CN1015621B - 制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法 - Google Patents
制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法Info
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法。其特征是首先将由路易斯酸、有机磷及金属离子三元复合体系组成的催化剂与起始剂混合,然后滴加环氧烷烃进行反应,催化剂的加入量为起始剂重量的0.1-10%,反应温度为40℃-120℃,其中50℃-90℃最好。由此方法进行环氧烷烃开环聚合时,不但分子量分布窄,且开环聚合条件温和,在工业上安全可行,催化剂体系本身稳定。
Description
本发明属于制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法,尤其是用路易斯酸复合催化剂制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法。
聚氧乙烯烷基醚早已是工业化生产的非离子表面活性剂。具有优良的去污、润湿和乳化分散能力,且容易被生物降解,因而被广泛用作家用洗涤剂和工业表面活性剂。脂肪醇与环氧乙烷加成产物分子量分布的宽窄是影响产品物理和化学性能的主要因素;当浊点相同时窄分子量分布的RES有较低的倾点;并有较低的未反应醇和低分子加成物,这些都导致生产上的加工优点。
一般酸或碱都可以催化环氧烷烃的开环聚合,一般的质子酸和路易斯酸催化得到的聚氧烯烃产物具有较理想的窄分子量分布,但所得分子量较低,而副产物又较多。一般的碱性催化剂,如NaOH,KOH,和NaOCH3等催化得到的产物具有副产物较少的优点,但产物的分子量分布却比较宽,而且反应温度一般都高于100℃。近年来国内外为控制和窄化产物的分子量分布,降低副产物,提高产品质量等方法进行了一系列研究,特别是在脂肪醇氧乙烯基化方面。1978年,美国科诺科公司首次提出用BaO,Ba(OH)2等催化得到窄分子量分布产物(U.S.P.4,239,917);进一步研究用BaO或Ba(OH)2与苯酚或烷基酚组成的复合催化剂(U.S.P.4,210,764;4,223,164);Ba(OH)2或Ba(OAr)2与H3PO4或P2O,组成的复合催化剂(U.S.P.4,453,023)。上述所提及的碱土金属和碱土金属复合催化剂在催化环氧烷烃开环聚合反应时,所得产物的分子量分布比用一般碱金属或碱金属化合物作催化剂时的产物窄,但与酸性催化剂相比还是比较宽。
酸性催化剂有硼、锑、铁、锌、铝等的氟化物,氯化物和溴化物,以及硫酸、磷酸、高氯酸的钙、镁、镍等盐。Robert william Mcada等人将磷酸酯与BF3作用制成络合物,用此络合物作氧乙烯化催化剂时,反应温度在120℃以上氧乙烯化反应能平稳地进行,但当反应温度低于120℃时,该络合物失去催化活性(U.S.P.3,597,502)。1984年美国科诺科公司BF3或SiF4与三乙基铝组成的复合催化剂在170℃下催化氧乙烯化反应,所得产物的分子量分布比单独用BF3作催化剂时窄(日本特许59-49,846)。1988年Charles L.Edwards用H3PO4与异丙醇铝组成复合催化剂催化氧乙烯化反应,产物中未反应醇和副产物的含量都较低,并且产物具有窄分子量分布。一般来说酸性催化剂比碱性催化剂分子量分布较窄,但产物中副反应生成物较多,聚合度较小。
通常的制备方法是:(1)首先将复合催化体系与起始剂混合,其中起始剂为高级醇、烷基酚、脂肪酸、多元醇脂肪酸酯、高级脂肪胺、脂肪酰胺、油脂、聚丙二醇、甘油、季戊四醇、木糖醇、山梨醇、失水山梨醇、蔗糖、醇胺等;(2)然后
滴加环氧烷烃进行反应。
本发明的目的是提供一种用路易斯酸复合催化剂制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法。
本发明的方法是:首先将由路易斯酸、有机磷及金属离子三元复合体系组成的催化剂体系与起始剂混合,然后,滴加环氧烷烃进行反应,催化剂的加入量为起始剂重量的0.1-10%,反应温度为40℃-120℃,其中50℃-90℃最好。催化剂是由第一组分与第二组分混合,待混合物成为均匀的一相后备用。催化剂的第一组分与第二组分的摩尔比为1-10比1。
催化剂的第一组分路易斯酸是指BX3,AlX3,FeX3,SbX3,InX3,SnX4,ZnX2,以及BX3·(C2H5)2O,(式中X为卤原子)中的任意一种。第二组分是指P204(2-乙基己基膦酸酯);P507(2-乙基己基膦酸单酯);P350(甲基膦酸二甲基庚基酯)中任意一种与金属离子如:Cu,Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Mg,Mn,Cr,Ca,Sr,Ba等的盐组成。
本发明开辟了制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的新催化体系。由此方法进行环氧烷烃开环聚合时不但分子量分布窄,且开环聚合条件温和,在工业上安全可行;催化剂体系本身稳定。本发明还包括环氧烷烃聚合时的起始剂,可以是碳数为1~30的饱和或不饱和;直链或支链,一元或多元醇类或各种烷基酚类和尚有其他基团取代酚类。或其他含活性氢类化合物。
实例一
1.催化剂的制备称取70.7克(0.1mol)Zn(P204)2于干燥的具塞三角烧瓶中,加入45.2克(0.4mol)三氟化硼乙醚络合物,振荡1.5小时后,得均匀的淡黄色液体。
2.氧乙烯化物的合成在高压釜中加入十二醇93克和上述所制得的复合催化剂0.93克。脱水30分钟。用氮气清扫反应釜三次。升温至80℃,然后用氮气使釜内压力为2kg/cm2表压。滴加环氧乙烷,反应压力维持在4kg/cm2表压,反应温度维持在50-80℃,待140克环氧乙烷加毕,釜内压力开始下降时,反应完毕。产物经分析,其平均聚合度为5.8。副产物聚乙二醇含量为4.7%。产物中各种聚合度组分的含量如下(重量百分比):
聚合度 含量(%)
1 0.8
2 3.9
3 9.0
4 13.8
5 16.9
6 17.5
7 13.0
8 8.1
9 5.3
10 2.6
比较实例A本例用NaOH作催化剂,操作步骤与实例一的2相同。产物经分析其平均聚合度为6.0。聚乙二醇含量为2.4%。聚合度和含量数据如下:
聚合度 含量(%)
1 1.8
2 4.7
3 7.4
4 9.8
5 10.9
6 11.0
7 10.4
8 9.0
9 7.3
10 6.1
实例二制备步骤与实例一同。在70.7克(0.1mol)Zn(P204)2中加入22.6克(0.2mol)三氟化硼乙醚络合物制成催化剂。进行氧乙烯化后。产物经分析其平均聚合度为6.2。聚乙二醇含量为3.9,产物中各种聚合度组分的含量如下:
聚合度 含量(%)
1 1.6
2 2.4
3 3.9
4 6.5
5 9.8
6 11.5
7 11.0
8 9.7
9 8.3
10 6.8
实例三制备步骤同实例一。在70.7克(0.1mol)Zn(P204)2中加入33.9克(0.3mol)三氟化硼乙醚络合物。在60°时滴加环氧乙烷。产物经分析,其平均聚合度为5.6。聚乙二醇含量为3.0%。各种聚合度组分的含量如下:
聚合物 含量(%)
1 1.2
2 2.6
3 5.2
4 11.1
5 14.9
6 15.2
7 13.1
8 9.8
9 6.8
10 4.9
实例四制备步骤同实例一。在70.7克(0.1mol)Zn(P204)2中加入56.5克(0.5mol)三氟化硼乙醚络合物制成催化剂。催化剂与醇的比例是0.02∶1。产物经分析其平均聚合度为6.6,聚乙二醇含量为8.2%。产物中各种聚合度组分的含量分别如下:
聚合度 含量(%)
3 2.5
4 6.6
5 14.6
6 16.9
7 14.7
8 11.0
9 8.5
10 6.2
11 4.0
Claims (2)
1、一种制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法,它包括:
(1)首先将复合催化体系与起始剂混合;
a.起始剂为:高级醇、烷基酚、脂肪酸、多元醇脂肪酸脂、高级脂肪胺、脂肪酰胺、油脂聚丙二醇、甘油、季戊四醇、木糖醇、山梨醇、失水山梨醇、蔗糖、醇胺类;
(2)然后滴加入环氧烷烃进行反应;
其特征在于:
(3)上述(1)中的复合催化体系为路易酸、有机磷及金属离子三元复合体系组成的催化体系;
b.催化剂的第一组分为路易斯酸,即BX3、AlX3、FeX3、SbX3、InX3、SnX4、ZnX2、BX3(C2H5)2O(式中X为卤原子)中的任何一种;
c.催化剂的第二组分为P204(2-乙基膦酸脂)、P507(2-乙基已基膦酸单脂)、P350(甲基膦酸二甲基庚基酯)中任意一种与金属离子如:
Cu、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni、Mg、Mn、Cr、Ca、Sr、Ba的盐组成;
d.将催化剂的第一组分与第二组分混合,待混合成为均匀的一相后备用;
e.第一组分与第二组分的摩尔比为1-10比1;
(4)上述(2)中催化剂的加入量为起始剂重量的0.1-10%,反应温度为40℃-120℃。
2、根据权利要求1所述的一种制备窄分子量分布聚氧烯烃的方法,其特征在于所说的反应温度为50℃-90℃。
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