A kind of method of animals and plants polysaccharide oligomerization
Technical field
The invention belongs to health food processing technology.
Background technology
The stem of plant such as cereal, beans, leaf, seed and deep processing accessory substance bran chaff thereof, fruit and vegetable, shrimp shell, crab shell etc. contains a large amount of polysaccharose substances.These polysaccharose substances comprise water-soluble polysaccharide and water-insoluble polysaccharide.Starch, pectin, algin, low molecular weight soluble dietary fiber etc. belong to water-soluble polysaccharide, and cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, chitin etc. are water-insoluble polysaccharide.Low dimerization polysaccharide such as pectin, algin, low molecular weight soluble dietary fiber have different physiological roles, can prevent constipation and colon cancer; Reduce serum cholesterol and blood fat, the heart disease that prevention is caused by coronary sclerosis.Low dimerization polysaccharide also has and improves the sensitivity of nerve ending to insulin, regulates diabetes patient's blood sugar level; Change the food digestion process, increase effects such as satiety.Starch dissolves in warm water, and degradable generates glucose under effects such as acid, enzyme, is the indispensable energy matter of human survival.Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin polymerization's degree surpass 600, and molecular weight is not absorbed by human consumption more than 100,000, physiologically active a little less than, even do not have physiologically active and health care, and mouthfeel is relatively poor, can only be as the noenergy filler.Chitin has another name called chitin, chitin, is a kind of aminated polysaccharide, and molecular weight reaches more than 1,000,000, is present in a large number in the crust of ocean arthropod (shrimp, crab), also is present in lower animal mushroom, insect, the alga cells, and it is extremely extensive to distribute.Chitin and derivative thereof are a kind of rich natural resource, and memory space is only second to cellulose, are called as animal fiber.Soluble chitin (shitosan), it is a kind of straight chain natural polymers, molecular weight is below 100,000, be dissolved in acid and body fluid, have norcholesterol, reducing blood lipid, hypotensive, change microcirculation in human body, increase effects such as immunologic function, enteron aisle toxin expelling, also can promote the propagation of beneficial bacterium (Bifidus) in the enteron aisle and suppress growth of pathogenic bacteria in Escherichia coli and the enteron aisle, be a kind of good Bifidobacterium MF.The experimental results shows that the health-care effect of polysaccharide is relevant with its degree of polymerization, and the degree of polymerization is low more, and molecular weight is more little, and soluble polysaccharide content is high more, and its health-care effect is obvious more.
Acid system, alkaline process, the organic solvent methods etc. of adopting are handled in the low dimerization of cellulosic polysaccharide more both at home and abroad at present, low dimerization weak effect, product has dissolvent residual, and edible safety is low, and yield is lower, and complex operation also produces a large amount of waste liquids, has environmental issue.Also have report to utilize the Production by Enzymes oligomeric polysaccharide, this method not only equipment investment is big, complex operation, and product quality is wayward, and has removed functional protein and the functional fatty acid in the dietary fiber fully, has reduced the health-care efficacy of product.In addition, both at home and abroad to the ungrease treatment great majority employing organic solvent method of cellulosic polysaccharide, this method exists operational danger and environmental issue at present.
Corn, soybean, wheat, paddy, potato are the main crops in the China and even the world, annual a large amount of accessory substance maize peels, soybean skin, bran chaff, the potato slag etc. of producing of relevant deep processing enterprise, the overwhelming majority directly is used as feed, is underutilized, and added value is very low.China's marine resources are abundant; the freshwater aquaculture industry development is also quite rapid, and the chitin resource is very abundant, effectively utilizes the chitin resource; produce high value-added product, for preventing that the wasting of resources, increase economic benefit, raising environmental protection etc. from having great importance.Its main component of accessory substance that produces in above-mentioned crops and the processing of aquatic products process is the cellulosic polysaccharide compound, molecular weight is greater than 100,000, water insoluble, human body can not digestion and metabolism, as without specially treated, can only be as simple filler, faint to the health-care effect of human body, even do not have health-care effect, make an addition in a large number and also can cause uncomfortable sensation in the food.As adopt proper method to reduce its molecular weight, and obtain the animals and plants polysaccharide of low polymerization degree, then have remarkable health care functions, can be used for the production of hypoglycemic, reducing blood lipid, the anti-constipation health food of clean intestines or medicine.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of method of animals and plants polysaccharide oligomerization, present animal and plant fiber matter polysaccharide palatability is poor to solve, low, no effect of using value or functional problem such as more weak in the food production, the present invention includes the following step:
One, the pre-treatment of raw material:
Adopt the method for screening, washing, magnetic separation to remove impurity such as sand, stone, earth, weeds according to animal and plant fiber material characteristics such as maize peel, soybean skin, bran chaff, shrimp and crab shells, dry then, pulverizing, make water content less than 12%, granularity is less than the fiber powder of 1mm.
Two, degreasing, take off different assorted flavor and handle:
Use supercritical CO
2Fluid extraction technology removes lipid and different assorted flavor material, operating pressure 15MPa~40MPa, 35 ℃~60 ℃ of temperature, 1 hour~3 hours time.
Three, the compound enzymolysis of extruding:
Above-mentioned degreasing, the raw material that takes off after assorted are added cellulase 0.1%~1.5%, amylase 0.2%~1.5%, calcium chloride 0.2%~0.5%, adjusting material-water ratio is 1: (0.3~2), carry out the compound enzymolysis processing of extruding then, 80 ℃~160 ℃ of temperature, time 3min~15min; The compound material of extruding behind the enzymolysis is carried out drying, make its water content less than 12%, carry out pulverization process then, gained powder granularity is less than 0.125mm, and molecular weight is not more than 100,000 low dimerization polysaccharide.
The product that the present invention obtains promptly can be used as food additives and adds in the food that needs the reinforcement oligomeric polysaccharide, also can be used as food and directly eats.
The supercritical CO that the present invention adopts
2Fluid extraction technology has the high advantage of degreasing rate, has concurrently simultaneously to take off different assorted flavor effect, compare with solvent method to have efficiently, and low consumption, nontoxic, pollution-free, noresidue, easy to operate, good selective, and can make production serialization, automation.The compound enzymolysis process of extruding has improved the animal and plant fiber function, realizes the low dimerization of material is handled.Owing under the moisture instant vaporization cutting of friction, shearing, fusion, superheat state and the comprehensive function of enzyme-specific macromolecular substances is degraded, destroyed the thick and stiff tissue of fiber, the degree of polymerization reduces, the low molecular weight soluble composition increases, improve liposuction and expansive force, improve its rerum natura, generate low dimerization polysaccharide with special physiological activity.
The present invention detects by the degree of polymerization of national standard method to the cellulosic polysaccharide before and after the low dimerization, and the result shows, adopts the inventive method that the sample degree of polymerization is reduced to below 600, and molecular weight is reduced to below 100,000.
The present invention adopts standard method in the industry that the soluble polysaccharide content and the main physical index of cellulosic polysaccharide are detected:
Soluble polysaccharide is measured: that gets granularity and be 0.125mm treats test sample 1g~2g, add 1~15 times of pure water microwave auxiliary extraction soluble component, separate, vacuum concentrates to such an extent that solid content adds the ethanol of 3~4 times of concentration 80% greater than 70% concentrate, sealing, normal temperature is placed 5~6h down, has a large amount of precipitations to generate, suction filtration gets sediment, dealcoholysis, vacuum drying are pulverized all by the powder of 0.125mm aperture sieve, are the water-soluble polysaccharide semifinished product.Be calculated as follows soluble polysaccharide content: soluble polysaccharide content (%)=(sample quality before soluble polysaccharide quality/extraction) * 100%
Expansive force is measured: take by weighing the 0.10g sample, place the 50ml graduated cylinder, inhale 5ml distilled water and add wherein, 24h is placed at 25 ℃ of condition lower seals in the vibration back, reads the volume of fluid sample.Be calculated as follows expansive force:
Expansive force (ml/g)=[sample volume after the swelling (ml)-sample original volume (ml)]/sample quality (g)
Liposuction power is measured: get 1g~3g (W
1) sample in centrifuge tube, add liquid edible oil 8g~24g, 37 ℃ leave standstill 1h, the centrifugal 10~20min of 4000r/min removes upper strata oil, residue blots free grease with filter paper, weigh W
2Be calculated as follows liposuction power:
Liposuction power=(W
2-W
1)/W
1
By the rerum natura before and after the polysaccharide oligomerizationizations such as maize peel, soybean skin, bran chaff, shrimp and crab shells is detected, the result shows that adopting the low dimerization of the inventive method to handle can make sample soluble polysaccharide content improve more than 3 times afterwards, and the low dimerization prerequisite of the expansive force of polysaccharide and liposuction power is high more than 2 times after the low dimerization.
The present invention has carried out health care test (fat-reducing, anti-constipation, reducing blood lipid) to the oligomeric polysaccharide that obtains by national standard method.The result is as follows:
The obesity mice body weight of oligomeric polysaccharide of feeding is compared with model mice (obesity mice of the oligomeric polysaccharide of not feeding), loses weight more than 20%, and biology statistical analysis P<0.001, difference is extremely remarkable, illustrates that oligomeric polysaccharide has tangible antiobesity action; Fat index reduction by 25%, T-CHOL (TC) reduction by 26%, triglycerides (TG) reduction by 30%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction by 40%, HDL (HLD) raise 25%, through biology statistical analysis P<0.01, difference is extremely remarkable, illustrates that oligomeric polysaccharide has tangible effect for reducing fat; Oligomeric polysaccharide was fed normal mouse after 10 days, and its stomach, intestinal motility function advance percentage control group mice (mouse of the oligomeric polysaccharide of not feeding) to increase by 15%, row's melena time decreased 26%; Oligomeric polysaccharide was fed constipation type constipation model mice after 3 days, compared feces volume increase by 50% in 8 hours with control group mice (the constipation type constipation model mice of the oligomeric polysaccharide of not feeding).Illustrate that oligomeric polysaccharide can obviously increase the defecation frequency of constipation type mice with constipation, shorten the defecation time of mouse, have tangible anti-constipation effect.
Above-mentioned result of the test is for oligomeric polysaccharide is used to lose weight, the production of lipopenicillinase, anti-constipation health food or medicine provides scientific basis.
The specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
1. the pre-treatment of raw material
Accessory substance maize peel or bean product processing industry by-product of soybean skin slag with cornstarch production or corn grain processing generation, add suitable quantity of water and soak 1~2h, fully wash by rubbing with the hands with circulating water then, remove remaining starch, soluble sugar and edible impurity not, gained wet corn skin is to carry out centrifugal dewatering under the condition of 3000r/min at rotating speed, dry processing under 60 ℃~80 ℃ conditions then, make its water content less than 12%, carry out pulverization process, make can be all maize peel powder or soybean skin powder by 0.147mm~0.175mm aperture sieve.If with paddy processing industry accessory substance bran chaff be raw material then only need carry out magnetic separation remove metal impurities and pulverizing, screening obtain can be all bran chaff powder by 0.147mm~0.175mm aperture sieve get final product.If with processing of aquatic products accessory substance shrimp and crab shells is raw material, add suitable quantity of water and soak 1~2h, fully wash by rubbing with the hands with circulating water then, remove remaining shrimp crab meat and reach not edible impurity, drop water purification branch, centrifugal dehydration, the dry processing under 60 ℃~80 ℃ conditions makes its water content less than 12% then, carry out pulverization process, make can be all shrimp and crab shells powder by 0.147mm~0.175mm aperture sieve.
2. degreasing, take off different assorted flavor and handle
Maize peel powder after the pre-treatment or soybean skin powder or bran chaff powder or shrimp and crab shells powder are carried out supercritical CO
2Extraction, operating pressure 15MPa, 35 ℃ of temperature, 1 hour time, it is pure that products obtained therefrom has local flavor, is as good as assorted flavor, and lipid material content is less than 0.5%.
3. the compound enzymolysis of extruding
Maize peel or soybean skin powder that last step obtains, add cellulase 0.1%, amylase 0.2%, calcium chloride 0.2%, powder raw material is 1: 0.3 with the amount of water ratio, stirs, under 80 ℃ of temperature, 15min condition, extrude processing, with extrudate drying, the pulverizing that obtains, make the powder that obtains to be oligomeric plant polyose all by the 0.125mm aperture sieve.Handle the shrimp and crab shells powder as stated above and then obtain the animal oligomeric polysaccharide.
Embodiment 2
1. the pre-treatment of raw material
With embodiment 1.
2. degreasing, take off different assorted flavor and handle
Maize peel powder after the pre-treatment or soybean skin powder or bran chaff powder or shrimp and crab shells powder are carried out supercritical CO
2Extraction, operating pressure 20MPa, 45 ℃ of temperature, 1.5 hours time, it is pure that products obtained therefrom has local flavor, is as good as assorted flavor, and lipid material content is less than 0.5%.
3. the compound enzymolysis of extruding
Maize peel or soybean skin powder that last step obtains, add cellulase 0.5%, amylase 0.4%, calcium chloride 0.3%, powder raw material is 1: 1 with the amount of water ratio, stirs, under 100 ℃ of temperature, 8min condition, extrude processing, with extrudate drying, the pulverizing that obtains, make the powder that obtains to be oligomeric plant polyose all by the 0.125mm aperture sieve.Handle the shrimp and crab shells powder as stated above and then obtain the animal oligomeric polysaccharide.
Embodiment 3
1. the pre-treatment of raw material
With embodiment 1.
2. degreasing, take off different assorted flavor and handle
Maize peel powder after the pre-treatment or soybean skin powder or bran chaff powder or shrimp and crab shells powder are carried out supercritical CO
2Extraction, extracting pressure 40MPa, 60 ℃ of temperature, 3 hours time.The products obtained therefrom local flavor is pure, is as good as assorted flavor, and lipid material content is less than 0.5%.
3. the compound enzymolysis of extruding
Maize peel or soybean skin powder that last step obtains, add cellulase 1.5%, amylase 1.5%, calcium chloride 0.5%, powder raw material is 1: 2 with the amount of water ratio, stirs, under 160 ℃ of temperature, 3min condition, extrude processing, with extrudate drying, the pulverizing that obtains, make the powder that obtains to be oligomeric plant polyose all by the 0.125mm aperture sieve.Handle the shrimp and crab shells powder as stated above and then obtain the animal oligomeric polysaccharide.