CN101536657B - Ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite - Google Patents
Ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite. In the method, the mite is controlled by establishing composite ecological system of fruit tree and graminaceous grass vegetation in orchard and raising predaceous mite in farm; simultaneously, the invention uses machine oil emulsion to control quantitative index of insect population, and the insect population can be controlled below control index by using the machine oil emulsion once only when the insect population of mite is less than 10 heads per leave. The invention is applied to control of fruit tree and forest pest, and protection of other crops suffering from mite, and establishment of similar pest control mode.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of preventing and treating insect pest of the fruit tree, specifically, relate to a kind of ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite.
Background technology
Fruit tree evil mite mainly comprises tetranychus viennensis (Tetranychus viennensis), panonychus ulmi (Panonychus ulmt Koch), Tetranychus urticae (T.urticae), wherein the Tetranychus urticae feeding habits are assorted, and recipe is extensive, are to occur the beginning of the nineties at the end of the eighties in China, it is the new harmful mite on China fruit tree, because it breaks with tremendous force, expansion has extremely strong resistance (anti-medicine) property rapidly, characteristics such as the host is extensive, cause harm in some regional wildnesses, loss is serious, orchard that has even total crop failure; Then feeding habits are single for other two kinds of harmful mites, almost only endanger fruit tree and relevant flowers.
Tetranychus urticae causes disaster in the unexpected outburst of China, has exposed the fragility of the control of insect system of single dependence chemical pesticide in China's production of fruit trees, and the succession of the species that the generation of resistance and pesticide resistance or drug resistance are stronger makes preventing and controlling be absorbed in passive situation.Nineteen sixty-five, the International Biological Programme meeting of holding at Rome, ITA, tetranychid is decided to be one of five major pests, and list one of big event of international research in, the foreign scholar just proposed in the sixties, the comprehensive regulation of evil mite is the pioneer of fruit tree pest insect whole synthesis governing project, that is: the use miticide frequent, high dose that causes owing to the drug-fast rapid generation of evil mite is an obstacle of realizing the orchard pest comprehensive regulation.Abroad, the resistance development level of harmful mite is higher than China, just carries out the research of predation mite the fifties, makes great efforts to cultivate resistance predation mite afterwards with the use of solution agricultural chemicals and the contradiction between the natural enemy utilization.Because agricultural chemicals uses frequent in the present production of fruit trees of China, and consumption is big, cause field natural enemy quantity almost nil, artificial release predation mite also can't and play a role in field existence, sinks in the production in the vicious circle of " agricultural chemicals-resistant insect wildness-novel pesticide-insect is rampant again ".
Therefore; find out the pests occurrence rule of harmful mite; set up new control of pest mite system with the use that reduces chemical pesticide, promote the development of natural enemy and play a role; to do harm to mite and be converted into less important insect from primary pest; the fundamentally harm of control evil mite, this is the needs that fruit tree etc. produces, and is the needs in pollution-free food market; being the needs of preserving the ecological environment, also is the purpose that the present invention will realize.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite; set up the complex ecological system of " fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation " in the orchard; store up natural enemy----predation mite in the field; control evil mite; applicable to fruit tree and forest pest control, and be subjected to the protection of other crops of mite evil puzzlement.
In order to realize the object of the invention, a kind of ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite of the present invention adopts the complex ecological system of fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation of setting up in the fruit tree garden.
The described complex ecological system of setting up fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation, promptly adopt gramineous grass to store up and protect the natural enemy of harmful mite--predation mite (Pasteur's genus amblyseius berlese, hawthorn genus amblyseius berlese, useful genus amblyseius berlese, plan lunge genus amblyseius berlese, east genus amblyseius berlese etc.), the quantity of increase field evil mite natural enemy; A situation arises takes corresponding measure, (1) repeatedly to mow to destroy the growing point of broad leaved weed to suppress the broad leaved weed growth according to weeds under the local orcharding, or (2) all hoe is clean with broad leaved weed when manually hoeing up weeds, and notes keeping grassy weed simultaneously; Or (3) remove broad leaved weed with the weed killer herbicide that kills broad-leaved, reach and keep grassy weed (as: speedwell Chloris virgata, Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon, lady's-grass Digitaria adscendens, green foxtail Setaria viridis, barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli, yard grass Eleusine indica etc.) purpose, or (4) artificial planting gramineous plants (as annual bluegrass Poa spp. gramineous forage grass etc.), the grass that regularly will grow tall cuts weak point then, the ecosystem that formation is made of " fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation ", in this individual system, the benefit evil is than reaching and surpassing 0.9: 2, the quantity of evil mite can maintain below the index for control whole year, promptly is no more than 3/leaf.
The inventor finds through a large amount of tests; adopt machine oil emulsion non-harmful, no pesticide resistance to remove mite on the tree; harmful mite is developed immunity to drugs; and can also be suppressed to mite and lay eggs; and evil mite natural enemy thrips there is significant protective effect; though the predation mite there is injury, because of its laxative elongates and has the lasting supply of predation mite that underground vegetation is stored up interval, can very fast recovery predation mite density.
If because of the Insecticidal and acaricidal agent improper use causes the big generation of harmful mite, can carry out the miticide intervention according to occurrence degree, (1) when evil acarid mouth 10/when leaf is following, single use content is at the machine oil emulsion more than 99%, spray with 200 times of liquid (0.5%), till being sprayed to leaf and dripping, can effectively remove harmful mite.It kills mite mechanism two aspects: the one, on polypide, form oil film, and mite is choked to death, therefore never develop immunity to drugs; The 2nd, be suppressed to mite and lay eggs, become mite having the egg laying amount on the blade of oil film can descend 84%.Machine oil emulsion can be controlled harmful acarid mouth long-term effectively thus, and a drug term of validity can reach 1 month, and whole growth only need be sprayed 3-4 all over machine oil emulsion season, and need not add any miticide.Simultaneously, can doublely control the noctuid of diving; (2) do harm to the mite wildness when causing harm, can chemical miticide be mixed use with machine oil emulsion, rapidly insect population is reduced, repair the complex ecological system of fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation then according to insect pest situation, and employing method (1) control.
Reasonably the medicament using method is:
1. when insect population is lower than 20/leaf above 10/leaf, can adopt 6000 times of liquid+content of A Wei worm clear (also claiming to like clear 1.8% Avermectin of promise worm) at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99% by the North China pharmaceutical manufacturing; Or worm enemy (being 0.5% jervine alcoholic solution)+content is at the machine oil emulsion more than 99%-800 times liquid (0.25-0.125%), or hexythiazox (claiming Hexythiazox again)+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.2-0.125%) more than 99%; Or mite dead clean+content sprays at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.2-0.125%) 99% or more, till being sprayed to leaf and dripping, can effectively remove harmful mite.Once insect population can be pressed onto (3/leaf) below the index for control, and it is surplus to keep the drug effect moon.
2. work as insect population and surpass 20/leaf, can reach 100/leaf sometimes, be close to and fall leaves, can adopt the clear 6000 times of liquid of 1.8% A Wei worm (3ppm)+hexythiazox+content at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.2-0.125%) more than 99%; Or worm enemy+hexythiazox+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.2-0.125%) more than 99%, or the clear 6000 times of liquid of 1.8% A Wei worm (3ppm)+mite dead clean+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.2-0.125%) more than 99%; Or worm enemy+mite dead clean+content sprays at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.2-0.125%) 99% or more, till being sprayed to leaf and dripping, can effectively remove harmful mite; A drug both can be pressed onto insect population below the index for control, and it is surplus also can to keep the drug effect moon.
Do not indicate that the chemical miticide of working concentration can operate by operation instructions.
Ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite of the present invention has the following advantages:
1. grass family (Gramineae) grass is the non-happiness food of a Tetranychus urticae plant, it is the non-host plant of panonychus ulmi, tetranychus viennensis, have the potential of accumulating predation mite more superior (the alternative foodstuff of predation mite is abundant) simultaneously, therefore select for use gramineous grass vegetation and fruit tree to set up the complex ecological system than other vegetation;
2. discovered harmful mite growth gramineous grass vegetation, do not beaten that can not form the population of causing harm the whole year in the orchard of any agricultural chemicals.(the evil mite is in less important insect status; Heart-eating worm, aphid, leaf roller, leaf miner are primary pest in the two kinds of ecosystems in chemoprevention garden and natural garden.)
3. proposed independent use machine oil emulsion and machine oil emulsion and mixed the insect population quantitative index of using with chemical miticide, evil acarid mouth 10/singly when leaf is following once insect population can be controlled at below the index for control with machine oil emulsion; During 10-20 head/leaf, use a kind of miticide and machine oil emulsion to use with; 20/when leaf is above, use the miticide and the machine oil emulsion of 2 kinds of different insecticidal mechanisms to use with, all can reach a drug insect population is controlled at below the index for control.
4. this method is applicable to fruit tree and forest pest control, and is subjected to the mite evil to tie the protection of other crop that disturbs, and sets up similar insect control model.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the population quantity growth and decline of natural control garden evil mite and natural enemy;
Fig. 2 is the evil mite population quantity growth and decline of conventional pesticide control garden;
Fig. 3 is that the spatial distribution of Tetranychus urticae is dynamic;
Fig. 4 is sweet potato district evil mite and the growth and decline of predation mite quantity;
Fig. 5 is leek district evil mite and the growth and decline of predation mite quantity;
Fig. 6 is soybean district evil mite and the growth and decline of predation mite quantity;
Fig. 7 is check plot evil mite and the growth and decline of predation mite quantity;
Fig. 8 is shallot district evil mite and the growth and decline of predation mite quantity;
Fig. 9 is gramineous grass district evil mite and the growth and decline of predation mite quantity;
Figure 10 is the toxicity regression lines of 7 kinds of miticides to the female one-tenth mite of Tetranychus urticae;
Figure 11 is the toxicity regression lines of 7 kinds of miticides to the Tetranychus urticae ovum;
Figure 12 is the toxicity regression line that 2 kinds of miticides cause the Tetranychus urticae addle-egg;
Figure 13 is that machine oil emulsion influences the Tetranychus urticae egg laying amount.
Embodiment
Following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
Test example 1
This test example is to study the reaction of getting food situation and plant of Tetranychus urticae to each plant species under the orcharding.
Early spring (going out to bite): since sampling survey on March 12, last till April 25, look into every day 1 time, adopt 18 plant species altogether, find into mite and ovum on 8 kinds therein.
Happiness in early spring food plant is clay coating dish (Hemistepta lyrata Bunge), is Horseweed Herb (Conzya canadensis), sparrow nest dish, shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris), horehound (Marrubium incisum Menth) (table 1) secondly.
Table 1 orchard ground in early spring cover plant kind and Tetranychus urticae are got the totality level
The season of growth: according to 10-October 20 May the survey data (per 10 days 1 time) of 25 plant species, 1875 strains being found out:
1. dicotyledon is eaten in the Tetranychus urticae happiness.
2. sweet potato blade chlorisis degree when mite mouth quantity is big is starkly lower than other plant, can think anti-harmful plant.
3. leek is a non-host plant.
4. dicotyledon (particularly pulse family) is its happiness food plant, and gramineous grass (speedwell Chloris virgata, Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon, lady's-grass Digitaria adscendens, green foxtail Setaria viridis, barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli, yard grass Eleusineindica), annual bluegrass Poa annua etc. are non-happiness food plant.
Autumn (down tree-diapause): according to investigations, T.urticae Koch is after August 10, and tree down before August 20 is transferred to tree activity in the weeds down.It is very big that this phase smallflower galinsoga herb (Galinsoyaparviflora) is gone up predation mite density.Infer conversely from predation mite investigation: T.urticae Koch once accumulated in activity on the smallflower galinsoga herb behind the tree down.
Test example 2
This test example is to study the chemoprevention garden and compares with no agricultural chemicals garden (natural control garden) worm
Table 2 chemoprevention garden and natural garden insect worm are compared
As can be seen from Table 2, pest species is tending towards miniaturization in chemoprevention garden (use the wide spectrum agricultural chemicals 6-8 time, manually hoe up weeds), large-scale defoliator disappearance, and natural enemy sharply reduces, and it is simple that worm is tending towards mutually; The medium-and-large-sized defoliator in nature garden (no agricultural chemicals interference, natural grass) is a primary pest, and two spotted spider mite can not work the mischief, and Tetranychus urticae can not form population here, and the most amounts of natural enemy kind are big, and worm is complicated mutually; Heart-eating worm, aphid, leaf roller, leaf miner are primary pest in two kinds of ecosystems, but aphid morning than the Lock-out of chemoprevention garden in natural garden.
Therefore, in the chemoprevention garden, the evil mite is main prevention target; And under the no pesticide grown situation, the evil mite does not damage, and that is to say, evil mite problem is owing to using broad spectrum insecticide to kill and wound the problem that its natural enemy causes.If set up the new system of preventing and treating of a cover; safeguard in maximum on the ecosystem basis in nature garden that use low toxicity, the agricultural chemicals control leaf-feeding insect that specialization is strong make natural enemy obtain necessary protection; the evil mite is under the natural enemy control, might realize the no agricultural chemicals Ecological Control of evil mite.
Test example 3
The generation that this test example is to study Tetranychus urticae and agricultural chemicals, natural enemy, other does harm to the relation of mite.
3.1 materials and methods
The sampling late March is to by the end of September, (institute apple orchard, Nan Yi district is really ground in Changli) and natural control garden (plant protection living collection in conventional chemoprevention garden, do not use agricultural chemicals) select 4 trees respectively, 5-10 days once sampling, every tree is divided 4 orientation, all directions by 3 positions of interior, domestic and abroad thorax, the picking leaves of 12 points, 16 blades are adopted at each position, and 8 each totals of tree are adopted 384 leaves, count young mite under the indoor anatomical lens respectively, if mite, become the quantity of mite, ovum.
After shifting the inoculation Tetranychus urticae and coming out of hibernation, will from the orchard tree down the one-tenth mite adopted of weeds shift the investigation tree down on the grass that be inoculated into the natural control garden, quantity equates with conventional chemoprevention garden substantially.
Dispenser investigation physical record chemoprevention garden spraying time, medicament kind and concentration thereof.
3.2 result and analysis
Natural control garden 3.2.1 (no agricultural chemicals operating position) evil mite population quantity Changing Pattern (Fig. 1)
The later 3 kinds of harmful mites of time of occurrence occur all laterly on the tree, and wherein, Tetranychus urticae is the early and middle ten days in June the earliest, tetranychus viennensis mid or late June, panonychus ulmi early July.
The quantity growth and decline are in whole growth season, the activity attitude insect density of three kinds of harmful mites does not all reach index for control (the conventional control index is 3 a/leaf): two peak values the whole year appearred in Tetranychus urticae, 0.27 head/leaf (June 20), 0.38 head/leaf (July 20), 2 kinds of each 1 peak values in addition, 1.64/leaf of tetranychus viennensis (July 30), 0.09/leaf of panonychus ulmi (July 10); Itself and (three kinds of harmful mite activity attitudes add up) also are lower than index for control, calculate with the peak period, and June 20 was 0.27/leaf, July 10 0.87/leaf, July 20 1.32/leaf, July 30 1.79/leaf, the field is difficult to find and does harm to mite after August 10.
Natural enemy is of a great variety, quantity is big, mainly is predation mite (Phytoseidae spp.), thrips (Scolothrips sp.), minute pirate bugs (Orius sp), and it occurs early than the evil mite, and peak value following closely.The evil mite two peak values occur in June 20,10-30 day in July, and natural enemy three peak values occur June 30 (0.49/leaf), July 30 (0.88/leaf), September 10 (0.70/leaf), and the value of natural enemy/evil mite is respectively 0.34/0.27 on June 20; June 30 0.49/0.17; July 30 0.88/1.79; On September 10 0.7/0, the quantity that obvious natural enemy is suppressing to do harm to mite, both are in natural balanced state.
3.2.2 conventional pesticide control garden evil mite population quantity Changing Pattern (Fig. 2)
On the tree time of occurrence early 3 kinds of harmful mites trees go up time of occurrence all early, (Tetranychus urticae is morning slightly) generally appears in late April, than no agricultural chemicals garden Zao 40 days.
10 days from May 20 to August harmful mite density of quantity growth and decline maintains more than the index for control always.Quantity seldom obviously increases later on before Tetranychus urticae June 10, annually 2 peak values, June 20,6.32/leaf occur; July 30,79.49/leaf.And 2 kinds of mites surpassed index for control June 10 in the past in addition, respectively occurred a peak value whole year basically, tetranychus viennensis 10-20 in June day, 19.55-13.83 head/leaf; Panonychus ulmi June 20,21.06/leaf.June 20, peak value appearred in three kinds of harmful mites simultaneously, but the quantity of Tetranychus urticae is starkly lower than in addition both, thereafter, Tetranychus urticae increases rapidly, reach the peak, and 2 kinds of mite quantity are dropped rapidly to 0 in addition, and succession has taken place evil mite population sociales in this garden thus, and promptly tetranychus viennensis, panonychus ulmi are the orchard sociales before June 10; The 10-6 month in June 20,3 kinds are mixed generation, and quantity is suitable; Be period of transfer 21-July 5 June; Tetranychus urticae becomes sociales after July 5.
Natural enemy is not found natural enemy the whole year.Therefore in conventional chemoprevention garden, natural enemy has completely lost the inhibitory action to the evil mite.
The use of agricultural chemicals and the succession of evil mite population concern the 3rd time medicine on June 10 (despot mite spirit＜azoles mite ester 〉+flolimat), three kinds of harmful mites are all failed of the effect, June 21 the 4th time medicine (the sharp fruit＜pyridaben of gram mite+diesel oil〉tetranychus viennensis, panonychus ulmi are played good lethal effect, its insect population is descended rapidly, and descending but very fast rapid rise has also appearred in Tetranychus urticae; The 5th time medicine on July 2 (sweep mite spy＜pyridaben+diesel oil 〉+1605) make the above two insect populations continue to descend, and Tetranychus urticae gos up on the contrary at faster speed; The 6th time medicine on July 12 (final hit 668＜Methomyl+sumicidin 〉+azacyclotin), make the above two insect populations reduce to 0, Tetranychus urticae insect population growth trend has slightly slows down, rise rapidly subsequently and reach top in the current year, July 30,79.49 head/leaf has replaced preceding 2 kinds of tetranychids fully, has realized the succession of harmful mite population in the orchard; The 7th time medicine on July 30 (go out and sweep profit+oasis mite spirit＜dicofol+pyridaben 〉), sweep under profit (fenpropathrin), pyridaben, dicofol three's the acting in conjunction going out, Tetranychus urticae quantity begins to descend, the 8th time medicine on August 10 (go out and sweep profit+azacyclotin), insect population continues, stable decline, August 20 is near the natural growth and decline situation (under natural situation, August 10 was difficult to later on find harmful mite) of not spraying herbal garden.
3.3 conclusion
Early spring and early summer, tetranychus viennensis, panonychus ulmi are that orchard advantage evil mite Tetranychus urticae is come out of hibernation early (late March), breed on the weeds of orchard earlier, shift to climb the tree behind the fruit tree bud and cause harm; Tetranychus viennensis, panonychus ulmi are come out of hibernation late (early and middle ten days in April) and fruit tree germinates synchronously.Three basis insect population difference is little, and Tetranychus urticae holds advantage slightly, but this stage this mite locate inferior position always, as seen it breeds slower under lower temperature.
Under suitable condition, 7-8 month Tetranychus urticae is converted into orchard advantage evil mite under no agricultural chemicals disturbed condition, all be sociales the whole year with the tetranychus viennensis, and the use of chemical pesticide impels that Tetranychus urticae replaces tetranychus viennensis fully, panonychus ulmi becomes sociales, and causes serious harm.
The ecological niche of 3 kinds of harmful mites is overlapping substantially, but 2 kinds of different Tetranychus urticaes of the ecological amplitude of Tetranychus urticae and other have stronger anti-medicine (resistance) ability, when no agricultural chemicals is intervened, tetranychus viennensis has been because the advantage of early spring and early summer development has occupied this ecological niche, causes the whole growth status of all having the advantage season; Conventional chemoprevention garden then because the intervention of agricultural chemicals makes and agricultural chemicals such as pyridaben are not had tetranychus viennensis, a panonychus ulmi of resistance (patience) abdicated this ecological niche, and is occupied by the Tetranychus urticae of tool resistance (patience).
The forfeiture of natural enemy effect is to cause the investigation and analysis of evil mite basic reason out of control according to Cross (1977), when apple orchard natural enemy/evil mite=1.10/7.00 (U.S.'s tetranychid index for control is 7 a/leaf), natural enemy control evil mite has the possibility more than 90%, and should control the use agricultural chemicals this moment.The data show of this paper, under the situation that no agricultural chemicals disturbs, the time that natural enemy occurred in spring, the value of annual natural enemy/evil mite all was higher than this ratio (1.10/7.00), does harm to mite and obviously is in less important insect position early than the evil mite; And autumn, natural enemy/evil mite=0.70/0 made harmful mite survive the winter to enter near 0 radix.And in conventional chemoprevention garden (year medication more than 8 times), use broad spectrum insecticide, spring the evil mite time of occurrence Zao 40 days than natural control garden, annual natural enemy/evil mite=0 does harm to mite quantity up to 79.49/ leaf, several fallen leaves that cause become the primary insect in the orchard; After the control through the chemical pesticide in 1 year, remaining resistance individuality enters survives the winter, and becomes the worm source in the coming year.Therefore, completely lost at natural enemy under the situation of control action, agricultural chemicals becomes the single strength of preventing and treating, and the certainty decision that the existence of resistance individuality and pesticide resistance produce can present above-mentioned runaway condition sooner or later.
The unreasonable use to orchard evil mite population succession of agricultural chemicals created condition, afore-mentioned test result shows, Tetranychus urticae all has stronger anti-medicine (or resistance) property to pyridaben (still belonging to new miticide), organic phosphor, Methomyl (carbamates), azoles mite ester, part chrysanthemum ester class medicament, only sweeps sensitivity of profit (fenpropathrin) to going out; In addition 2 kinds then to pyridaben, azacyclotin sensitivity, and organic phosphor, azoles mite ester and part chrysanthemum ester class medicament are had resistance.Use the evil mite to produce resistance or chemical sproof medicament is arranged and broad spectrum insecticide control evil mite makes natural enemy all gone on the one hand, promoted the succession of harmful mite population on the one hand, make the stronger population of pesticide resistance (or drug resistance) become sociales, in the vicious circle that orchard environment is in grow in intensity.
Test example 4
This test example is to study Tetranychus urticae different times distribution and space transfer in the tree
4.1 hibernacle and worm attitude
Examination material and method: from T.urticae Koch down tree shift and begin to soil freezing (19～December 10 September), in this mite two serious orchards (Nan Yiqu and Xisi district) of causing harm, per 10 days once sampling.The method of sampling: trunk, scrape by the yin, yang face and to get 1 chi length and stick up skin; Under ground portion, drop shadow spread exceeds with tree crown, is the center with the trunk, and 1/2 place of radius is a boundary, and hat and outer hat in being divided into are by weeds (acrial part), grass roots and rhizosphere soil, apple fallen leaves, the above table soil of 5cm, sampling respectively.The about 3500cm of sampling amount
3Place the mite separator to separate in the sample of fetching, microscopy, record.Distribute and dynamically see Table 3-5.
The hibernacle of table 3 Tetranychus urticae and the investigation of worm attitude
Table 4 distribution and the Chi-square Test of mite under tree crown of surviving the winter
Annotate: hat was not remarkable with outer hat difference in Chi-square Test showed, the mite that promptly survives the winter is equally distributed under tree crown.
Table 5 mite that survives the winter sticks up subcutaneous distribution and Chi-square Test at trunk
Annotate: Chi-square Test shows that the mite that survives the winter is not remarkable at the trunk back and sunny side distributional difference.
As can be seen from Table 3, tree sticks up subcutaneous, fallen leaves, grass roots and rhizosphere soil, blade of grass is its hibernacle, the abundant orchard of vegetation under tree, and the acrial part of grass becomes main hibernacle (accounting for 51.21%), secondly is fallen leaves (accounting for 20.29%); In the orchard of vegetation rareness then be tree stick up subcutaneous (46.42%) and fallen leaves (31.38%) are main hibernacle.Analysis (table 4, table 5) according to the mite quantity of surviving the winter in the sample to the interior hat under the tree crown and outer hat, the trunk back and sunny side is found, in hat not remarkable with outer hat, the trunk back and the equal difference of sunny side, promptly survive the winter mite under tree crown and the back of trunk and sunny side all be equally distributed.
The worm attitude of surviving the winter: the mite that enters hibernating state mainly is female one-tenth mite, accounts for the overall 77-95% that survives the winter, and all the other are if mite and hero become mite, rare young mite (table 3).
4.2 early spring (before the apple tree rudiment) playground and host
Early spring (going out to bite the phase): before the apple tree rudiment, began weeds sampling on March 12 to rudiment under the tree crown, the microscopy investigation, last till April 25 (Zhan Ye), look into every day 1 time, adopt 18 plant species altogether, go up female one-tenth mite of discovery and ovum (table 1) for 8 kinds therein, do not find male mite and, therefore can think to have only female one-tenth mite to survive the winter smoothly, become the worm source in spring in this area as if mite, young mite.The date that Tetranychus urticae occurs the earliest is March 24, breeding on the weeds under the tree after coming out of hibernation, mainly be distributed on the clay coating dish, secondly be Horseweed Herb, sparrow nest dish, shepherd's purse, horehound, at bitter dish (Ixeris chinensis Nakai), on sky potentilla chinensis (Potentillasupina L.), wormwood (Artemisia sp.), also can find that this mite is got food on a small quantity.
4.3 the fruit tree growth diffusion (Fig. 3) of season on fruit tree
As can be seen from Figure 3, Tetranychus urticae mainly concentrates on the interior thorax of tree behind the exhibition leaf, and later on gradually to middle thorax, the diffusion of outer thorax, full tree distributed and was tending towards evenly late July, began August to be shifted to middle thorax, interior thorax by outer thorax gradually.According to aforementioned investigation result, can infer: this mite sprouts the back in fruit tree and climbs the tree along trunk, and then spreads to full tree along the master branch; Be to concentrate to trunk gradually when entering hibernating state along the master branch, transfer to (mainly being smallflower galinsoga herb) life a period of time on the underground weeds along trunk again, a part turns back to trunk and sticks up subcutaneous surviving the winter, and a part of then fallen leaves, blade of grass, grass roots and rhizosphere soil under tree are survived the winter.
Through investigation statistics to 32914 (comprising ovum) mites of 6912 blades, find that mite accounts for 7.5% in the distribution of face of blade, vacuum side of blade accounts for 92.5%, so vacuum side of blade is its main perch, feeding site.
Test example 5
This test example is to study the following difference of orchard tree and covers the influence of plant species to evil mite population quantity.
5.1 material and method
The examination material:
Institute plant protection chamber apple test garden is really ground in Changli, 8 mu of ground, and life in 4 years, dense planting, 2 * 3, kind is system of Fuji and Red Star system, does not use any chemical pesticide during the pilot survey.Tree is planted soybean, Ipomoea batatas, green onion, leek, gramineous grass (annual bluegrass) respectively or passes through to use selective herbicide to keep grassy weed by the sub-district down; Contrast is conventional method, and natural grass adopts artificial weeding or weed killer herbicide weeding then, forms different ecotopes.
Method:
If 6 processing, the about 1 mu of ground of every processing is respectively soybean district, Ipomoea batatas district, green onion district, leek district, gramineous grass district, contrast (CK) district.
After occurring, investigation mite class in spring institutes an inquiry, investigation in per 7 days 1 time, and every district 3 strains trees (repeating 3 times) of fixing a point are taken a sample, 10 leaves are got in every strain, and the kind of microscopically microscopy mite and natural enemy thereof, worm attitude and quantity are investigated 19 the whole year altogether, 3420 leaves are investigated in 190 of every repeated samplings altogether.
Evil mite classification investigation divides 4 grades, division methods: 0 grade, caused harm according to the degree that causes harm of evil mite to blade; 1 grade, injured area accounts for below 20% of the blade gross area; 2 grades, injured area accounts for the 20-50% of the blade gross area; 3 grades, injured area accounts for more than 50% of the blade gross area.Random sampling, 10 strains are investigated in every processing, 24 leaves of every strain investigation.
Data are handled:
According to investigation result, handle on time to each between, movable insect population quantity/leaf paints its growth.
Annual activity attitude mite (children, if, the become) quantity that respectively repeats of each processing is added up, respectively handled the evil mite whole year, the natural enemy total amount that repeat for 3 times, this is carried out test of homogeneity (F test), use least significant difference method (LSD method) that each is handled respectively afterwards and carry out the significance of difference relatively with contrast.Two are relatively adopted the t test.
5.2 result and analysis
5.2.1 harmful mite of different vegetation and predation mite quantity growth and decline (Fig. 4-9)
Each handles evil mite peak period situation table 6
| Handle | Evil mite peak value | Time to peak (month, day) | The peak period * |
| Shallot | 7.8 | July 16 | 11-July 22 July |
| Leek | 32.4 | July 1 | 7-July 21 July |
| Gramineous grass | 2.6 | July 9 | / |
| Sweet potato | 16.9 | July 9 | 9-July 28 June |
| Soybean | 12.2 | July 9 | 30-July 28 June |
| Contrast | (6.1) 28.4 | (June 10) July 16 | (6-June 15 June) 21-July 23 June |
From each growth and decline figure (4-9) and table 6 as can be seen, evil mite peak value is 2.6 on the tree of gramineous grass vegetation, do not reach index for control (3/leaf), all the other are all above index, order is shallot (7.8) (be about gramineous grass 3 times), soybean (12.2) (4.7 times), Ipomoea batatas (16.9) (6.5 times) contrast (28.4) (10.9 times) leek (32.4) (12.5 times) successively, peak value all July early and middle ten days (except that the little peak of contrast) appearance; The peak period, the not appearance of gramineous grass vegetation; What the duration was the longest is Ipomoea batatas vegetation (49 days); Other is followed successively by leek (44 days); Contrast (41 days); Soybean (28 days); Shallot (11 days).Natural enemy mainly is a predation mite (Phytoseidae spp), kind comprises, hawthorn genus amblyseius berlese Amblyseius crataegi, the useful mite Euseius utilis that really pacifies, plan lunge genus amblyseius berlese A.pseudolongispinosus, east genus amblyseius berlese A.orientalis, Pasteur's genus amblyseius berlese A.barkeri, river, Tianjin genus amblyseius berlese A.tsugawai, sensitive genus amblyseius berlese A.astutus, the very peaceful mite E.filandicus of Finland, the blind mite Typhlodromus xingchengnsis of walking in Xingcheng, and 6 thrips of tower Scolothrip sexmaculatus, minute pirate bugs Orius minutus.
That its quantity is maximum is gramineous grass vegetation (72), and other is followed successively by shallot (61), contrast (39), Ipomoea batatas (24), soybean (24), leek (15).
5.2.2 handling with harmful mite that contrasts and natural enemy quantity variance significance, each compares
Each handles evil mite quantity variance significance relatively table 7
According to table 7-8, the annual evil of each processing mite, predation mite quantity are carried out F test (test of homogeneity), each there are differences between handling, through test, evil mite quantity comparative result was respectively between each was handled and contrasts: the harmful mite quantity of gramineous grass, shallot vegetation significantly is lower than contrast, and leek then is significantly higher than contrast; Harmful mite quantity and the contrast difference of soybean, Ipomoea batatas vegetation are not remarkable.Predation mite quantity is more respectively: the predation mite quantity of gramineous grass, shallot vegetation is significantly higher than contrast, and the leek vegetation significantly is lower than contrast, and soybean, Ipomoea batatas and contrast difference are not remarkable.
5.2.3 the ecological effect of gramineous grass vegetation
According to table 9, to grassy weed vegetation and the broad-leaved vegetation evil mite degree analyzing (t check) of causing harm, there is significant difference between the two, promptly orcharding keeps grassy weed down, and the evil mite is caused harm gently on the tree, significantly is lower than the orchard of broad-leaved vegetation.
Table 9 gramineous grass vegetation and broad-leaved vegetation evil mite are caused harm degree relatively
5.3. discuss
Plant under the orcharding or keep different vegetation or expose and to produce material impact to the quantity of setting evil mite and natural enemy, therefore select suitable plant as the ecotope that kind of crop will help improving the orchard that covers under the orcharding.Do harm to the reduction of acarid mouth, must reduce the access times and the consumption of chemical pesticide, help the benign cycle of orchard environment.
According to result of the test, gramineous grass (grass that comprises common weed and artificial planting) suppresses the evil mite, and to increase the ecological effect of predation mite the most remarkable, secondly is shallot, and soybean, Ipomoea batatas, other weeds or bare area particularly leek all be unfavorable for the control of evil mite.Therefore the ecosystem of apple-gramineous grass helps the control of evil mite.
Test example 6
This test example is to study miticide screening and toxicity test, the performance test of nuisanceless medicament machine oil emulsion.
6.1 acaricidal screening and toxicity test
6.1.1 materials and methods
Material: examination worm Tetranychus urticae is taken from Hebei Vocational Technology Normal College experiment centre facility peach garden, raises at indoor morning glory blade free of contamination, that the water planting that exsomatizes is being raised on the ware, obtains the female one-tenth mite and the ovum of unanimity in the length of time, and error is 0.5 day.
The apple blade is taken from fruit and is ground institute plant protection test garden, and the whole year is pesticide grown not, and with the intact blade of card punch cut-off footpath 27mm, the horizontal water planting that exsomatizes is being raised on the ware.
Reagent agent A Wei worm clear (1.8% Avermectin Abamectin), Ai Nuo Co., Ltd of North China pharmacy group; Worm enemy (0.5% jervine alcoholic solution Sabadilla) Shijiazhuang plant pesticide research institute; Mite dead clean (20% 4 mite piperazine Clofentezine), chemical plant, Zhangjiakou, Hebei; Opposing the Australian Jia Deshi of dead worm (99.1% machine oil emulsion Petroleum oils) company produces; Sweep clean (34% pyridaben missible oil Pyridaben) the green scholar's agricultural chemicals in the Shandong Province Co., Ltd of mite; Azacyclotin (25% wetting powder Azocyclotin) Zhejiang chemical industry Co., Ltd of Huaxing of Jingwei Group produces; Hexythiazox (5% Hexythiazox Hexythiazox), Tso Tat Co., Ltd., Japan (Hangzhou).
Testing equipment and condition: Potter spray tower.Its operating pressure is 2kg power/cm
2, the sedimentation time is 2 minutes, spray value is 6ml
*
*Oppose dead worm by its spray amount of instructions for use be the conventional chemical agricultural chemicals 1.5-2 doubly, the spray amount identical with chemical pesticide adopted in this test.
Method: spraying 7 medicaments of method of tagging are respectively established 5 geometric ratios (1: 2) concentration, totally 35 processing, other establishes 1 blank, every processing repeats 4 times, 30 female one-tenth mites of every repetition or grain ovum, the toxicity test of addle-egg is to kill on the basis of mite, after the dispenser not dead female one-tenth mite is continued to raise 3 days, lay eggs, remove into mite after 3 days.
The concentration setting of each medicament: A Wei worm clear 4000 times (4.5ppm), 8000 times (2.25ppm), 16000 times (1.125ppm), 32000 times (0.56ppm), 6400 times (0.28ppm);
750 times of (6.67ppm), 1500 times (3.33ppm) of worm enemy, 3000 times (1.67ppm), 6000 times (0.83ppm), 12000 times (0.42ppm);
Mite dead clean 1000 times (200ppm), 2000 times (100ppm), 0 times (50ppm), 8000 times (25ppm), 16000 times (12.5ppm);
Oppose 100 times of dead worms (9910ppm, 1%), 200 times (4955ppm, 0.5%), times (2477.5ppm, 0.25%), 800 times (1238.75ppm, 0.125%), 1600 times (619.38ppm, 0.063%);
Sweep mite clean 1500 times (226.67ppm), 3000 times (113.33ppm), 6000 times (56.67ppm), 12000 times (28.33ppm), 24000 times (14.17ppm), 48000 times (7.08ppm);
1000 times of (250ppm), 2000 times (125ppm) of azacyclotin, 4000 times (62.5ppm), 8000 times (31.25ppm), 16000 times (15.63ppm);
1000 times of (50ppm), 2000 times (25ppm) of hexythiazox, 4000 times (12.5ppm), 8000 times (6.25ppm), 16000 times (3.13ppm).
Environmental condition: indoor, the high-pressure sodium lamp illumination; Temperature 21-27 ℃, average 23.8 ℃; Humidity 67-91%, average 77.7%.
To the result of the test-rate of dying and not incubation rate proofread and correct with the Abbott formula.Obtain regression equation with method of least squares, and draw the toxicity regression line.
6.1.2 result and analysis
(1) 7 kind of miticide is to the toxicity test (table 10, Figure 10) of female one-tenth mite
7 kinds of miticides of table 10 are to the toxicity test of the female one-tenth mite of Tetranychus urticae
Compare 7 toxicity regression lines, the slope maximum that the A Wei worm is clear, be 3.02, all the other are followed successively by azacyclotin 2.34, worm enemy 2.12, hexythiazox 1.59, the dead worm 1.41 of enemy, sweep clean 0.70, the mite dead clean 0.58 of mite, this shows that female one-tenth mite is the most responsive clearly to the A Wei worm, azacyclotin and worm the enemy take second place, and all the other are followed successively by hexythiazox, oppose dead worm, sweep that mite is clean, mite is extremely clean.LC50 also demonstrates approximate trend, is followed successively by that the A Wei worm is clear, worm enemy, azacyclotin, hexythiazox, the dead worm of enemy, sweeps that mite is clean, mite is extremely clean.
The LC95 and the common dose of each medicament are compared, can find that the A Wei worm is clear, worm enemy's LC95 is lower than its common dose, be respectively 0.59 times and 0.69 times, hexythiazox, azacyclotin are a bit larger tham its common dose, be respectively 1.62 and 2.40 times, all the other oppose dead worm is that 25.93 times, mite are 116.46 times extremely only, to sweep mite be 36478.15 times only.This shows, the A Wei worm is clear, the worm enemy is the effective agent of the movable worm attitude of control Tetranychus urticae, and azacyclotin, sweep mite clean (also being ovicide) as the miticide that kills activity attitude mite, Tetranychus urticae obviously has suitable drug resistance or resistance, particularly sweeps mite clean (pyridaben) and has almost completely lost the toxicity that Tetranychus urticae is become mite; Hexythiazox, the dead worm of enemy have certain mite ability of killing into; Mite extremely almost becomes the nontoxic of mite to Tetranychus urticae only.
(2) 7 kinds of miticides are to the toxicity test (table 11, Figure 11) of ovum
7 kinds of miticides of table 11 are to the toxicity test of Tetranychus urticae ovum
| Medicament and numbering | Regression equation | Correlation coefficient r | LC 50 (ul/l) | LC 95 (ul/l) | Common dose (ul/l) | LC
95/ |
| 3 hexythiazoxs | Y 3 ovum＝4.25+2.18x 3 ovum | 0.94 | 2.21 | 12.59 | 25.00 | 0.50 |
| 6 to sweep mite clean | Y 6 ovum＝2.3+2.08x 6 ovum | 0.97 | 19.77 | 122.12 | 113.34 | 1.08 |
| 7 mites are extremely clean | Y 7 ovum＝2.7+1.86x 7 ovum | 0.96 | 17.12 | 130.64 | 100.995 | 1.29 |
| 2 worms enemy | Y 2 ovum＝3.2+1.73x 2 ovum | 0.98 | 10.96 | 97.60 | 3.33 | 29.31 |
| 1 A Wei worm is clear | Y 1 ovum＝3.45+1.46x 1 ovum | 0.97 | 11.55 | 155.53 | 2.25 | 69.12 |
| The dead worm of 5 enemies | Y 5 ovum＝0.18+1.13x 5 ovum | 0.99 | 18549.06 | 531183.43 | 4955 | 107.2 |
| 4 azacyclotins | Y 4 ovum＝2.51+0.72x 4 ovum | 0.99 | 2914.55 | 561270.49 | 125.01 | 4489.80 |
7 toxicity regression lines are compared, slope order from big to small is hexythiazox (2.18), sweeps mite clean (2.08), mite dead clean (1.86), worm enemy (1.73), A Wei worm clear (1.46), content at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% (1.13), azacyclotin (0.72) that LC50 order from small to large is hexythiazox (12.59), worm enemy (10.96), A Wei worm clear (11.55), mite dead clean (17.12), sweeps mite clean (19.77), azacyclotin (29.14), opposes dead worm (18549.06); It is 0.50 times of hexythiazox that the LC95 of each medicament and common dose compare the result, sweep clean 1.08 times of mite, dead clean 1.29 times of mite, 29.31 times of worm enemies, clear 69.12 times of A Wei worm, 1072.36 times of dead worms of enemy, 4489.80 times of azacyclotins.
The above analysis, hexythiazox is undoubtedly the ovicide of desirable Tetranychus urticae, only have and certain kill the ovum ability but be obvious to its drug resistance or resistance though mite is dead clean, sweep mite as the ovicide Tetranychus urticae, worm enemy, A Wei worm kill clearly ovum power a little less than, oppose dead worm, azacyclotin to the ovum nearly unavailable.
(3) 7 kinds of miticides cause Tetranychus urticae to produce the toxicity test (table 12, Figure 12) of addle-egg
7 kinds of miticides of table 12 cause Tetranychus urticae to produce the toxicity test of addle-egg
Except that the A Wei worm is clear, the worm enemy does not obtain the ovum, all the other 5 kinds have all obtained ovum.As can be seen from Table 12, oppose dead worm, azacyclotin, sweep the clean regression equation correlation coefficient of mite and be lower than 0.4, belong to lower correlation, the significant difference property testing proves simultaneously, the not incubation rate that female one-tenth mite lays eggs after 3 kinds of chemicals treatment is similar to contrast, that is 3 kinds of medicaments can not cause Tetranychus urticae to produce addle-egg.Hexythiazox, mite have obtained the regression equation of height correlation extremely only, and relatively both slope hexythiazoxs are 7.27, and mite is dead clean 2.46, and LC50 is respectively 4.85 and 34.96, and obviously to be higher than mite extremely clean for the virulence of hexythiazox; The ratio of LC95 and common dose relatively, hexythiazox is 0.32, and mite is dead clean 1.62, and visible hexythiazox has makes Tetranychus urticae produce the remarkable result of addle-egg, and Tetranychus urticae is to mite dead clean then have certain drug resistance or resistance.
6.2 the performance test of machine oil emulsion
6.2.1 security test
Material and method
The examination material: annual apple branch, keep 2-3 sheet leaf, transplant and support in infusion bottle; Draw materials from intact blade with card punch, lie in and raise on the ware water planting.
Machine oil emulsion: Australia produces, and 99.1% Jia Deshi opposes dead worm.Method: the machine oil emulsion of variable concentrations is evenly spraying under the different temperature on for the examination leaf, and a situation arises to observe the record poisoning, and the grading record according to poisoning occurs carries out statistical analysis, and disease refers to be 0.0 *, be one-level (+); 0.1 *, be secondary (++); 0.2 *, and more than be three grades (+++).
Machine oil emulsion is to the security test of apple under table 13 different temperatures
The result: as can be seen from Table 13, the poisoning appearance is directly related with temperature, and under same concentration, poisoning appears in high temperature, and poisoning does not appear in low temperature, is 0.5%, 1% as concentration, and slight poisoning appears in temperature when reaching 29 ℃, then do not have poisoning at 27 ℃; Concentration has the moderate poisoning when being 2%, 29 ℃, occur slight poisoning in the time of 27 ℃, does not then have poisoning in the time of 24 ℃.In addition, poisoning has the characteristics of automatic recovery, prolongs in time automatically to disappear, and as concentration 2%, at 29 ℃ of medicines the moderate poisoning takes place one day after the time, becomes slight poisoning in second day.Therefore, determining of the safe handling concentration of machine oil emulsion is directly related with temperature,
6.2.2 being suppressed to mite lays eggs
Material and method
Examination material: apple blade: take from fruit and grind institute plant protection test garden, the whole year is pesticide grown not, and with the intact blade of card punch cut-off footpath 27mm, the horizontal water planting that exsomatizes is being raised on the ware.
Tetranychus urticae: male and female become mite to take from indoor feeding on the blade of the stripped water planting of morning glory, and female mite is sprout wings the same period (error 0.5 day).
99.1% enemy dead worm (machine oil emulsion): Australia produces, and provided by Jia Deshi in July, 1998.
Method: establish 6 processing, medicament is divided into 5 concentration, and 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, contrast and be clear water, repeat 2 times, every processing is 40 pairs of mites.To handle for the spraying of examination blade with medicament earlier, treat that soup is done after, promptly form the medicine film after, will try worm by female: male=as to be connected at 1: 1 and to supply to try on the blade, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 144h look into egg laying amount, and the result is carried out variance analysis and test of significance.
Environmental condition: indoor, the high-pressure sodium lamp illumination; Temperature 21-27 ℃, average 23.8 ℃; Humidity 67-91%, average 77.7%.
Result (table 14-15): result of the test (table 14) is carried out test of significance (table 15) and painted histogram (Figure 13).
According to the significance testing result, egg laying amount compares between chemicals treatment (0.125-1%) and the contrast (clear water), and machine oil emulsion is laid eggs to T.urticae Koch the obvious suppression effect, wherein 1-4 days comparison, difference reaches utmost point significance level, 5-6 days comparison, and difference reaches significance level.Egg laying amount can descend 84% on the blade of oil film having to become mite.Difference is not remarkable between each chemicals treatment, and inhibitory action was identical between promptly 0.125-1% handled.
Table 14 machine oil emulsion influences result of the test to the Tetranychus urticae egg laying amount
Remarks: it is because female one-tenth mite is active that 1 statistics borer population is less than the processing borer population, climbs from blade.
Table 15 machine oil emulsion influences T.urticae Koch egg laying amount significance of difference test result
*A, b, c are 0.05 level, A, B are 0.01 level.
Mechanism of action: the method that this test is used is a medicine embrane method, and promptly mite itself is not subjected to chemicals treatment, so the effect that its inhibition is laid eggs is by the change of host's smell the mite behavior to be worked.
6.2.3 the different amount of liquid medicine insecticidal effects of machine oil emulsion same (using always) concentration relatively
Materials and methods: the same, experimental concentration is 0.5%, and the spraying liquid amount is respectively 4ml, 6ml, 10ml.
The result: according to table, when amount of liquid medicine was 10ml, the average correction lethality was 96.08%, and the average correction lethality is 73.91% during 6ml; The average correction lethality is 44.20% during 4ml, and The results of analysis of variance shows between 3 processing and exists significant difference, carries out multiple ratio with minimum range method and reaches utmost point significance level than insecticidal effect difference between 3 amount of liquid medicine.
6.2.4 conclusion
Safe handling concentration: resting stage can use 2%, and can not surpass 0.5% vegetative period, grasps between 0.125-0.5%, uses cautiously when temperature reaches 30 ℃, bans use of when reaching 32 ℃.
Using method: during the spray value identical with the conventional chemical agricultural chemicals, the killing ability of machine oil emulsion can not be given full play to, under the situation that strengthens amount of liquid medicine, spray value be chemical pesticide 1.6-2 doubly, till requiring to reach soup and flowing down, for example from blade, spray is during chemical insecticide during 1 10 years living fruit tree spraying liquid 20 jin (10L), if the spray machine oil emulsion then needs to spray the soup of 32-40 jin (16-20L), insecticidal effect can significantly improve, and can reach more than 90%.
The insect protected action pathway: the desinsection that 1. suffocates, outside polypide, form oil film, activity attitude mite is choked to death, invalid to ovum; 2. suppress to lay eggs, not raised spraying the blade of medicine (medicine film) by the female one-tenth mite of medicine and go up egg laying amount and significantly descend.
6.3 field control effectiveness test
6.3.1 main acaricidal field effect relatively
Materials and methods: on the basis of indoor pharmacodynamic test, the 6-7 month is carried out field control effectiveness test in Changli, Hebei agrotechnique college of education booth nectarine demonstration garden.Adopt the method for random sampling, the movable insect population quantity before and after the investigation spray medicine is established contrast and guard row, dead clean etc. the field effect of proof machine oil emu, Avermectin, mite.Medicament and concentration thereof: machine oil emulsion 4955ppm (0.5%), Avermectin 3ppm, the dead clean 100ppm of Avermectin 3ppm+ mite, Avermectin 3ppm+ machine oil emulsion 330ppm (0.03%), the dead clean 100ppm+ machine oil emulsion 4955ppm (0.5%) of mite etc.
Result and analysis
Several chemical control Tetranychus urticae of table 16 field control effectiveness test
Annotate: 1 and 2 correspond to 2 groups of tests
As can be seen from Table 16, the field insecticidal effect of machine oil emulsion is about 90%, insect density reach 10/when leaf is above, single use machine oil emulsion is difficult to insect population is controlled to (3/leaf) under the index for control, very near index for control (2.67/leaf), therefore it is undesirable to control effect, but then can control to 1.93/leaf when being used with a kind of low toxicity miticide (mite is extremely clean), more satisfactory, in conjunction with laboratory test results (table 12,14,15), machine oil emulsion has the ability that female one-tenth mite lays eggs that suppresses, and mite can make female one-tenth mite produce addle-egg extremely only simultaneously, so a drug can make mite obtain long-term control; Machine oil emulsion mixes when using, and working concentration is lower than 0.1% o'clock effect to be difficult to manifest; When insect density surpasses 20/leaf, though the high malicious miticide of single use can prove effective, the mite mouth can rise rapidly, and suggestion adopts miticide+ovicide to cooperate machine oil emulsion (0.125-0.25%) to use simultaneously.
Conclusion: machine oil emulsion can be used as the leading medicament that mite is killed in the orchard, and its tool pest mite can't develop immunity to drugs and to people's safety, non-harmful characteristics, and can kill 90% movable mite, makes the fecundity of female one-tenth mite descend more than 80%.
When the movable insect population of evil mite 10/when leaf is following, can be singly with 0.5% machine oil emulsion; Surpass 10/leaf, 20/when leaf was following, the chemistry that should adopt the 0.125-0.25% machine oil emulsion to mix a kind of low toxicity killed the compound prescription of mite, ovum agent (as hexythiazox or mite dead clean or worm enemy or Avermectin); When insect population surpasses 20/leaf, should adopt the compound prescription of miticide and ovicide such as the clear 6000 times of liquid of A Wei worm (3ppm)+hexythiazox+content at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.125-0.25%) more than 99%; Or worm enemy+hexythiazox+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.125-0.25%) more than 99%, or the clear 6000 times of liquid+mites of A Wei worm dead clean+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.125-0.25%) more than 99%; Or worm enemy+mite dead clean+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid (0.125-0.25%) more than 99%, a drug both can be pressed onto insect population below the index for control, it is surplus also can to keep the drug effect moon.Wherein the agricultural chemicals of unreceipted usage amount is pressed the operation instructions operation.
6.3.2 machine oil emulsion is done the field controling test of the leading medicament in orchard
Material and method
Experimental field be apple orchard, Changli Fruit-Tree Inst., Hebei Academy of Agricultural ﹠ Forestry Science test site Nan Er district, clear weeding, the test tree is 7 years living red fuji apples.
If 2 processing, content is handled at the machine oil emulsion more than 99%, and contrast uses that hexythiazox, one time are clean, the young urea that goes out (testing crew is recommended the effective chemical medicament to the orchard worker) and organic phosphor are handled, and 3 mu are respectively taken up an area of in two districts, between have 8 row to set isolated.Content is handled according to insect pest situation is annual at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% and is sprayed 3-4 content at the machine oil emulsion more than 99%, and the medication in contrast garden is by orchard worker oneself decision spray date and kind spray medicine.
5 samplings are adopted in the investigation of evil mite, and every 2 sample trees are promptly repeated 10 times, and every tree is got 25 leaves, microscopy evil mite and natural enemy (tetranychus viennensis, panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae at random by the different azimuth (four corners of the world, the outer hall of thorax in the interior thorax) of tree; Thrips, predation mite) quantity of movable worm attitude.The aphid investigation, 10 young sprouts of every tree mark, every tip is got 5 leaves from top to bottom, the quantity of follow-up investigation aphid (apple yellow aphid, apple leaf curling aphid).Investigation in per 7 days once.The noctuid investigation of diving, counting blade victimization state before the apple fallen leaves, the latent noctuid of the adding up every louvre blade spot number of causing harm.
Test period be the mid-May-by the end of August.Statistical analysis technique carries out the t check to each sampling result, tests the significance of difference of 0.05 level.
Result and analysis
(1) does harm to mite preventive effect relatively (table 17)
Table 17 evil mite preventive effect relatively
| 5-17 | 5-24 | 5-31 | 6-7 | 6-15 | 6-21 | 6-28 | 7-5 | 7-12 | 7-19 | 7-26 | 8-2 | 8-11 | 8-16 | |
| Machine oil emulsion | 0.016 | 0.300 | 0.088 | 0.064 | 0.068 | 0.120 | 0.068 | 0.100 | 0.212 | 0.552 | 2.176 | 0.628 | 0.016 | 0.004 |
| Routine administration | 0.020 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.164 | 1.940 | 2.660 | 1.440 | 1.572 | 1.584 | 2.428 | 1.316 | 0.108 | 0.124 | 0.032 |
| T checks (0.05) | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Significantly | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable |
As can be seen from Table 17, content has been obtained the effect identical with chemical pesticide the control of the machine oil emulsion more than 99% tetranychus viennensis, particularly (July 5) content is starkly lower than the chemoprevention district at the machine oil emulsion control zone insect population more than 99% in the peak period, be that single use content has effectively been controlled at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% and caused harm, annual insect population is lower than index for control (3/leaf).
(2) the aphid preventive effect relatively (is shown 18-19)
1. apple yellow aphid (table 18)
Table 18 apple yellow aphid preventive effect relatively
| 5-17 | 5-24 | 5-31 | 6-7 | 6-15 | 6-21 | 6-28 | 7-5 | 7-12 | 7-19 | 7-26 | 8-2 | 8-11 | 8-16 | |
| Machine oil emulsion | 9.12 | 25.45 | 23.05 | 50.19 | 6.55 | 5.31 | 0.58 | 0.35 | 1.55 | 3.69 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.40 |
| Leaf roll | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have |
| Routine administration | 5.63 | 23.33 | 5.10 | 3.98 | 8.39 | 36.07 | 32.51 | 7.24 | 4.04 | 1.76 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.10 |
| Leaf roll | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have |
| T checks (0.05) | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Significantly | Significantly | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable |
As can be seen from Table 18, content equals and is better than conventional chemical to prevent and treat in the preventive effect of the machine oil emulsion more than 99% to apple yellow aphid, the phenomenon of leaf roll and influence growth all do not occur.
2. apple leaf curling aphid (table 19)
Table 19 apple leaf curling aphid preventive effect relatively
| May 17 | May 24 | May 31 | June 7 | June 15 | |
| Machine oil emulsion | 3.99 | 5.51 | 2.06 | 0.04 | 0 |
| Routine administration | 2.81 | 6.13 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
| T checks (0.05) | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable |
As can be seen from Table 19, content has been obtained same good effect at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% and conventional chemical agricultural chemicals to the control of apple leaf curling aphid, does not all cause to production and causes harm.
(3) leaf miner
Content is not found the leaf miner spot of causing harm at the machine oil emulsion treatment region more than 99%, i.e. 0/blinds, and the check plot is 25 a/blinds, both compare significant difference.
(4) natural enemy quantity relatively (is shown 20-21)
1. thrips (table 20)
Table 20 thrips quantity relatively
| 5-17 | 5-24 | 5-31 | 6-7 | 6-15 | 6-21 | 6-28 | 7-5 | 7-12 | 7-19 | 7-26 | 8-2 | 8-11 | 8-16 | |
| |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.0016 | 0.0012 | 0.0004 | 0 |
| |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| T checks (0.05) | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Significantly | Not remarkable | Not remarkable |
As can be seen from Table 20, content is handled at the machine oil emulsion more than 99%, thrips quantity early August obviously more than conventional chemoprevention garden, two to handle differences not remarkable At All Other Times, quantity is all on the low side as a whole.
2. prey on mite (table 21)
Table 21 predation mite quantity relatively
| 5-17 | 5-24 | 5-31 | 6-7 | 6-15 | 6-21 | 6-28 | 7-5 | 7-12 | 7-19 | 7-26 | 8-2 | 8-11 | 8-16 | |
| |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.0008 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.002 | 0.0028 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0008 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.0048 | 0.0008 | 0.0016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| T checks (0.05) | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable | Not remarkable |
As can be seen from Table 21, predation mite quantity indifference between two processing.
Conclusion: content the machine oil emulsion more than 99% to the field control effect of evil mite, aphid, leaf miner can reach, near or surpass and produce effectively chemical pesticide control effect at present.
Content has protective effect at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% to evil mite natural enemy thrips; Do not having under the situation of underground vegetation, predation mite quantity also can be received influence.
Use content to be less than or equal to chemical pesticide at the machine oil emulsion cost more than 99%.But lack than chemical pesticide spray medicine number of times, have the characteristics of saving of labor and safety.
Test example 7
This test example is to study ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite
7.1 set up " fruit tree+gramineous grass vegetation ecological system "; sward protection natural enemy; when hoe up weeds in the orchard with the whole hoe clean (or remove with weed killer herbicide) of broad leaved weed; keep grassy weed (as mao mao's grass, yard grass etc.) consciously; or artificial planting gramineous grass; regularly the grass that will grow tall cuts weak point; in this ecosystem that constitutes by " fruit tree+gramineous grass vegetation "; the quantity of evil mite can maintain below the index for control whole year; both be no more than 3/leaf; its principle mainly is the quantity that has increased field evil mite natural enemy predation mite, and the benefit evil is than having reached 0.9: 2.
7.2 insect population 10/when leaf is following, single use content is sprayed at (99.1% machine oil emulsion) the 200 times of liquid of the machine oil emulsion more than 99% (0.5%), it is to form oil film on polypide that the mite mechanism extremely of this agent has two aspects one, and mite is choked to death, and therefore never develops immunity to drugs; The 2nd, be suppressed to mite and lay eggs, egg laying amount can descend 84% on the blade of oil film having to become mite.Content can be controlled harmful acarid mouth long-term effectively at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% thus, and a drug term of validity can reach 1 month, and whole growth only need be sprayed 3-4 season need not add any miticide all over content at the machine oil emulsion more than 99%.Simultaneously, can doublely control the noctuid of diving; Field investigation shows that content has significant protective effect at the machine oil emulsion more than 99% to the natural enemy thrips.
7.3 the evil mite wildness occurs and causes harm if do not prevent and treat as stated above, can adopt following method to carry out chemical control, rapidly insect population is reduced, and then recovers to use said method.Reasonably the medicament using method is:
(1) when being lower than 20/leaf above 10/leaf, insect population can adopt 6000 times of liquid+content of A Wei worm clear (also claiming to like clear 1.8% Avermectin of promise worm)) at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99% by the North China pharmaceutical manufacturing; Or worm enemy+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%, or hexythiazox+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; Or mite dead clean+content once can be pressed onto insect population (3/leaf) below the index for control at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%, and it is surplus to keep the drug effect moon.
(2) surpass 20/leaf when insect population, can reach 100/leaf sometimes, be close to and fall leaves, can adopt the clear 6000 times of liquid+hexythiazox+content of A Wei worm at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; Or worm enemy+hexythiazox+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%, or the clear 6000 times of liquid+mites of A Wei worm dead clean+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; Or worm enemy+mite dead clean+content is at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; A drug both can be pressed onto insect population below the index for control, and it is surplus also can to keep the drug effect moon.Annotate: dead clean, the hexythiazox of mite, worm enemy use multiple to consult and use specification.Aphid, the 5-6 month can work the mischief, and does not need chemical control after July.Medicament commonly used has the machine oil emulsion of Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, 200 times of liquid etc.
7.4 coordination with other insect
Leaf miner is mainly used machine oil emulsion, the young urea that goes out prevents and treats.Machine oil emulsion can effectively be walked quickly and kept away adult and be laid eggs.
Leaf roller, take place light early stage, and beginning is serious after July.In 2-4 generation, took place in general 1 year, survives the winter with mature larva.The newly hatched larvae phase is the material time of chemical control such as early June, mid-July, mid or late August, uses the Le Siben of go out young urea or 1000 times of liquid of 1500 times of liquid; Bigger larva is used Le Siben+chrysanthemum ester class control.
Heart-eating worm, fruit bagging.Behind the fallen flowers, carry out bagging behind the spray cloth insecticidal bactericide, generally finished in the past in late May.
7.5 machine oil emulsion is done the use of leading medicament, mountain area summer climate arid, high temperature, and the soil lack of water, machine oil emulsion easily produces poisoning, so the mountain area can only be forbidden to use in spring and use in autumn summer; The region of no relief all can use generally speaking the whole year, wants careful use when meeting arid and high temperature, can reduce working concentration (as adopting the 0.125-0.25% spraying), notes soil irrigation simultaneously.
According to 3 demonstration garden data (table 22,23) that obtain detailed data, integrated control garden control efficiency significantly better than common chemoprevention garden, wherein the contrast garden in integrated control garden 2 uses is the effective chemical miticide.Complete gramineous grass vegetation is given full play to its regulating and controlling effect.
Table 22 integrated control technique and conventional chemoprevention are relatively
| Handle | Evil acarid mouth (head/leaf) | Evil mite hazard index | Leaf miner (head/blinds) |
| The integrated control garden | 0.94 | 0.383 | 16.67 |
| Conventional chemoprevention garden | 4.08 | 0.725 | 72.50 |
| The significance of difference | Significantly | Significantly | Significantly |
Table 23 grassy weed ecological effect
| Handle | Leaf roller (head/hundred) | Plum wood leaf roller (head/hundred) | Evil mite hazard index | Leaf miner (head/blinds) |
| Gramineous grass vegetation garden | 15.0 | 53.0 | 0.378 | 26.65 |
| Broad-leaved class vegetation garden | 72.0 | 133.0 | 0.628 | 64.20 |
| The significance of difference | Significantly | Significantly | Significantly | Significantly |
Tetranychus urticae happiness in early spring food plant of the present invention is the clay coating dish, is Horseweed Herb, sparrow nest dish, shepherd's purse, horehound secondly; Sweet potato is anti-harmful plant; Leek is a non-host plant; Dicotyledon is its happiness food plant; Gramineous grass belongs to non-happiness food plant.
Found that Tetranychus urticae can not form the population of causing harm in natural garden (no agricultural chemicals disturbs, the natural grass standing grain--the undergraduate course weeds are main), the evil mite is in less important insect status; Heart-eating worm, aphid, leaf roller, leaf miner are primary pest in the two kinds of ecosystems in chemoprevention garden and natural garden.
Discovery the population succession process in the evil mite population 1 year and the factor--the unreasonable use of agricultural chemicals and the forfeiture of natural enemy effect that causes this succession to take place in the orchard.The ecological niche of 3 kinds of harmful mites is overlapping substantially, because the difference of ecological amplitude, when using Tetranychus urticae to have the miticide of resistance or patience, do not have resistance (patience), dominant population tetranychus viennensis, panonychus ulmi abdicated this ecological niche, and occupied by Tetranychus urticae tool resistance (patience), that controlled by natural enemy fully in the natural garden, become dominant population.
The present invention finds that evil mite quantity did not reach index (3/leaf) whole year when tree was the gramineous grass vegetation down in the ecological effect orchard of the control evil mite of gramineous grass in the orchard, and evil mite quantity significantly is lower than contrast.Predation mite quantity then is significantly higher than contrast; The harmful mite quantity of all the other vegetation is all above index for control.
Propose to use combination and the reasonable of low toxicant to cooperate " the complex ecological system of fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation " and machine oil emulsion non-harmful, no pesticide resistance, form fruit tree evil mite ecology regulation and control integrated control technique.
Find simultaneously machine oil emulsion to the evil mite avoid keep away lay eggs the effect produce by sense of smell.
Find the new biologic product worm enemy (0.5% jervine alcoholic solution) of control Tetranychus urticae, clear and definite Tetranychus urticae activity attitude mite is responsive to Avermectin, worm enemy, and hexythiazox, mite are its outstanding ovicide extremely only and have the function that makes its female one-tenth mite produce addle-egg; The clear and definite height patience (or pesticide resistance) of Tetranychus urticae to pyridaben class medicament, azacyclotin, mite extremely also there are certain drug resistance (or pesticide resistance) only, organic phosphor, Methomyl (carbamates), azoles mite ester, part chrysanthemum ester class medicament are all had stronger anti-medicine (or resistance) property.
Use the insect population quantitative index of machine oil emulsion, evil acarid mouth 10/singly when leaf is following once insect population can be controlled at below the index for control with machine oil emulsion.
Though above the present invention is described in detail with a general description of the specific embodiments, on basis of the present invention, can make some modifications or improvements it, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Therefore, these modifications or improvements all belong to the scope of protection of present invention without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. an ecological regulation and control integrated control method of fruit tree mite is characterized in that, adopts the complex ecological system of fruit tree-gramineous grass vegetation of setting up in the fruit tree garden, and the predation mite is stored up in the field, control evil mite,
When evil acarid mouth is in 10/leaf, adopt content at the machine oil emulsion 99% or more, with 200 times of liquid sprayings, till being sprayed to leaf and dripping, remove harmful mite;
When evil acarid mouth surpasses 10/leaf and is lower than 20/leaf, adopt 1. the clear 6000 times of liquid mixture content of 1.8% A Wei worm at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; 2. or worm enemy mixture content at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%, 3. or the hexythiazox mixture content at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; 4. or the dead clean mixture content of mite spray at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 99% or more times of liquid, till being sprayed to leaf and dripping, removal does harm to mite;
When insect population surpasses 20/leaf, adopt the admixing medical solutions control of three kinds of medicaments, adopt one of following method to carry out: 1. clear 6000 times of liquid mixing hexythiazoxs of 1.8% A Wei worm and content are at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; 2. or worm enemy mix hexythiazox and content at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; 3. or the clear 6000 times of liquid of 1.8% A Wei worm mix the dead clean and content of mite at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid more than 99%; 4. or worm enemy mix the dead clean and content of mite at the machine oil emulsion 400-800 times liquid 99% or more, spraying till being sprayed to leaf and dripping, is removed harmful mite.
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| CN111406562B (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2022-08-02 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Method for ecologically controlling orchard pests |
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