CN101656287B - 发光二极管装置及其形成方法 - Google Patents

发光二极管装置及其形成方法 Download PDF

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CN101656287B
CN101656287B CN 200910166790 CN200910166790A CN101656287B CN 101656287 B CN101656287 B CN 101656287B CN 200910166790 CN200910166790 CN 200910166790 CN 200910166790 A CN200910166790 A CN 200910166790A CN 101656287 B CN101656287 B CN 101656287B
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陈鼎元
余振华
邱文智
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Yuanxin Optoelectronics Co ltd
Epistar Corp
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Abstract

一种发光二极管装置及其形成方法。该发光二极管装置具有一下发光二极管层、一上发光二极管层、以及一发光层配置于该上层及该下层之间。一电流阻挡层形成于该上发光二极管层内,以至于使电流通过一接触该上发光二极管层的电极流入该上层时,电流沿着该电流阻挡层四周流动。当该电流阻挡层配置于该电极及该发光层之间,该发光层所发出的光不会被该电极所阻碍,且该发光二极管装置具有增加的发光效率。该电流阻挡层可通过转换部分的上发光二极管层成为一具有电阻阻抗的区域来形成。在一实施例中,将离子(可例如为镁、碳、或硅离子)注入进入该上发光二极管层,以形成该电流阻挡层。本发明既提高发光二极管的发光效率,还提高了产品良率。

Description

发光二极管装置及其形成方法
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体装置,且特别涉及一种形成发光二极管装置的方法。 
背景技术
利用电流在p-n结所产生的电子及空穴辐射性再结合,可产生电磁辐射(例如:光)。在从直接能隙材料(例如GaAs或GaN)制造的正偏压的p-n结,该注入耗尽区的电子空穴再结合产生电磁辐射的射出。该电磁辐射可以在可见光的范围内,或是在非可见光的范围内。使用具有不同能隙的材料也可产生出具有不同发光颜色的发光二极管。此外,一发光二极管发出具有特定波长范围的电磁辐射时,表示可利用一荧光体来吸收所述辐射,并发射出一种或多种不同的波长的辐射。因此,举例来说,一发光二极管发出非可见光时,可利用一荧光体将该非可见光转换成一可见光。 
一般来说,发光二极管结构具有一发光层形成于一下层及一上层间,其中该上层及该下层具有相反型态的导电性质。电极被形成来与该下层及该上层接触。流经该电极与发光层间的电流采用最少电阻的路径来流动。在许多的发光二极管组态中,该上电极直接配置于该发光层之上,而发光层所发出的光则会被该上电极所阻碍而被遮蔽,因此大幅降低该发光二极管的发光效率。 
一用来解决该上电极阻光影响以增加发光效率的方法被提出,该方法在形成该上层之前,预先形成一介电层于部分的该发光层上。该上电极配置于该介电层的正上方,因此当电流流经该上电极及该下层之间时,被迫沿着该介电层的四周流动。如此一来,流经该上层及下层间的电流并不会流经该上电极的正下方,因此可限制被该上电极所阻碍的光量,且增加该发光二极管的发光效率。 
该介电层一般都是以沉积氧化硅于发光层上并进一步图形化所形成。该沉积及图形化的步骤会增加标准发光二极管工艺额外的工艺成本及工艺复 杂度。此外,由于图形化的步骤都会包含一蚀刻工艺,而该蚀刻工艺有可能会损害该发光层的表面及降低其结晶品质。蚀刻工艺所造成的损害对所得的发光二极管装置会产生不利的影响,且降低该发光二极管装置的良率。 
综上所述,发展出具有较佳发光效率的发光二极管装置及其工艺是十分必要的。 
发明内容
本发明的实施例提供具有平坦表面的发光二极管,来降低、解决或避免公知技术所存在的问题,并达到所期望的技术优点。 
根据本发明的一目的,提供一发光二极管装置。该发光二极管装置包含一基板,以及一发光二极管结构形成于该基板之上。该发光二极管结构包含一下层、一发光层,及一上层。一电流阻挡层形成于该上层之内,以至于使得该上层具有平坦的上表面。举例来说,该电流阻挡层可以利用离子注入(所使用的离子例如:镁、碳、或硅离子)的方式进入部分的上层,形成一具有电阻阻抗的区域。此外,在上述离子注入的步骤后,另一额外的上层可以进一步形成于该上层之上。 
根据本发明另一目的,提供一形成发光二极管装置的方法,该方法包含:提供一基板,以及形成一发光二极管结构于该基板之上,其中该发光二极管结构包含一第一层、一有源层、及一第二层。接着,形成一电流阻挡层于该第二层之内,例如形成一具有电阻阻抗的区域。该具有电阻阻抗的区域的形成方式举例来说,可为一注入工艺。在进行注入的步骤后,可以形成另一膜层于该第二层之上。 
根据本发明又一目的,该形成发光二极管装置的方法也可包含以下步骤:提供一基板,以及形成一发光二极管结构于该基板之上。该发光二极管结构可包含一层或一层以上的下层,一层或一层以上的发光层、以及一层或一层以上的第一上层;以及 
注入离子进入该一层或一层以上的第一上层中的至少一层内,以形成一具有电阻阻抗的膜层。接着,形成一层或一层以上的第二上层于该一层或一层以上的第一上层之上。 
本发明既可以提高发光二极管的发光效率,还可以于制造过程中提高产 品良率。 
为让本发明的上述和其他目的、特征、和优点能更明显易懂,下文特举出较佳实施例,并配合附图,作详细说明如下。 
附图说明
图1-图3示出本发明一实施例所述发光二极管装置的工艺步骤;以及 
图4-图5示出本发明另一实施例所述发光二极管装置的工艺步骤。 
上述附图中的附图标记说明如下: 
100~发光二极管装置;            102~基板; 
104~发光二极管结构;            110~下发光二极管层; 
112~发光层;                    114~上发光二极管层; 
202~电流阻挡层;                204~光致抗蚀剂层; 
208~离子注入工艺;              302~上电极; 
304~下电极; 
402~第一上发光二极管层;以及 
502~第二上发光二极管层。 
具体实施方式
本发明接下来将会提供许多不同的实施例以实施本发明中不同的特征。各特定实施例中的组成及配置将会在以下作描述以简化本发明。这些为实施例并非用于限定本发明。 
本发明提供一用以形成发光二极管装置的新颖方法。可以被理解地,本发明仅示出本发明所述的方法的必要步骤,不过其它已被知晓用于此技术领域的步骤或工艺也可被加入于该方法中。在本发明的实施例所述的附图中,类似的单元以类似的元件符号来表示。 
图1-图3示出不同的中间工艺步骤,用以形成本发明一实施例所述的具有电流阻挡层的发光二极管装置100。请参照图1,该发光二极管装置100具有一基板102及一发光二极管结构104形成于该基板102之上。该基板102较佳为一蓝宝石总体基材或一硅基材,可以具有掺杂或非掺杂。值得注意的是,当本发明的实施例其内文描述使用一蓝宝石基板,也可以其他基板 来替代。举例来说,一般使用于发光二极管制造的基板,像是SiC基板,也可以用来取代本发明所述实施例所述的基板。此外,具有不同面位向的基板也可被使用,像是(111)、(100)、或(110)等面位向。 
该发光二极管结构104可包含任何适用于特定应用的发光二极管结构。一般来说,该发光二极管结构104包含一下发光二极管层110形成于该基板102的表面上。较佳地,下发光二极管层110由具有第一型态导电性质掺杂物的III-V族化合物所构成。举例来说,具有第一型态导电性质掺杂物的III-V族化合物可例如为具有n-型导电性质的n-GaN。该下发光二极管层110(n-GaN)的形成方法,举例来说,可为外延成长工艺,像是金属有机CVD(MOCVD)、分子束外延(MBE)、氢化物气相外延(HVPE)、及液相外延(LPE)等。其它III-V族化合物也可被使用,举例来说,可包含GaN、InN、AlN、InxGa(1-x)N、AlxGa(1-x)N、或AlxInyGa(1-x-y)N等,其中其中0<x≤1、0<y≤1。 
一发光层112(也被称为有源层)形成于该下发光二极管层110之上。该发光层112可包含一均质结、一异质结、一单一量子阱(SQW)、或一多重量子阱(MQW)结构。在一较佳实施例中,该发光层112包含非掺杂n-型氮化镓铟(GaxInyN(1-x-y))。在另一实施例中,发光层112可包含其他常用的材料,例如AlxInyGa(1-x-y)N。在又一实施例中,该发光层112可具有多重量子阱结构,包含多重量子阱层(像是InGaN)及一具有交替样式的阻挡层(像是GaN)。同样地,该发光层112的形成方法可为MOCVD、MBE、HVPE、LPE、或其他可适用的CVD方法。 
一上发光二极管层114沉积于该发光层112之上。该上发光二极管层114较佳包含具有第二型态导电性质掺杂的III-N族化合物,像是p-GaN。该第二型态导电性质与第一型态导电性质相反。该上发光二极管层114可利用与下发光二极管层110相同的工艺所形成。 
值得注意的是上述的描述为一般发光二极管结构的概述,用来达到说明的目的。其它膜层,像是分布式布拉格反射层、全位向反射层、缓冲/成核层、或披覆/接触层等,可以视需要加入于发光二极管结构中。此外,值得注意的是,本发明所述的单一层、或复合层,其可由相同的材料或不同的材料所构成。 
举例来说,该下发光二极管层及该上发光二极管层可分别包含一层或一层以上的接触层及一层或一层以上的披覆层,其可由相同或不同的材料所形成。该发光二极管结构可依材料的型态及使用目的而不同。本发明实施例所述的发光二极管结构可变化为许多型态是可被预期的。 
图2示出根据本发明一实施例,形成一电流阻挡层202形成于该上发光二极管层114之内。该电流阻挡层202包含形成于该上发光二极管层114内的部分区域114或是形成于形成在该发光二极管结构104之上的导电层/基板之内,该电流阻挡层202包含一电阻材料。值得注意的是,图2所示沿着上发光二极管层114底部所形成的该电流阻挡层202仅为一图示。该电流阻挡层202可以配置于任何位于上发光二极管层114内的位置。举例来说,该电流阻挡层202可沿着该上发光二极管层114上表面配置,或是形成于该上发光二极管层114内的中间位置。 
该电流阻挡层202所包含的电阻材料区域以注入杂质的方式形成于该上发光二极管层114内。在一实施例中,该电阻材料区域利用注入镁离子于该上发光二极管层114内来形成。在此,一光致抗蚀剂层204可以利用旋转涂布的方式来形成及利用光刻蚀刻的方式来图形化。该光致抗蚀剂层204可用来达到选择性注入该上发光二极管层114的目的,以形成电流阻挡层202。 
在该实施例中,该镁离子的注入剂量介于约1x1014至约1x1015atoms/cm2及注入能量介于约10至约100KeV,并以箭头208来表示。该电流阻挡层202的垂直位向为该上发光二极管层114具有最大的注入掺杂浓度的区域,可以利用调整注入能量来控制掺杂浓度。其它的工艺条件也可被使用。此外,其它的掺质,例如Si、或C等,也可用来注入该上发光二极管层114中以形成具有电阻阻抗的区域。该电流阻挡层202较佳具有一宽度介于约50 
Figure G200910166790XD00051
至约500μm间。 
图3根据本发明一较佳实施例示出一上电极302及一下电极304。举例来说,该上电极302可以使用一自对准“掀举”工艺,其中该上电极302沉积于该图形化的光致抗蚀剂层204,接着移除非所需的电极材料及光致抗蚀剂层204。该上电极302提供一电性连结至该上发光二极管层114,而该下电极304提供一电性连结至该下发光二极管层110。在一实施例中,该下发光二极管层110为一n-型半导体,而该下电极304较佳由一种或一种以上的金属或合金所形成的欧姆接触,例如Ti/Al、或Ti/Au等合金。在此,该上电极302与该p型上发光二极管层114达到欧姆接触,且上电极302可由一种或一种以上的金属或合金所形成,例如Ni/Au等。
本领域普通技术人员可了解将该上电极302形成于该电流阻挡层202的正上方的用意。如果没有形成该电流阻挡层202,由该上电极302流经该发光层112并流入该下发光二极管层110的电流路径大体上将会是一直线路径。因此,该发光层112所发出的光部分被该上电极302所遮蔽,大幅降低该发光二极管装置的发光效率。当放置该上电极302于一电流阻挡层202之上时,将使得原本由该上电极30直线流入该下发光二极管层110的电流,改为沿着该电流阻挡层202四周流动,如图3的虚线箭头所示。因此,当电流行经该上发光二极管层114及该下发光二极管层110之间时,由该发光层112所发出的大体上不会被该上电极302所遮蔽。 
请参图4及图5,为根据本发明另一实施例所示的形成发光二极管装置400方法。图4包含与图1及图2所述发光二极管装置100实质上相同的膜层,且所述膜层使用与图1及图2相似的制造方法及材料。其不同处在于,在图4中,以一第一上发光二极管层402取代该上发光二极管层(图1-图3所示的膜层114)。图4所示的该第一上发光二极管层402的厚度小于图1-图3所示的上发光二极管层114的所需最后厚度。 
在图1-图3所示的实施例,用来形成该电流阻挡层202的注入工艺有可能会伤害到该上发光二极管层114的表面。且形成及移除光致抗蚀剂层204也有可能伤害到该上发光二极管层114的表面。在某些例子中,该上发光二极管层114的表面伤害将对形成于其上的膜层造成电性接触的不良影响,像是接下来所形成的该上电极302,降低所得的发光二极管装置其性能及稳定性。在一实施例中,该表面伤害对于较厚的膜层的影响大于较薄的膜层。在此,形成一如图4所示的第一上发光二极管层402。接着,利用注入方式将该电流阻挡层202形成于该第一上发光二极管层402之内,如图所示的箭头208。该电流阻挡层202的形成方式如同图2所述。在形成该电流阻挡层202之前或之后,可以再进行一活化退火工艺。 
图5示出本发明一实施例所述的该发光二极管装置400,其在形成一第二上发光二极管层502于该第一上发光二极管层402之后所得。该第二上发光二极管层502可与该第一上发光二极管层402具有相同材料且以相类似的制造方法所形成。该第二上发光二极管层502与该第一上发光二极管层402的总厚度介于约1000 
Figure G200910166790XD00071
至约3000 
Figure G200910166790XD00072
之间,且该第二上发光二极管层502较佳具有一厚度约300 
Figure G200910166790XD00073
至约2700 
Figure G200910166790XD00074
之间。 
本领域普通技术人员可了解将该第二上发光二极管层502形成于该第一上发光二极管层402之上,可修复该第一上发光二极管层402的表面,因此可提供一较佳的表面(第二上发光二极管层502的上表面)以利后续形成于其上的膜层达到电生接触。之后,进行后续工艺以完成该发光二极管装置400。该后续工艺可包含,举例来说,如图3所示出的形成上电极302及下电极304。该发光二极管装置400的操作与揭示于图3的该发光二极管装置100相类似。 
虽然本发明已以数个较佳实施例揭示如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何所属技术领域中普通技术人员,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作任意的更动与润饰,因此本发明的保护范围当视所附的权利要求所界定的范围为准。 

Claims (12)

1.一种发光二极管装置,包含:
一基板;
一发光二极管结构形成于该基板之上,该发光二极管结构包含一上层、一下层、以及一发光层配置于该上层及该下层之间;以及
一电流阻挡层形成于该上层之内,其中该电流阻挡层包含一具有被注入镁离子的电阻材料区域,且镁离子的注入剂量介于1×1014至1×1015atoms/cm2及注入能量介于10至100KeV。
2.如权利要求1所述的发光二极管装置,还包含一第一电极及一第二电极配置于该基板的第一侧,其中该第一电极与该上层接触,且该第二电极与该下层接触。
3.如权利要求2所述的发光二极管装置,其中该第一电极配置于该电流阻挡层的上方。
4.如权利要求1所述的发光二极管装置,其中该上层包含一第一层及一第二层,而该电流阻挡层形成于该第一层之内,且该第二层形成于该电流阻挡层的上方。
5.如权利要求1所述的发光二极管装置,其中该电流阻挡层具有一宽度介于
Figure FSB00000782764700011
至500μm之间。
6.一种形成发光二极管装置的方法,包含:
提供一基板;
形成一发光二极管结构于该基板的第一侧上,其中该发光二极管结构具有一下层形成于该基板之上、一有源层形成于该下层之上,以及一上层形成于该有源层之上;以及
利用注入镁离子方式形成一电流阻挡层于该上层之内,其中镁离子的注入剂量介于1×1014至1×1015atoms/cm2及注入能量介于10至100KeV。
7.如权利要求6所述的形成发光二极管装置的方法,其中形成该发光二极管结构的步骤包含:
形成一第一上层于该有源层之上,及形成一第二上层于该第一上层之上,其中形成该电流阻挡层的步骤在形成该第一上层的步骤后,以及在形成该第二上层的步骤前。
8.如权利要求7所述的形成发光二极管装置的方法,其中该形成该电流阻挡层的步骤至少部分以离子注入方式来进行,且在形成该第一上层的步骤后,以及在形成该第二上层的步骤前。
9.如权利要求6所述的形成发光二极管装置的方法,还包含形成一第一电极于该电流阻挡层的上方。
10.一种形成发光二极管装置的方法,包含:
提供一基板;
形成一发光二极管结构于该基板之上,该发光二极管结构具有一层或一层以上的下层,一层或一层以上的发光层、以及一层或一层以上的上层;以及
置入镁离子于该一层或一层以上的上层中的至少一层内,以形成一电流阻挡层,其中该电流阻挡层较该一层或一层以上的上层中的至少一层具有较高的电阻,其中镁离子的注入剂量介于1×1014至1×1015atoms/cm2及注入能量介于10至100KeV。
11.如权利要求10所述的形成发光二极管装置的方法,其中该置入杂质的步骤包含注入离子进入该一层或一层以上的上层中的至少一层内。
12.如权利要求10所述的形成发光二极管装置的方法,还包含形成一电极于该电流阻挡层之上。
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