CN101674949B - 用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统 - Google Patents

用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101674949B
CN101674949B CN200880014485.2A CN200880014485A CN101674949B CN 101674949 B CN101674949 B CN 101674949B CN 200880014485 A CN200880014485 A CN 200880014485A CN 101674949 B CN101674949 B CN 101674949B
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motor
hybrid propulsion
driving system
combustion engine
connecting device
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CN101674949A (zh
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F·马丁尼
A·卡莱奥
L·卡尔米尼亚尼
P·卡波泽拉
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Piaggio and C SpA
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Piaggio and C SpA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/448—Electrical distribution type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
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    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2054—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed by controlling transmissions or clutches
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    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
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    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B60K2006/262—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators the motor or generator are used as clutch, e.g. between engine and driveshaft
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，所述摩托车包括至少一个内燃机(10)和至少一个驱动轮(22)。所述系统包括第一电机(14)和第二电机(18)，所述第一电机(14)设置有连接至所述至少一个内燃机(10)的第一机械连接装置(12)，所述第二电机(18)通过电气和/或电子连接装置(16)和/或第二机械连接装置(20)与所述第一电机(14)联接，并且通过第二机械连接装置(20)与驱动轮(22)联接。

Description

用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统
技术领域
本发明涉及用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，特别涉及用于小型摩托车的混合推进和传动系统。
背景技术
近年来，已经进行了大量的研究致力于减少交通运输带来的污染排放，尤其是应对空气质量通常已经到达警戒线的市中心的情形。该研究第一步主要关注机动车和工业车辆，几年后也涉及两轮摩托车工业。该研究集中于两个不同的方向，但是具有共同的目标，那就是制造越来越少的污染车辆。
通常，该研究活动将注意力集中在推进的替换形式上，例如混合推进系统。事实上，在这类推进系统中，普通内燃机上增加有电机。其目标在于优化车辆的整体效率，使得内燃机运转在提升的性能水平上，在减速和制动过程中回收能量，在某些情况下，允许单独进行电气推进。
迄今为止，内燃机和电机之间的联合有三种主要类型，为“串联混合”、“并联混合”和“混联混合”。
在“串联混合”中，内燃机不是直接地连接至车轮，而是简单地用于产生供给电机所需的动力，该电机将动力转换为运动。剩余的能量用来对设置的电池充电。然而，“串联混合”推进的最大缺点在于相对于仅仅使用内燃机其效率大大下降，尤其是在匀速和高速条件下。这是因为在热能/电能/运动转换期间，部分能量消散了。相反，在传统的直接型传动的情况下不会出现这样的能量消散。
“并联混合”型发动机不会出现上述缺陷，在该“并联混合”型发动机中，两个发动机，电机和内燃机，都能够将扭矩供给至车辆的驱动轮。然而，采用这类发动机的车辆在正常使用条件下，通常会出现内燃机供给的功率高于电机供给的功率的情况，因而仅能实现较有限的污染排放和燃料消耗性能。
最后，在“混联混合”型系统中，能够容易地从串联系统转为并联系统，反之亦然。然而，这种类型的混合系统与前述类型的系统相比，制造成本大大增加。
发明内容
因而，本发明的目的在于提供一种用于摩托车，尤其是小型摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，通常能够克服上述技术缺陷。
具体地，本发明的目的在于提供一种用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，其中内燃机与车轮独立，同时确保整个推进系统具有最大效率条件。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供一种用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，其中内燃机总是能够在最大效率条件下运转，显著地节省燃料，几乎完全减小污染物质排放。
此外，本发明另一个目的在于提供一种用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，其中与传统类型的混合推进系统相比成本制造成本增加不大。
本发明的这些和其它目的是通过提供如权利要求1所述的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统而实现。
本发明的进一步特征由下面的权利要求概括。
附图说明
参考附图，从以下示例性但非限制性的说明中，根据本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的特征和优点将会更加清楚，其中：
图1为根据本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的第一实施例的示意图；
图2为根据本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的第二实施例的示意图；
图3为图2中所示实施例的第一种变型的示意图；
图4为图2中所示实施例的第二种变型的示意图；以及
图5为图2中所示实施例可能实施在小型摩托车上的示意图。
具体实施方式
具体参考图1，其示出了本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的第一实施例。在这个限定为“串联混合”的构造中，系统首先包括内燃机10或热机，该内燃机10或热机设置有连接至第一电机14的第一机械连接装置12。接下来，第一电机14通过电气和/或电子设备16连接至第二电机18，第二电机18能够通过第二机械连接装置20将运动传递至摩托车的至少一个驱动轮22。
在这种构造中，“串联混合”在热机10和驱动轮22之间没有设置直接的机械连接，但是由热机10自身提供的所有机械功率都转换为电能，传递至与车轮22一体地联接的电机18，电机18再将电能转换为机械推进功率。
应当指出，上述第一机械连接装置12和第二机械连接装置20可以包括例如连接杆、带(梯形带、同步带等)、具有蜗杆的平行轴减速器、行星齿轮减速器、具有蜗杆和齿轮的减速器、锥轮(conical-wheeled)减速器或其它已知类型的类型设备。而电气和/或电子连接装置16可以为二极管电桥、逆变器或其它等效的电气和/或电子装置。
此外，采用与传统混合推进系统类似的方式，可以设置一个或多个蓄电池装置24，该一个或多个蓄电池装置24直接连接至电气和/或电子设备16。蓄电池装置24可以由比如与超级电容器不同的基于Pb、Pb-gel、Ni-Mh、Li-Ion的电池构成，该蓄电池装置24具有回收由电机14和18产生的剩余电能的功能，以便将该剩余电能供给至安装在摩托车上的各种装置，或者调节两个电机14和18自身的运转。
在用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的这个实施例中，为了将热机10的最大功率传递至车轮22，电机14和18的尺寸必须设计成能达到热机10本身的最大功率。因此，为了转换为推进功率，所有由热机10产生的功率必须经历长的转换和传动系统，降低了系统的总体性能。
图2示出了根据本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的第一实施例。在该实施例中，第一电机14和第二电机18彼此之间直接连接，并且都通过第二机械连接装置20连接至摩托车的驱动轮22。采用这种方式，能够将热机10的一部分功率直接传递至驱动轮22。从而，根据内燃机10的运转状况可以作为发电机和推进器的两个电机14和18必须相对于由发动机10自身供给的功率供给减小量的功率，这在成本、整体尺寸、重量和效率方面明显有利。
与已知类型的“并联混合”推进系统相反，热机10不是一体地联接至驱动轮22，从而可以分离各自的转速。因此，这允许根据消耗和污染物质排放在怠速转速下运转热机10。
图3示出了根据本发明的“混联混合”推进系统可能的优选变型。两个电机14和18以同中心的方式安装，使得第二电机18的转子一体地联接至第一电机14的旋转定子。这种变型使得整体尺寸有效降低，从而对于小尺寸的摩托车和小型摩托车而言尤其必要。
图4示出了根据本发明的“混联混合”的另一个优选变型。在该变型中，热机10和两个电机14、18通过行星齿轮减速器26的插入而连接至用于将运动传递至驱动轮22的机械连接装置20。
图5示出了根据本发明的“混联混合”推进系统可能的实施。该实施为示例性的而非限制性的，尤其涉及两轮车辆，比如小型摩托车，并且能够代替传统的无极变速器(CVT)。
热机10联结(journal)至第一电机14的定子28，该第一电机14可以如前所述运转为发电机和推进器。在该构造中，定子28能够被热机10的轴驱动旋转。从而，第一电机14的转子30通过由比如同步带或轴构成的机械连接装置20一体地联接至第二电机18的转子34。相反，第二电机18的定子36刚性地约束至摩托车的框架的固定部分，从而不能旋转。第二电机18的转子34一体地联接至主减速器32的输入轴38，从而联接至摩托车的驱动轮22。
根据本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统的运转状况取决于热机10的转速ω1和第一电机14的转速ω2之间的比，可概述如下。
-情形1：ω1＞ω2
在该情形下，以较高速度旋转的热机10使第一电机14的转子30旋转，从而第一电机14作为发电机运转。因而，由热机10供给的功率的一部分传递至机械联接设备32，由此接下来传递至驱动轮22，同时功率的剩余部分通过第一电机14转换为电功率，并且根据需求，通过电气和/或电子连接装置16传递至第二电机18，第二电机18将其进一步转换为传递给驱动轮22的机械功率，或者通过电气和/或电子连接装置16传递至蓄电池装置24，或者通过电气和/或电子连接装置16传递至第二电机18和蓄电池装置24两者。
因而，如果热机10的转速ω1高于第一电机14的转速ω2，那么该第一电机14运转为发电机，而第二电机18运转为推进器。
-情形2：ω1＝ω2
如果与第一电机14的定子28一体地联接的热机10的转速等于同一电机14的转子30的转速，那么该电机14应当运转为电磁联接器，吸收可能由第二电机18或蓄电池装置24或者这两者供给的任何电流。从而在这种情况下，第一电机14运转为电磁联接器，而第二电机18可运转为发电机，与蓄电池装置24并联供给第一电机14。
-情形3：ω1＜ω2
一旦热机10达到其最大转速，第一电机14开始运转为推进器，由蓄电池装置24或在这种情况下运转为发电机的第二电机18或者这两者通过电气和/或电子连接装置16供给第一电机14。
从而，如果热机10的转速ω1低于第一电机14的转速ω2，那么该第一电机14运转为推进器，而第二电机18运转为发电机，与蓄电池装置24并联供给第一电机14。
在尺寸选择方式上，为了安装在小型摩托车上，第二电机18的整体尺寸在直径上可以与离合器罩类似，由于消除了整个CVT传动组，所以在设置有根据本发明的系统的小型摩托车中不存在离合器罩。另一方面，关于第一电机14，其优选地比第二电机18小，因为该第一电机14应当传递的最大扭矩等于由热机10供给的最大扭矩。
因此，由于存在位于内燃机10下游的两个电机14和18，该发动机10可以与驱动轮22机械地分离，从而能够不考虑道路负荷和车速来控制发动机。采用这种方式，内燃机10可以主要以稳定方式运转，从而以固定的转速运转，并且能够在车辆停止阶段切断该内燃机。当车辆移动时可以通过两个电机14和18之一重新起动内燃机10，相反可以比如借助另一个电机执行车辆自身的起动。
内燃机10与驱动轮22分离的可能性允许控制加速和减速阶段，考虑到污染物质的排放以及消耗量，尽量使马达10自身在怠速水平下运转。
由于具有与驱动轮22一体地联接的两个电机中的一个18，所以根据本发明的系统允许在减速和制动阶段回收能量。此外，能够利用该电机18进行推进，使得车辆在局部上部产生气体和噪声排放。
从而可以看到，根据本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统达到了前述的目的，具体获得了以下的优点：
-热机与摩托车的驱动轮或多个驱动轮独立，能够使该热机在污染物质排放和消耗量方面均有效率的怠速水平下运转；
-能够以安静的方式起动热机，当车辆停止时能够切断该热机，并且能够仅仅在借助安装在车辆自身上的两个电机之一达到预设速度的情况下重新起动该热机；
-摩托车的电气推进使得气体和噪声排放局部消失；
-在制动和减速的情况下回收能量；
-降低了在动力从热机传递至驱动轮的过程中的消散；以及
-能够以连续的方式改变传动比。
从而，可以想到本发明的用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统在任何情况下都能够容易地进行各种改变和变型，其均落在相同的发明概念内；此外，可以由其它的技术上等效的元件替换所有的零件。实际上，所使用的材料以及形状和尺寸都可以根据技术要求进行变化。
从而，本发明的保护范围有所附的权利要求书限定。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于摩托车的混合推进和传动系统，所述摩托车包括至少一个内燃机(10)和至少一个驱动轮(22)，所述至少一个内燃机具有轴，所述混合推进和传动系统包括第一电机(14)和第二电机(18)，所述第一电机(14)具有转子(30)和旋转定子，并设置有连接至所述至少一个内燃机(10)的第一机械连接装置(12)，所述第二电机(18)具有转子(34)，并通过电气和/或电子连接装置(16)与所述第一电机(14)联接并且通过第二机械连接装置(20)联接至所述至少一个驱动轮(22)，所述第一电机(14)通过所述第二机械连接装置(20)与所述第二电机(18)联接，并且所述第一电机通过所述第二机械连接装置(20)与所述至少一个驱动轮(22)联接，其中，所述内燃机(10)的轴仅联结至所述第一电机(14)的旋转定子(28)，从而所述旋转定子(28)能够由所述内燃机(10)的轴驱动旋转。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合推进和传动系统，还包括直接连接至所述电气和/或电子连接装置(16)的一个或多个蓄电池装置(24)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述第一电机(14)和所述第二电机(18)以同中心的方式安装，使得所述第二电机(18)的转子一体地联接至所述第一电机(14)的旋转定子。
4.根据权利要求1所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述内燃机(10)以及所述第一电机(14)和所述第二电机(18)通过行星齿轮减速器(26)的插入而连接至用于将运动传递至所述至少一个驱动轮(22)的所述第二机械连接装置(20)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述第一电机(14)的转子(30)通过所述第二机械连接装置(20)一体地联接至所述第二电机(18)的转子(34)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述第二电机(18)的定子(36)刚性地约束至所述摩托车的框架的固定部分。
7.根据权利要求5所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述第二电机(18)的所述转子(34)一体地联接至主减速器(32)的输入轴(38)，所述主减速器(32)进而一体地联接至所述至少一个驱动轮(22)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述第一机械连接装置(12)和所述第二机械连接装置(20)从由以下部件构成的组中选择：
-连接轴；
-梯形带；
-同步带；
-平行轴减速器；
-行星齿轮减速器；
-具有蜗杆和齿轮的减速器；
-锥轮减速器。
9.根据权利要求1所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述电气和/或电子连接装置(16)为二极管电桥和/或逆变器的形式。
10.根据权利要求2所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述一个或多个蓄电池装置(24)由基于Pb、Pb-gel、Ni-Mh或Li-Ion的电池构成。
11.根据权利要求2所述的混合推进和传动系统，其特征在于，所述一个或多个蓄电池装置(24)由超级电容器构成。
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