CN101657678A - 光束成形器 - Google Patents

光束成形器 Download PDF

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CN101657678A
CN101657678A CN200880011268A CN200880011268A CN101657678A CN 101657678 A CN101657678 A CN 101657678A CN 200880011268 A CN200880011268 A CN 200880011268A CN 200880011268 A CN200880011268 A CN 200880011268A CN 101657678 A CN101657678 A CN 101657678A
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optical devices
diopter
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CN101657678B (zh
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L·蒙塔恩
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Signify Holding BV
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Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V5/00Refractors for light sources
    • F21V5/04Refractors for light sources of lens shape
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0004Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
    • G02B19/0009Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only
    • G02B19/0014Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only at least one surface having optical power
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G02B19/0047Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
    • G02B19/0061Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a LED
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/09Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
    • G02B27/0938Using specific optical elements
    • G02B27/095Refractive optical elements
    • G02B27/0955Lenses
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21SNON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S2/00Systems of lighting devices, not provided for in main groups F21S4/00 - F21S10/00 or F21S19/00, e.g. of modular construction
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21SNON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S8/00Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
    • F21S8/08Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21WINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2131/00Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
    • F21W2131/10Outdoor lighting
    • F21W2131/103Outdoor lighting of streets or roads
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21YINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10Light-emitting diodes [LED]

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Lenses (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于赋予LED发射的光束细长形状的光学装置,且涉及包括这种光学装置的路灯。该光学装置包括透镜(2),该透镜具有入射屈光度(2)和出射屈光度(4),该出射屈光度包括第一会聚段、第二会聚段和桥接所述第一和第二会聚段的发散段。

Description

光束成形器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于赋予光束所需形状的光学装置,该装置也被称为“光束成形器”。该光学装置尤其是关于照明相对于其宽度具有很大长度的表面,诸如道路、街道或高速公路。
背景技术
图1示意了装配有三个路灯11a、11b、11c的路段1的示意性透视图。路灯或枝状大烛台包括灯柱111和灯头112。每个路灯照亮路段1的相应街区12a、12b、12c,每个街区具有长度L。这些被照亮的街区可以在交叠区域13a、13ab、13bc、13c中稍有交叠。通常如图1所示,路灯设置在路段1的边缘14再往后。例如,它们竖立在路段1的边缘14上的人行道上。实际上,由于交通原因,不可能在需要照亮的区域上直接安装路灯,因为这样太危险。
已知提供横跨光路布置在灯头中的反射器,从而按适当角度将光束引导到街道。
而且,优选地,增加两个连续路灯11a和11b或11b和11c之间的距离以减小安装和维护成本。各种反射器系统已经被提出以提供细长的光束。这种反射器系统是相当笨重的。
对于街道照明,常见的光源是像钠蒸气灯的高强度放电灯、荧光灯泡或荧光灯管。然而,这些种类的光源十分笨重且它们需要频繁和耗时的维护。笨重的结果是灯头也笨重,这在刮风条件下可能是缺点。
发明内容
本发明实施例的一个目的是提供一种路灯,其允许纵向均匀地照亮街区而没有使街道用户感到眩目刺眼的风险。
本发明实施例的另一目的是提供一种路灯,其尤其在发光均匀性、发光强度、眩目和天空污染方面满足路灯照明规范。
本发明实施例的另一目的是提供一种具有减小的风敏感性的路灯。
本发明实施例的又一目的是提供一种几乎不需要维护的路灯。本发明实施例的还一目的是提供具有低操作成本的路灯。
为此,本发明实施例提出了一种用于赋予光束细长形状的也称为光束成形器的光学装置,所述光学装置包括透镜,该透镜具有(i)入射屈光度(diopter)和(ii)出射屈光度,该出射屈光度包括第一会聚段、第二会聚段和桥接所述第一和第二会聚段的发散段。
这种光学装置可用于成形光源发射的光束。通常,这种光束基本是圆的:它们具有旋转几何形状,最大光强度位于光束轴附近。本发明的光学装置重新分布光通量。这种重新分布导致具有优选纵向对称光分布的细长光束。
本发明的另一实施例提出一种尤其用于街道照明的灯头,其包括多个发光二极管(LED),每个LED布置在光束成形器的上游,所述光束成形器具有基本相同的方位。
由于使用LED作为微型光源,这种灯头可以相当薄。因为光束成形器全部具有基本相同的方位,即它们朝向相同的方向,不必提供反射器来相对于道路成直角的引导光束。这简化了灯头的制作。
本发明的这些和其他方面将从此后描述的实施例得以显现和得到阐述。
附图说明
现在参考附图,通过举例的方式更加详细地描述本发明,附图中:
图1示出装配有路灯的路段的示意性透视图;
图2示出根据本发明光学装置的第一实施例的不同示意性视图,即:直接剖面(图2A),纵向剖面(图2B),从上面看的透视图(图2C)以及从下面看的平面图(图2D);
图3示出从下面观看装配有本发明光学装置的路灯的细节的透视图;
图4示出沿着平面IV-IV的图3的细节剖面;
图5示出根据本发明光学装置的第二实施例的不同示意性视图,即:纵向剖面(图5A)和从下面看的平面图(图5B);
图6示意点状光源(punctual light source)发射的光线经过图2所示的光学装置沿着2D路径。
具体实施方式
本说明书中采用如下定义。用词“街道”、“道路”、“高速公路”等应被理解为具有类似的意义。
屈光度是分开具有不同折射率的两种光传播媒质的光学表面。光传播媒质的示例例如是空气、玻璃、聚甲基丙烯酸酯或其他塑料。
透镜是促使光会聚或发散的装置。透镜由诸如玻璃、聚甲基丙烯酸酯或其他塑料的一片成形材料制成。通常,透镜具有两个刻面或屈光度。刻面或刻面一部分可以是平整的(不弯曲)、凸面(从透镜向外凸起)或凹面(向透镜凹陷)。
二次曲面是二阶表面。例如,球体具有二次曲面。
元表面(metasurface)是元球(metaball)的表面。
元球定义如下。元球的每个成分Ci可以通过三维数学函数fi(x,y,z)定义,其中x,y,z是空间内点的坐标。选择阈值T。对于每个点(x,y,z),元球的每个成分的贡献总和S(x,y,z)被计算且与阈值T进行比较:
S ( x , y , z ) = Σ i = 1 n f i ( x , y , z ) (等式1)
该函数定义了标量场。如果S(x,y,z)小于阈值T,则点(x,y,z)位于元球的体积内;如果S(x,y,z)等于阈值T,则点(x,y,z)位于元球的表面上,即,位于元表面上。否则,点(x,y,z)位于元球外。换句话说,下面的不等式代表了成分Ci定义的元球中包括的体积:
Σ i = 1 n f i ( x , y , z ) ≤ T (等式2)
球体可以通过下面的等式表达,其中(x0,y0,z0)是球心的坐标,r是球体的半径:
( x - x 0 ) 2 + ( y - y 0 ) 2 + ( z - z 0 ) 2 - r = 0 (等式3)
此外,z为轴的圆柱体可以由下面的等式表达,其中r是圆柱体的半径:
( x - x 0 ) 2 + ( y - y 0 ) 2 - r = 0 (等式4)
已知的是,S(x,y,z)可以使用多项式函数近似以加速元球和元表面的计算。与元球和元表面相关的其他进展可以在因特网上找到。
如上所述,本发明的实施例涉及用于赋予光束细长形状的光学装置。所述光学装置包括具有入射屈光度和出射屈光度的透镜。出射屈光度包括第一会聚段、第二会聚段以及桥接所述第一和第二会聚段的发散段。在本发明的优选实施例中,所述发散段平滑地桥接出射屈光度的所述第一和第二会聚段。
优选地,透镜被设计为使得其能够将圆形光束成形为纵向具有基本均匀光强度的细长光束。这允许使用诸如发光二极管(LED)之类通常发射圆形光束的光源。其他光源也可能是适当的。然而,LED的优点在于它们是微型光源。因而,可以建立包含多个LED的薄灯头,每个LED装配有本发明的光学装置,以将圆形光束成形为细长光束。例如,LED及其相关光学装置以多列多行布置。通过为光束赋予合适的方位,可以引导细长光束朝向道路且照亮道路,而不是仅仅照亮直接位于灯头下的区域。而且,如下所述,在成行的LED之间,可以在LED后面(即,对于LED来讲是相对的光学装置)放置辐射体,这对于灯头的薄度具有最小的影响。而且,由于功率的高成本,高效率的LED是有益的。
图2示出本发明光学装置的第一实施例的不同视图。在该第一实施例中,透镜2具有凹面的入射屈光度3。入射屈光度3可以布置为用于光源的容纳布置31。入射屈光度的一般形状并不是透镜2的关键特征。然而,优选地,入射屈光度3的一般形状是球形或至少是二次曲面的。实际上,这种形状对于光线分布具有最小影响。这意味着,当经过这种入射屈光度,尤其是球形屈光度时,光线分布保持基本不受影响。
如图2所示,底面(base surface)5位于入射屈光度3和出射屈光度4之间的透镜2的基部。严格说来,底面5也应被认为是另一屈光度。然而,光源优选地应相对于入射屈光度3布置,例如布置在容纳布置31中,使得没有光从光源经过底面5。这并不表示绝对没有光经过底面5,而是仅表示光源发射的几乎所有光被导向入射屈光度3。优选地,底面5基本内接在基面内。这简化了本发明的光学装置的制作,且简化了所述光学装置在较大照明装置中的装配。然而,底面可以与平面IIA(图2B)形成角度。例如,底面可以包括形成角平面IIA的两个对称部分。
优选地,如图2所示,本发明的光学装置具有两个垂直对称平面IIA、IIB,它们也垂直于底面5内接的基面(base plane)。平面IIA和IIB在透镜2的中心线22相交。优选地,光源位于透镜2的中心线22上。优选地,所述容纳布置31具有经过所述光源的对称轴。
最重要的是透镜2的出射屈光度4的形状。实际上,出射屈光度的形状主要调节光束成形器的出射处的光线分布,且因而调节出射光束的强度。当使用圆形光束时,必须放大它以赋予其细长形状。因此,出射屈光度4包括第一会聚段41、第二会聚段42以及桥接所述第一和第二会聚段41、42的发散段43。这允许使得最初朝发散段集中的圆形光束发散到末梢会聚段41、42。会聚段41、42越近,出射光束越收缩。换句话说,发散段43贡献于出射光束放大,而会聚段41、42贡献于出射光束收缩。其间适当的平衡允许沿着出射光束的满意的光均匀性。
通过透镜2的对称可以实现较好的出射光束均匀性。因此,优选地,出射屈光度41包括旋转对称表面。
例如,如图2所示,旋转轴23垂直于透镜2的中心线22,且旋转轴23内接在对称面IIB中。当环绕轴23旋转包括在点C和D之间的曲线时,可以获得整个出射屈光度4。相应地,当出射屈光度4具有诸如球形表面的二次曲面时,出射屈光度4同样可被认为是入射屈光度3。
在本发明的优选实施例中,出射屈光度4的所述会聚段41、42包括诸如球形表面的二次曲面。在图2所示的实施例中,会聚段41、42是凸面且包括球形表面。这些凸面和球形表面贡献于元表面,该元表面还包括桥接发散段43中的圆柱体贡献,使得整个表面保持连续而没有斜面中断。发散段43源自于圆柱体,该圆柱体的轴经过两个球体的中心,而会聚段41、42源自于这两个球体。依赖于所需的应用,该圆柱体的高度可以等于或小于两个上述球体的距离。为了获得发散段43,圆柱体的半径应小于球体的半径。在会聚段中,球体对于元表面的贡献最显著,而在发散段中,圆柱体的贡献最显著。
通常,希望出射光束在光强度方面是纵向对称的。因此,例如如图2B所示,出射屈光度4的会聚段41、42应彼此对称。这种特征还简化了照明装置的制作,这是因为不存在透镜的适当取向(左或右)的问题。
图6说明了点状光源发射的光线经过如图2所示光学装置沿着2D路径。这种光源通常导致圆形光束。LED 7可以近似为点状光源。
图6示出透镜2对于LED 7发射的圆形光束的影响,且将所得的细长光束与不使用透镜2获得的圆形光束进行比较。两组光线被隔离:发射光束中心处(即,靠近透镜2的中心线22)的光线和光束外围的光线。出于说明目的,如果根据本领域中公知的半高宽方法测量圆形光束宽度,则光束“中心”处的光线可以是具有这样的方向的光线,该方向与中心线22的角度小于圆形光束的半宽,而光束“外围”处的光线可以是具有这样方向的光线,该方向与中心线22的角度大于圆形光束的半宽。
不使用光学装置2即通过光学71的直接传播获得的光束的中心通过点划线72界定。虚线73示出相同的光线在经过透镜2传播之后获得的光束。可以看出,光束的中心被放大。这意味着中心光束将截取较大的路面。因而,与不使用透镜2实现的情况相比,最接近光源的路面在每个表面单元将接收较少的光能量。
比较外围光束:点划线74示出在直接传播之后获得的光束;虚线75示出相同的外围光线在经过透镜2传播之后获得的光束。在外围光线的情况下,经过透镜2传播之后获得的光束比不经过透镜2的光束具有更小的宽度。而且,外围光束更接近透镜2的中心线22。这意味着外围光束将截取更少的路面。被外围光束照亮的路面,即最远离光源的路面,将在每个表面单元接收更多的光能量。
光束的这种重新分布允许使用细长光束更好地照射路段。
出射光束尽可能长。两个连续路灯之间的最大距离由沿着道路的照射均匀性(防止亮区域和暗区域之间的道路用户的刺眼)和强度(提供充足的照明)的强制水平限定。出射光束的宽度也由高角度处的眩光和天空污染限定。
然而,可能希望在一端提供比相对端更强或不太细长的出射光束。在这种情况下,出射屈光度的会聚段可能小于相对的会聚段。平面IIA将不再考虑为对称面。会聚段越大,光线越发散,这将导致不太强的光束和更细长的光束。另一解决方法可以是使得光源不位于透镜的中心线22上,而是例如沿着旋转轴23位于平行于中心线22的线上。当然,两种解决方法可以组合在一起。
图5代表本发明的光学装置的另一实施例。在该实施例中,透镜200包括两个入射屈光度301、302,在该示例中,两个入射屈光度301、302彼此对称。每个入射屈光度可以布置为用于诸如LED的光源的容纳布置311、312。如所述,入射屈光度具有球形表面,但是如上面解释,这不是必需的。光源优选地沿着入射屈光度301、302的中心线221、222定位。出射屈光度400包括三个会聚段401、402、403以及两个发散段404、405。发散段404桥接会聚段401和402。发散段405桥接会聚段402和403。出射屈光度400关于旋转轴230旋转对称。出射屈光度400包括源于球体(会聚段)和圆柱体(发散段)的组合的元表面。
这种透镜200例如可用于颜色混合。在这种情况下,光源被选择为具有不同颜色。使用图5的实施例,出射光束的颜色将沿出射光束纵向连续地变化,大致上从容纳布置311中的光源颜色变化到容纳布置312中的光源颜色。
图5的透镜200还可以用于简化制作:仅需要一个透镜来成形两个光源发射的光束。
如果希望实现出射光束的纵向均匀颜色混合,则可以设计具有三个入射屈光度的更复杂的光学装置:中间入射屈光度将容纳具有第一颜色的光源,两个横向入射屈光度将分别容纳具有第二颜色的光源。
在另一实施例中,透镜的出射屈光度的会聚段并不对准,而是布置在正方形的角上,发散段桥接连续角或相对角或者连续角和相对角二者。这种透镜将赋予光束细长、交叉的形状。
通常,透镜2、200将根据公知技术通过压模或铸模制作。优选地,它们使用透明材料制作。依赖于所需的应用,该材料可以是有色或无色的。例如,合适的材料是聚甲基丙烯酸酯,更具体而言聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。可以使用诸如聚碳酸酯的其他透明塑料。
图3和4示出装配有本发明实施例的光学装置的路灯11的各个视图。从图3可以看出,从下面看,灯头112设置在灯柱111(局部视图)的顶部。灯头112包括用于多个照明装置6的支撑113。所述照明装置6布置在灯头112的支撑113下方,且照明装置6朝向地,即,朝向街道。照明装置可以如图3所示成行成列地布置。
每个照明装置6包括相对于光传播布置在光学装置2上游的发光二极管7(LED)。光学装置的细节已经在说明书的上面部分中给出。例如,可以使用诸如图2实施例的光学装置。LED 7具有未示出的电源。
LED是用于街道照明的标准光源的好备选。每个灯头上可以安装很多LED以提供充足的照明。为了提供有吸引力的产品,灯头的尺寸将保持合理的低。
LED的优点之一是微型化。在室外用品中,这允许使用微型化光学用具来减小灯头的厚度。本发明提出用于LED的光学用具,该光学用具容易设计和适应大范围的配置,且提供用于高效率街道照明的细长光束,该光学用具可与用于大面积传统旋转光学用具相比拟,具有更小的尺寸且能够提供更低的天空污染。
为了适当地照亮街区,照明装置全部具有相同的方位,即与垂直方向V形成角度θ的光方向LD。因而,可以定义照明装置两个连续行之间的支撑133中的凹口114。该凹口114适于容纳多个辐射体(未示出),该辐射体在排出和耗散操作LED时产生的热方面是有用的。当辐射体容放在凹口114中时,灯头保持很轻。
下面权利要求中的任何参考符号不应解读为限制该权利要求。很明显,使用动词“包括”及其变形不排除那些未在任意权利要求中定义的任意其他元件的存在。在元件之前使用冠词“一”或“一个”并不排除多个这样元件的存在。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于赋予光束细长形状的光学装置,所述光学装置包括透镜(2),所述透镜具有(i)入射屈光度(3,301,302)和(ii)出射屈光度(4,400),所述出射屈光度包括第一会聚段(41,401)、第二会聚段(42,402)和桥接所述第一会聚段和第二会聚段的发散段(43,404)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光学装置,其中所述出射屈光度(4)包括旋转对称的连续表面。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光学装置,其中所述出射屈光度(4,400)的所述会聚段(41,401,42,402)彼此对称。
4.根据权利要求1所述的光学装置,其中所述出射屈光度(4,400)的所述会聚段(41,401,42,402)包括二次曲面。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光学装置,其中所述入射屈光度(3,301,302)包括用于光源的容纳布置(31,301,302)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的光学装置,其中所述容纳布置具有经过所述光源的对称轴(22,221,222)。
7.一种尤其用于街道照明的灯头(112),所述灯头包括多个发光二极管(LED),每个发光二极管布置在如权利要求1所述的光学装置(2)的上游,所述光学装置具有基本相同的方位。
8.根据权利要求7所述的灯头,还包括用于耗散当操作所述发光二极管时产生的热的装置。
9.根据权利要求7所述的灯头,其中每个发光二极管布置在为所述光学装置(2)的所述入射屈光度(3)提供的容纳布置(31,301,302)中。
10.一种路灯(11),包括如权利要求8所述的灯头(112)和灯柱(111)。
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