CN101522766B - 用于塑料容器的picvd涂层 - Google Patents

用于塑料容器的picvd涂层 Download PDF

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CN101522766B
CN101522766B CN2007800366641A CN200780036664A CN101522766B CN 101522766 B CN101522766 B CN 101522766B CN 2007800366641 A CN2007800366641 A CN 2007800366641A CN 200780036664 A CN200780036664 A CN 200780036664A CN 101522766 B CN101522766 B CN 101522766B
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CN101522766A (zh
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S·贝勒
T·沃耶沃德
J·克莱因
U·罗特哈
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Abstract

本发明涉及容器的复合材料(1)以及用于制备复合材料(1)的方法,该复合材料包括基材(2)和该基材(2)上的涂层(3),其中该涂层(3)具有至少一个朝向该基材(2)的第一区域(31)和至少一个背向该基材(2)的第二区域(32),该第一区域(31)包括阻挡层(4)。应当进一步形成涂层,当其与pH值大于5,特别是大于6.5的介质接触时,在室温下保持其阻挡作用至少6个月。为此本发明建议,该第二区域(32)包括钝化层(5)。

Description

用于塑料容器的PICVD涂层
技术领域
本发明涉及塑料容器以及用于在塑料容器上施加涂层的方法。
背景技术
诸如塑料瓶的塑料空心容器大多具有对于所考虑的应用目的尚不足的气体阻挡作用。诸如二氧化碳的气体例如可以从容器扩散出来或者进入其中。该效应大多是非期望的。该效应特别是缩短在这些容器中所盛放的饮料的储存耐久性。
为了通过塑料容器在其他许多方面的优点克服这些缺点,开发了用于施加阻挡层或扩散阻挡层的技术。为了减少气体和液体的渗透以及保护塑料材料免受化学侵蚀或UV辐射,诸如三维空心体的基材优选具有阻挡涂层。通过涂层可以用廉价的普通塑料达到与昂贵的特殊塑料相同的性能,并且在药物包装领域通过此类普通塑料例如代替玻璃。
用于施加该层的特别有效且廉价的技术是化学气相沉积(CVD)。在CVD法中通过化学反应性气体混合物沉积层,该气体混合物包围待涂覆的表面。特别是氧化物层,如SiOx层,也称作扩散阻挡层。
可以通过加热或者通过引入能量电离工艺气体而产生用于CVD涂覆的化学反应性气体混合物。因为塑料通常热稳定性不足,或者具有低的软化点,所以CVD涂覆在温度作用下不合适于涂覆塑料表面。但是在此,提供了等离子体辅助的CVD涂覆(PECVD)的可能性。因为在此通过等离子体也加热了待涂覆的表面,所以等离子体脉冲诱导的CVD涂覆(PICVD)特别适合于在诸如塑料的温度敏感性材料上施加涂层。
然而目前通过PECVD在塑料上施加的SiOx阻挡层通常具有小的耐碱性。如检测所示,已经从大于或等于5的pH值开始连同特定的离子浓度或特定的液体电导一起以平面方式完全腐蚀掉阻挡层。在此已证明,与通过渗透过滤器压制的水或完全脱盐水相比,静止的矿泉水和自来水对于层稳定性更加关键。
pH值和/或灌装的产品的填充温度或储存温度越高,则侵蚀过程进行得越快。所以此类层的缺点在于,在塑料和液体之间具有该阻挡层的塑料容器中储存相应的液体之后,涂层的阻挡作用严重降低,这取决于pH值和储存条件或填充条件。阻挡作用甚至可能根本不再存在。
一些饮料,如绿茶、咖啡和牛奶制品,以及特别是静止的或仅弱碳化的矿泉水,它们的pH值为6.5至7.5。在此,为了在塑料包装中达到典型的储存耐久性,需要在室温(23℃)下的储存耐久性为6至12个月的耐受pH的阻挡层。
在一些国家,诸如绿茶或咖啡的某些产品在热的情况下,即在最高95℃的温度下进行灌装,随后在室温下储存最多6个月,从而在销售之后于60℃下储存最多14天。开发了将这些产品在喝掉之前的短时间内才利用微波进行加热。这例如用于饮料自动售货机中。在这些条件下也需要提供耐受pH的阻挡层。
对于药物的包装材料,需要对于相应的阻挡层在室温下通常储存3至5年时pH值最高为10的pH稳定性。加速的测试模拟在60℃下存储超过6个月的情况。对于用于包装例如精细化学品、制动液、清洁剂等的技术包装材料的要求想到对药物包装材料的要求。
发明内容
因此,本发明的一个目的是,以如下方式进一步形成阻挡层,当其与pH值大于5,特别是大于6.5的介质接触时,在室温下保持其阻挡作用至少6个月。
本发明的另一个目的是,提供具有阻挡作用的层,其阻挡作用即使在与pH值最高为10的介质接触时于室温下仍然保持其阻挡作用至少3年。此外,本发明的一个目的是,在60℃的温度下于具有阻挡层的塑料容器中可以储存pH值为6.5至7.5的产品最多14天,而不会明显损坏阻挡层。
该目的是通过复合材料令人吃惊地以简单的方式由本发明实现的。此外,本发明还提供用于制备该复合材料的方法。本发明提供一种复合材料,其包括基材和该基材上的涂层。在此,该涂层具有至少一个朝向基材的第一区域和至少一个背向基材的第二区域。第一区域包括阻挡层,而第二区域包括钝化层。
根据本发明,钝化层优选为所谓的“顶涂层”,即从基材看是涂层的最后层。通过钝化层提供阻挡层的保护层,其用于防护特别是通过腐蚀的侵蚀。所以,与涂层不具有钝化层的材料相比,根据本发明的复合材料对于有效的阻挡具有明显延长的寿命。通过施加钝化层,连接类型与阻挡层相比发生如下影响,至少延迟了阻挡层的分解,在大多数情况下甚至基本上避免了分解。
对于未使用的复合材料已经可以确定特殊的尺寸,其与在使用过程中显示的本发明涂层提高的寿命相关,该尺寸由本发明以O参数和N参数的形式发现。在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,钝化层利用ATR(衰减全反射)测得的O参数在0.4至0.9的范围内,优选在0.45至0.55的范围内,其中
Figure G2007800366641D00031
1000cm-1至1100cm-1范围内的强度值以如下方式求得:
强度(1000cm-1至1100cm-1)=max[强度(1000cm-1,强度(1100cm-1)]
这意味着,取强度在1000cm-1至1100cm-1范围内出现的最大值。所感兴趣的峰的波数取决于试样各自特殊的结构。
该强度在ATR测量中以任意的单位(a.u.)作为“吸收率”加以测定。
优选地,钝化层利用ATR(衰减全反射)测得的N参数在0.7至1.6的范围内,优选在0.83至1.01的范围内,其中
Figure G2007800366641D00041
在制备钝化层时,根据本发明采用CVD,优选PICVD法,其中使用有机硅或有机金属化合物作为前体。优选使用HMDSO作为前体,以在阻挡涂层上产生作为钝化层的未极化的有机覆盖层。已表明,根据本发明的钝化层具有其有利的作用,其条件是存在特征性物质用SIMS测得的信号的特定强度比。
根据本发明,复合材料的钝化层利用SIMS(二次离子质谱)测得的C3和Si的强度I信号的强度比IC3/Si在2.5至7的范围内。此外优选地,利用SIMS(二次离子质谱)测得的SiO2和Si的强度I信号的强度比ISiO2/Si在40至3的范围内。
根据本发明,利用SIMS(二次离子质谱)测得的SiH和Si的强度I信号的强度比ISiH/Si为15至10。
在本发明的范畴内,已经证明包含SixOzCy的钝化层是特别稳定的。在此,x为18至23。对于优选的钝化层,x等于21。y的值为41至58,优选为44至55。特别优选地y等于48。z的值为23至38,优选为25至36,特别优选地z等于31。x、y与z之和为100。
x、y和z的数值是以原子%再次给出,并通过MCs+分析加以确定。该分析方法是一种用于定量SIMS检验的技术,其中检测在用铯一次离子进攻待测试的材料后生成的MCs+二次离子。在此,M代表待验证的元素。MCs+离子通过将溅射的中性M离子与注入并再次溅射的Cs+离子相结合而形成。
本发明特别是能够通过采用PICVD法而在温度敏感性基材或阻挡层上施加钝化层。所以,优选通过本发明提供复合材料,其具有包括至少一种塑料的基材,特别是至少一种聚酯和/或至少一种聚烯烃和/或至少一种可堆肥(kompostierbar,生物可降解)的温度敏感性塑料。该基材例如可以包括PE和/或PP和/或PET和/或PEN和/或LDPE和/或HDPE和/或PC和/或COC/COP和/或PLA。但是在本发明的范畴内,该基材也可以包括纸张和/或至少一种复合材料。通常可以使用TG低于250℃的材料作为该基材。
根据本发明的复合材料,优选使用钝化层,以保护阻挡涂层在容器中,如瓶子或塑料杯,例如特别是在饮料自动售货机中所提供的,避受侵蚀,而对于传统的容器由于与在容器中灌装的液体相接触而侵蚀容器材料。
因此,本发明提供一种包括空心体的容器,其中该空心体确定内部空间,并具有至少一个将内部空间与空心体周围相连通的开口。开口例如可以位于饮料瓶的瓶颈中或者在杯子的上开口侧。空心体包括至少一种如上所述的复合材料。钝化层优选朝向空心体的内部空间。
此外,为了制备根据本发明的复合材料,本发明提供包括下列步骤的方法:
a)在处理空间中提供至少一个具有阻挡层的基材,
b)将处理空间抽真空,
c)通过等离子体脉冲诱导的CVD涂覆(PICVD涂覆)产生钝化层。
在本发明的范畴内,该基材例如可以其内部具有阻挡涂层的容器的形式提供。DE 102 53 512.4-45描述了采用PICVD涂覆此类容器。将该用于实施内部涂覆容器的PICVD法的文献的内容并入本申请作为参考。
在产生钝化层时,优选主要使用HMDSO作为前体,以实现在阻挡层上基本上非极性的有机覆盖层。
通过背向基材的阻挡层区域在其结构中变得密实,从而也可以额外地或者选择性地产生钝化层。为此根据本发明,在产生钝化层时将处理空间接地(geerdet),并在气体喷管与接地的处理空间之间设置高频偏磁(HF-Bias)。由此将在实施PICVD法时沉积的颗粒以如下方式排出气体喷管,并因此移动至位于气体喷管与处理空间的壁之间的基材上,在冲击存在于基材上的阻挡层时它们由于“打入(
Figure G2007800366641D00061
)”而使沉积的颗粒变得密实。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,在产生钝化层时将重离子,特别是惰性气体离子,如Ar和/或Xe,混入前体气体中,以使钝化层变得密实。
在产生钝化层时,优选使用MW范围内的频率,特别是2.45GHz,或者使用高频HF以激发等离子体,因为已经表明使阻挡层所涉及的区域变得密实是特别有效的。
下面根据实施例参考附图更详细地阐述本发明。同样的组件在所有附图中均采用相同的标记。
附图说明
图1所示为根据本发明第一实施方案的复合材料的纵截面示意图;
图2所示为根据本发明第二实施方案的复合材料的纵截面示意图;
图3所示为根据本发明第二实施方案的具有复合材料的容器的纵截面示意图;
图4所示为在不同的前体浓度下制备的4种根据本发明的钝化层的ATR分析结果的曲线图;
图5所示为在前体浓度为45%的HMDSO时制备的钝化层的ATR测量结果的曲线图;
图6所示为本发明复合材料的2个SIMS强度-溅射时间曲线图;
图7所示为用于测定灵敏系数以分析结果的示意图;层的组成(上图)和相对的SIMS-灵敏系数(下图);
图8所示为用于根据第一实施方案实施本发明方法的示意图;
图9所示为用于根据第二实施方案实施本发明方法的示意图;
图10所示为用于根据第三实施方案实施本发明方法的示意图。
具体实施方式
根据图1所示,复合材料1包括基材2和涂层3。涂层3具有朝向基材2的第一区域31以及背向基材2的第二区域32。涂层3包括阻挡层4和钝化层5作为顶涂层。阻挡层阻挡在基材2周围与同复合材料1相接触的介质之间的物质交换,该基材2周围如图1所示对应于与基材2下方相邻接的区域,而该介质的位置如图1所示与钝化层5相接触。钝化层5保护阻挡层4免受此类介质的侵蚀。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,涂层3除了阻挡层4和钝化层5以外还包括粘结剂层8以改善涂层在基材2上的粘着性。图2中显示了此类复合材料。该复合材料特别适合于容器的内涂层。
图3中显示了该容器6。容器6包括具有内部空间15的空心体10。通过开口12可以将诸如饮料的介质装入内部空间中,或者从内部空间15取出。内部空间15通过钝化层5与阻挡层4分离。为了改善层体系的粘着性,在阻挡层4与基材之间施加粘结剂层8。
对于图1至3中所示的实施例,利用SIMS分析所涉及的涂层。此外还实施ATR测量。在制备层时,对于钝化层使用前体HMDSO,对于阻挡层使用前体HMDSN。对于钝化层,前体在气体混合物中的浓度从17%经过45%和73%直至100%而改变。对于HMDSN,从1.2%经过45%直至100%而改变。
图4所示为具有可变的前体浓度的钝化层在其制备时的ATR谱图。在特征波数时可以证明特定的连接类型。图5单独所示为使用在涂覆气体混合物中45%的HMDSO作为前体制造的钝化层的ATR谱图。由在波数为840cm-1、799cm-1、1253cm-1、1000cm-1和1100cm-1时测得的强度值,确定有机组份和层内交联的由ATR测量表征的特征值作为O参数和N参数。结果汇总于表1中。
在实验中改变前体浓度,从小值上升至100%。提供N参数或O参数的最佳结果的前体浓度值取决于各自使用的PICVD装置。所以,在更换装置时可以进行相应的最优化。在目前的情况下,HMDSO浓度从17%经由45%和73%上升至100%,而HMDSN浓度从1.2%经由45%上升至100%。
表1:基于HMDSO和HMDSN的层的N参数和O参数
Figure G2007800366641D00081
图6所示为根据本发明的复合材料的SIMS强度-溅射时间曲线图。图6的左图是对复合材料测得的,该复合材料具有钝化层5,该钝化层是在前体浓度为45%的HMDSO时制得的,并且具有在前体浓度为1.2%的HMDSN时沉积的阻挡层4,以及在PET基材2上具有在前体浓度为17%的HMDSO时制得的粘结剂层8。图6的右图所示为复合材料的SIMS-溅射时间曲线图,在制备钝化层时前体浓度为73%的HMDSO。其余的参数不变。
此类SIMS分析的结果得出表2中汇总的强度比。在此与表1相关的描述也适用于改变前体浓度。
表2:基于HMDSO和HMDSN的层的SIMS强度比
Figure G2007800366641D00091
通过“C3/Si”形式的数据给出C3由SIMS测得的信号强度与Si由SIMS测得的信号强度之比。HMDSO或HMDSN浓度以体积%给出在制备所分析的层时使用的在涂覆气体中的浓度,其中其余是氧。
随着HMDSO和HMDSN浓度的增涨,层的有机特性也增大,如SIMS-C3/Si比例和由ATR分析得到的O参数所具有的。基于MCs+深度分布分析表征在PICVD法中使用不同的前体浓度沉积在PET上的SixOzCy层的组成。
对于分析结果,存在分析与基体相似的试样的相对灵敏系数。为了定量测定该层的组成,在5keV的激发能量下进行WDX分析(只有来自该层的信号)。在将取决于方法不加以考虑的氢含量忽略掉的情况下,将C-Astimex标准(100%C)和Herasil(=100%SiO2)用于分析结果。所属的结果如图7(上图)所示。
由于信息深度,将定量的WDX或EDX分析限制在最小厚度为几个100nm的层上。对于更薄的层,提供SIMS的半定量MCs+变化方案。图7所示为来自对应的深度分布的强度比CsC+/CsSi+和Cs2O+/CsSi+对浓度比的曲线图(来自WDX分析)。
对于CsC+/CsSi+,获得线性相关性,即对于SiOxCy层可以确定允许量化C/Si含量的相对灵敏系数。在测定O/Si比例时,与此相反地考虑MCs+强度与组成的非线性相关性(参见图7)。
表3:MCs+测量的结果
Figure G2007800366641D00101
表3中缩写“Int”代表强度,“Int.CsC/CSi”代表CsC信号与CSi信号的强度比,“Int.Cs2O/CsSi”代表Cs2O信号与CsSi信号的强度比。HMDSO浓度给出在制备所分析的钝化层时使用的在涂覆气体中的浓度,其中其余是氧。在此与表1相关的描述也适用于改变前体浓度。
图8至10所示为制备具有以上更详细地描述的钝化层的复合材料。在处理空间20中提供具有阻挡层4的基材2。如图所示,这是通过将基材2保持在基材支架23上。借助于真空泵(未示出)将处理空间抽真空。涂覆气体经由气体喷管22导入处理空间中。在此借助于等离子体源25激发等离子体。在此根据本发明,颗粒50沉积在阻挡层4的表面上而形成钝化层5(参见图8)。
在该方法的另一个实施方案中,如图9所示,在接地的处理空间20与气体喷管22之间设置高频偏磁9。将诸如惰性气体离子的重离子混入涂覆气体51。
这些离子在等离子体与容器20之间的电场的边缘层中加速,并以高的能量冲击在所形成的复合材料的表面上或者冲击在涂层上。这在足够的离子能量的情况下使涂层变得密实,并减少结构中的干扰,如“针孔”。选择高频偏磁的能量,从而不会导致过于强烈的加热和/或甚至涂层的溅射。
该方法的一个特别的优点在于,塑料基材上的涂层的改善的粘着性。此外,可以使用产生比微波激发更高的等离子体边缘层电压(Plasmarandschichtspannung)的频率作为等离子体在处理空间中的激发频率。
根据该方法的另一个实施方案,如图10所示,高频偏磁也可以设置在基材与气体喷管之间。在此,基材支架23与基材隔离。然后将电场集中在其中形成钝化层的区域上,从而特别有效地沉积形成层的颗粒及混入重离子。
本领域技术人员可以看出,本发明并不局限于上述实施例,还可以许多方式加以改变。特别地,各个实施方案的特征还可以互相组合。
附图标记
1复合材料
2基材
3涂层
31涂层的第一区域
32涂层的第二区域
4阻挡层
5钝化层
50作为PICVD涂层沉积的颗粒
51其作为PICVD涂层沉积并含有重离子的颗粒
6容器
8粘结剂层
9高频偏磁,电压源
10空心体
15空心体的内部空间
20处理空间
22气体喷管
23处理空间中的基材支架
25等离子体源

Claims (21)

1.一种复合材料(1),其包括基材(2)和该基材(2)上的涂层(3),其中该涂层(3)具有至少一个朝向该基材(2)的第一区域(31)和至少一个背向该基材的第二区域(32),该第一区域包括阻挡层(4),其特征在于,该第二区域包括钝化层(5),所述钝化层(5)利用ATR(衰减全反射)测得的O参数在0.4至0.9的范围内,其中
Figure FSB00000610856800011
所述钝化层(5)利用ATR(衰减全反射)测得的N参数在0.7至1.6的范围内,其中
Figure FSB00000610856800012
2.根据权利要求1的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述钝化层(5)利用ATR(衰减全反射)测得的O参数在0.45至0.55的范围内。
3.根据权利要求1的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述钝化层(5)利用ATR(衰减全反射)测得的N参数在0.83至1.01的范围内。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述钝化层(5)包含SixOzCy,其中x为18至23,y为41至58,而z为23至38。
5.根据权利要求4的复合材料(1),其特征在于,x等于21。
6.根据权利要求4的复合材料(1),其特征在于,y为44至55。 
7.根据权利要求6的复合材料(1),其特征在于,y等于48。
8.根据权利要求4的复合材料(1),其特征在于,z为25至36。
9.根据权利要求8的复合材料(1),其特征在于,z等于31。
10.根据权利要求1至3之一的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述基材(2)包括至少一种塑料。
11.根据权利要求10的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述基材(2)包括至少一种聚酯和/或至少一种聚烯烃和/或至少一种可堆肥的温度敏感性塑料。
12.根据权利要求1至3之一的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述基材(2)包括PE和/或PP和/或PET和/或PEN和/或LDPE和/或HDPE和/或PC和/或COC/COP和/或PLA。
13.根据权利要求1至3之一的复合材料(1),其特征在于,所述基材(2)包括纸张和/或至少一种复合材料。
14.一种包括空心体(10)的容器(6),该空心体确定内部空间(15),并具有至少一个将该内部空间(15)与该空心体(10)的周围相连通的开口(12),其中该空心体包括至少一种根据权利要求1至13之一的复合材料(1)。
15.根据权利要求14的容器(6),其特征在于,所述钝化层(5)朝向所述空心体(10)的内部空间(15)。 
16.用于制备根据权利要求1至13之一的复合材料(1)的方法,其包括下列步骤:
a)在处理空间(20)中提供至少一个具有阻挡层(4)的基材(2),
b)将该处理空间(20)抽真空,
c)通过等离子体脉冲诱导的CVD涂覆产生钝化层(5)。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其特征在于,在产生所述钝化层(5)时,主要使用HMDSO作为前体。
18.根据权利要求16或17的方法,其特征在于,在产生所述钝化层(5)时,将所述处理空间(20)接地,并在气体喷管(22)与接地的处理空间(20)之间设置高频偏磁(9)。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,在产生所述钝化层(5)时,将重离子混入前体气体中。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其特征在于,所述重离子是惰性气体离子。
21.根据权利要求16或17的方法,其特征在于,在产生所述钝化层(5)时,使用MW范围内的频率或者高频以激发等离子体。 
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EP2079783B1 (de) 2012-05-23
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US20080090039A1 (en) 2008-04-17
CN101522766A (zh) 2009-09-02
DE102006048658B4 (de) 2014-03-27
DE502007003491D1 (de) 2010-06-02
EP1911794A1 (de) 2008-04-16
WO2008043325A1 (de) 2008-04-17
ATE465206T1 (de) 2010-05-15
JP5583885B2 (ja) 2014-09-03
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