CN101375410A - 太阳能电池及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
使用激光或者金属针来通过去除吸光层和缓冲层以此来分割吸光层(3)和缓冲层(4)。接下来,对包含经分割末端部分的部分应用激光从而热熔化该末端部分并执行激光退火,以便使基本上垂直的末端部分变为倾斜状态。由此,在该倾斜末端部分累积的TCO的厚度与吸光层上表面上形成的TCO的厚度基本相同。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具有内部串联连接结构的太阳能电池及其制造方法。
背景技术
用于接收光并将光转换为电能的太阳能电池按照半导体的厚度被划分为块式群组和薄膜群组。
其中,薄膜群组是半导体层厚度从几十μm到几μm或者更小的太阳能电池,并被划分为Si薄膜群组和化合物薄膜群组。在化合物薄膜族中存在多种II-VI族化合物族,黄铜族等,并且其中很多已经商业化。
其中,根据所使用的物质,属于黄铜族的黄铜型太阳能电池是指CIGS(Cu(InGa)Se)族薄膜太阳能电池或者CIGS太阳能电池或者I-III-VI族的另一名称。黄铜太阳能电池是通过黄铜化合物形成吸光层的太阳能电池,其特征在于高效、无光学退化(老化改变)、抗辐射性卓越、具有较宽的吸光波长范围、具有较高的吸光系数等,目前已经进行了针对大量生产的研究。
图1采用黄铜型太阳能电池的例子示出了具有内部串联连接结构的一般太阳能电池的剖面结构。
如图1所示,黄铜型太阳能电池包括:在玻璃等衬底上形成的下部电极层(Mo电极层);包括铜、铟、镓、硒的吸光层(CIGS吸光层);在吸光层薄膜上的由InS、ZnS、CdS等形成的具有高阻抗的缓冲层薄膜;以及由ZnOAl等形成的上部电极薄膜(TCO)。此外,在将钠钙玻璃用于衬底时,还存在提供碱性控制层的情况,所述碱性控制层的主要成分是SiO2等,其目的是控制从衬底内部到吸光层的碱金属成分进入量。
当太阳光线等光照射到黄铜型太阳能电池时,产生电子(-)和空穴(+)对,根据电子(-)和空穴(+),在P型半导体和N型半导体的结表面处,电子(-)聚集到N型半导体并且空穴(+)聚集到P型半导体,因此,在N型半导体和P型半导体之间产生电动势。可以通过在该状态下将导体连接至电极来将电流输出到外部。
将参考图2阐释制造黄铜型太阳能电池的步骤。
首先,通过溅射等在钠钙玻璃或者类似物的衬底上形成构成下部电极的Mo(钼)电极。
接下来,通过照射激光等来去除Mo电极,以此分割Mo电极(第一划片(scribe),图2(a))。
在第一划片之后,通过水或类似物清洗经过机加工的芯片,通过溅射、气相沉积或类似手段将铜(Cu)、铟(In)和镓(Ga)粘附至所述芯片,以作为前体。通过将前体输入熔炉以便在H2Se气体气氛中以400℃到600℃的温度进行退火来提供P型的吸光层薄膜。退火步骤通常是指气相Selenidation或者简单地指Selenidation。
接下来,在吸光层上层叠CdS、ZnO或InS等的n型缓冲层。通过作为一般处理的溅射等干处理或者CBD(化学浴沉积)等湿处理来形成该缓冲层。接下来,通过激光照射、金属针等去除缓冲层和前体,以此分割缓冲层和前体(第二划片,图2(b))。
此后,通过溅射或类似方法形成ZnOAl等的透明电极(TCO:透明导电氧化物)膜,作为上部电极(图2(c))。
最后,通过激光照射、金属针等来去除TCO、缓冲层和前体(第三划片,图2(d))从而分割TCO、缓冲层和前体,以提供CIGS薄膜太阳能电池。
这里提供的太阳能电池是指借助于接触电极部分来整体式地串联连接各单元电池而构成的电池,每个单元电池包括已分割的下部电极和已分割的吸光层以及已分割的上部电极,在实际使用时,单个或多个电池被封装并作为模块(面板)进行工作。
根据电池,由各划片步骤通过隔离元件来整体划分多个串联级,并且通过改变串联级的数目(单元电池的数目),可以将电池的电压设计为任意改变。这一点构成了薄膜太阳能电池的优点之一。
如上所述,根据背景技术的黄铜型太阳能电池,将机械划片和激光划片作为执行第二划片的技术。
机械划片是通过移动金属针(针)同时以预定的压力按压金属针来机械执行划片的技术,其中金属针的前端由锥形形状构成(例如,参考专利参考文件1)。
图3示出了通过机械划片执行第二划片的简化视图。
此外,激光划片是通过由弧光灯的连续放电管或类似物激励Nd:YAG晶体而构成的激光(Nd:YAG激光等)照射吸光层以此来去除和分割吸光层的技术(例如,参考专利参考文件2)。
专利参考文件1:JP-A-2004-115356
专利参考文件2:JP-A-11-312815
发明内容
本发明要解决的问题
如上所述,在机械划片的情况中使用的针前端由收缩的形状构成,由此,经过划片的吸光层侧壁在一定程度上也由倾斜形状构成,然而,构成了几乎接近垂直的角度。因此,无法在该侧壁处形成与上表面相同厚度的TCO。将参考图4阐释其示例。
图4(a)是拍摄了在其中使用背景技术的金属针对吸光层的一部分进行了划片并且通过溅射在其上形成构成上部电极的TCO的状态的SEM照片,并且图4(b)是简化示出图4(a)的照片的框图。从图4中显然可见,在通过划片形成的吸光层的壁面侧部上形成的TCO要薄于在上表面侧形成的TCO。此外,吸光层的壁面侧与Mo电极的上部侧的接触点邻接处的TCO产生了破裂。当TCO较薄或者破裂时,该部分的电阻抗增加。通常,为了通过一片太阳能电池模块实现高电压,薄膜群组的太阳能电池是在一个衬底片上由多个单元电池整体地形成的,当连接单元电池的部分的阻抗值增加时,导致模块的转换率降低。
此外,当连接单元电池的部分变薄时,该部分容易受到外力或老化改变的破坏,这降低了可靠性。
尽管当透明上部电极的厚度变薄时,可以在一定程度上补偿吸光层的壁面侧的连接单元电池的部分的厚度缺陷,但是透明上部电极不是完全透明的,因此降低了到达吸光层的光量,降低了电能产生转化率,并且加厚透明上部电极是不现实的。
此外,根据使用激光来执行第二划片的技术,难以调节在划片中使用的激光强度,因此,这导致了破坏下部电极(Mo电极)或者上部透明电极和下部Mo电极的接触阻抗极度恶化的问题。例如,尽管增强激光的输出以便去除吸光层,吸光层被彻底去除,但是额外的激光损坏了构成下部电极的Mo电极。此外,当激光的输出减弱时,在这种情况下,吸光层被保留并且接触阻抗极度恶化。
无法在批量生产步骤中使用激光划片,因为这样很难增强或减弱激光,即使是在对激光强度进行了最优调节时,吸光层的膜厚度等的细微改变将改变激光强度的最优值。
解决问题的手段
为了解决上述问题,提供了一种制造太阳能电池的方法,包括以下步骤:
下部电极层形成步骤,在衬底的上表面侧上形成下部电极层;
第一划片步骤,分割所述下部电极层;
吸光层形成步骤,在经过划片的下部电极层上形成吸光层;
第二划片步骤,通过激光或者金属针来分割所述吸光层;
激光退火步骤,照射激光以包括由所述第二划片步骤分割的所述吸光层的末端部分;
通过在已分割的吸光层和暴露于其间的所述下部电极上层叠透明导体来形成上部电极和接触电极部分的步骤,以及
第三划片步骤,分割所述上部电极。
尽管根据本发明的制造太阳能电池的方法包括上述各步骤作为基本构成,但是本发明的制造太阳能电池的方法不仅包括上述步骤而且还包括形成例如缓冲层、其间设置有碱性的钝化膜、防反射膜等步骤的方法。
此外,当通过激光执行第一划片步骤时,通过使激光退火步骤的激光频率高于第一划片步骤的激光频率,吸光层的末端部分可以由逐渐倾斜面构成。
此外,提供一种太阳能电池,包括:
衬底;
下部电极层,其被分割为在所述衬底的上表面侧形成的多个下部电极层;
吸光层,其被分割为将在所述多个下部电极层上形成的多个吸光层,并且其经过分割的末端部分通过激光退火而形成倾斜的形状;
透明上部电极层,通过在所述吸光层上进行层叠而形成;以及
接触电极部分,在已分割的吸光层的倾斜末端部分形成,用以电连接所述上部电极和所述下部电极。
优选黄铜化合物作为吸光层。
本发明的优点
在通过激光进行划片以分割吸光层之后,对经过分割的吸光层的末端部分进行退火,从而使透明上部电极(接触电极部分)没有在吸光层的末端部分极度便薄并且没有破裂,可以使串联连接的内部阻抗值较低,由此可以提供具有高光电转换率的黄铜型太阳能电池。
附图说明
图1是示出了背景技术的太阳能电池结构的剖面图。
图2示出了显示了背景技术的制造太阳能电池的步骤的视图。
图3是示出了通过金属针的划片行为的视图。
图4(a)是背景技术的太阳能电池截面的SEM照片,并且图4(b)是沿着层的边界描绘图4(a)的SEM照片的框图。
图5是根据本发明的太阳能电池的剖面图。
图6是阐释了根据本发明的制造太阳能电池的方法的视图。
图7(a)是根据本发明的太阳能电池的截面的SEM照片,并且图7(b)是沿着层的边界描绘图7(a)的SEM照片的框图。
1:衬底
2:下部电极层(Mo电极层)
3:吸光层薄膜(CIGS吸光层)
4:缓冲层薄膜
5:上部透明电极(TCO)
6:接触电极部分
具体实施方式
实施方式1
图5示出了根据本发明的黄铜型太阳能电池的截面。
对于与背景技术相同的部分附以相同的标记。
根据本发明的太阳能电池由构成一个单元的电池(为了阐释方便,在此称为“单元电池”)形成,单元电池包括:在玻璃或类似物的衬底1上形成的下部电极层2(Mo电极层);包括铜、铟、镓、硒的吸光层薄膜3(CIGS吸光层);在吸光层薄膜3上的由InS、ZnS、CdS等的高阻抗缓冲层薄膜4;以及由ZnOAl等形成的上部透明电极层5(TCO)。
对连续的单元电池进行电连接,这是通过在构成上部透明电极层5一部分的接触电极部分6处将一个单元电池的上部透明电极层5与其他单元电池的下部电极层2直接接触来进行的。根据本发明,吸光层3和缓冲层4在层的末端部分以逐渐倾斜的形状进行工作,因此,上部透明电极层5达到了下部电极层,其形式是沉积在倾斜形状的上部。
接下来,图6示出了本发明的制造黄铜型太阳能电池的方法。
首先,通过溅射等在衬底1的上表面侧上形成构成下部电极2的Mo(钼)电极。除了钼之外,钛、钨等也可用于下部电极2。此外,可以在衬底和下部电极之间提供由SiO2等构成的碱性控制层。
接下来,通过激光照射或类似方法移除Mo电极以此来分割Mo电极(第一划片)。
对于激光,优选波长为248nm的准分子激光或者波长为355nm的YAG激光的第三谐波。此外,优选地确保激光的工作宽度为大约80nm到100nm,由此可以确保彼此邻接的Mo电极之间的隔离。
在第一划片之后,通过溅射、气相沉积等来粘附铜(Cu)、铟(In)、镓(Ga),以形成被称为前体的层。通过将前体置于熔炉中并在H2Se气体气氛中以大约400℃到600℃的温度对前体进行退火来提供吸光层薄膜3。退火步骤通常是指气相Selenidation,或者简单地指Selenidation。
在形成吸光层薄膜3的步骤中开发了多个技术,例如在通过气相沉积形成Gu、In、Ga、Se之后执行退火的方法。尽管根据实施方式,说明是通过使用气相Selenidation给出的,但是根据本发明,形成吸光层的步骤不受限制。
接下来,在吸光层3上层叠构成CdS、ZnO、InS等的n型半导体的缓冲层4。通过作为一般处理的溅射等干处理或者CBD(化学浴沉积)等湿处理来形成缓冲层4。还可以通过改进稍后描述的透明电极来省略缓冲层。
接下来,通过激光或者金属针来去除吸光层和缓冲层,以此来分割吸光层3和缓冲层4(第二划片)。
尽管金属针的前端由收缩的形状构成,但是经过分割的吸光层3和经过分割的缓冲层4的末端部分由基本上被垂直切割为竖直的形状构成。
接下来的步骤针对基本垂直的末端部分以倾斜形状执行激光退火操作,这是通过照射激光以包括末端部分以此来热熔化末端部分来进行。对于照射激光,在频率为40kHz并且输出为230mW的情况下使用波长为266nm的Nd:YVO4的第四谐波。除了本发明中使用的Nd:YVO4之外,并不特别限制激光的类型,只要该激光是能够执行热操作的激光并且是能量(短波长)高于准分子激光或Nd:YAG等的吸光层的带隙能量的激光。而且对于频率,尽管可以使用连续的宽激光,优选地使频率高于在第一划片中使用的激光的频率,从而没有破坏下部电极层。
此外,对于由第二划片产生的吸光层的一个末端部分,该区域构成了对有效电能产生没有贡献的所谓“死区”,因此,没有必要针对其执行激光退火操作。
此后,在通过溅射等执行第二划片的缓冲层4和下部电极2上形成用于构成上部电极5的ZnOAl等的上部透明电极(TCO)。TCO也沉积在经受激光退火操作的吸光层3上。
最后,通过激光照射、金属针等来去除TCO、缓冲层和前体,以此执行分割(元件隔离划片)。通过元件隔离,提供了图5中所示的内部串联连接结构的太阳能电池。
图7(a)是由实施方式形成的黄铜型太阳能电池的剖面的SEM照片,图7(b)是简易示出图7(a)的照片的框图。
此外,所形成的缓冲层非常薄,因此无法通过照片确定缓冲层。如图7所示,通过激光退火,吸光层和缓冲层以倾斜的形状工作,因此,所形成的沉积于其上的TCO的层厚度从缓冲层到下部电极几乎没有改变。即使在照片中也无法确认TCO的破裂。
工业应用
以此,根据本发明,可以恒定地形成透明电极的膜厚度,此外,难以出现破裂等缺陷,因此可以降低电池的阻抗,并且可以提供具有高电能产生转换率的太阳能电池。
此外,在第二划片之后执行激光退火操作的区域是对有效电能产生没有贡献的所谓“死区”,因此,执行激光退火操作没有降低电能产生量。
尽管本发明是参考特定实施方式而详细阐释的,对于本领域技术人员而言显然的是,可以对本发明进行不同的改变或修改,而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。
本申请基于2006年1月30日提交的日本专利申请(日本专利申请No.2006-019924),在此引入其内容作为参考。
Claims (4)
1.一种制造太阳能电池的方法,包括以下步骤:
下部电极层形成步骤,在衬底的上表面侧上形成下部电极层;
第一划片步骤,分割所述下部电极层;
吸光层形成步骤,在经过划片的下部电极层上形成吸光层;
第二划片步骤,通过激光或者金属针来分割所述吸光层;
激光退火步骤,照射激光以包括由所述第二划片步骤分割的所述吸光层的末端部分;
通过在已分割的吸光层和暴露于其间的下部电极上层叠透明导体来形成上部电极和接触电极部分的步骤,以及
第三划片步骤,分割所述上部电极。
2.根据权利要求1所述的黄铜型太阳能电池的制造方法,其中
所述第一划片步骤是通过激光来分割所述下部电极的步骤,以及
所述激光退火步骤处的激光的频率高于所述第一划片步骤的所述激光的频率。
3.一种太阳能电池,包括:
衬底;
下部电极层,其被分割为在所述衬底的上表面侧上形成的多个下部电极层;
吸光层,其被分割为在所述多个下部电极层上形成的多个吸光层,并且其经过分割的末端部分通过激光退火而形成倾斜的形状;
透明上部电极层,通过在所述吸光层上进行层叠而形成;以及
接触电极部分,在已分割的吸光层的倾斜末端部分形成,用以电连接所述上部电极和所述下部电极。
4.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能电池,其中,
所述吸光层是黄铜化合物。
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- 2006-01-30 JP JP2006019924A patent/JP4730740B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2007
- 2007-01-26 US US12/162,260 patent/US20090032094A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-01-26 CN CN2007800039048A patent/CN101375410B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-01-26 WO PCT/JP2007/051303 patent/WO2007086522A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2007-01-26 DE DE112007000266T patent/DE112007000266T5/de not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104011875A (zh) * | 2011-10-25 | 2014-08-27 | Lg伊诺特有限公司 | 太阳能电池及其制造方法 |
US9401440B2 (en) | 2011-10-25 | 2016-07-26 | Lg Innotek Co., Ltd. | Solar cell and method of fabricating the same |
CN104011875B (zh) * | 2011-10-25 | 2016-12-14 | Lg伊诺特有限公司 | 太阳能电池及其制造方法 |
CN103311368A (zh) * | 2013-06-05 | 2013-09-18 | 福建铂阳精工设备有限公司 | 微晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的制造方法 |
CN107611265A (zh) * | 2017-08-18 | 2018-01-19 | 苏州黎元新能源科技有限公司 | 一种单节钙钛矿太阳能电池及其模块结构 |
CN107611265B (zh) * | 2017-08-18 | 2019-12-20 | 上海黎元新能源科技有限公司 | 一种单节钙钛矿太阳能电池及其模块结构 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101375410B (zh) | 2010-09-22 |
WO2007086522A1 (ja) | 2007-08-02 |
US20090032094A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
JP2007201302A (ja) | 2007-08-09 |
JP4730740B2 (ja) | 2011-07-20 |
DE112007000266T5 (de) | 2008-11-27 |
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