71(s,3H),2.30(m,1H),2.05-1.81(m,5H),1.56(m,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ173.9,172.3,169.4,168.5,163.5,160.2,142.3,142.1,137.5,132.9,132.2,130.8,130.6,129.0,128.6,127.7,127.5,127.3,115.2,114.9,61.9,57.6,57.2,53.1,52.9,46.8,38.2,35.3,34.9,32.4,31.6,30.8,27.5,15.8。实施例18
SM-408的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.35-7.16(m,15H),6.18(m,1H),4.82-4.70(m,1H),4.53(m,1H),4.09-3.58(m,5H),3.30(m,1H),3.10(m,1H),2.98(t,J=6.0Hz,2H),2.75(m,1H),2.72(s,3H),2.30(m,1H),2.05-1.81(m,5H),1.56(m,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.3,172.4,169.0,168.5,142.3,141.8,132.9,132.1,129.1,128.9,128.7,128.5,127.7,127.6,127.3,126.2,61.8,57.4,57.2,52.8,46.6,34.9,32.3,31.7,30.9,27.5,15.4。实施例19
SM-409的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.37-7.26(m,10H),6.16(s,1H),4.60(m,1H),4.26(m,1H),4.06-3.92(m,2H),3.80(m,1H),3.68-3.35(m,2H),2.72(s,3H),2.56(m,2H),2.30(m,1H),2.05-1.81(m,5H),1.64(q,J=7.5Hz,2H),1.56(d,J=6.6Hz,3H),0.96(t,J=7.5Hz,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ175.6,172.3,168.7,168.5,142.2,142.1,132.9,132.8,132.2,132.0,129.1,129.0,128.7,128.4,127.7,127.3,61.8,57.4,57.3,53.0,46.9,35.3,34.9,32.4,31.4,30.9,27.3,18.9,15.4,13.3。实施例20试剂和条件:i.苯乙酸,EDC,HOBt,N,N-二异丙基乙胺,CH2Cl2;ii.3N LiOH,1,4-二氧杂环己烷,然后1N HCl;iii.氨基二苯基甲烷,EDC,HOBt,N,N-二异丙基乙胺,CH2Cl2;iv.4N HCl,1,4-二氧杂环己烷中,v.N-Boc-N-甲基丙氨酸,EDC,HOBt,N,N-二异丙基乙胺,CH2Cl2;vi.4N HCl,1,4-二氧杂环己烷中,62%,六步。
将7与苯乙酸缩合,接着水解甲基酯,得到酸,将该酸与氨基二苯胺缩合,得到酰胺。除去该酰胺中的Boc保护基团,提供铵盐。将该盐与N-Boc-N-甲基-丙氨酸缩合,接着除去Boc保护基团,得到SH-207。
SM-207的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.22-6.80(m,15H),5.95(s,1H),4.75(m,1H),4.38(m,1H),4.18-3.45(m,5H),3.42-2.85(m,3H),2.67(s,3H),2.12-0.80(m,11H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ174.27,172.09,170.94,169.24,142.01,141.83,141.68,134.86,129.32,128.16,128.99,127.76,127.34,71.92,61.13,58.57,57.31,49.77,49.21,49.05,41.46,31.44,18.06,15.73,15.62。实施例21
SM-412的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.81(m,1H),7.41-7.26(m,10H),6.06(m,1H),4.56-4.43(m,3H),4.11(m,2H),3.99-3.76(m,4H),3.58-3.47(m,4H),3.32(m,1H),2.72(m,3H),2.34-1.80(m,6H),1.60(m,3H),13CNMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ172.1,169.2,168.7,164.1,163.6,160.2,142.3,142.0,128.7,128.2,127.9,127.7,127.5,127.3,116.3,62.2,58.0,57.8,53.5,50.3,46.4,37.3,32.0,30.8,27.9,15.2。实施例22
SM-413的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ9.00(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.41-7.26(m,10H),6.17(m,1H),4.62(m,2H),4.32(m,1H),4.00(m,2H),3.75(m,3H),3.47(m,1H),3.20(m,1H),2.92(m,1H),2.72(2s,3H),2.30(m,1H),2.07-1.80(m,5H),1.54(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.8,172.4,171.7,168.8,168.5,142.2,142.0,128.7,128.4,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.3,68.2,61.8,57.3,51.7,46.9,37.7,32.2,30.8,27.4,15.2。实施例23
SM-414的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.80(m,1H),7.41-7.26(m,12H),6.09(m,1H),5.12(m,1H),4.56(m,2H),4.32(m,1H),4.18(m,1H),4.03(m,2H),3.75(m,2H),3.46(m,1H),3.16(m,1H),2.72(s,3H),2.30-1.80(m,6H),1.54(m,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ172.2,171.4,170.4,169.1,168.7,142.3,142.2,136.0,128.7,128.4,128.1,127.9,127.6,127.5,127.1,122.4,119.6,62.1,57.6,57.3,46.4,45.4,33.4,32.3,30.8,27.7,15.2。实施例24
SM-415的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.97(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.38-7.25(m,10H),6.16(m,1H),4.80(m,1H),4.58(m,1H),4.25(m,1H),3.96(m,3H),3.47(m,1H),3.20(m,1H),2.72(s,3H),2.62(m,1H),2.49(m,1H),2.34(m,1H),2.15-1.87(m,5H),1.56(m,3H),1.08(s,9H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.2,172.5,169.0,168.4,142.1,142.0,128.7,128.5,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.3,61.7,57.4,57.3,53.1,51.9,46.7,44.6,32.5,31.5,31.2,30.8,29.4,27.2,15.3。实施例25
SM-416的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.95(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.38-7.25(m,10H),6.16(m,1H),4.80(m,1H),4.56(m,1H),4.25(m,2H),3.92(m,3H),3.47(m,1H),2.72(s,3H),2.60(m,3H),2.34(m,1H),2.12-1.81(m,8H),1.56(m,4H),1.47(m,1H),1.30(m,1H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.6,172.4,169.5,168.4,142.2,142.0,128.7,128.4,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.3,73.0,61.7,57.3,57.2,53.1,51.9,46.6,42.0,39.4,34.4,32.5,31.2,30.8,27.2,15.2。实施例26
SM-418的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.37-7.25(m,10H),6.16(m,1H),4.89(m,1H),4.58(m,1H),4.40(m,1H),4.26(m,1H),4.03-3.83(m,3H),3.66-3.48(m,3H),H),2.70(m,3H),2.33(m,1H),2.08-1.75(m,10H),1.54(m,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ177.6,172.4,169.2,168.6,142.2,142.0,128.7,128.5,128.4,127.8,127.7,127.6,127.5,127.3,73.4,61.7,57.3,57.1,53.0,51.9,46.9,39.4,38.9,34.7,32.7,31.3,30.8,28.0,27.3,15.2。实施例27
SM-419的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.37-7.25(m,10H),6.16(m,1H),4.89(m,1H),4.58(m,2H),4.26(m,1H),4.03-3.71(m,5H),3.55-3.37(m,2H),2.70(m,3H),2.67(m,2H),2.33(m,1H),2.08-1.75(m,6H),1.54(m,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ173.5,172.2,169.2,168.6,142.2,141.9,128.8,128.7,128.5,128.4,128.2,127.8,127.7,127.6,127.5,127.3,127.2,73.1,67.5,61.8,57.3,46.6,37.1,35.9,32.5,32.1,31.4,30.8,27.4,15.2。实施例28
SM-420的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.38-7.25(m,10H),6.16(s,1H),4.87(m,1H),4.58(m,1H),4.24(m,1H),3.98(m,2H),3.75(m,1H),3.42(m,1H),3.24(m,1H),2.68(s,3H),2.49(m,2H),2.37-2.32(m,1H),2.15-2.00(m,5H),1.84-1.80(m,1H),1.56(m,6H),1.00(2d,J=6.0Hz,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ175.4,172.4,168.9,168.6,142.2,142.0,128.7,128.5,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.3,61.8,57.3,53.0,52.0,46.6,34.4,32.5,31.5,30.9,28.0,27.3,22.0,21.9,15.3。实施例29
SM-421的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.95(m,1H),7.38-7.14(m,15H),6.17(m,1H),4.85(m,1H),4.56(m,1H),4.23(m,1H),4.04-3.85(m,2H),3.73(m,1H),3.46(m,1H),3.20(m,1H),2.70(2s,3H),2.62(t,J=7.8Hz,2H),2.45(m,2H),2.30(m,1H),2.05-1.81(m,7H),1.54(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.8,172.3,169.0,168.6,142.2,142.1,141.9,128.7,128.5,128.4,127.8,127.5,127.3,126.0,61.8,57.3,52.8,52.0,46.6,35.2,32.9,32.5,31.8,31.4,30.8,27.2,15.3。实施例30
SM-422的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.38-7.25(m,10H),6.18(s,1H),4.87(m,1H),4.57(m,1H),4.22(m,1H),3.98(m,2H),3.76(m,1H),3.42(m,1H),3.24(m,1H),2.70(2s,3H),2.49(m,2H),2.37-2.32(m,1H),2.15-2.00(m,4H),1.78(m,1H),1.68-1.58(m,3H),1.55(2d,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.27-1.19(m,2H),0.95(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ175.3,172.4,169.0,168.6,142.2,142.1,128.7,128.5,127.8,127.7,127.5,127.3,61.8,57.4,57.3,52.9,51.9,46.6,38.7,32.9,32.5,31.3,30.8,28.2,27.3,23.5,22.0,21.9,15.3。实施例31
SM-423的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ4.84(m,1H),4.42(m,1H),4.30(m,1H),3.95(m,3H),3.42(m,1H),3.24(m,1H),2.71(s,3H),2.50(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.34(m,1H),2.15-2.00(m,10H),1.65(m,1H),1.55(2d,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.16(m,6H),1.00(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,172.2,169.1,168.6,61.7,57.3,57.2,56.6,53.2,50.3,46.7,41.8,32.7,32.6,31.3,30.8,27.4,27.2,26.0,25.7,25.1,22.0,21.8,15.2。实施例32
SM-425的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.25-7.18(m,4H),5.36(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),4.89(m,1H),4.47(m,1H),4.30(m,1H),3.90(m,3H),3.40(m,1H),3.00(m,2H),2.71(s,3H),2.55-2.41(m,3H),2.38(m,2H),2.15-2.00(m,6H),1.81(m,1H),1.54(m,3H),1.00(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,173.1,169.1,168.7,143.6,143.4,128.0,126.7,124.7,124.0,61.8,57.3,56.9,54.9,53.1,51.8,46.8,42.1,41.5,33.3,32.7,31.2,30.8,30.0,27.6,26.1,25.9,22.2,21.9,15.2。实施例33
SM-426的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.64-7.55(m,4H),4.65(d,J=16.2Hz,1H),4.55(m,1H),4.39(d,J=16.2Hz,1H),4.22(m,1H),3.98(m,2H),3.76(m,1H),3.42(m,1H),2.70(s,3H),2.47(m,2H),2.37-2.32(m,1H),2.15-2.00(m,6H),1.83(m,1H),1.54(m,3H),0.95(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,173.5,169.5,168.7,143.6,143.4,127.8,127.5,125.4,125.3,123.0,61.8,57.4,57.2,56.6,52.9,51.8,46.7,42.4,42.1,41.5,32.5,31.3,30.8,27.4,26.2,23.5,22.0,21.9,15.3。实施例34
SM-427的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.45(m,1H),7.20-7.10(m,3H),5.07(m,1H),4.88(m,1H),4.43(m,1H),4.22(m,1H),3.98(m,3H),3.48(m,1H),2.89(m,2H),2.75(s,3H),2.55(d,J=6.6Hz,2H),2.44(m,1H),2.30-1.78(m,11H),1.55(m,3H),1.00(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,172.7,169.5,168.5,137.6,136.9,128.8,127.1,126.0,61.9,57.3,56.7,53.2,51.9,46.7,42.1,41.5,32.6,31.2,30.8,29.3,27.4,26.1,22.2,21.9,20.8,15.2。实施例35
SM-429的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.64(m,3H),7.53-7.32(m,6H),4.87(m,1H),4.55-4.40(m,3H),4.23(m,1H),3.98(m,2H),3.82(m,1H),3.38(m,1H),2.71(s,3H),2.46(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.33(m,1H),2.15-1.78(m,7H),1.53(2d,J=6.9Hz,3H),0.98(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.8,173.2,169.6,168.7,141.7,141.2,139.6,129.2,128.9,127.5,127.1,126.1,125.9,61.8,57.2,56.5,53.0,51.8,46.7,43.2,42.1,41.5,35.0,32.6,31.2,30.8,27.3,26.0,22.2,21.9,15.3。实施例36
SM-430的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ8.05(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.88(m,1H),7.81(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.57-7.43(m,4H),4.87-4.80(m,3H),4.49(m,1H),4.23(m,1H),3.98(m,2H),3.85(m,1H),3.43(m,1H),2.71(s,3H),2.50(d,J=6.9Hz,2H),2.33(m,1H),2.15-1.78(m,7H),1.53(2d,J=7.2Hz,3H),0.99(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,173.0,169.3,168.7,134.3,133.9,131.7,128.8,128.2,126.4,125.8,125.5,123.4,61.8,57.3,56.7,53.1,51.8,46.7,42.1,41.4,41.3,35.0,32.6,31.1,30.8,27.3,26.2,22.2,21.9,15.2。实施例37
SM-431的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.45(m,1H),7.25-7.17(m,3H),5.40(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),4.88(m,1H),4.46(m,1H),4.25(m,1H),3.98(m,3H),3.40(m,1H),3.00(m,2H),2.71(s,3H),2.55(m,2H),2.44(m,1H),2.34(m,2H),2.15-2.00(m,6H),1.81(m,1H),1.53(m,3H),1.00(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,173.1,169.5,168.6,143.6,143.3,127.8,126.5,124.5,61.9,57.3,56.6,54.8,53.2,51.8,46.7,42.1,41.5,35.1,33.4,32.6,31.2,30.8,30.0,27.4,26.1,22.2,21.9,15.2。实施例38
SM-432的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.38-7.25(m,10H),4.80(m,1H),4.32(m,2H),4.18(m,1H),3.98(m,2H),3.87(m,1H),3.63(m,1H),3.49(m,1H),2.70(s,3H),2.50(d,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.32(m,1H),2.15-1.74(m,7H),1.56(m,3H),1.00(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300MHz)δ174.7,173.0,169.1,168.6,142.8,128.6,128.4,128.1,126.7,61.8,57.2,56.7,53.1,50.9,46.7,44.0,42.0,41.5,32.6,30.8,27.1,26.1,22.2,21.9,15.2。实施例39
SM-433的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.54-7.22(m,9H),4.86(m,1H),4.48(m,1H),4.4-4.19(m,3H),4.09-3.84(m,3H),3.40(m,1H),2.71(s,3H),2.49(d,J=6.6Hz,2H),2.33-1.74(m,8H),1.53(2d,J=6.9Hz,3H),0.98(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,173.1,169.3,168.7,141.9,141.2,135.6,130.0,129.2,128.3,128.1,127.8,127.3,61.8,57.3,56.9,53.2,51.8,46.7,42.0,41.5,41.3,35.0,32.6,31.2,30.8,27.3,26.0,22.2,21.9,15.2。实施例40
SM-434的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.60(m,4H),7.38(m,4H),7.30(m,1H),4.86(m,1H),4.57-4.36(m,3H),4.22(m,1H),4.04-3.89(m,3H),3.42(m,1H),2.71(s,3H),2.49(d,J=6.6Hz,2H),2.35-1.79(m,8H),1.53(2d,J=6.9Hz,3H),0.98(m,6H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.7,173.2,169.2,168.7,141.1,140.3,138.0,128.9,128.0,127.3,127.1,126.9,61.8,57.3,56.9,53.1,51.8,46.7,42.8,42.1,41.5,35.2,32.6,31.2,30.8,27.4,26.0,22.2,21.9,15.2。实施例41
SM-227的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.34-7.12(m,10H),5.92(brs,1H),5.23(dd,J=12.06,5.34Hz,1H),4.65(m,1H),4.50(m,1H),3.88(m,1H),3.52(m,1H),3.45(m,1H),3.31(m,1H),3.13(m,1H),2.58(s,3H),2.36(m,1H),2.20-1.72(m,5H),1.41(d,J=7.05Hz,3H);13CNMR(75MHz,D2O)δ173.93,170.10,168.28,140.81,140.63,129.37,128.33,128.24,127.53,61.31,59.11,58.52,57.15,48.68,47.50,46.10,31.82,31.26,30.94,27.13,15.46。实施例42
SM-211的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.23-7.02(m,10H),5.85(s,1H),4.70(m,1H),4.32(m,1H),4.01(m,1H),3.85(m,1H),3.65-3.20(m,4H),2.90-2.70(m,2H),2.27-2.03(m,3H),2.01-1.43(m,8H),1.36(d,J=6.90Hz,3H),0.78(t,J=7.3Hz,3H),0.76-0.70(m,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ176.89,173.57,170.10,170.06,142.14,142.08,129.86,129.77,128.72,128.62,128.35,128.21,62.77,58.54,56.95,49.58,49.29,48.82,48.72,48.43,48.14,43.00,31.92,26.74,22.83,22.64,20.33,16.55,11.20。实施例43
SM-212的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.37-7.16(m,10H),6.12(m,1H),4.82(m,1H),4.56(m,1H),4.20(m,1H),4.08(m,1H),3.96(m,1H),3.87(m,1H),3.42-3.25(m,2H),2.52-1.70(m,14H),1.52(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),0.98(t,J=7.5Hz,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ176.45,173.01,169.39,168.33,141.38,141.23,129.27,129.16,128.10,127.73,127.55,127.52,62.77,62.11,57.92,57.01,52.49,51.96,47.58,46.71,41.39,31.82,27.26,26.29,23.69,22.14,8.50。实施例44
SM-213的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.38-7.20(m,10H),6.05(s,1H),4.89(m,1H),4.62(m,1H),4.53(m,1H),4.36-4.10(m,2H),3.95-3.40(m,4H),3.28-3.10(m,1H),2.50-1.75(m,9H),1.59(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.01-1.85(m,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ177.09,173.01,169.46,167.43,141.52,141.39,129.24,129.16,128.11,127.96,127.78,127.64,61.80,58.06,57.17,56.51,51.72,49.30,48.73,48.25,47.87,41.42,27.32,26.29,22.25,22.15,21.88,15.92。实施例45
SM-209的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.22-7.05(m,4H),6.95-6.77(m,4H),5.90(s,1H),4.90(m,1H),4.45(m,1H),4.13(m,1H),3.97(m,1H),3.85-3.60(m,1H),3.50-3.10(m,3H),2.80(m,1H),2.65(s,3H),2.30-1.60(m,6H),1.46(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.12-0.85(m,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ180.27,172.52,169.36,160.48,137.37,137.19,129.55,129.45,115.81,115.53,61.98,57.32,56.43,51.92,49.98,46.81,35.07,32.70,31.30,30.82,27.44,19.18,18.76,15.53。实施例46
SM-210的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.22-7.03(m,4H),6.95-6.80(m,4H),5.90(s,1H),4.82(m,1H),4.35(m,1H),4.12(m,1H),3.89(m,1H),3.82-3.15(m,4H),2.60(s,3H),2.30-1.50(m,9H),1.42(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),0.82-0.65(m,6H);13C NMR(75MHz,D2O)δ176.09,172.70,169.50,160.53,137.27,137.14,129.49,129.35,115.92,115.84,115.80,115.62,62.10,61.80,58.07,56.54,52.26,46.59,42.28,41.38,32.40,31.35,27.43,25.98,22.16,15.59。实施例47
SM-230的分析数据:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O)δ7.32-7.16(m,3H),7.12-7.05(m,2H),5.02(m,1H),4.32-4.12(m,3H),4.02-3.20(m,5H),3.10(m,1H),2.52(s,3H),2.28-1.52(m,12H),1.42-1.39(m,3H),0.82-0.60(m,6H)。实施例48实施例49实施例50实施例51
SM-437的分析数据:1H NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ7.45(m,1H),7.30(m,4H),7.14(m,1H),7.02-6.84(m,2H),5.43(t,J=8.1Hz,1H),4.79(m,1H),4.39(m,1H),4.00-3.77(m,4H),3.56(m,1H),3.40(m,1H),3.00(m,6H),2.70(s,3H),2.49(m,1H),2.28(m,1H),2.00-1.75(m,6H),1.54(d,J=6.6Hz,3H),13C NMR(MeOH-d4,300M Hz)δ174.1,173.0,169.1,168.5,143.6,143.2,137.4,130.6,127.7,126.5,124.5,124.4,62.1,57.3,54.8,52.6,51.6,46.6,35.1,33.4,32.4,31.4,30.8,30.0,27.5,15.2。实施例52抑制剂与XIAP的结合
为了试验构象约束的Smac模拟物与IAP蛋白的结合能力,开发了使用基于荧光偏振(FP)的方法的敏感和定量的体外结合试验并将其用于测定Smac模拟物与XIAP蛋白的结合亲和性(Nikolovska-Coleska等人,Anal.Biochem.332:261-73(2004))。对于这一试验,将5-羧基荧光素(5-Fam)与突变的Smac肽AbuRPF-K-(5-Fam)-NH2(称作SM5F)的赖氨酸侧链耦合。SM5F肽与XIAP BIR3蛋白的结合的Kd值测定为17.92nM,其表明该肽与XIAP蛋白的表面袋结合,具有高亲和性。与His-标记物稠合的人XIAP(残基241-356)的重组XIAP BIR3蛋白是稳定的和可溶的,并且用于基于FP的结合试验。
采用试验化合物在DMSO中的连续稀释液进行剂量依赖性FP结合实验。在Dynex 96孔黑色圆底板(Fisher Scientific)中添加在试验缓冲液(100mM磷酸钾,pH值7.5;100μg/ml牛γ球蛋白;0.02%叠氮化钠,从InvitrogenTM Life Technology购买)中的试验样品和预培养的XIAP BIR3蛋白质(30nM)和SM5F肽(5nM)的5μl样品以产生125μl的最终体积。对于每一试验,包括含重组XIAP BIR3蛋白和SM5F的结合肽对照物(相当于0%抑制)和仅含游离SM5F的游离肽对照物(相当于100%抑制)。当结合达到平衡时,在3小时培养之后,使用ULTRA READER(Tecan U.S.Inc.,Research Triangle Park,NC)测量偏振值。使用非线性最小二乘分析,由曲线图测定IC50值,即置换50%结合肽时的抑制剂浓度。使用GRAPHPAD PRISM软件(GraphPad Software,Inc.,San Diego,CA)进行曲线拟合。
可替代地,在最优化的程序中,使用Ultra平板读数器(Tecan,Research Triangle Park,NC),在ThermoLabsystems,黑色圆底平板(Fisher Scientific)中进行FP实验。用活性化合物的连续稀释液实施剂量依赖性结合实验。在96-孔中,添加试验缓冲液(100mM磷酸钾,pH 7.5;100ug/ml牛γ球蛋白;0.02%叠氮化钠)中的被测试化合物以及预孵育的XIAP BIR3(30nM)和SM5F Smac-Flu肽(5nM)的5μl样品,以产生125μl的最终体积。对于每次试验,将含有XIAP-BIR3和SM5F Smac-Flu的阴性对照(相当于0%抑制)以及只含有游离Smac-Flu肽的阳性对照(相当于100%抑制)包含在每个实验板上。在振荡器上将所述板混合15分钟并在室温孵育1-3小时。在485nm激发波长和530nm发射波长,测量偏振值。由方程式%抑制=100[1-(mP-mPf)/(mPb-mPf)]产生抑制百分比,式中mPf是游离肽对照(最小mP)并且mPb是结合肽对照(最大mP)。使用非线性最小二剩分析,由所述图确定IC50,即50%的结合肽被置换时的抑制剂浓度,并且使用GraphPad软件进行曲线拟合。使用专门为基于FP的试验而开发的数学方法和软件,由测定的SM5F的IC50值和Kd值产生Smac模拟物的Ki值。
在所述结合试验中测试时,如表2中所示,本发明的构象约束的Smac模拟物表现出强的与XIAP BIR3蛋白的结合亲和性。这些结合亲和性比天然Smac肽AVPI(SEQ ID NO:1)的结合亲和性(1,183±441nM)好多于10倍。这些数据提示,所述构象约束的Smac模拟物将充当IAP活性的强效抑制剂。表2
实施例53抑制剂与其它IAP蛋白的结合
名称 | IC50(μM) |
SM-401 | <1 |
SM-402 | <1 |
SM-403 | <1 |
YP-245P3 | <100 |
YP-246P | <10 |
SM-330 | <1 |
SM-337 | <1 |
SM-350 | <1 |
SM-356 | <1 |
SM-376 | <0.1 |
SM-377 | <0.1 |
SM-404 | <1 |
SM-405 | <1 |
SM-406 | <0.1 |
SM-407 | <1 |
SM-408 | <1 |
SM-409 | <1 |
SM-412 | <10 |
SM-413 | <1 |
SM-414 | <1 |
SM-415 | <1 |
SM-416 | <1 |
SM-418 | <1 |
SM-419 | <1 |
SM-420 | <1 |
SM-421 | <1 |
SM-422 | <1 |
SM-423 | <10 |
SM-424 | <10 |
SM-425 | <1 |
SM-426 | <10 |
SM-427 | <1 |
SM-428 | >10 |
SM-429 | <1 |
SM-430 | <1 |
SM-431 | <1 |
SM-432 | <1 |
SM-433 | <1 |
SM-434 | <10 |
SM-207 | <1 |
SM-209 | <1 |
SM-210 | <1 |
SM-211 | <1 |
SM-212 | <1 |
SM-213 | <1 |
SM-222 | <1 |
SM-230 | <10 |
SM-227 | <1 |
为了测试构象约束的Smac模拟物与其它IAP蛋白(ML-IAP,cIAP1,以及cIAP2)的结合能力,开发并最优化了结合试验条件。在结合试验中,使用了与His-标记物稠合的重组cIAP1 BIR3结构域(残基253-363)、cIAP2 BIR3结构域(残基238-349)和ML-IAPBIR3结构域(残基63-179)。与关于XIAP BIR3所述的相似,进行了对于其它IAP蛋白的竞争结合试验。简言之,使用了相同高亲和性示踪物SM5F Smac-Flu肽,其结合cIAP1、cIAP2和ML-IAP,具有高亲和性:分别为4.1nM、6.6nM和160nM。在竞争试验中使用了下列蛋白浓度和示踪物:10nM cIAP1和2nM SM5F,25nM cIAP2和2nM SM5F,300nM ML-IAP和5nM SM5F。实施例54构象约束的Smac模拟物抑制细胞生长
测试了本发明化合物对不同癌细胞系的生长的影响。将细胞以3000细胞/孔的密度与试验化合物一起接种在96-孔平底细胞培养板上并将细胞在37℃下在95%空气和5%CO2的气氛中培养4天。使用WST-8试剂盒和(2-(2-甲氧基-4-硝基苯基)-3-(4-硝基苯基)-5-(2,4二磺苯基)-2H-四唑鎓一钠盐;Dojindo Molecular Technologies,Inc.,Gaithersburg,Maryland),测定在用不同浓度化合物处理之后的细胞生长抑制率。以10%的最终浓度将WST-8添加到每一孔中,然后在37℃下培养所述板2-3小时。使用ULTRA Tecan读数器(MolecularDevice)在450nm下测量样品的吸光度。通过比较未处理的细胞和用试验化合物处理过的细胞中的吸光度,计算试验化合物抑制细胞生长50%的浓度(IC50)。
当针对MDA-MB-2131人乳腺癌细胞系测试时,如表3中所示,本发明的化合物显示出强抑制活性,这表明所述化合物是癌细胞生长的强效抑制剂。当针对SK-OV-3卵巢癌细胞系测试时,所述化合物甚至更强效(表3)。表3
实施例55YP-337诱导细胞死亡
名称 | MDA-MB-231IC50(μM) | SK-OV-3IC50(μM) |
YP-337 | <1 | <1 |
YP-376 | <1 | <1 |
SM-401 | <1 | <1 |
SM-402 | <1 | <1 |
SM-403 | <1 | <1 |
SM-404 | <1 | <1 |
YP-245P3 | >1 | 未测试 |
YP-246P | >1 | 未测试 |
SM-330 | <1 | 未测试 |
SM-350 | <1 | <1 |
SM-356 | <1 | 未测试 |
SM-377 | <1 | <1 |
SM-405 | <1 | <1 |
SM-406 | <1 | <1 |
SM-407 | <1 | <1 |
SM-408 | <1 | <1 |
SM-409 | <1 | <1 |
SH-207 | <1 | <1 |
SM-412 | >1 | >1 |
SM-413 | <100 | <100 |
SM-414 | <100 | <100 |
SM-415 | <1 | <1 |
SM-416 | <10 | <10 |
SM-418 | <10 | <10 |
SM-419 | <10 | <10 |
SM-420 | <1 | <1 |
SM-421 | <1 | <1 |
SM-422 | <1 | <1 |
SM-423 | <100 | <100 |
SM-424 | >10 | >10 |
SM-425 | <10 | <10 |
SM-426 | <10 | <10 |
SM-427 | <1 | <1 |
SM-428 | >5 | >5 |
SM-429 | <10 | <10 |
SM-430 | <10 | <10 |
SM-431 | <1 | <1 |
SM-432 | <10 | <10 |
SM-433 | <10 | <10 |
SM-434 | <10 | <10 |
SM-207 | <10 | <10 |
SM-209 | <10 | <10 |
SM-210 | <1 | <1 |
SM-211 | <10 | <10 |
SM-212 | <10 | <10 |
SM-213 | <10 | <10 |
SM-222 | <1 | <1 |
SM-230 | <100 | <100 |
SM-227 | <10 | <10 |
测试了YP-337诱导乳腺癌MDA-MB-231和卵巢癌SK-OV-3细胞系中细胞死亡的能力(表4)。用YP-337处理细胞48小时并用锥虫蓝排出试验测定了细胞存活力。表4实施例56SM-406(AT-406)在乳腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌异种移植(裸鼠)模型中测试了SM-406(AT-406)充当抗肿瘤剂的能力。每周qd X 5给予SM-406(AT-406),持续两周。如图1中所说明的,SM-406(AT-406)在30、100和200mg/kg剂量的SM-406(AT-406)下表现出抗肿瘤活性。在100和200mg/kg下观察到至多11%的剂量依赖性体重减轻。实施例57SM-406(AT-406)和泰索帝在前列腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在PC-3前列腺癌异种移植(裸鼠)模型中测试了SM-406(AT-406)单独和联合泰索帝充当抗肿瘤剂的能力。每周qd X 5给予SM-406(AT-406),每周一次给予泰索帝,持续两周。如图2中所说明的,100和200mg/kg剂量的SM-406(AT-406)表现出抗肿瘤活性。另外,SM-406(AT-406)(100mg/kg)联合泰索帝(8mg/kg)表现出增强的抗肿瘤活性。实施例58SM-406(AT-406)和在前列腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在PC-3前列腺癌异种移植(裸鼠)模型中中测试了SM-406(AT-406)单独和联合充当抗肿瘤剂的能力。每周qd X 5给予SM-406(AT-406),每周bid X 5给予持续两周。如图3中所说明的,100和200mg/kg剂量的SM-406(AT-406)表现出抗肿瘤活性。另外,SM-406(AT-406)(100mg/kg)联合(90mg/kg)表现出增强的抗肿瘤活性。实施例59SM-406(AT-406)和泰索帝在乳腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在2LMP乳腺癌异种移植模型中测试了单独和联合泰索帝SM-406(AT-406)充当抗肿瘤剂的能力。每周qd X 5给予SM-406(AT-406),每周一次给予泰索帝,持续两周。如图4中所说明的,100mg/kg剂量的SM-406(AT-406)表现出抗肿瘤活性。另外,SM-406(AT-406)(100mg/kg)联合泰索帝(12mg/kg)表现出抗肿瘤活性。实施例60SM-406(AT-406)和在乳腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在2LMP乳腺癌异种移植模型中中测试了SM-406(AT-406)单独和联合充当抗肿瘤剂的能力。每周qd X 5给予SM-406(AT-406),qd给予持续两周。如图5中所说明的,30、100和200mg/kg剂量的SM-406(AT-406)表现出抗肿瘤活性。另外,SM-406(AT-406)(30、100和200mg/kg)联合(90mg/kg)表现出增强的抗肿瘤活性。实施例61SM-406(AT-406)在胰腺癌异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在Panc-1胰腺癌异种移植模型中中测试了SM-406(AT-406)充当抗肿瘤剂的能力。每周qd X 5给予SM-406(AT-406)。如图6中所说明的,30和100mg/kg剂量的SM-406(AT-406)表现出抗肿瘤活性。实施例62SM-406(AT-406)乳腺癌异种移植模型的给药方案最优化
如图7中所说明的,使用200mg/kg的SM-406(AT-406),实施了旨在最优化SM-406(AT-406)在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌异种移植(裸鼠)模型中的给药方案的研究。以qd X 5,每周第1-5天,qd X 3,每周第1-3天或每周一次的给药产生抗肿瘤活性。与其它给药方案相比,在每周给药中体重减轻较小(<5%)。实施例63SM-406在癌细胞系中的体外活性
在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞系、SK-OV-3和OVCAR-4卵巢癌细胞系以及SK-Mel-2黑素瘤癌细胞系中测试了SM-406作为单一药剂抑制细胞生长的能力。处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定了细胞生长。如图8中所说明的,SM-406抑制全部四种癌细胞系,对MDA-MB-231、SK-OV-3、SK-Mel-2和OVCAR-4的IC50值分别为82nM、238nM、6638nM和926nM。实施例64SM-406在癌细胞系中的体外活性
在HL-60和SR白血病细胞系中测试了SM-406作为单一药剂抑制细胞生长的能力。处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图9中所说明的,SM-406抑制两种细胞系,IC50值分别为58nM和7290nM。实施例65SM-406在癌细胞系中的体外活性
在BT-549、MDA-MB-415、SUM-159、MDA-MB-468、MDA-MB-453和2LMP人乳腺癌细胞系中测试了SM-406作为单一药剂抑制细胞生长的能力。处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图10中所说明的,在全部六种细胞系中SM-406抑制了细胞生长。实施例66SM-406联合TNFα在MDA-MB-436细胞系中的体外活性
在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-436中测试了SM-406联合TNFα,以及SM-428作为单一药剂抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用TNFα或联合不同浓度的SM-406,或用SM-428处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图11中所说明的,与单独用TNFα处理相比,SM-406联合TNFα表现出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例67SM-406联合TNFα在SUM-159细胞系中的体外活性
在人乳腺癌细胞系SUM-159中测试了SM-406联合TNFα,以及SM-428作为单一药剂抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用TNFα或联合不同浓度的SM-406,或用SM-428处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图12中所说明的,与单独用TNFα处理相比,SM-406联合TNFα表现出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例68SM-406联合TRAIL在Panc-1细胞系中的体外活性
在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中测试了SM-406联合TRAIL抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用TRAIL或联合不同浓度的SM-406处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图13中所说明的,与单独用TRAIL处理相比,SM-406联合TRAIL表现出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例69SM-406联合TRAIL在MDA-231(2LMP)细胞系中的体外活性
在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231(2LMP)中测试了SM-406联合TRAIL抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用TRAIL或联合不同浓度的SM-406处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图14中所说明的,与单独用TRAIL处理相比,SM-406联合TRAIL表现出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例70SM-406联合吉西他滨在Panc-1细胞系中的体外活性
在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中测试了SM-406联合吉西他滨抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用吉西他滨或联合不同浓度的SM-406处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图15中所说明的,与单独用吉西他滨处理相比,SM-406联合吉西他滨显示出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例71SM-406联合米托蒽醌在Panc-1细胞系中的体外活性
在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中测试了SM-406联合米托蒽醌抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用米托蒽醌或联合不同浓度的SM-406处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图16中所说明的,与单独用米托蒽醌处理相比,SM-406联合米托蒽醌表现出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例72SM-406联合Roscovitine在PC3细胞系中的体外活性
在人前列腺细胞系PC3中测试了SM-406联合roscovitine(Ros)抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用SM-406或联合不同浓度的roscovitine处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图17中所说明的,SM-406联合roscovitine抑制细胞生长。实施例73SM-406联合泰索帝在MDA-MB-453细胞系中的体外活性
在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-453中测试了SM-406联合泰索帝(TXT)抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用TXT或联合不同浓度的SM-406处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如中图18所说明的,与单独用泰索帝处理相比,SM-406联合泰索帝显示出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例74SM-406联合VP-16在Panc-1细胞系中的体外活性
在人胰腺细胞系Panc-1中测试了SM-406联合VP-16抑制细胞生长的能力。单独用VP-16或联合不同浓度的SM-406处理细胞4天。使用基于WST的试验,测定细胞生长。如图19中所说明的,与单独用VP-16处理相比,单独SM-406联合VP-16表现出增强的抑制细胞生长。实施例75SM-406对MDA-MB-231细胞中cIAP-1蛋白的作用
在MDA-MB-231癌细胞中测定了SM-406和SM-428对cIAP-1蛋白的作用。以不同的浓度和在不同的时间点,用SM-406或SM-428处理细胞。通过蛋白质印迹,分析了蛋白水平。如图20中所说明的,SM-406降低了cIAP-1蛋白水平。实施例76SM-406对SK-OV-3细胞中的cIAP-1和cIAP-2蛋白的作用
在SK-OV-3癌细胞中测定了SM-406和SM-428对cIAP-1和cIAP-2蛋白的作用。以不同的浓度和在不同的时间点,用SM-406或SM-428处理细胞。通过蛋白质印迹,分析了蛋白水平。如图21中所说明的,SM-406降低了cIAP-1和cIAP-2蛋白水平。实施例77SM-406诱导MDA-MB-231细胞中的编程性细胞死亡
在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞中测定了SM-406或SM-428对编程性细胞死亡的诱导。用SM-406或SM-428处理细胞不同时间期间,并使用流式细胞仪,通过FITC膜联蛋白V/碘化丙锭染色,分析了编程性细胞死亡。如图22中所说明的,在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞中,3μM的SM-406诱导了编程性细胞死亡。实施例78SM-406诱导SK-OV-3细胞中的编程性细胞死亡
在SK-OV-3卵巢癌细胞中测定了SM-406或SM-428对编程性细胞死亡的诱导。用不同浓度的SM-406或SM-428处理细胞。使用流式细胞仪,通过FITC膜联蛋白V/碘化丙锭染色,分析了编程性细胞死亡。如图23中所说明的,在SK-OV-3卵巢癌细胞中,0.1、0.3、1和3μM的SM-406诱导了编程性细胞死亡。实施例79SM-406诱导Panc-1细胞中的编程性细胞死亡
在Panc-1胰腺癌细胞中测定了SM-406或SM-428对编程性细胞死亡的诱导。用不同浓度的SM-406或SM-428处理细胞。使用流式细胞仪,通过FITC膜联蛋白V/碘化丙锭染色,分析了编程性细胞死亡。如图24中所说明的,在panc-1胰腺癌细胞中,0.3、1和3μM的SM-406诱导了编程性细胞死亡。实施例80SM-406在MDA-MB-231异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在严重并发性免疫缺陷型(SCID)小鼠中的人乳腺癌的MDA-MB-231异种移植模型中,测试了SM-406充当抗肿瘤药的能力。当肿瘤生长至150mm3的平均尺寸时,开始处理。通过经口管饲法,每天给予SM-406,每周5天,持续2周。静脉内(i.v.)给予泰索帝,每周一次,持续2周。如图25中所说明的,30和100mg/kg PO的SM-406表现出抗肿瘤活性。实施例81SM-406在PC-3异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在裸鼠中的人前列腺癌的PC-3异种移植模型中测试了SM-406充当抗肿瘤药的能力。当肿瘤生长至100mm3的平均尺寸时,开始处理。经口管饲法,在第15-25天之间,每天给予SM-406,每周5天,持续2周,并且在第43-53天之间持续另外2周。在第16、23和44天,静脉内(i.v.)给予泰索帝,每周一次,持续3周。如图26中所说明的,SM-406单独或联合泰索帝显示出抗肿瘤活性。实施例82SM-406在2LMP异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性
在裸鼠中的人乳腺癌的2LMP异种移植模型中测试了SM-406充当抗肿瘤药的能力。在第16-26天之间,每天腹膜内(i.p.)或经口(p.o.)给予SM-406,持续10天。静脉内(i.v.)给予泰索帝,每周一次,持续2周。在第16-26天之间,每天一次腹膜内给予肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-相关的编程性细胞死亡诱导性配体(TRAIL),持续10天。如图27中所说明的,SM-406单独或联合TRAIL表现出抗肿瘤活性。实施例83SM-406与IAP蛋白的BIR3结构域的结合
使用基于荧光-偏振的结合试验,测定了SM-406和SM-428与IAP蛋白四个成员的BIR3结构域的竞争结合曲线。测试的IAP蛋白包括:(A)XIAP;(B)cIAP1;(C)cIAP2;(D)ML-IAP。如图28中所说明的,SM-406与全部四种IAP蛋白结合。现在充分描述了本发明,本领域的技术人员理解,可以在不影响本发明的保护范围的广泛和等效范围的条件、配方和其它参数内实施本发明,或其任意实施方案。通过参考将本申请中引用的所有专利、专利申请和出版物一起全部内容完全并入本文。
Claims (12)
2.药物组合物,其包含权利要求1的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体。
3.权利要求1的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备药物中的用途,其中所述药物用于治疗、缓解或预防动物中对编程性细胞死亡的诱导有反应的障碍。
4.权利要求1的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备药物中的用途,其中所述药物用于治疗、缓解或预防动物中的癌症。
5.权利要求4的用途,其中所述的治疗、缓解或预防还包括给予抗癌药。
6.权利要求4的用途,其中所述的治疗、缓解或预防还包括给予TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的激动剂。
7.权利要求6的用途,其中所述TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的激动剂是抗体。
8.权利要求4~7任一项的用途,其中所述的癌症选自乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、白血病、黑素瘤、结肠癌、肝癌、多发性骨髓瘤、肾细胞癌和软组织肉瘤。
9.权利要求8的用途,其中所述的白血病选自急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病和急性髓细胞性白血病。
10.权利要求4~7任一项的用途,其中所述药物用于防止或抑制动物中的血管发生。
11.药剂盒,其包含权利要求1的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和将所述化合物给予动物的用法说明。
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PCT/US2008/060215 WO2008128171A2 (en) | 2007-04-13 | 2008-04-14 | Diazo bicyclic smac mimetics and the uses thereof |
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