CN101333444A - Stalk coke oven and method for making charcoal by the coke oven - Google Patents
Stalk coke oven and method for making charcoal by the coke oven Download PDFInfo
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- CN101333444A CN101333444A CNA2008100170346A CN200810017034A CN101333444A CN 101333444 A CN101333444 A CN 101333444A CN A2008100170346 A CNA2008100170346 A CN A2008100170346A CN 200810017034 A CN200810017034 A CN 200810017034A CN 101333444 A CN101333444 A CN 101333444A
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- coke oven
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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Abstract
The invention discloses a straw carbonization furnace and a method to prepare charcoal through the straw carbonization furnace. The straw carbonization furnace comprise a combustion chamber and a furnace body; an internal furnace is arranged inside the furnace body; a flue gas channel communicated with a funnel is arranged between the external wall of the internal furnace and the internal wall of the furnace body; a principle shaft connected with a motor is arranged at the lower part of the furnace body; the other end of the principle shaft is sequentially connected with a compression squeezer and a honeycomb char molding device; a plurality of helical vanes are arranged on the principle shaft. The method for fabricating charcoal includes the following steps: pushing the burning materials into the internal furnace for carbonization, continuously adding straw, finally discharging, thus obtaining charcoal; adding clay(15-20%of the weight of the charcoal)into the charcoal and blending the mixture to be even, and then molding through the honeycomb char molding device to fabricate civilian honeycomb charcoal. The straw carbonization furnace is simple in structure, small in volume and convenient to make and process and is widely applicable. The method described in the invention can carbonize various straws into honeycomb charcoal without any additional processing; the method is convenient to operate and realizes industrial production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the charring furnace technical field, particularly a kind of stalk coke oven and method for making charcoal thereof.
Background technology
Build the new rural area of China, important is to solve the rural energy problem, and especially southern rural area is even more important, relatively lack at the southern china coal class energy, and rainwater is more plentiful, forest land, mound, mountain area band, green grass or young crops is bright and beautiful on the mountain, plants burst out in profusion, and shrub covers, so be that raw material burns the stalk charcoal as rural area heating beginning in Dayao with shrub bar, branch bar, and the family's workshop stalk charcoal industry that has developed is relatively more flourishing, but along with the development of industry and commerce, the charcoal raw material is greatly withered thirsty, and supply falls short of demand.Southern ice and snow disaster in 2008, according to reporting " Chinese green Times " February 18: 20 years just extensive clothes.Cause the further atrophy in stalk charcoal market.Send cry " adopted oil and dug coal, the people what if " the last member of the CPPCC National Committee in Shandong Province's " two Conferences " in 2008, so people expect developing the agricultural crop straw charcoal, these new forms of energy have been put forward by people.
Straw is produced powdered carbon, just can the stalk charcoal be become straw oil by " coal becomes oil " technology, at first will make straw become charcoal.The straw carbonization principle: all kinds of straw organic matter carbonizings are the same with carbonization of wood principle, and its classical definition is proposed by Stanford University, that is: organism+heat (when anaerobic or anoxic)=inflammable gas+organic liquid+solid carbon (solid residue).And timber directly through bigger, its heating mode is that all timber is lighted burning in carbonizing kiln, burn prosperously, shut wicket (making anaerobic or anoxic) again, it at first gives out volatile matter (moisture content, inflammable gas) around from the top layer, and its (the non-timber itself) that controlledly burns is as the insulation thermal source, it is temperature-resistant to keep carbonizing kiln, continues the evaporation volatile matter, keeps charring layer, in layer to the center development, all charing ends again.Very little for the crop stalk diameter, can not adopt the carbonizing kiln method to make charcoal, can use southern traditional farmer household cooks when making a fire, during with twig, bamboo branch, solid stalk and so on, do not burn just to take out and place a not only airtight but also vexed one-tenth charcoal of terrine that can be incubated (generally being incubated) to do heating in winter to use with rice-straw ash.Above-mentioned vexed jar of charring that becomes charcoal, owing to device simple, productivity is low excessively, hollow crop stalks such as rice wheat can not be become charcoal, can not apply in rural households.
Casting is the big power consumer in the industrial production, also is one of rich and influential family with coal dust.Because straw carbon sulphur content, ash are all low than coal dust, quality is better than coal dust, is the fine surrogate of casting new energy materials, is worthy to be popularized.
A kind of equipment with straw charring is arranged at present, need will give birth to hot charing by extruding after the crushed stalk, the charing degree is low, and the output instability has black smoke during burning; The straw charring equipment that also has can only can't burn charcoal with rice wheat straw during practical application with the carbonization of wood, and range of application is narrow.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention has provided a kind of stalk coke oven and the method for making charcoal thereof that twig, bamboo branch, rice wheat straw etc. can be made the stalk charcoal.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention realizes by following measure: a kind of stalk coke oven, comprise combustion chamber and the body of heater that is provided with opening for feed and discharge port, described body of heater top is provided with chimney, it is characterized in that: be provided with flue in the described body of heater, exhaust gases passes for communicating between described furnace outer wall and the inboard wall of furnace body with described chimney, described body of heater bottom is provided with the main shaft that links to each other with electric motor, the described main shaft the other end connects squeezer and honeycomb briquet shaped device successively, and described main shaft is provided with a plurality of screw-blades.
Honeycomb briquet shaped device of the present invention comprises knife rest, honeycomb box, the return spring that connects successively and takes off the charcoal beam, described knife rest has cutter knife, be provided with in the described honeycomb box and take off carbon slab, described knife rest and take off and be provided with the slide bar that can move forward and backward between the charcoal beam, described slide bar is provided with and takes off the charcoal switch, described take off be fixed with on the carbon slab have a trilateral dop take off the charcoal axis, the described charcoal beam that takes off is provided with the clip that is used to clamp the trilateral dop.
Combustion chamber of the present invention is positioned at opening for feed one side of body of heater, is provided with fire grate in the described combustion chamber it is divided into two chambeies up and down, and described opening for feed is positioned at the outside, combustion chamber and is provided with fire door.
Body of heater of the present invention is provided with the dedusting water tank that has water-cooled tube.
Upper of furnace body of the present invention is provided with bell, convenient for maintaining.
Form continuous production for raw material being made the charcoal process, the present invention also includes feeder, and described feeder is positioned at combustion chamber one side.
A kind of method of utilizing described stalk coke oven to make charcoal is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
A. raw material is dropped in the combustion chamber and burn;
B. raw material is burnt and it is pushed 220-300 ℃ the interior charing of flue (11) of having of stalk coke oven after prosperous,, successively add straw according to different carbonization times of raw material about 1-15 minute, come out of the stove stalk charcoal product.
A kind of described stalk coke oven is made the method for charcoal, it is characterized in that also including following steps: comprise that also step c stirs the clay that adds its weight 15-20% in the above-mentioned charcoal, makes domestic honeycomb charcoal with described honeycomb briquet shaped device.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
1. stalk coke oven is simple in structure, and volume is little, make easy to process, suitable applying;
2. the method for utilizing this stalk coke oven to produce the stalk charcoal can be left intact various stalks and directly drop into stalk coke oven of the present invention and can charing become the high-quality honeycomb briquet, realizes industrial production, and is easy to operate;
3. do not consume other energy in the production process, with low cost;
4. wide raw material source of the present invention, price is low, utilizes waste straw to make honeycomb briquet, stalk can not huddled to leave about, and eliminates fire, allows waste straw become the resources of production, the protection environment;
5. utilize stalk coke oven to produce the stalk charcoal, can produce the honeycomb briquet of the weight about 25% of about raw material, the production efficiency height, remaining grey gas part of containing multiple element can direct returning to farmland, has avoided the waste of the energy;
6. solved general 3 days of existing traditional burner klining charcoal time, about 24 hours of other charing equipment carbonization times, carbonization time is long, rice wheat straw can't be converted to the stalk charcoal, can only incinerated problem, carbonization time of the present invention is short, and the rice wheat straw carbonization time is about 1 minute, twig or the solid straw charring time of diameter below φ 10mm is 3-5 minute, and the branch of diameter more than φ 10mm is 10-15 minute.
Description of drawings
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments the present invention is described in further detail.
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a honeycomb briquet shaped device structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of squeezer of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is for making domestic honeycomb charcoal honeycomb briquet manufacturing installation structural representation.
1 feeder among the figure, 2 fire doors, 3 fire grates, 4 combustion chambers, 5 bells, 6 dedusting water tanks, 7 chimneys, 8 water-cooled tubes, 10 squeezers, 11 flues, 12 screw-blades, 13 main shafts, 14 electric motor, 15 take off the charcoal beam, 16 slide bars, and 17 take off the charcoal switch, 18 return springs, 19 cutter knifes, 20 take off carbon slab, 21 honeycomb boxes, 22 take off the charcoal axis, 23 trilateral dops, 24 clips, 25 conical shells, 26 tapering spindles;
The a opening for feed, b discharge port, c exhaust gases passes, d honeycomb briquet shaped device.
Embodiment
Accompanying drawing is specific embodiment of stalk coke oven of the present invention, a kind of as shown in Figure 1 stalk coke oven, comprise combustion chamber 4 and the body of heater that is provided with opening for feed a and discharge port b, described inboard wall of furnace body is provided with refractory brick, described body of heater top is provided with chimney 7, be provided with flue 11 in the described body of heater, exhaust gases passes c for communicating between described flue 11 outer walls and the inboard wall of furnace body with described chimney 7, described body of heater bottom is provided with the main shaft 13 that links to each other with electric motor 14, described main shaft 13 the other ends connect squeezer 10 and honeycomb briquet shaped device d successively, and described main shaft 13 is provided with a plurality of screw-blades 12.
Body of heater of the present invention is provided with the dedusting water tank 6 that has water-cooled tube 8.
Maintenance for convenience, described upper of furnace body is provided with bell 5.
Form continuous production for raw material being made the charcoal process, the present invention also includes feeder 1, and described feeder 1 is positioned at combustion chamber 4 one sides.
Described as shown in Figure 2 honeycomb briquet shaped device d comprises knife rest, honeycomb box 21, the return spring 18 that connects successively and takes off charcoal beam 15, described knife rest has cutter knife 19, be provided with in the described honeycomb box 21 and take off carbon slab 20, described knife rest and take off and be provided with the slide bar 16 that can move forward and backward between the charcoal beam 15, described slide bar 16 is provided with and takes off charcoal switch 17, described take off be fixed with on the carbon slab 20 have a trilateral dop 23 take off charcoal axis 22, the described charcoal beam 15 that takes off is provided with the clip 24 that is used to clamp trilateral dop 23.
A kind of method of utilizing rice wheat straw bar to make rice wheat charcoal may further comprise the steps:
A. rice wheat straw bar is left intact and drops into burning in the combustion chamber 4;
B. the unburned stalk that utilizes the back to add will burn 220-300 ℃ about 1 minute of the flue 11 interior charings of having that prosperous back straw pushes stalk coke oven, successively add straw;
C. open driven by motor main shaft 13 and squeezer 10 and honeycomb briquet shaped device d on it, produce the charcoal product.
A kind of method of utilizing diameter at following twig of φ 10mm or solid stalk manufacturing charcoal may further comprise the steps:
A. raw material is left intact and drops into burning in the combustion chamber 4;
B. when raw material flame kernel temperature reaches 600-700 ℃, it is pushed in the flue 11 of stalk coke oven the about 3-5 of charing minute, successively add raw material;
C. open driven by motor main shaft 13 and squeezer 10 and honeycomb briquet shaped device d on it, produce stalk charcoal product.
A kind of method of utilizing the above branch of φ 10mm for raw material manufacturing charcoal may further comprise the steps:
A. raw material is left intact and drops into burning in the combustion chamber 4;
B. when raw material flame kernel temperature reaches 600-7000C, it is pushed in the flue 11 of stalk coke oven the about 10-15 of charing minute, successively add raw material;
C. after adding full flue, to close the fire door 2 of combustion chamber 4, allow and no longer advance oxygen in the stalk coke oven, utilizing the interior remaining oxygen of stalk coke oven that the straw that has 300 ± 5 ℃ in the stove is continued to steam the volatile matter that comes burnouts, when if the stove internal upper part also is full of volatile matter, open fire door and close fire door 2 after 1~2 minute, open driven by motor main shaft 13 and squeezer and honeycomb briquet shaped device d on it after 10 minutes, produce stalk charcoal product.
A kind of method of utilizing described stalk coke oven to make charcoal, further comprising the steps of: the clay that adds its weight 15-20% in the charcoal product that embodiment 2. embodiment 3 and embodiment 4 are made stirs, and utilizes the described honeycomb briquet manufacturing installation of Fig. 4 to make domestic honeycomb charcoal.
Process analysis of the present invention is as follows: after opening fire door 2, fire door 2 itself becomes makes platform, the straw of being sent here by feeder 1 from material storehouse charing in this even raw material that will burn continuously after prosperous that raw material is left intact by the operator pushes flue 11 in the stalk coke oven with 200-300 ℃.The cavity of resorption of combustion chamber 4 is because the air inducing effect of chimney 7, and inspiration combustion air burning straw also evaporates volatile matter when the charing with combustion heat straw.When the charing straw, flue in stalk coke oven burns the limit of just can advancing to feed in raw material when expiring its volume 1/2 and goes out the finished product charcoal, the detailed process that goes out the finished product charcoal is as follows: start driven by motor main shaft 13 and rotate, the stalk charcoal leans on the helical pressure of main shaft 13 that honeycomb box 21 is full of and has enough degree of packing straw carbons, taking off carbon slab 20 also just drives and takes off charcoal axis 22 and push the place ahead to, and make and take off charcoal spring 18 by compression, store the compression energy.At this moment unclamp and take off charcoal switch 17, taken off charcoal crossbeam 15 and pin motionlessly together with taking off carbon slab 20 owing to take off charcoal axis 22, thereby the charcoal spring 18 that takes off that honeycomb box 21 will be had a compression pushes the place ahead to, so just deviate from honeycomb briquet, finished a honeycomb briquet manufacturing.Go on foot the poly-next honeycomb briquet manufacturing of carrying out according to this.
In the production process when run into diameter below φ 10mm twig or during solid stalk, when twig or solid stalk flame kernel temperature reached 600-700 ℃, it is pushed in the flue 11 of stalk coke oven needed the about 3-5 of charing minute.
In the production process when running into the branch of diameter more than φ 10mm, can be after the flue in the reinforced burning straw charring furnace 11 burns full hot straw, close fire door 2, to burn in the flue 11 full hot straw both can be under oxygen free condition vexed charcoal, its volatile matter that evaporates burns under few oxygen condition again, at this moment to hang down because of the temperature of stalk coke oven bottom, the air that has oxygen burns into relative high-temperature flue gas (flue 11 internal temperatures want high relatively) once running into volatile matter, limited airborne oxygen can not remain a lot, even residue is arranged, also because of the effect of relatively-high temperature flue gas, be difficult to invade in a large number flue 11 bottoms, raw material is heated in flue 11 bottoms and volatilizes volatile matter, on the portion of floating to run into air and burn again, circulation is gone down, approximately somewhat to all charings in ten minutes.The flue gas that above-mentioned combustionmaterial (being straw combustionmaterial and volatile matter combustionmaterial) produces by flue, after walking around flue and entering 6 dedustings of dedusting water tank, is discharged in the atmosphere by chimney 7 again.After above-mentioned whole charings, then start driven by motor main shaft 13 and rotate squeezer 10 and the honeycomb briquet shaped device d that drives on it, can produce stalk charcoal product.
Utilize the per 4 tons of farm crop of present device can burn 1 ton of left and right sides straw carbon according to production test, theoretical infer it also is this result, be analyzed as follows: according to pertinent data: as shown in table 1ly be part farm crop component content, unit: %
The components of biomass content of table 1 part farm crop
Mierocrystalline cellulose, hemicellulose and xylogen are organic, are hydrocarbon polymer, contain carbon element, and table 1 shows that the biomass of part farm crop are mainly hydrocarbon polymer.
As table 2 is composition from the technical analysis stalk, unit: %
The technical analysis result of table 2 stalk
Title | Moisture content | Ash content | Volatile matter | Fixed carbon |
Beanstalk | 5.1 | 3.13 | 74.65 | 17.12 |
Straw | 4.97 | 13.86 | 65.11 | 16.06 |
Wheat straw | 4.39 | 8.9 | 67.36 | 19.35 |
Weeds | 5.43 | 9.46 | 68.77 | 16.40 |
Corn stalk | 4.87 | 5.93 | 71.95 | 17.75 |
Sorghum stalks | 4.71 | 8.91 | 68.90 | 17.48 |
Table 2 shows that volatile matter and fixed carbon contain carbon element.
As table 3 is that the stalk carbon content is analyzed and the superior calorific value result in each farm crop
Ultimate analysis of table 3 raw material (%) and calorific value (butt, KJ/kg)
Title | C | H | N | S | 0 | Ash content | Superior calorific value |
Corn cob | 46.3 | 5.6 | 0.57 | 5.34 | 20620 | ||
Rice husk | 32.5 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 0.00 | 39.8 | 15.5 | 14679 |
Corn stalk | 45.43 | 6.15 | 0.78 | 0.13 | 6.4 | 17794 | |
Sorghum stalks | 45.18 | 5.59 | 0.62 | 0.11 | 18020 | ||
Beanstalk | 46.65 | 6.12 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 10.2 | 18120 | |
Wheat straw | 45.30 | 5.89 | 0.68 | 0.19 | 7.4 | 17769 | |
Straw | 40.44 | 5.31 | 0.66 | 0.12 | 16329 |
Show in the table that a crop stalk carbon content left side is about in the of 40%.
Adding the honeycomb briquet of the present invention's preparation and the honeycomb briquette simultaneous test that boils water with honeycomb briquette stove commonly used in the people life shows: the honeycomb briquet of same quantity and the boiled minable water yield of honeycomb briquette and time difference are few, say that also both are equivalent.
General four, five tame common people only enough do a village meal with 10 jin of wheat straws, if prepare 2.5 jin of wheat straw carbons with 10 jin of wheat straws, make 4 domestic honeycomb charcoals, can do one day meal by the experience (because of both are equivalent) of burning honeycomb briquette, laborsaving, save trouble, and free from environmental pollution.
Claims (8)
1. stalk coke oven, comprise combustion chamber (4) and be provided with opening for feed (a) and the body of heater of discharge port (b), described body of heater top is provided with chimney (7), it is characterized in that: be provided with flue (11) in the described body of heater, exhaust gases passes (c) for communicating between described flue (11) outer wall and the inboard wall of furnace body with described chimney (7), described body of heater bottom is provided with the main shaft (13) that links to each other with electric motor (14), described main shaft (13) the other end connects squeezer (10) and honeycomb briquet shaped device (d) successively, and described main shaft (13) is provided with a plurality of screw-blades (12).
2. according to the described stalk coke oven of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described honeycomb briquet shaped device (d) comprises the knife rest that connects successively, honeycomb box (21), return spring (18) and take off charcoal beam (15), described knife rest has cutter knife (19), be provided with in the described honeycomb box (21) and take off carbon slab (20), described knife rest and take off and be provided with the slide bar (16) that can move forward and backward between the charcoal beam (15), described slide bar (16) is provided with and takes off charcoal switch (17), described take off be fixed with on the carbon slab (20) have a trilateral dop (23) take off charcoal axis (22), the described charcoal beam (15) that takes off is provided with the clip (24) that is used to clamp trilateral dop (23).
3. according to the described stalk coke oven of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described combustion chamber (4) are positioned at opening for feed (a) side of body of heater, be provided with fire grate (3) in the described combustion chamber (4) it is divided into two chambeies up and down, described opening for feed (a) is positioned at the outside, combustion chamber (4) and is provided with fire door (2).
4. according to the described stalk coke oven of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described body of heater is provided with the dedusting water tank (6) that has water-cooled tube (8).
5. according to the described stalk coke oven of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described upper of furnace body is provided with bell (5).
6. according to the described stalk coke oven of claim 1, it is characterized in that: also include feeder (1), described feeder (1) is positioned at combustion chamber (4) one sides.
7. method of utilizing the described stalk coke oven of any claim of claim 1 to 6 to make charcoal is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
A. raw material is dropped into burning in the combustion chamber (4);
B. raw material is burnt and it is pushed 220-300 ℃ the interior charing of flue (11) of having of stalk coke oven after prosperous,, successively add straw according to different carbonization times of raw material about 1-15 minute, come out of the stove stalk charcoal product.
8. make the method for stalk charcoal according to the described stalk coke oven of claim 7, it is characterized in that: comprise that also step c stirs the clay that adds its weight 15-20% in the above-mentioned stalk charcoal, makes domestic honeycomb charcoal with described honeycomb briquet shaped device (d).
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101857806A (en) * | 2010-06-11 | 2010-10-13 | 宁夏宝塔石化集团有限公司 | Multi-tube external-heat fume reverse extraction rotary carbide furnace |
CN103224802A (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2013-07-31 | 上海应用技术学院 | Biomass drying and carbonization system and application thereof |
CN105419830A (en) * | 2015-11-26 | 2016-03-23 | 沈阳大学 | Straw carbonization microwave device |
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CN1931974A (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2007-03-21 | 黄振华 | Process and apparatus for producing no-coal honeycomb briquette |
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CN101857806A (en) * | 2010-06-11 | 2010-10-13 | 宁夏宝塔石化集团有限公司 | Multi-tube external-heat fume reverse extraction rotary carbide furnace |
CN101857806B (en) * | 2010-06-11 | 2012-11-28 | 宁夏宝塔石化集团有限公司 | Multi-tube external-heat fume reverse extraction rotary carbide furnace |
CN103224802A (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2013-07-31 | 上海应用技术学院 | Biomass drying and carbonization system and application thereof |
CN103224802B (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2014-08-20 | 上海应用技术学院 | Biomass drying and carbonization system and application thereof |
CN105419830A (en) * | 2015-11-26 | 2016-03-23 | 沈阳大学 | Straw carbonization microwave device |
CN109863233A (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2019-06-07 | 雨谷智昭 | Biomass fuel manufacturing device |
CN107880914A (en) * | 2017-09-24 | 2018-04-06 | 苏州雷度生物科技有限公司 | A kind of efficient biomass cutting carbonizing apparatus |
CN110184082A (en) * | 2019-06-17 | 2019-08-30 | 绍兴图雅电子科技有限公司 | A kind of pollution-free charcoal production equipment |
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