CN101273055A - 用于预防或治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的新方法 - Google Patents
用于预防或治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的新方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及预防活动性和潜伏性结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)感染的复活感染的方法,该方法包括给予包含编码Mtb72f融合蛋白的核酸或Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段以及例如佐剂的药物组合物。Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白可与一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药联合用药。该方法还能提供缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染化疗方案的时程。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及预防或治疗哺乳动物的结核分枝杆菌感染的复活感染的方法,也涉及缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程的方法。
发明背景
结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)和其它分枝杆菌感染引起的慢性传染病。它是发展中国家的主要疾病,在世界发达地区也逐渐增加,每年约新增八百万病例,有三百万例死亡。尽管感染可在相当长时期内无症状,但该病最常见的表现为急性肺炎,引起发热及干咳。如不治疗,就会引起严重并发症乃至死亡。
虽然结核病通常可通过使用延长抗生素疗法加以控制,但这种治疗方法对预防疾病传播是不够的。感染者可能无症状,但在一段时间内具有传染性。另外,尽管治疗方案的顺应性至关重要,但患者行为难以监控。一些患者没有完成治疗过程,导致无效治疗并产生耐药性。即使完成了整个疗程,但是结核分枝杆菌感染并未从感染者体内根除而是保持仍可复发的潜伏感染状态。
为了控制结核病的传播,有效的疫苗接种和准确的早期疾病诊断至关重要。目前,接种活菌是诱导产生保护性免疫的最有效方法。用于该目的的最常见分枝杆菌就是卡介苗(BCG),是牛分枝杆菌(M.bovis)的减毒株。然而,卡介苗的安全性和有效性常常引发争论,诸如美国等一些国家就不用这种制剂为公众接种。
结核病的诊断通常用皮试来完成,包括皮内接触结核菌素PPD(纯化蛋白衍生物)。注射后48-72小时,抗原特异性T细胞反应在注射部位产生可测量的硬结,表示接触分枝杆菌抗原。然而,该试验的敏感性和特异性一直都是个问题,无法将接种卡介苗的个体与感染个体区别开来。
尽管已知巨噬细胞是分枝杆菌免疫性的主要效应物,但T细胞却是这种免疫性的主要诱导物。艾滋病患者因耗尽人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染相关CD4+T细胞而频繁发生分枝杆菌感染,这证明T细胞在保护机体免遭分枝杆菌感染中的重要作用。已经知道分支杆菌反应性CD4+T细胞是γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的有效生产者,而已知γ干扰素又可触发小鼠巨噬细胞的抗分枝杆菌反应。尽管IFN-γ在人体内的作用尚不清楚,但研究表明1,25-二羟基-维生素D3,无论是单用还是与IFN-γ或肿瘤坏死因子α联用,都可激活人巨噬细胞抑制结核分枝杆菌感染。而且,已知IFN-γ刺激人体巨噬细胞产生1,25-二羟基-维生素D3。同样,也已知道白介素12(IL-12)在刺激抗结核分枝杆菌感染中的作用。有关结核分枝杆菌感染免疫学的综述参见Chan和Kaufmann,Tuberculosis:Pathogenesis,Protection and Control(Bloom编著,1994)、Tuberculosis(第2版,Rom和Garay编著,2003)和Harrison的Principles of Internal Medicine,第150章,第953-966页(第16版,Braunwald等编著,2005)。
对于活动性和潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染而言,都需要预防复活感染的有效治疗策略。本发明即可满足这一目的和其它目的。
序列表的描述
SEQ ID NO:1:N-端具有6个组氨酸标记的Mtb72f(DNA)。
SEQ ID NO:2:N-端具有6个组氨酸标记的Mtb72f(蛋白质)。
SEQ ID NO:3:N-端具有2个组氨酸插入的M72(Mtb72f变异体)(DNA)。
SEQ ID NO:4:N-端具有2个组氨酸插入的M72(Mtb72f变异体)(蛋白质)。
SEQ ID NO:5:N-端没有插入组氨酸的Mtb72f(DNA)。
SEQ ID NO:6:N-端没有插入组氨酸的Mtb72f(蛋白质)。
发明概述
本发明提供药物组合物,其包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段,以及例如一种或多种佐剂(包括AS01B和AS02A)。
本发明部分基于发明人的以下发现:给予Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段、以及例如一种或多种佐剂或者编码Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段的核酸,可预防或治疗活动性或非活动性结核分枝杆菌感染的复活感染。在一个优选实施方案中,将Mtb72f融合蛋白或核酸与一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药联合用药。
一方面,该组合物用于预防或治疗患者的结核病复活的方法,该方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物免疫学有效量的药物组合物的步骤,该组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段以及佐剂,其中Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而预防或治疗结核病复活。
另一方面,该组合物用于预防患者的结核病复活的方法,该方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物免疫学有效量的药物组合物的步骤,该组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段的编码核酸,其中所表达的Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而预防或治疗结核病复活。
另一方面,该组合物用于缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程的方法,该方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药和免疫学有效量的药物组合物,该药物组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段以及佐剂,其中所述Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而可缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程。通过缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程,本发明方法也能有效增加正在接受抗结核分枝杆菌感染治疗个体的顺应性,以完成整个疗程。
附图简述
图1显示Swiss Webster小鼠(SWR/J)的结核分枝杆菌复活感染模型的示意图。该图显示感染、化疗(每升饮用水含50mg利福平/85mg异烟肼)、免疫接种以及细菌载量计数/菌落形成单位(CFU)的时间点。
图2显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的IgG1和IgG2a抗体反应免疫应答。小鼠未接受治疗、接受化疗(每升饮用水含50mg利福平/85mg异烟肼)或者接受化疗并用无佐剂的8μg/剂Mtb72f肌内接种3次。最后一次接种后10天给小鼠放血,通过ELISA测定血清IgG1(红)和IgG2a(黑)同种型的抗Mtb72f抗体反应。
图3显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的IgG1和IgG2a抗体反应免疫应答。小鼠未接受治疗、接受化疗(每升饮用水含50mg利福平/85mg异烟肼)或者接受化疗并用含佐剂AS01B的8μg/剂Mtb72f肌内接种3次。最后一次接种后10天给小鼠放血,通过ELISA测定血清IgG1(红)和IgG2a(黑)同种型的抗Mtb72f抗体反应。
图4显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)反应。在不同时间点获取小鼠脾细胞,用10μg/ml rMtb72f或所示成分(Mtb32c和Mtb39)在体外刺激3天。作为对照,脾细胞培养物也用PPD(3μg/ml)、BCG裂解物(10μg/ml)、conA(3μg/ml)中的一种来刺激或者单用培养基刺激。随后通过ELISA测定产生的IFN-γ。
图5显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的IFN-γ反应。在不同时间点获取小鼠脾细胞,用10μg/mlrMtb72f或所示成分(Mtb32c和Mtb39)在体外刺激3天。作为对照,脾细胞培养物也用PPD(3μg/ml)、BCG裂解物(10μg/ml)、conA(3μg/ml)中的一种来刺激或者单用培养基刺激。随后通过ELISA测定产生的IFN-γ。
图6显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的CD4+T细胞和IFN-γ细胞因子反应。在不同时间点获取小鼠脾细胞,用10μg/ml rMtb72f在体外刺激过夜。针对CD4和IFN-γ给细胞染色。作为对照,也单用培养基来刺激脾细胞培养物。随后通过胞内细胞因子染色(ICS)测定产生的CD4+T细胞特异性IFN-γ+。
图7显示在Mtb感染后第120天CD4+和CD8+T细胞特异性IFN-γ+产值列表。从未经治疗小鼠组、用30、60或90天联合化疗组、或用联合化疗并辅以Mtb72f疫苗组获取脾细胞。脾细胞用10μg/mlrMtb72f在体外刺激过夜。针对CD4、CD8或IFN-γ给细胞染色。作为对照,也单用培养基来刺激脾细胞培养物。随后通过胞内细胞因子染色(ICS)测定产生的CD4+和CD8+T细胞特异性IFN-γ+。
图8显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的存活率。用50-100 CFU的MtbH37Rv通过气溶胶感染小鼠,30天后对其中一组小鼠开始进行化疗(每升饮用水含50mg利福平/85mg异烟肼)。化疗持续60天。半数接受化疗的小鼠用含佐剂AS01B的8μg/剂Mtb72f肌内接种3次。
图9显示在已感染结核分枝杆菌的SWR/J小鼠中先化疗、再接种Mtb72f的存活率。用50-100 CFU的MtbH37Rv通过气溶胶感染小鼠,30天后对其中一组小鼠开始进行化疗(每升饮用水含50mg利福平/85mg异烟肼)。在不同小鼠组中,化疗持续30、60或90天。半数接受化疗的小鼠用含佐剂AS01B的8μg/剂Mtb72f肌内接种3次。
具体实施方案的详细描述
本发明涉及用于治疗、预防或延迟活动性或非活动性(即潜伏性)分枝杆菌感染的复活感染并且包含Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白以及佐剂的组合物及其使用方法。更具体地讲,本发明的组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合多肽或其免疫原性片段或者编码Mtb72f融合多肽或其免疫原性片段的核酸,所述结核病综合征的分枝杆菌例如结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis)、牛分枝杆菌(M.bovis)或非洲分枝杆菌(M.africanum),或者在免疫缺损宿主(例如艾滋病患者)中引起机会感染(例如肺部感染)的环境或机会性分枝杆菌,例如卡介苗(BCG)、鸟分枝杆菌(M.avium)、胞内分枝杆菌(M.intracellulare)、隐藏分枝杆菌(M.celatum)、日内瓦分枝杆菌(M.genavense)、嗜血分枝杆菌(M.haemophilum)、堪萨斯分枝杆菌(M.kansasii)、猿分枝杆菌(M.simiae)、母牛分枝杆菌(M.vaccae)、偶发分枝杆菌(M.fortuitum)和瘰疬分枝杆菌(M.scrofulaceum)(参见例如Harrison的Principles of Internal Medicine,第150章,第953-966页(第16版,Braunwald等编著,2005)。本申请的发明人惊奇地发现,包含Mtb72f融合多肽或编码Mtb72f融合多肽的核酸或其免疫原性片段的组合物可用于治疗、预防或延迟结核分枝杆菌感染的复活感染。在一个优选实施方案中,将Mtb72f融合多肽或核酸与一种或多种化疗药联合用药。因此,这些组合物、多肽及其编码核酸可用于诱导哺乳动物保护机体免遭疾病症状复活感染的免疫应答。
本发明的Mtb72f核酸和融合多肽还可包含设计用于增加其抗原性或在其它方面改进这些抗原的其它成分。例如,可以通过在抗原一端添加一段组氨酸残基,以便更好地进行融合多肽抗原的分离。本发明的组合物、多肽和核酸可包含来自分枝杆菌的额外抗原拷贝或额外异源多肽,例如MTB8.4抗原、MTB9.8抗原、MTB9.9抗原、MTB40抗原、MTB41抗原、ESAT-6抗原、MTB85复合抗原、α-结晶抗原或NS1抗原。或者,本发明的组合物、多肽和核酸可包含来自分枝杆菌其它抗原的额外拷贝,例如Ag85B或MTCC#2。本发明的组合物、多肽和核酸也可包含来自其它来源的额外多肽。例如,本发明的组合物和融合蛋白可包含多肽或编码多肽的核酸,其中多肽增强抗原例如NS1(一种流感病毒蛋白)的表达,参见例如WO99/40188和WO 93/04175。本发明的核酸可根据物种(例如人)选择的密码子偏好进行改造。
Mtb72f融合蛋白组合物通常包含一种或多种佐剂,例如在脂质体制剂中的AS01B(单磷酰脂质A(MPL)和QS21;参见美国专利公布号2003/0143240);AS02A(3D-MPL和QS21和水包油乳剂;参见Bojang等,Lancet(2001)358:1927);ENHANZYN(Detox);3D-MPL;皂苷类,包括Quil A及其组分,例如QS21和皂苷模拟物;CWS;TDM;AGP;免疫刺激性寡核苷酸,例如CPG;Leif;及其衍生物。在一个优选实施方案中,将Mtb72f融合多肽与一种或多种佐剂一起给予,所述佐剂选自在脂质体制剂(例如AS01B)中的3D-MPL和QS21以及MPL和QS21和水包油乳剂(例如AS02A)。佐剂AS01B和AS02A的详细描述参见Pichyangkul等,Vaccine(2004)22:3831-40。
当以核酸形式递送Mtb72f抗原时,可以在例如病毒载体(即腺病毒载体)或突变型细菌宿主细胞(即突变体、减毒的分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)或芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)宿主细胞(包括卡介苗(BCG)和乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis))中递送。
一方面,该组合物用于预防或治疗患者的结核病复活的方法,该方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物免疫学有效量的药物组合物的步骤,该组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段以及佐剂,其中Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而预防或治疗结核病复活。通过实施本发明的方法,可延迟结核分枝杆菌感染的复活感染(例如几个月、几年或不定期)。
一方面,该组合物用于预防或治疗患者的结核病复活的方法,该方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物免疫学有效量的药物组合物的步骤,该组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段的编码核酸,其中所表达的Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而预防结核病复活。
在一个实施方案中,将Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白给予活动性结核分枝杆菌感染个体。在一个实施方案中,将Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白给予非活动性即潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染个体。在一个实施方案中,将Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白给予已感染结核分枝杆菌多药耐药性菌株的个体。在一个实施方案中,将Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白给予先前已接种卡介苗(BCG)的个体。
在某些实施方案中,将Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白与一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药联合用药。这些化疗药的实例包括但不限于:阿米卡星、氨基水杨酸、卷曲霉素、环丝氨酸、乙胺丁醇、乙硫异烟胺、异烟肼、卡那霉素、吡嗪酰胺、利福霉素(即利福平、利福喷汀和利福布汀)、链霉素、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素和氟喹诺酮类。由主治医师经判断采用优选药物联用来确定这类化疗。 “一线”化疗药用于治疗无耐药性的结核分枝杆菌感染,包括异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素和吡嗪酰胺。 “二线”化疗药用于治疗已知对一种或多种“一线”药物具有耐药性的结核分枝杆菌感染,包括氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、乙硫异烟胺、氨基水杨酸、环丝氨酸、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和卷曲霉素。
Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白可在给予一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药之前、同时或之后给予。在一个实施方案中,Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋在开始给予一种或多种化疗药之后约两周给予。通常在一段时间内给予一种或多种化疗药,例如约1、2、3或4周,2、3、4、5、6或8个月,一年或者更长时间。
在某些实施方案中,给予卡介苗(BCG)会加强Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白的效果。
在某些实施方案中,初次给予Mtb72f核酸或融合多肽后,再给予一次或多次“加强”即后续Mtb72f核酸或融合多肽(“初次和加强”方法)。例如,初次给予Mtb72f核酸或融合多肽后,再给予一次或多次后续Mtb72f核酸或融合蛋白。在一个实施方案中,初次给予Mtb72f核酸或融合多肽后,再给予一次或多次后续Mtb72f融合多肽。在一个实施方案中,初次给予Mtb72f核酸或融合多肽后,再给予一次或多次后续Mtb72f融合核酸。通常,首次即“初次”给药和第二次即“加强”给药之间的间隔时间约2-12周,或者长达4-6个月。后续“加强”给药之间的间隔时间约6个月,或者长达1、2、3、4或5年。常规加强治疗(例如初次给予蛋白质后,再加强给予蛋白质)也可用于抗结核分枝杆菌复活感染的预防或治疗。
另一方面,该组合物用于减少或缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程的方法,该方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药和免疫学有效量的药物组合物,该药物组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合多肽或其免疫原性片段以及佐剂,其中所述Mtb72f融合多肽诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而可减少或缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程。通常,给予Mtb72f核酸或融合多肽可允许在6、5、4、3个月或更短时间内的抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化学治疗。
Mtb72f组合物通常给予人类,但对驯养哺乳动物(即狗、猫、兔、大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠、仓鼠、南美栗鼠)和农用哺乳动物(即牛、猪、绵羊、山羊、马)等其它哺乳动物也有效。在其最普通的一面,本发明的Mtb72f融合蛋白是包含3个抗原Ral2-TbH9-Ra35中的每种至少一个免疫原性片段的蛋白质。
在本申请的命名法中,Ra35是指Mtb32A(Ra35FL)的N-端,包含来自结核分枝杆菌Mtb32A的至少约前205个氨基酸(其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列在美国专利申请号09/597,796号的图4中公开)或者来自其它分枝杆菌的相应区域。最典型的Ra35是指本申请公开的SEQID NO:2的一部分,对应于残基535-729。或者,它是指Ra35的变异体,其中对应于SEQ ID NO:2氨基酸710的丝氨酸被Ala取代。
Ral2是指Mtb32A(Ra35FL)的C端,包含来自结核分枝杆菌MTB32A的至少约最后132个氨基酸(其序列在美国专利申请号09/072,967号的SEQ ID NO:4(DNA)和SEQ ID NO:66(预测氨基酸序列)中公开),或者来自其它分枝杆菌的相应区域。最典型的Ral2是指本申请公开的SEQ ID NO:2的一部分,对应于残基8-139。
Mtb39(TbH9)是指基本上在美国专利申请号08/658,800、08/659,683、08/818,112和08/818,111以及WO 97/09428和WO97/09429申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:106(cDNA全长)和SEQ ID NO:107(蛋白质全长)的序列。该序列也在美国专利申请号09/056,559中公开为SEQ ID NO:33(DNA)和SEQ ID NO:91(氨基酸)。最典型的TbH9是指本申请公开的SEQ ID NO:2的一部分,对应于残基143-532。
下面提供本发明的组合物和融合蛋白所用的一些单个抗原的序列:
Mtb32A(TbRa35FL或Ra35FL),其序列在美国专利申请号08/523,436、08/523,435、08/658,800、08/659,683、08/818,112、09/056,556和08/818,111以及WO 97/09428和WO 97/09429申请中公开为SEQID NO:17(cDNA)和SEQ ID NO:79(蛋白质),另见Skeiky等,Infectionand Immunity 67:3998-4007(1999);
下面提供本发明的一些融合蛋白的序列:
TbH9-Ra35(Mtb59F),其序列在美国专利申请号09/287,849和PCT/US99/07717申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:23(cDNA)和SEQ ID NO:24(蛋白质);
Ral2-TbH9-Ra35(Mtb72f),其序列在本申请以及美国专利申请号09/223,040和PCT/US99/07717中公开为SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ IDNO:5(DNA)和SEQ ID NO:2或SEQ ID NO:6(蛋白质)。SEQ ID NO:1和SEQ ID NO:2序列包含6个His残基的His标记。
M72是Mtb72f的突变体,其中在SEQ ID NO:2相应位置710氨基酸的丝氨酸残基已由Ala取代(以及N端His标记上有4个His残基已除去),其序列在本文中公开为SEQ ID NO:3(DNA)和SEQ IDNO:4(蛋白质)。其中蛋白质具有6个His残基的His标记的这些序列的变异体公开于美国专利申请号09/597,796和PCT/US01/19959。鉴于Ser710被Ala取代,所以认为M72比Mtb72f而言更能抵抗自溶。
下面提供本发明组合物和融合蛋白所用的一些额外抗原的序列:
Mtb8.4(DPV),其序列在美国专利申请号08/658,800、08/659,683、08/818,112和08/818,111以及WO 97/09428和WO97/09429申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:101(cDNA)和SEQ ID NO:102(蛋白质)。
Mtb9.8(MSL),其序列在美国专利申请号08/859,381、08/858,998、09/073,009和09/073,010以及PCT/US98/10407和PCT/US98/10514申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:12(DNA)、SEQ ID NO:109(预测氨基酸序列)和SEQ ID NO:110-124(肽);
Mtb9.9A(MTI,亦称MTI-A),其序列在美国专利申请号08/859,381、08/858,998、09/073,009和v09/073,010以及PCT/US98/10407和PCT/US98/10514申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:3和SEQ ID NO:4(DNA)和SEQ ID NO:29和SEQ ID NO:51-66(MTI的ORF肽)。也存在另外两个MTI变异体,称为MTI-B和MTI-C;
Mtb40(HTCC#1),其序列在美国专利申请号09/073,009和09/073,010以及PCT/US98/10407和PCT/US98/10514申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:137(cDNA)和138(预测氨基酸序列);
Mtb41(MTCC#2),其序列在美国专利申请号09/073,009和09/073,010以及PCT/US98/10407和PCT/US98/10514申请中公开为SEQ ID NO:140(cDNA)和SEQ ID NO:142(预测氨基酸序列);
ESAT-6,其序列在美国专利申请号09/072,967中公开为SEQ IDNO:103(DNA)和SEQ ID NO:104(预测氨基酸序列)。ESAT-6序列也公开于美国专利号5,955,077;
α-结晶抗原,其序列公开于Verbon等,J.Bact.174:1352-1359(1992);
85复合抗原,其序列公开于Content等,Infect.& Immunol.59:3205-3212(1991)。
上述各序列也公开于Cole等,Nature 393:537(1998),也可参见例如http://www.sanger.ac.uk和http:/www.pasteur.fr/mycdb/。
上述序列公开于以下文献:美国专利申请号08/523,435、08/523,436、08/658,800、08/659,683、08/818,111、08/818,112、08/942,341、08/942,578、08/858,998、08/859,381、09/056,556、09/072,596、09/072,967、09/073,009、09/073,010、09/223,040、09/287,849以及PCT专利申请PCT/US98/10407、PCT/US98/10514、PCT/US99/03265、PCT/US99/03268、PCT/US99/07717、WO 97/09428和WO 97/09429、WO 98/16645、WO 98/16646,所述文献各自通过引用结合到本文中。
本文所述的抗原包括多态变异体和保守修饰变异体,以及菌株间和种间分枝杆菌同源物。另外,本文所述的抗原包括亚序列或截短序列。融合蛋白也可含有额外多肽,任选来自分枝杆菌或其它来源的异源多肽。可通过例如添加如下所述的接头肽序列来修饰这些抗原。可将这些接头肽插入到构成每个融合蛋白的一个或多个组分之间。
定义
术语“结核病复活(tuberculosis reactivation)”是指结核菌素试验呈阳性、但没有明显疾病症状的个体在以后表现出疾病症状。个体感染结核分枝杆菌,并且经足以使结核病转变成非活动性即潜伏状态的治疗,可具有或没有先前表现的活动性疾病症状。然而,在表现出活动性疾病症状的个体中可以启动结核病复活的预防或治疗方法。
“原发性结核病”是指结核分枝杆菌感染后的临床疾病(表现出疾病症状)。参见Harrison的Principles of Internal Medicine,第150章,第953-966页(第16版,Braunwald等编著,2005)。
“继发性结核病”或“原发后结核病(postprimary tuberculosis)”是指休眠性、非活动性或潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染的复活感染。参见Harrison的Principles of Internal Medicine,出处同上。
“活动性结核分枝杆菌感染”是指表现出疾病症状的结核分枝杆菌感染。
“非活动性、休眠性或潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染”是指没有表现出疾病症状的结核分枝杆菌感染。
“耐药性”结核分枝杆菌感染是指一种或多种能有效治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的所谓“一线”化疗药(例如异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素和吡嗪酰胺)不能抑制或杀伤的感染菌株(具有耐药性)所引起的结核分枝杆菌感染。
“多药耐药性”结核分枝杆菌感染是指感染菌株对两种以上能有效治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的“一线”化疗药具有耐药性的结核分枝杆菌感染。
“有效治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗药”是指本领域已知并用于治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的药物。用于治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的示例性药物包括但不限于阿米卡星、氨基水杨酸、卷曲霉素、环丝氨酸、乙胺丁醇、乙硫异烟胺、异烟肼、卡那霉素、吡嗪酰胺、利福霉素(即利福平、利福喷汀和利福布汀)、链霉素、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素和氟喹诺酮类。用于治疗无耐药性的结核分枝杆菌感染的“一线”化疗药包括异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素和吡嗪酰胺。用于治疗已知对一种或多种“一线”药物具有耐药性的结核分枝杆菌感染的“二线”化疗药包括氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、乙硫异烟胺、氨基水杨酸、环丝氨酸(cycloserine)、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和卷曲霉素。有关这类药物的综述可参见Goodman和Gilman的The Pharmacological Basis of Theraputics,第48章,Hardman和Limbird编著,2001。
“FL”是指全长,即与野生型多肽长度相同的多肽。
“His标记”是指插入在N端的一串His残基,通常为6个残基,常常紧接着起始Met残基后或在C-端。它们对天然序列而言通常是异源的,但还是要掺入进去,因为它们通过提高蛋白质与固定化金属亲和色谱树脂(IMAC)的结合而有助于分离。一般而言,对于引起针对抗原性蛋白的有用免疫应答来说,His标记的存在与否并不重要。假如诱导针对His标记本身的不利免疫反应,人们认为最好将His标记的长度减少至4个或更少残基,尤其是2个残基。
术语“其免疫原性片段”是指包含能被细胞毒T淋巴细胞、辅助T淋巴细胞或B细胞识别的表位的多肽。通常,Mtb72f的免疫原性片段是含有500个以上氨基酸(例如600个以上氨基酸、例如700个以上氨基酸)的多肽。本发明也包括多个片段,例如共同覆盖Mtb72F融合蛋白序列的全部或基本上全部(例如500个以上氨基酸、例如600个以上氨基酸、例如700个以上氨基酸)的重叠片段。
术语“结核病综合征的分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium species of thetuberculosis complex)”包括传统上被认为是引起结核病的分枝杆菌,以及在免疫缺损患者(例如艾滋病患者)中引起结核病和肺部疾病的环境或机会性分枝杆菌,例如结核分枝杆菌、牛分枝杆菌或非洲分枝杆菌、BCG、鸟分枝杆菌、胞内分枝杆菌、隐藏分枝杆菌、日内瓦分枝杆菌、嗜血分枝杆菌、堪萨斯分枝杆菌、猿分枝杆菌、母牛分枝杆菌、偶发分枝杆菌和瘰疬分枝杆菌(参见例如Harrison的Principlesof Internal Medicine,第150章,第953-966页(第16版,Braunwald等编著,2005)。
佐剂是指在疫苗或治疗性组合物中能加强针对抗原的特异性免疫应答的成分(参见例如Edelman,AIDS Res.Hum Retroviruses 8:1409-1411(1992))。佐剂诱导Th1型和Th2型反应的免疫应答。Th1型细胞因子(例如IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-12)倾向于诱导针对所给予抗原的细胞介导免疫应答,而Th-2型细胞因子(例如IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10和TNF-β)倾向于诱导体液免疫应答。能优先刺激Th-1细胞介导免疫应答的佐剂可参见WO 94/00153和WO 95/17209。
“核酸”是指单链或双链形式的脱氧核糖核苷酸或核糖核苷酸及其多聚体。该术语包括含有已知核苷酸类似物或修饰主链残基或键的核酸,可以是合成的、天然的和非天然的,它们与参考核酸具有相似的结合特性,而且与参考核苷酸以相似方式代谢。这些类似物的实例包括但不限于硫代磷酸酯、氨基磷酸酯、磷酸甲酯、手性-磷酸甲酯、2-O-甲基核糖核苷酸、肽-核酸(PNA)。
除非另有说明,否则特定核酸序列也包括其保守修饰变异体(例如简并密码子取代)和互补序列,以及所指定的序列。具体地讲,通过产生一个或多个所选(或全部)密码子的第3位置被混合碱基和/或脱氧肌苷残基取代的序列,可完成简并密码子取代(Batzer等,NucleicAcid Res.19:5081(1991);Ohtsuka等,J.Biol.Chem.260:2605-2608(1985);Rossolini等,Mol.Cell.Probes 8:91-98(1994))。术语核酸与基因、cDNA、mRNA、寡核苷酸和多核苷酸可互换使用。
术语“多肽”、“肽”和“蛋白质”在本文中可互换使用,是指氨基酸残基的多聚体。该术语适用于一个或多个氨基酸残基是相应天然氨基酸的人工化学模拟物的氨基酸多聚体,也用于天然氨基酸多聚体和非天然氨基酸多聚体。
术语“氨基酸”是指天然和合成氨基酸,以及与天然氨基酸作用方式相似的氨基酸类似物和氨基酸模拟物。天然氨基酸是由遗传密码编码的氨基酸,以及随后被修饰的氨基酸,例如羟脯氨酸、γ-羧基谷氨酸和O-磷酸丝氨酸。氨基酸类似物是指与天然氨基酸具有相同基本化学结构的化合物,即α碳与氢、羧基、氨基和R基团结合,例如高丝氨酸、正亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸亚砜(methionine sulfoxide)、甲硫氨酸甲基锍(methionine methyl sulfonium)。这些类似物具有修饰R基团(例如正亮氨酸)或修饰肽主链,但保留与天然氨基酸相同的基本化学结构。氨基酸模拟物是指化学结构与氨基酸通用化学结构不同、但与天然氨基酸作用方式相似的化合物。
氨基酸在本文中可用它们公知的三字母符号表示,或者可用IUPAC-IUB生物化学命名委员会(Biochemical NomenclatureCommission)所推荐的单字母符号来表示。同样,核苷酸也可用它们公知的单字母编码来表示。
“保守修饰变异体”用于氨基酸序列和核酸序列。对于特定核酸序列而言,保守修饰变异体是指编码相同或基本相同氨基酸序列的核酸,换句话说,不同的核酸可以编码序列基本相同的氨基酸序列。因为遗传密码的简并性,所以大量功能相同的核酸编码任何给定蛋白质。例如,密码子GCA、GCC、GCG和GCU都编码丙氨酸。因此,在密码子指定为丙氨酸的每个位置,可将密码子改为任何相应密码子,但不改变所编码的多肽。这样的核酸变异就是“沉默变异”,属于保守修饰变异中的一种。在此编码多肽的每个核酸序列也都描述了每种可能的核酸沉默变异。技术人员将会知道核酸中的各密码子(除了AUG通常仅是甲硫氨酸的密码子之外,而且除了TGG通常仅是色氨酸的密码子之外)都可以修饰,以得到功能相同的分子。因此,编码多肽的核酸中的每个沉默变异在每个所述序列中都是隐含的。
对于氨基酸序列,技术人员将会知道,在编码序列中改变、添加或缺失一个氨基酸或少部分氨基酸的核酸、肽、多肽或蛋白质序列的单个取代、缺失或添加就是“保守修饰变异体”,其中改变导致氨基酸被化学相似的氨基酸取代。提供功能相似氨基酸的保守取代表是本领域众所周知的。这样的保守修饰变异体除了多态变异体之外(且不排除多态变异体),还是本发明的种间同源物和等位基因。
下列8组分别包括可彼此保守取代的氨基酸:
1)丙氨酸(A),甘氨酸(G);
2)天冬氨酸(D),谷氨酸(E);
3)天冬酰胺(N),谷氨酰胺(Q);
4)精氨酸(R),赖氨酸(K);
5)异亮氨酸(I),亮氨酸(L),甲硫氨酸(M),缬氨酸(V);
6)苯丙氨酸(F),酪氨酸(Y),色氨酸(W);
7)丝氨酸(S),苏氨酸(T);和
8)半胱氨酸(C),甲硫氨酸(M);
(参见例如Creighton,Proteins(1984))。
术语“异源”当用于核酸部分时,是指包含在自然界没有彼此间相同关系的两个或更多个亚序列的核酸。例如,核酸通常是重组产生的,具有两个或更多个来自无关基因的序列排列成新功能核酸,例如一个来源的启动子与另一来源的编码区。同样,异源蛋白是指包含在自然界没有彼此间相同关系的两个或更多个亚序列的蛋白质(例如融合蛋白)。
“融合多肽”或“融合蛋白”是指具有直接或通过氨基酸接头共价连接的至少两个异源分枝杆菌多肽的蛋白质。多肽形成融合蛋白通常是C-端与N-端连接,尽管它们也可以是C-端与C-端、N-端与N-端、或N-端与C-端连接。融合蛋白的多肽可以按任何顺序。该术语也指构成融合蛋白的抗原的保守修饰变异体、多态变异体、等位基因、突变体、亚序列和种间同源物。结核分枝杆菌抗原可参见Cole等,Nature 393:537(1998),该文献公开了完整的结核分枝杆菌基因组。结核分枝杆菌完整序列也可参见http://www.sanger.ac.uk和http://www.pasteur.fr/mycdb/(MycDB)。可以使用本文所述的序列比较算法或本领域技术人员已知的其它方法(例如杂交测定和抗体结合测定),鉴定来自其它分枝杆菌的、对应于结核分枝杆菌抗原的抗原。
本发明所用的示例性Mtb72f融合蛋白包括:
包含SEQ ID NO:2序列中残基8-729的蛋白质;
包含SEQ ID NO:2序列(=Mtb72f)、任选所述序列没有His标记形成残基2-7或具有不同长度His标记的蛋白质或者由其组成的蛋白质;
包含SEQ ID NO:2序列、任选所述序列没有His标记形成残基2-7或具有不同长度His标记(例如包含SEQ ID NO:2序列中残基8-729的蛋白质)以及一种或多种结核分枝杆菌抗原(例如以上段落[0045]至[0052]所列出的一种或多种蛋白质或其任何免疫原性片段)的融合蛋白;
包含SEQ ID NO:4序列(=M72)中残基4-725的蛋白质;
包含SEQ ID NO:4序列(=M72)、任选所述序列没有His标记形成残基2-3或具有不同长度His标记的蛋白质;
和
包含SEQ ID NO:4序列、任选所述序列没有His标记形成残基2-3或具有不同长度His标记(例如包含SEQ ID NO:4序列中残基4-725的蛋白质)以及一种或多种结核分枝杆菌抗原(例如以上段落[0045]至[0052]所列出的一种或多种蛋白质或其任何免疫原性片段)的融合蛋白;
本发明所用的Mtb72f融合蛋白的示例性免疫原性片段包括:
包含TbH9-Ra35(Mtb59F)、或TbH9、或Ra35、或Ral2序列的蛋白质或者由其组成的蛋白质;和
包含所述序列以及一种或多种结核分枝杆菌抗原(例如以上段落[0045]至[0052]所列出的一种或多种蛋白质或其任何免疫原性片段)的融合蛋白。
本发明所用的Mtb72f融合蛋白的更多示例性免疫原性片段包括:
包含TbH9-Ra35(Mtb59F)或Ra35序列的蛋白质或者由其组成的蛋白质,其中SEQ ID NO:2中对应于Ser710的位置已经变为Ala;
和
包含所述序列以及一种或多种结核分枝杆菌抗原(例如以上段落[0045]至[0052]所列出的一种或多种蛋白质或其任何免疫原性片段)的融合蛋白。
更具体地讲,Mtb72f是:
包含SEQ ID NO:2中残基8-729的多肽;或
包含SEQ ID NO:2中残基1和8-729、任选在起始Met残基后插入His标记的多肽;或
SEQ ID NO:2多肽;或
包含SEQ ID NO:4中残基4-725的多肽;或
包含SEQ ID NO:4中残基1和4-725、任选在起始Met残基后插入His标记的多肽;或
SEQ ID NO:4多肽;或
SEQ ID NO:6多肽。
更多示例性Mtb72f融合蛋白及其免疫原性片段包括上述蛋白质中N-端和/或C-端已截短例如5或4或3或2或1个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。
更多示例性Mtb72f融合蛋白及其免疫原性片段包括上述蛋白质中至多10%氨基酸、例如至多5%氨基酸(例如至多10个、例如至多5个氨基酸)已经如本文所述被保守取代的蛋白质。
本发明所用的示例性Mtb72f核酸包括编码上述示例性Mtb72f融合蛋白及其免疫原性片段的核酸(例如DNA分子)。可提及的一组特异DNA分子包括SEQ ID NO:1中的核苷酸63-2228。可提及的另一组特异DNA分子包括SEQ ID NO:3中的核苷酸10-2175。可提及的特异DNA分子包括SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:3或SEQ ID NO:5或者由SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:3或SEQ ID NO:5组成。
术语“融合”是指融合蛋白的两个多肽间的共价连接。通常,多肽通过肽键直接彼此连接或通过氨基酸接头连接。任选肽可通过本领域技术人员已知的非肽共价键连接。
术语“选择性(或特异性)杂交”是指在严格性杂交条件下分子仅与特定核苷酸序列连接、双链化或杂交,当该序列存在于复杂混合物(例如总细胞或文库DNA或RNA)中。
术语“严格性杂交条件”是指探针与其靶亚序列(通常是在复杂的核酸混合物中)杂交、而不与其它序列杂交的条件。严格性条件是序列依赖性的,因不同条件而异。较长序列在较高温度下特异性杂交。有关核酸杂交的详细指南可参见Tijssen,Techniques inBiochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Probes,″Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of Nucleic Acidassays″(1993)。通常,严格性条件选择在限定的离子强度、pH下比特定序列热解链温度Tm低约5-10℃。Tm是(在限定的离子强度、pH和核酸浓度时)在平衡条件下50%与靶互补的探针能与靶序列杂交的温度(当靶序列过量存在下,在Tm时,50%探针在平衡条件下被占用)。严格性条件是这样的条件:pH 7.0-8.3,盐浓度低于约1.0M钠离子、通常约0.01-1.0M钠离子浓度(或其它盐),温度至少约30℃(对短探针而言,例如10-50个核苷酸)和至少约60℃(对长探针而言,例如超过50个核苷酸)。严格性条件也可以通过加入去稳定剂例如甲酰胺来达到。为了选择性或特异性杂交,阳性信号至少是背景的两倍,任选为背景的10倍杂交。示例性的严格性杂交条件如下:50%甲酰胺,5xSSC和1%SDS,于42℃保温,或者5x SSC,1%SDS,于65℃保温,在0.2x SSC和0.1%SDS中于65℃洗涤。
如果核酸所编码的多肽基本相同,则在严格性条件下彼此不杂交的核酸仍然会基本相同。例如当用遗传密码所允许的最大密码子简并性产生核酸拷贝时,就会出现这样的现象。在此情况下,核酸通常在中等严格性杂交条件下杂交。示例性的“中等严格性杂交条件”包括在40%甲酰胺、1M NaCl、1%SDS缓冲液中于37℃杂交,然后在1X SSC中于45℃洗涤。阳性杂交至少是背景的两倍。普通技术人员将会容易地知道可以采用替代杂交和洗涤条件以提供类似严格性的条件。
“抗体”是指包含来自特异性结合和识别抗原的免疫球蛋白基因或其片段的构架区的多肽。公知的免疫球蛋白基因包括κ、λ、α、γ、δ、ε和μ恒定区基因,以及无数免疫球蛋白可变区基因。轻链分为κ或λ。重链分为γ、μ、α、δ或ε,它们反过来又限定免疫球蛋白类别分别为IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD和IgE。
示例性的免疫球蛋白(抗体)结构单元包括四聚体。每个四聚体由两条相同多肽链对组成,每对都具有一条“轻”链(约25kDa)和一条“重”链(约50-70kDa)。各链的N-端限定约100-110个或更多个氨基酸的可变区,主要担负抗原识别的任务。术语轻链可变区(VL)和重链可变区(VH)分别是指这些轻链和重链。
抗体以例如完整免疫球蛋白形式存在或以不同肽酶消化而产生的各种充分表征的片段形式存在。因此,例如胃蛋白酶在铰链区二硫键下消化抗体,产生F(ab)′2,F(ab)′2是Fab的二聚体,其本身是通过二硫键与VH-CHl连接在一起的轻链。在温和条件下可将F(ab)′2还原,以打断铰链区的二硫键,因此将F(ab)′2二聚体转化成Fab′单体。Fab′单体本质上是带有铰链区部分的Fab(参见FundamentalImmunology(Paul编著,第3版,1993)。尽管根据完整抗体的消化来定义不同抗体片段,但是技术人员将会知道这些片段可以通过化学方法或通过重组DNA方法来从头合成。因此,本文所用的术语抗体也包括通过完整抗体修饰而产生的抗体片段,或用重组DNA方法从头合成的抗体(例如单链Fv)或用噬菌体展示文库鉴定的抗体(参见例如McCafferty等,Nature 348:552-554(1990))。
为了制备单克隆或多克隆抗体,可采用本领域已知的任何技术(参见例如Kohler和Milstein,Nature 256:495-497(1975);Kozbor等,Immunology Today 4:72(1983);Cole等,载于Monoclonal Antibodiesand Cancer Therapy,第77-96页(1985))。用于产生单链抗体的技术(美国专利4,946,778)也可用于产生针对本发明多肽的抗体。另外,转基因小鼠或其它生物体例如其它哺乳动物也可用于表达人源化抗体。或者,噬菌体展示技术可用于鉴定特异性结合所选抗原的抗体和异聚Fab片段(参见例如McCafferty等,Nature 348:552-554(1990);Marks等,Biotechnology 10:779-783(1992))。
术语“特异性(或选择性)结合”抗体或“特异性(或选择性)免疫反应”当用于蛋白质或肽时,是指决定蛋白质异质群体和其它生物学中蛋白质存在的结合反应。因此,在指定免疫测定条件下,特异抗体与特定蛋白质结合至少比背景高两倍,而且基本上不与样品中存在的其它蛋白质大量结合。在这类条件下与抗体的特异性结合需要选择抗体对特定蛋白质的特异性。例如,可以选择针对融合蛋白产生的多克隆抗体,以获取仅能与融合蛋白发生特异性免疫反应、而不与融合蛋白各成分发生特异性免疫反应的多克隆抗体。可通过扣除与各个抗原交叉反应的抗体,来完成这样的选择。各种免疫测定形式都可用于选择与特定蛋白质发生特异性免疫反应的抗体。例如,固相ELISA免疫测定常规用于选择与蛋白质发生特异性免疫反应的抗体(参见例如Harlow和Lane,Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual(1988)和Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(1998),描述了可用于测定特异性免疫反应的免疫测定形式和条件)。通常,特异性或选择性反应要比背景信号或噪声至少高2倍,更通常比背景高10-100倍。
多核苷酸可包含天然序列(即编码单个抗原或其部分的内源序列)或可包含这类序列的变异体。多核苷酸变异体可含有一个或多个取代、添加、缺失和/或插入,使得所编码的融合多肽的生物活性相对于包含天然抗原的融合多肽来说不会降低。与编码天然多肽或其部分的多核苷酸序列相比,变异体优选表现出至少约70%同一性,更优选至少约80%同一性,最优选至少约90%同一性。
就两个或更多个核酸序列或多肽序列而言,术语“相同”或“同一性”百分比是指当使用以下序列比较算法或者人工比对和目测检查,在比较窗或指定区域进行比较和比对而测定最大对应性时,两个或更多个序列或亚序列相同或具有指定%的相同氨基酸残基或核苷酸(即在指定区有70%同一性、任选75%、80%、85%、90%或95%同一性)。这样的序列就可以称为“基本相同”。该定义也指待测序列的比较。任选同一性存在于长度至少约25个至约50个氨基酸或核苷酸的区域,或任选在长度为75-100个氨基酸或核苷酸的区域内。
对于序列比较,通常将一个序列作为参比序列,将待测序列与其进行比较。当使用序列比较算法时,将待测序列和参比序列都输入计算机中,必要时指定亚序列坐标,并且指定序列算法程序参数。可以使用缺省程序参数,或者可以指定替代参数。然后根据程序参数,用序列比较算法计算出待测序列相对于参比序列的序列同一性百分比。
本文所用的“比较窗”包括选自以下任一数目的连续位置的区段:25-500个、通常约50个至约200个、更通常约100个至约150个,其中在将一个序列与参比序列优化比对之后,可将相同数目的连续位置的序列与参比序列进行比较。用于比较的序列比对方法是本领域众所周知的。可以按照诸如以下的方法进行用于比较的序列最佳比对:局部同源性算法,Smith和Waterman,Adv.Appl.Math.2:482(1981);同源性比对算法,Needleman和Wunsch,J.Mol.Biol.48:443(1970);相似性搜索方法,Pearson和Lipman,Proc.Nat′l.Acad.Sci.USA85:2444(1988);这些算法的计算机工具(Wisconsin Genetics软件包中的GAP、BESTFIT、FASTA和TFASTA,Genetics Computer Group,575 Science Dr.,Madison,WI);或者人工比对和目测检查(参见例如Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(Ausubel等编著,1995增刊))。
有用算法的另一个实例是PILEUP。PILEUP运用渐近配对序列比对,由一组相关序列创建多序列比对,以显示相关性和序列同一性百分比。它也绘出进化树或分枝图(dendogram),以显示用来创建所述序列比对的聚类关系。PILEUP采用Feng和Doolittle,J.Mol.Evol.35:351-360(1987)的渐近序列比对方法的简化方法。所使用的方法类似于Higgins和Sharp,CABIOS 5:151-153(1989)描述的方法。所述程序可以比对多达300个序列,每个序列最大长度为5,000个核苷酸或氨基酸。所述多序列比对法始于两个最为相似序列的配对比对,产生一组两个经比对的序列。然后该组序列与下一个最相关的序列或下一组经比对的序列进行比对。通过两个个别序列的配对比对的简单延伸,将两组序列进行比对。通过一系列渐近配对序列比对,完成最终的序列比对。通过指定具体序列及其序列比较区的氨基酸或核苷酸坐标并且指定程序参数,运行该程序。例如,运用PILEUP,采用以下参数:缺省空位加权(default gap weight)(3.00)、缺省空位长度加权(default gap length weight)(0.10)和加权末端空位(weighted endgap),可以将参比序列与其它待测序列进行比较,以确定序列同一性关系百分比。可以从GCG序列分析软件包得到PILEUP,例如7.0版本(Devereaux等,Nuc.Acids Res.12:387-395(1984)。
适用于测定序列同一性和序列相似性百分比的另一个优选的算法实例是BLAST和BLAST 2.0算法,它们分别在Altschul等,Nuc.Acids Res.25:3389-3402(1977)和Altschul等,J.Mol.Biol.215:403-410(1990)中有描述。用于进行BLAST分析的软件公众可通过the NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)得到。该算法包括首先通过鉴定在查询序列中与数据库序列中相同长度的字串比对时或者匹配或者满足某些正数值最低分值T的长度W的短字串,来鉴定高分序列配对(HSP)。T被称为邻近字串最低分值(Altschul等,出处同上)。这些原始邻近字串命中作为起始搜索以发现含有它们的更长HSP的种子。只要累积序列比对分值可以增加,字串命中则以两个方向沿每个序列延伸。对于核苷酸序列,使用参数M(一对匹配残基的奖分(reward score);总是>0)和N(错配残基的罚分(penalty score);总是<0),计算累积分值。对于氨基酸序列,使用打分矩阵来计算累积分值。字串命中在每个方向的延伸当遇到下述情况之一时终止:累积序列比对分值比其获得的最大值低数量X;累积分值为零或零以下,这是由于一个或多个负打分残基比对的累积所致;或者到达任一序列的末端。BLAST算法参数W、T和X决定所述比对的灵敏度和速度。BLASTN程序(用于核苷酸序列)使用的缺省字长(wordlength)(W)为11,期望值(expectation)(E)为10,M=5,N=-4,并且比较两条链。对于氨基酸序列而言,BLASTP程序使用的缺省字长(W)为3,期望值(E)为10,使用BLOSUM62打分矩阵(参见Henikoff和Henikoff,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.89:10915(1989))序列比对(B)为50,期望值(E)为10,M=5,N=-4,并且比较两条链。
BLAST算法也进行两个序列之间相似性的统计学分析(参见例如Karlin和Altschul,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.90:5873-5787(1993))。BLAST算法提供的一种相似性测定是最小和概率(P(N)),它提供两个核苷酸序列或氨基酸序列可能偶然发生匹配的概率的指标。例如,如果待测核酸与参比核酸比较中的最小和概率大约小于0.2,更优选大约小于0.01,最优选大约小于0.001,则认为待测核酸与参比序列相似。
多核苷酸组成
本文所用的术语“DNA区段”和“多核苷酸”是指已经分离的、不含特定物种总基因组DNA的DNA分子。因此,编码多肽的DNA区段是指含有一个或多个编码序列、但基本上从获取DNA区段的物种总基因组DNA中分离或纯化以至不含总基因组DNA的DNA区段。术语“DNA区段”和“多核苷酸”包括DNA区段和这些区段的较小片段以及重组载体,包括例如质粒、粘粒、噬菌粒、噬菌体、病毒等。
本领域技术人员将会知道,本发明的DNA区段可包括基因组序列、基因组外序列和质粒编码的序列以及较小的基因工程基因区段,它们表达或适于表达蛋白质、多肽、肽等。这些区段可以是天然分离的,或人工合成修饰的。
本文所用的“分离”是指基本上与其它编码序列分开的多核苷酸和不含大部分无关编码DNA(例如大染色体片段或其它功能基因或多肽编码区)的DNA区段。当然,它是指原来分离的DNA区段,并不排除以后通过人工向该区段添加的基因或编码区。
本领域技术人员将会知道,多核苷酸可以是单链(编码或反义)或双链,并且可以是DNA(基因组、cDNA或合成)或RNA分子。RNA分子包括HnRNA分子(含有内含子并以一对一方式对应于DNA分子)和mRNA分子(不含内含子)。额外的编码或非编码序列可以、但并非必需存在于本发明的多核苷酸内,并且多核苷酸可以、但并非必需与其它分子和/或支持材料连接。
多核苷酸可包含天然序列(即编码分枝杆菌抗原或其部分的内源序列)或可包含所述序列的变异体或者生物学等同物或抗原性功能等同物。如下文进一步描述,多核苷酸变异体可含有一个或多个取代、添加、缺失和/或插入,相对于天然肿瘤蛋白来说,优选使得所编码多肽的免疫原性并未减少。对所编码多肽的免疫原性的作用通常按本文所述进行评价。术语“变异体”也包括异种来源的同源基因。
在另外的实施方案中,本发明提供分离的多核苷酸和多肽,其包含与本文所公开的一个或多个序列相同或互补的不同长度的连续序列段。例如,本发明提供的多核苷酸包括一个或多个本文所公开的序列的至少约15、20、30、40、50、75、100、150、200、300、400、500或1000个或更多个连续核苷酸以及它们之间的所有中间长度。容易理解,在此情况下,“中间长度”是指所给出的数值间的任何长度,例如16、17、18、19等;21、22、23等;30、31、32等;50、51、52、53等;100、101、102、103等;150、151、152、153等;包括200-500;500-1,000等的所有整数。
本发明的多核苷酸或其片段,无论其编码序列长度如何,都可与例如以下的其它DNA序列组合:启动子、聚腺苷酸化信号、另外的限制酶位点、多克隆位点、其它编码区段等,使得它们总长度差异很大。因此,预期几乎任何长度的核酸片段都可以使用,其中总长度优选受到制备的容易性的限制,并且用于既定的重组DNA方案。例如,总长度约10,000、约5000、约3000、约2,000、约1,000、约500、约200、约100、约50碱基对等(包括所有中间长度)的说明性DNA区段可用于实施本发明。
此外,本领域普通技术人员将会知道,作为遗传密码简并性的结果,有许多核苷酸序列都编码本文所述的多肽。这些多核苷酸中的某些具有与任何天然基因的核苷酸序列的最小同源性。尽管如此,因密码子使用差异而不同的多核苷酸都明确包括在本发明之内,例如人和/或灵长类密码子选择优化的多核苷酸。此外,包含本文提供的多核苷酸序列的基因的等位基因也在本发明范围之内。等位基因是因一个或多个突变而产生的内源基因,所述突变例如核苷酸的缺失、添加和/或取代。所得mRNA和蛋白质可以、但并非必需具有改变的结构或功能。等位基因可以用标准技术(例如杂交、扩增和/或数据库序列比较)进行鉴定。
多核苷酸的鉴定和表征
用任何已充分确定的多种技术,可以鉴定、制备和/或操作多核苷酸。例如,可以按照以下详述来鉴定多核苷酸:通过cDNA微阵列筛选肿瘤相关表达(即按照本文提供的代表性测定,肿瘤的表达比正常组织至少高两倍)。例如按照生产商的说明书(以及基本上按照以下文献所述:Schena等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 93:10614-10619(1996)和Heller等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 94:2150-2155(1997)),使用Synteni微阵列(Palo Alto,CA),可以进行这样的筛选。或者,可以从表达本文所述蛋白质的细胞(例如结核分枝杆菌细胞)制备的cDNA中扩增多核苷酸。可以通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增这样的多核苷酸。对于该方法,可以根据本文提供的序列来设计序列特异性引物,也可购买或合成引物。
使用众所周知的技术,可以使用本发明多核苷酸的扩增部分从合适文库(例如结核分枝杆菌cDNA文库)中分离出全长基因。在这样的技术中,用适合扩增的一个或多个多核苷酸探针或引物筛选文库(cDNA或基因组)。优选的文库经大小选择以包含较大分子。也优选随机引物文库用于鉴定基因的5′和上游区。优选基因组文库用于获取内含子和延长5′序列。
对于杂交技术,可以使用众所周知的技术标记部分序列(例如通过切口平移或用32P进行末端标记)。一般通过含有变性菌落(或含有噬斑的菌苔)及带标记探针的杂交滤膜,筛选细菌文库或噬菌体文库(参见Sambrook等,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual(2000))。选择并扩增杂交菌落或噬斑,分离DNA用于进一步分析。通过例如PCR,使用来自部分序列的引物和来自载体的引物,分析cDNA克隆以确定额外序列的数量。可得到限制图谱和部分序列,以鉴定一个或多个重叠克隆。然后用包括产生系列缺失克隆的标准技术,可确定完整序列。然后可将所得重叠序列装配成单个连续序列。使用众所周知的技术,通过连接合适片段产生全长cDNA分子。
或者,有大量的扩增技术用于从部分cDNA序列中获取全长编码序列。这些技术中,一般通过PCR进行扩增。任何不同的市售试剂盒都可用于进行扩增步骤。可以使用例如本领域众所周知的软件来设计引物。引物优选长度为22-30个核苷酸,GC含量至少为50%并且在约68℃-72℃的温度时退火到靶序列上。如上所述,可以对扩增区测序,并将重叠序列装配成连续序列。
一个这样的扩增技术是反向PCR(参见Triglia等,Nucl.Acids Res.16:8186(1988)),该技术使用限制酶在基因已知区内产生片段。再通过分子内连接使片段环化,用作PCR模板,并使用来自已知区的多种引物。在替代方法中,邻近部分序列的序列可以通过用接头序列的引物和对已知区具有特异性的引物扩增来得到。扩增的序列通常经过第2轮扩增,用同样的接头引物和对已知区具有特异性的第二引物。该方法的一个改动就是使用沿已知序列的相反方向进行延伸的两个引物,参见WO 96/38591。另一个这样的技术称为“cDNA末端快速扩增”即RACE。该技术包括使用内部引物和外部引物,能与polyA区或载体序列杂交,以鉴定已知序列的5′和3′序列。另外的技术包括捕获PCR(Lagerstrom等,PCR Mehtods Applic.1:111-19(1991))和步移PCR(Parker等,Nucl.Acids.Res.19:3055-60(1991))。使用扩增的其它方法也可用于获取全长cDNA序列。
在某些情况下,可通过例如得自GenBank的表达序列标记(EST)数据库提供的序列分析,获取全长cDNA序列。通常用众所周知的程序(例如NCBI BLAST搜索)进行重叠EST的搜索,这样的EST可用于产生连续全长序列。也可通过基因组片段分析获取全长DNA序列。
在宿主细胞中表达多核苷酸
在本发明的其它实施方案中,编码本发明多肽或融合蛋白或其功能等同物的多核苷酸序列或其片段可用于重组DNA分子,以在合适宿主细胞中指导多肽表达。因为遗传密码的固有简并性,可产生编码基本相同或功能等同氨基酸序列的其它DNA序列,这些序列可用于克隆和表达给定多肽。
本领域技术人员将会知道,在某些情况下最好产生具有非天然密码子的编码多肽的核苷酸序列。例如,可以选择特定原核或真核宿主偏好的密码子,以增加蛋白质表达速率或产生具有所需特性(例如半衰期比天然序列所产生的转录物的长)的重组RNA转录物。
此外,可以使用本领域公知的方法改造本发明多核苷酸序列,以便为了各种原因改变多肽的编码序列,包括但不限于修饰克隆、加工和/或表达基因产物的改变。例如,通过随机片段的DNA改组以及基因片段和合成寡核苷酸的PCR装配,可用于改造核苷酸序列。另外,定点诱变可用于插入新限制位点,改变糖基化模式,改变密码子偏好,产生剪接变异体或引入突变等。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,可将天然、修饰或重组核酸序列与异源序列连接,以编码融合蛋白。例如,为了筛选肽文库的多肽活性抑制剂,它可用于编码可被市售抗体识别的嵌合蛋白。也可改造融合蛋白,以便在多肽编码序列与异源蛋白序列之间含有切割位点,使得可以切割多肽并经纯化而与异源部分分开。
采用本领域众所周知的化学方法,可以合成编码所需多肽的全部或部分序列(参见Caruthers,M.H.等,Nucl.Acids Res.Symp.Ser.第215-223页(1980),Horn等,Nucl.Acids Res.Symp.Ser.第225-232页(1980))。或者,可以用化学方法合成多肽氨基酸序列或其部分,产生蛋白质本身。例如,可以使用不同固相技术进行肽合成(Roberge等,Science 269:202-204(1995)),而且可进行自动化合成,例如使用ABI 43 IA肽合成仪(Perkin Elmer,Palo Alto,CA)。
可通过制备型高效液相色谱(例如Creighton,Proteins,Structuresand Molecular Principles(1983))或本领域可用的其它类似技术,基本上纯化新合成的肽。合成肽的组成可通过氨基酸分析或测序(例如Edman降解法)得以证实。另外,在直接合成和/或用化学方法与来自其它蛋白质或其部分的序列组合期间,可以改变多肽或其部分的氨基酸序列,产生变异体多肽。
为了表达所需多肽,可以将编码多肽或功能等同物的核苷酸序列插入到合适表达载体中,即含有所插入编码序列转录和翻译的必要元件的载体。可以用本领域技术人员众所周知的方法来构建含有目标多肽编码序列及合适转录和翻译控制元件的表达载体。这些方法包括体外重组DNA技术、合成技术和体内遗传重组。这些技术参见Sambrook等,Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual(2000)和Ausubel等,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(每年更新)。
各种表达载体/宿主系统可用于含有和表达多核苷酸序列。它们包括但不限于微生物,例如用重组噬菌体、质粒或粘粒DNA表达载体转化的细菌;用酵母表达载体转化的酵母菌;用病毒表达载体(例如杆状病毒)感染的昆虫细胞系统;用病毒表达载体(例如花椰菜花叶病毒,CaMV;烟草花叶病毒,TMV)或用细菌表达载体(例如Ti或pBR322质粒)转化的植物细胞系统;或动物细胞系统。
表达载体中存在的“控制元件”或“调节序列”是载体的非翻译区——增强子、启动子、5′和3′非翻译区,它们与宿主细胞蛋白相互作用,进行转录和翻译。这些元件的强度和特异性各异。根据所用的载体系统和宿主,可以使用任何数量的合适转录和翻译元件,包括组成型和诱导型启动子。例如,当在细菌系统中克隆时,可以使用诱导型启动子,例如PBLUESCRIPT噬菌粒(Stratagene,La Jolla,Calif.)或PSPORT1质粒(Gibco BRL,Gaithersburg,MD)的杂合lacZ启动子等。在哺乳动物细胞系统中,通常优选来自哺乳动物基因或来自哺乳动物病毒的启动子。如果需要产生含有编码多肽的多拷贝序列的细胞系,最好使用带有合适选择标记的基于SV40或EBV的载体。
在细菌系统中,可以根据所表达多肽的预期用途,选择各种表达载体。例如,当需要大量时,例如对于诱导抗体而言,可以使用指导融合蛋白高水平表达并容易纯化的载体。这样的载体包括但不限于多功能大肠杆菌克隆载体和表达载体,例如BLUESCRIPT(Stratagene),其中编码目标多肽的序列可以与氨基端Met和β-半乳糖苷酶亚序列7个残基的序列一起符合读框地连接到载体中,以便产生杂合蛋白;pIN载体(Van Heeke和Schuster,J.Biol.Chem.264:5503-5509(1989));等等。pGEX载体(Promega,Madison,Wis.)也可用于表达谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的融合蛋白形式的外源多肽。一般而言,这样的融合蛋白是可溶性的,通过先吸附到谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖珠上、再在游离谷胱甘肽存在下进行洗脱,可以从裂解细胞中容易地纯化该融合蛋白。可以设计在这种系统中制备的蛋白质,使其包含肝素、凝血酶或因子XA蛋白酶切割位点,使得克隆的目标多肽能够从GST部分任意释放出来。
在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,可以使用各种含有组成型或诱导型启动子(例如α因子、醇氧化酶和PGH)的载体。有关综述可参见Ausubel等(出处同上)和Grant等,Methods Enzymol.153:516-544(1987)。
在使用植物表达载体的情况下,多肽编码序列的表达可由任何不同启动子驱动。例如,病毒启动子(例如CaMV的35S和19S启动子)可单独使用,或者与来自TMV的Ω前导序列一起使用(Takamatsu,EMBO J.6:307-311(1987))。或者,可以使用植物启动子例如RUBISCO的小亚基或热激启动子(Coruzzi等,EMBO J.3:1671-1680(1984);Broglie等,Science 224:838-843(1984);和Winter等,ResultsProbl.Cell Differ.17:85-105(1991))。可通过直接DNA转化或病原体介导的转染,将这些构建体导入植物细胞中。这类技术可参见大量普遍可得的综述(参见例如Hobbs,载于McGraw Hill Yearbook ofScience and Technology,第191-196页(1992))。
昆虫系统也可用于表达目标多肽。例如,在一个这样的系统中,苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica nuclearpolyhedrosis virus,AcNPV)用作载体,以在草地夜蛾(Spodopterafrugiperda)细胞或粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia)幼虫中表达外源基因。多肽编码序列可克隆至该病毒的非必需区,例如多角体蛋白基因,并处于多角体蛋白启动子的控制之下。多肽编码序列的成功插入,将会使多角体蛋白基因失活,并产生缺乏外壳蛋白的重组病毒。再将重组病毒用于感染例如草地夜蛾细胞或粉纹夜蛾幼虫(在草地夜蛾细胞中或粉纹夜蛾幼虫体内可表达目标多肽)(Engelhard等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.91:3224-3227(1994))。
在哺乳动物宿主细胞中,通常可以使用各种基于病毒的表达系统。例如,在腺病毒用作表达载体的情况下,可将目标多肽的编码序列连接到由晚期启动子和三联前导序列组成的腺病毒转录/翻译复合物中。病毒基因组的非必需E1或E3区的插入,可用于获得在受感染的宿主细胞中能表达目标多肽的活病毒(Logan和Shenk,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.81:3655-3659(1984))。另外,转录增强子(例如劳斯肉瘤病毒(RSV)增强子)可用于增加在哺乳动物宿主细胞内的表达。采用腺病毒载体的方法和方案的综述参见Wold,AdenovirusMethods and Protocols,1998。使用腺病毒载体的其它参考文献可参见Adenovirus:A Medical Dictionary,Bibliography,and AnnotatedResearch Guide to Internet References,2004。
也可以使用特定起始信号,使目标多肽编码序列的翻译更加有效。这类信号包括ATG起始密码子和邻近序列。在多肽编码序列的情况下,其起始密码子和上游序列插入到合适表达载体中,不需要其它转录或翻译控制信号。然而,在仅插入编码序列或其部分的情况下,应提供外源翻译控制信号,包括ATG起始密码子。此外,起始密码子应处于正确读框中,以确保完整插入序列的翻译。外源翻译元件和起始密码子可以来自不同来源,天然和合成均可。可因包含适于所用特定细胞系统的增强子而提高表达效率,可参见以下文献:Scharf等,Results Probl.Cell Differ.20:125-162(1994)。
另外,可以选择宿主细胞株按所需方式调节所插入序列或加工所表达蛋白的能力。这样的多肽修饰包括但不限于乙酰化、羧化、糖基化、磷酸化、脂质化(lipidation)和酰化。也可采用切割蛋白质“前原(prepro)”形式的翻译后加工,以便正确插入、折叠和/或行使功能。也可以选择对这类翻译后活性具有特定细胞机器和特征性机制的不同宿主细胞(例如CHO、HeLa、MDCK、HEK293和WI38),以确保外源蛋白的正确修饰和加工。
对于长期而高收率地制备重组蛋白而言,通常优选稳定表达。例如,可用在相同或不同载体上含有病毒复制起点和/或内源表达元件和选择标记基因的表达载体,转化稳定表达目标多核苷酸的细胞系。导入载体后,可让细胞在富集培养基上生长1-2天,然后换到选择培养基上。选择标记的目的是赋予对选择的抗性,它的存在便于对成功表达所导入序列的细胞进行生长和回收。稳定转化细胞的抗性克隆可以用适于该细胞类型的组织培养技术进行增殖。
可以使用多种选择系统来回收转化细胞系。这些系统包括但不限于单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶基因(Wigler等,Cell 11:223-32(1977))和腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(Lowy等,Cell 22:817-23(1990))基因,这两者可分别用于tk.sup.-或aprt.sup.-细胞。同样,对抗代谢药、抗生素或除草剂的抗性也可用作选择基础;例如,赋予甲氨蝶呤抗性的dhfr(Wigler等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.77:3567-70(1980));赋予氨基糖苷类、新霉素和G-418抗性的npt(Colbere-Garapin等,J.Mol.Biol.150:1-14(1981));和分别赋予氯磺隆(chlorsulfuron)和膦丝菌素(phosphinotricin)乙酰转移酶抗性的als或pat(Murry,出处同上)。例如,允许细胞利用吲哚代替色氨酸的trpB、或者使细胞利用histinol代替组氨酸的hisD等其它选择基因已有描述(Hartman和Mulligan,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.85:8047-51(1988))。近来,越来越多地使用可见标记,这样的标记例如花色素苷、β-葡糖醛酸糖苷酶及其底物GUS、萤光素酶及其底物萤光素,不仅广泛用于鉴定转化子,而且用于定量测定特定载体系统的瞬时或稳定蛋白表达的数量(Rhodes等,Methods Mol.Biol.55:121-131(1995))。
尽管标记基因表达的存在/不存在表明目标基因也存在,但它的存在和表达还需要证实。例如,如果将编码多肽的序列插入到标记基因序列内,可根据标记基因功能缺失,鉴定含有该序列的重组细胞。或者,标记基因可与多肽的编码序列串联起来并且处于一个启动子控制之下。标记基因响应诱导或选择而表达,通常表示串联基因也表达。
或者,可以通过各种本领域技术人员已知方法鉴定含有并表达所需多核苷酸序列的宿主细胞。这些方法包括但不限于DNA-DNA或DNA-RNA杂交和蛋白质生物测定或免疫测定技术,包括基于膜、溶液或芯片的技术,用于检测和/或定量测定核酸或蛋白质。
使用对产物具有特异性的多克隆或单克隆抗体特异性,来检测和测定多核苷酸编码产物的许多方案都是本领域已知的。实例包括酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、放免测定(RIA)和荧光激活细胞分选术(FACS)。对于某些应用来说,优选使用两位点的基于单克隆的免疫测定(使用对给定多肽的两个非干扰表位具有反应性的单克隆抗体),但也可以使用竞争性结合测定。这些测定和其它地方所用的其它测定可参见Hampton等,Serological Methods,a Laboratory Manual(1990)和Maddox等,J.Exp.Med.158:1211-1216(1983)。
本领域已知各种各样的标记和缀合技术,可用于各种核酸和氨基酸测定。产生标记杂交或用于检测多核苷酸相关序列的PCR探针的方法包括寡核苷酸标记、切口平移、末端标记或PCR扩增(使用标记核苷酸)。或者,可将序列或其任何部分克隆到载体中,以产生mRNA探针。这类载体是本领域已知的,是市售的,可通过添加适当的RNA聚合酶(例如T7、T3或SP6)和标记核苷酸,将这类载体用于体外合成RNA探针。可用各种市售试剂盒实施这些方法。可以使用的合适报道分子或标记包括放射性核素、酶、荧光剂、化学发光剂或发色剂及其底物、辅因子、抑制剂、磁性颗粒等。
可以将经目标多核苷酸序列转化的宿主细胞在适于表达并从细胞培养物中回收蛋白质的条件下培养。重组细胞产生的蛋白质可以是分泌型的或者包含在细胞内,这因所用序列和/或载体而定。本领域技术人员知道,可以设计含有本发明多核苷酸的表达载体,使其含有指导所编码多肽穿过原核或真核细胞膜而分泌的信号序列。其它的重组构建可用于使编码目标多肽的序列与编码多肽结构域的核苷酸序列连接起来,便于可溶性蛋白质的纯化。这样的便于纯化的结构域包括但不限于金属螯合肽(例如允许在固定化金属上纯化的组氨酸-色氨酸组件)、允许在固定化免疫球蛋白上纯化的蛋白A结构域、以及用于FLAGS延伸/亲和纯化系统(Immunex Corp.,Seattle,Wash.)的结构域。可以使用在纯化结构域与所编码多肽之间包含的可切割接头序列(包括例如对因子XA或肠激酶具有特异性的序列(Invitrogen.San Diego,Calif.)),以便纯化。一个这种表达载体用于这样的融合蛋白的表达:所述融合蛋白含有目标多肽和位于硫氧还蛋白或肠激酶切割位点之前的编码6个组氨酸残基的核酸。组氨酸残基有助于在IMIAC(固定化金属离子亲和色谱)上进行纯化,参见Porath等,Prot.Exp.Purf.3:263-281(1992),而肠激酶切割位点则提供用于从融合蛋白中纯化所需多肽的方法。有关含有融合蛋白的载体的论述参见Kroll等,DNA Cell Biol.12:441-453(1993))。
除了重组制备方法之外,还可以通过直接肽合成,使用固相技术,制备本发明多肽及其片段(Merrifield,J.Am.Chem.Soc.85:2149-2154(1963))。可用人工技术或自动化方法进行蛋白质合成。使用例如Applied Biosystems 43 IA肽合成仪(Perkin Elmer)可以进行自动化合成。或者,可以用化学方法单独合成不同片段再连接在一起,得到全长分子。
体内多核苷酸递送技术
在另外的实施方案中,将包含本发明的一个或多个多核苷酸的遗传构建体导入细胞内。这可用各种众所周知的方法来完成,其中的一些方法概述如下,用于说明的目的。
1.腺病毒
用于体内递送一个或多个核酸序列的一个优选方法包括使用腺病毒表达载体。“腺病毒表达载体”包括足以执行以下功能并含有腺病毒序列的构建体:(a)支持构建体的包装和(b)表达已按有义或反义方向克隆在其中的多核苷酸。当然,在反义构建体的情况下,表达并不需要合成该基因产物。
表达载体包括腺病毒的基因工程形式。腺病毒遗传构成(36kb,线状双链DNA病毒)的知识允许用多达7kb的外源序列替代大片段腺病毒DNA(Grunhaus和Horwitz,1992)。与逆转录病毒相反,腺病毒感染宿主细胞不导致染色体整合,因为腺病毒DNA可以按附加体方式复制,没有潜在基因毒性。并且,腺病毒结构稳定,在大量扩增后没有检出基因组重排。腺病毒事实上可感染所有上皮细胞,无论它们处于细胞周期的哪个时相。迄今为止,腺病毒感染看来仅引起轻微疾病,例如人的急性呼吸道疾病。
腺病毒尤其适用于作为基因传递载体,这是因为它的基因组大小适中,易操作,滴度高,靶细胞范围广,感染性高。病毒基因组两端含有100-200碱基对反向重复序列(ITR),是病毒DNA复制和包装所需的顺式组件。基因组早期(E)和晚期(L)区域含有不同转录单元,它们是按病毒DNA复制开始时间来划分的。E1区(E1A和E1B)编码负责调节病毒基因组转录和少量细胞基因的蛋白质。E2区(E2A和E2B)的表达导致合成用于病毒DNA复制的蛋白质。这些蛋白质涉及DNA复制、晚期基因表达和宿主细胞关闭(Renan,1990)。包括大部分病毒衣壳蛋白在内的晚期基因产物仅在由主要晚期启动子(MLP)驱动的单一初级转录物明显加工之后才表达。MLP(位于16.8m.u.)在感染晚期特别有效,该启动子产生的所有mRNA都具有5′-三联前导(TPL)序列,该序列使它们成为翻译的优选mRNA。
在目前的系统中,重组腺病毒是由穿梭载体与原病毒载体间同源重组而产生。因为两种原病毒载体可能重组,所以该过程可能产生野生型腺病毒。因此,从单个噬斑分离出病毒单克隆并检查其基因组结构是至关重要的。
目前复制缺损型腺病毒载体的产生和扩增,取决于独特的辅助细胞系(称为293),该细胞系是Ad5 DNA片段转化的人胚肾细胞,能组成型地表达E1蛋白质(Graham等,1977)。因为E3区并非腺病毒基因组所必需的(Jones和Shenk,1978),所以目前的腺病毒载体,在293细胞辅助下,在E1、D3或这两个区域携带外源DNA(Graham和Prevec,1991)。在自然界,腺病毒可包装约105%的野生型基因组(Ghosh-Choudhury等,1987),提供约2kB的额外DNA容量。与在E1和E3区可替代的约5.5kB DNA组合,目前腺病毒载体的最大容量小于7.5kB,或约载体总长的15%。超过80%腺病毒基因组保留载体主链,是载体衍生的细胞毒性的来源。而且,缺失E1的病毒的复制缺损是不完全的,例如,以高感染复数(MOI)用目前可用载体可观察到病毒基因表达的渗漏(Mulligan,1993)。
辅助细胞系可来自人体细胞,例如人胚肾细胞、肌细胞、造血细胞或其它人体胚胎间充质细胞或上皮细胞。或者,辅助细胞可来自与人腺病毒相容的其它各种哺乳动物细胞。这类细胞包括例如Vero细胞或其它猴胚胎间充质细胞或上皮细胞。如上所述,目前优选的辅助细胞系是293。
近来,Racher等(1995)公开了培养293细胞和增殖腺病毒的改良方法。在一种形式中,将单个细胞接种到含有100-200ml培养基的1升硅化转瓶(Techne,Cambridge,UK)中,培养天然细胞聚集物。在40rpm搅拌后,用锥虫蓝评价细胞活力。在另一种形式中,Fibra-Cel微载体(Bibby Sterlin,Stone,UK)(5g/l)使用如下。在250ml锥形瓶中,将重悬于5ml培养基中的细胞接种物加入到载体(50ml)中,静置1-4小时,偶尔搅拌。然后培养基用50ml新鲜培养基置换,开始振摇。对于病毒制备,让细胞培养至约80%长满,然后更换培养基(至25%的终体积)并加入腺病毒,MOI为0.05。让培养基静置过夜,然后将体积增加至100%并开始振摇72h。
除了需要腺病毒载体是复制缺损型或者至少是条件缺损型之外,腺病毒载体的特性对本发明的成功实施来说并非是至关重要的。腺病毒可以是42种不同已知血清型或A-F亚群中的任一种。腺病毒C亚群5型是获得用于本发明的条件复制缺损型腺病毒载体的优选原料,因为腺病毒5型是人腺病毒,它的许多生化和遗传信息是已知的,而且它曾用于大多数以腺病毒为载体的构建体。
如上所述,典型的本发明载体是复制缺损型,没有腺病毒E1区。因此,将会最方便将目标基因的编码多核苷酸引入到已去除E1-编码序列的位置上。然而,腺病毒序列内构建体的插入位置对本发明而言并非至关重要。目标基因的编码多核苷酸也可插入到E3置换型载体中的缺失的E3区(参见Karlsson等(1986))或E4区(其中辅助细胞系或辅助病毒补充E4的缺损)。
腺病毒容易培养和操作,体外和体内均具有广泛宿主范围。该类病毒可以高滴度获取,例如109-1011噬斑形成单位/ml,而且是高感染性的。腺病毒生命周期不需要整合到宿主细胞基因组中。腺病毒载体所递送的外源基因是附加体,因此对宿主细胞的基因毒性较低。在野生型腺病毒接种研究中,未报道副作用(Couch等,1963;Top等,1971),证明它作为体内基因转移载体具有安全性和治疗潜力。
腺病毒载体已用于真核基因表达(Levrero等,1991;Gomez-Foix等,1992)和疫苗开发(Grunhauis和Hoiwitz,1992;Graham和Prevec,1992)。近来,动物研究表明重组腺病毒可用于基因治疗(Stratford-Perricaudet和Perricaudet,1991;Stratford-Perricaudet等,1990;Rich等,1993)。将重组腺病毒给予不同组织的研究包括气管滴注(Rosenfeld等,1991;Rosenfeld等,1992)、肌注(Ragot等,1993)、外周静脉内注射(Herz和Gerard,1993)和立体定位接种到脑部(Le Gal La Salle等,1993)。
腺病毒载体可来源于人腺病毒。或者,它们可来源于黑猩猩等其它物种的腺病毒,其优点是病毒载体不被许多人类受试者体内循环的针对人腺病毒的抗体所中和(参见例如:Tatsis N等(2005)GeneTher.Dec 1;[待发表])。
2.逆转录病毒
逆转录病毒是一类单链RNA病毒,特征是在感染细胞中通过逆转录过程能将其RNA转变成双链DNA(Coffin,1990)。所得DNA再稳定整合在细胞染色体中成为原病毒,指导病毒蛋白质合成。整合使病毒基因序列保留在受体细胞及其后代中。逆转录病毒基因组含有gag、pol和env三种基因,它们分别编码衣壳蛋白、聚合酶和包膜组分。在gag基因上游发现的序列含有将基因组包装在病毒粒子中的信号。两个长末端重复(LTR)序列存在于病毒基因组的5′和3′端。它们含有强启动子和增强子序列,也是整合到宿主细胞基因组中所需要的(Coffin,1990)。
为了构建逆转录病毒载体,将编码一种或多种目标寡核苷酸或多核苷酸序列的核酸插入到病毒基因组内某些病毒序列的位置上,以产生复制缺损型病毒。为了产生病毒粒子,构建含有gag、pol和env基因、但不含LTR和包装组分的包装细胞系(Mann等,1983)。当将含有cDNA、以及逆转录病毒LTR和包装序列的重组质粒导入该细胞系(通过例如磷酸钙沉淀)时,包装序列允许将重组质粒的RNA转录物包装到病毒颗粒中,随后再将它们分泌到培养基中(Nicolas和Rubenstein,1988;Temin,1986;Mann等,1983)。然后收集含有重组逆转录病毒的培养基,任选浓缩,用于基因转移。逆转录病毒载体能够感染各种各样的细胞类型。然而,整合和稳定表达则需要宿主细胞分裂(Paskind等,1975)。
目前,通过使乳糖残基经化学方法添加到病毒包膜上而对逆转录病毒进行化学修饰,开发了允许逆转录病毒载体特异性打靶的新方法。该修饰通过唾液酸糖蛋白受体可允许特异性感染肝细胞。
设计了重组逆转录病毒打靶的另一种不同方法,该方法中使用针对逆转录病毒包膜蛋白和特异性细胞受体的生物素化抗体。经使用链霉抗生物素,该抗体通过生物素组分进行偶联(Roux等,1989)。Roux等人使用针对I类和II类主要组织相容性复合体抗原的抗体,证明了携带这些表面抗原的各种人体细胞在体外可被亲嗜性病毒感染(Roux等,1989)。
3.腺伴随病毒
AAV(Ridgeway,1988;Hermonat和Muzycska,1984)是parovirus,是作为腺病毒贮液的污染物而发现的。它是与任何疾病无关的普遍存在的病毒(美国人口中有85%都存在抗体)。它也属于依赖病毒,因为它的复制依赖于腺病毒等辅助病毒的存在。已经分离出5个血清型,其中已充分表征了AAV-2。AAV具有单链线状DNA,包裹在衣壳蛋白VP1、VP2和VP3中,形成直径20-24nm的二十面体病毒粒子(Muzyczka和McLaughlin,1988)。
AAV DNA长度约为4.7千碱基,含有两个可读框,侧接两个ITR。AAV基因组中有两个主要基因:rep和cap。rep基因编码负责病毒复制的蛋白质,而cap编码衣壳蛋白VP1-3。每个ITR构成T-形发夹结构。这些末端重复序列是AAV仅有的、用于染色体整合的主要顺式组分。因此,AAV可用作载体,其中所有病毒编码序列都被除去并用递送基因盒替代。根据图谱位置,鉴定并命名了p5、p19和p40三个病毒启动子。从p5和p19转录导致产生rep蛋白,而从p40转录产生衣壳蛋白(Hermonat和Muzyczka,1984)。
有若干因素促使研究人员研究使用rAAV作为表达载体的可行性。一个因素就是对递送基因以整合到宿主染色体的需求令人惊奇的少。需要具有145 bp ITR,它们仅占AAV基因组的6%。这在载体中留下装配4.5 kb DNA插入序列的空间。尽管这样的携带容量可阻止AAV递送大基因,但是这完全适合递送本发明的反义构建体。
因为AAV具有安全性,所以也是递送载体的良好选择。有相当复杂的拯救机制:为了动员rAAV,不仅需要野生型腺病毒而且需要AAV基因。同样,AAV不是病原体,与任何疾病无关。除去病毒编码序列可尽量减少针对病毒基因表达的免疫反应,因此,rAAV不会引起炎症反应。
4.作为表达构建体的其它病毒载体
其它病毒载体可用作本发明的表达构建体,用于将寡核苷酸或多核苷酸序列递送给宿主细胞。可以使用来自痘苗病毒(Ridgeway,1988;Coupar等,1988)、慢病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒和疱疹病毒等病毒的载体。它们给各种哺乳动物细胞带来一些有吸引力的特性(Friedmann,1989;Ridgeway,1988;Coupar等,1988;Horwich等,1990)。随着目前对缺陷型乙肝病毒的识别,获得了有关不同病毒序列的结构-功能关系的新知识。体外研究表明,病毒能保留辅助-依赖包装和逆转录的能力,尽管其基因组缺失高达80%(Horwich等,1990)。这表明基因组的大部分都可以被外源遗传物质替换。嗜肝性和持久性(整合)对于定向肝脏的基因转移而言是特别有吸引力的特性。Chang等(1991)将氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)基因导入鸭乙肝病毒基因组,替代聚合酶编码序列、表面编码序列和前表面编码序列。它与野生型病毒共转染到禽类肝癌细胞系中。用含有高滴度重组病毒的培养基来感染原代小鸭肝细胞。转染后至少24天检测到稳定的CAT基因表达(Chang等,1991)。
5.非病毒载体
为了实现本发明寡核苷酸或多核苷酸序列的表达,可将表达构建体递送到细胞中。这样的递送可按照转化细胞系的实验室方法在体外完成,或者在某些疾病状态的治疗中在体内或离体完成这样的递送。如上所述,一个优选的递送机制是通过病毒感染,其中表达构建体包裹在感染性病毒颗粒之内。
一旦将表达构建体递送到细胞中,编码所需寡核苷酸或多核苷酸序列的核酸可在不同位置定位和表达。在某些实施方案中,编码构建体的核酸可稳定整合到细胞基因组中。这样的整合可以通过同源重组(基因置换)在特定位置上以特定方向,或者可以整合在随机的非特异性位置上(基因增强)。在再一个实施方案中,核酸可以稳定保留在细胞中,作为单独的附加体DNA区段。这类核酸区段或“附加体”编码序列足以允许独立保留和复制或者与宿主细胞周期同步。表达构建体如何递送给细胞,以及核酸保留在细胞的何处,取决于所用表达构建体的类型。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,包含一个或多个寡核苷酸或多核苷酸序列的表达构建体可仅由裸的重组DNA或质粒组成。构建体的转移可通过任何上述方法(经物理或化学方法透过细胞膜)来进行。这尤其适用于体外转移,但也可用于体内使用。Dubensky等(1984)成功地将多瘤病毒DNA以磷酸钙沉淀形式注入成年小鼠和新生小鼠肝脏和脾脏,表现出活性病毒复制和急性感染。Benvenisty和Reshef(1986)也证明将磷酸钙沉淀的质粒直接进行腹膜内注射,导致所转移基因的表达。预期也可用类似方法将目标基因的编码DNA转移至体内并表达基因产物。
将裸DNA表达构建体转入细胞的本发明的另一个实施方案涉及粒子轰击。该方法依赖于使包被DNA的微弹加速到高速并让其刺穿细胞膜、进入细胞而不杀死细胞的能力(Klein等,1987)。已经开发了用于小颗粒加速的一些装置。一个这样的装置依靠高压放电产生电流,这样的电流又提供原动力(Yang等,1990)。所用的微弹由钨珠或金珠等生物惰性物质组成。
已经对包括大鼠和小鼠的肝、皮肤和肌肉组织在内的所选器官进行体内轰击(Yang等,1990;Zelenin等,1991)。这可能需要经手术暴露组织或细胞,以去掉枪和靶器官之间的中间组织,即离体治疗。此外,特定基因的编码DNA可通过该方法递送,这也包括在本发明中。
多肽组合物
在其它方面,本发明提供多肽组合物。通常,本发明多肽应为来自各种哺乳动物的分离的多肽(或其表位、变异体或活性片段)。优选的多肽是由本文所公开的多核苷酸序列来编码,或由在中等严格性条件下与本文所公开的多核苷酸序列杂交的序列来编码。或者,多肽可定义为包括来自本文所公开的氨基酸序列的连续氨基酸序列的多肽,或者包括本文所公开的完整氨基酸序列的多肽。
通常用例如以下文献及其引用文献中概述的众所周知技术鉴定免疫原性部分:Paul,Fundamental Immunology,第3版,243-247(1993)。这类技术包括筛选能与抗原特异性抗体、抗血清和/或T-细胞系或克隆发生反应的多肽。如果本文所用的抗血清和抗体与抗原特异性结合(即:它们在ELISA或其它免疫测定中与目标蛋白发生反应,而与无关蛋白没有可检测的反应),则它们就是“抗原特异性”的。可以按本文所述,使用众所周知的技术制备这样的抗血清和抗体。分枝杆菌蛋白的免疫原性部分是与所述抗血清和/或T细胞在基本上不高于全长多肽反应性的水平上发生反应的部分(例如在ELISA和/或T细胞反应测定中)。在所述测定中,这样的免疫原性部分可以类似于或高于全长多肽反应的水平发生反应。这样的筛选通常用本领域普通技术人员熟知的方法来进行,例如参见Harlow和Lane,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(1988)和Using Antibodies:ALaboratory Manual(1998)。例如,可将多肽固定在固相支持物上,与患者血清接触,以便让血清内抗体与固定化多肽结合。然后除去未结合血清,用例如125I-标记的蛋白A检测结合抗体。
多肽可用各种众所周知的技术来制备。如上所述,可以用本领域普通技术人员已知的各种表达载体中的任一种,从DNA序列制备由DNA序列编码的重组多肽。可在经含编码重组多肽的DNA分子的表达载体转化或转染的任何合适宿主细胞中进行表达。合适宿主细胞包括原核细胞、酵母细胞和高等真核细胞,例如哺乳动物细胞和植物细胞。优选使用的宿主细胞是大肠杆菌、酵母菌或哺乳动物细胞系,例如COS或CHO。可以先用市售滤器浓缩合适宿主/载体系统的培养基上清液,其中含有合适宿主/载体系统所分泌的重组多肽或多肽。浓缩后,将浓缩物用于合适的纯化基质,例如亲和基质或离子交换树脂。最后,使用一个或多个反相HPLC步骤,进一步纯化重组多肽。
也可通过合成方法,使用本领域普通技术人员熟知的技术,产生约100个以下氨基酸、通常约50个以下氨基酸的本发明多肽、其免疫原性片段和其它变异体。例如,可以用任何市售固相技术合成这样的多肽,所述技术例如Merrifield固相合成方法,其中将氨基酸序贯添加到逐渐加长的氨基酸链上。参见Merrifield,J.Am.Chem.Soc.85:2149-2146(1963)。多肽的自动化合成仪器是市售的,供应商是例如Perkin Elmer/Applied BioSystems Division(Foster City,CA),可以按照生产商的说明书进行操作。
在某些具体的实施方案中,多肽可以是包含本文所述的多种多肽的融合蛋白,或者是包含至少一个本文所述多肽和无关序列(例如已知肿瘤蛋白)的融合蛋白。融合配偶体可以是例如有助于提供T辅助细胞表位(免疫融合配偶体)、优选由人识别的T辅助细胞表位,或者与天然重组蛋白收率相比,可有助于更高收率地表达蛋白质(表达增强子)。某些优选的融合配偶体同时是免疫原性融合配偶体和表达增强型融合配偶体。可以选择其它融合配偶体,以增加蛋白质溶解度或者使该蛋白质能够靶向所需胞内区室。再一些融合配偶体包含便于蛋白质纯化的亲和标记。
通常可采用包括化学缀合在内的标准技术制备融合蛋白。优选以重组蛋白的形式表达融合蛋白,允许在表达系统中比非融合蛋白产生的水平高。简而言之,编码多肽组分的DNA序列可以分别装配,再连接到合适表达载体中。将编码一种多肽组分的DNA序列的3′端,通过或不通过肽接头,与编码第二种多肽组分的DNA序列的5′端连接,使得该序列的读框同相(in phase)。这允许翻译成同时保留两种多肽组分的生物活性的单一融合蛋白。
可以使用肽接头序列来间隔开第一和第二多肽组分,其间距足以保证各多肽折叠成其二级和三级结构。使用本领域众所周知的标准技术将这种肽接头序列掺入到融合蛋白中。可以根据以下因素选择合适的肽接头序列:(1)它们能采用柔性延伸构象;(2)它们不能采用会影响第一和第二多肽功能性表位的第二结构;和(3)缺乏可与多肽功能性表位反应的疏水性或带电荷残基。优选的肽接头序列含有Gly、Asn和Ser残基。其它近中性氨基酸(例如Thr和Ala)也可用于接头序列。可用作接头的氨基酸序列包括以下文献中公开的序列:Maratea等,Gene 40:39-46(1985);Murphy等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 83:8258-8262(1986);美国专利号4,935,233和美国专利号4,751,180。接头序列的长度通常为1个至约50个氨基酸。当第一和第二多肽具有可用于间隔开功能性结构域并能防止空间位阻的非必需N-端氨基酸区时,则不需要接头序列。
连接的DNA序列与合适的转录或翻译调节元件操作性连接。负责DNA表达的调节元件仅位于编码第一多肽的DNA序列的5′。同样,结束翻译和转录终止信号所需的终止密码子仅存在于编码第二多肽的DNA序列的3′。
也提供融合蛋白。这类蛋白质包含如本文所述的多肽以及无关的免疫原性蛋白。优选的免疫原性蛋白能诱导记忆应答。这类蛋白质的实例包括破伤风蛋白、结核病蛋白和肝炎蛋白(参见例如Stoute等,New Engl J.Med.336:86-91(1997))。
在优选实施方案中,免疫融合配偶体来源于蛋白D,一种革兰氏阴性菌嗜血流感杆菌B(Haemophilus influenza B)的表面蛋白(WO91/18926)。优选蛋白D衍生物包含约最初第3个蛋白(例如N-端的前100-110个氨基酸),并且蛋白D衍生物可以被脂质化。在某些优选实施方案中,脂蛋白D融合配偶体的前109个残基包含在N-端,以提供具有额外外源T细胞表位的多肽并提高在大肠杆菌中的表达水平(因此起到表达增强子的作用)。脂质尾确保将抗原优化呈递给抗原呈递细胞。其它融合配偶体包含来自流感病毒的非结构蛋白NS1(血凝素)。通常使用N-端81个氨基酸,虽然也可以使用包括T辅助细胞表位在内的不同片段。
在另一个实施方案中,免疫融合配偶体是称为LYTA的蛋白质或其部分(优选C-端部分)。LYTA来自肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneumoniae),能合成N-乙酰基-L-丙氨酸酰胺酶,称为酰胺酶LYTA(由LytA基因编码;Gene 43:265-292(1986))。LYTA是一种特异性降解肽聚糖主链某些键的自溶素。LYTA蛋白C-端结构域负责针对胆碱或某些胆碱类似物例如DEAE的亲和性。该特性已经用于开发大肠杆菌C-LYTA表达质粒,用于表达融合蛋白。在氨基端含有C-LYTA片段的杂合蛋白的纯化方法已有描述(参见Biotechnology 10:795-798(1992))。在一个优选的实施方案中,可将LYTA的重复部分掺入到融合蛋白中。在C-端区自残基178开始发现重复部分。特别优选的重复部分包括残基188-305。
一般而言,本文所述的多肽(包括融合蛋白)和多核苷酸是分离的。“分离的”多肽或多核苷酸是从其原有环境中分离出来的多肽或多核苷酸。例如,当天然存在的蛋白质从天然系统中共同存在的某些或所有材料中分离出来时,就称之为分离的。优选这类多肽的纯度为至少约90%,更优选至少约95%,最优选至少约99%。当多核苷酸例如克隆到并非其天然环境组成部分的载体中时,就称之为分离的。
T细胞
另一方面,免疫治疗组合物也可以包含对分枝杆菌抗原具有特异性的T细胞。通常用标准方法在体外或离体制备这类细胞。例如,可以使用市售细胞分离系统(例如IsolexTM System,得自NexellTherapeutics,Inc.(Irvine,CA);另见美国专利号5,240,856;美国专利号5,215,926;WO 89/06280;WO 91/16116和WO 92/07243),从患者的骨髓、外周血或者部分骨髓或外周血中分离出T细胞。或者,T细胞可来自相关或无关的人、非人类哺乳动物的细胞系或培养物。
可用本发明多肽、编码所述多肽的多核苷酸、和/或表达所述多肽的抗原呈递细胞(APC)刺激T细胞。在允许产生对多肽具有特异性的T细胞的条件下和足够时间内进行这样的刺激。优选多肽或多核苷酸存在于递送载体(例如微球体)中,以便产生特异性T细胞。
当T细胞特异性增殖、分泌细胞因子或杀伤携带本发明多肽或表达本发明多肽编码基因的靶细胞时,就认为这样的T细胞对本发明的多肽是特异性的。可以采用各种标准进行的任一种来评价T细胞特异性。例如,在释放铬的测定或增殖测定中,与阴性对照相比,在溶解和/或增殖上刺激指数增加超过两倍,表明T细胞特异性。可以按照例如以下文献进行这些测定:Chen等,Cancer Res.54:1065-1070(1994)。或者,可以通过各种已知技术进行T细胞增殖的测定。例如,可以通过测定DNA合成的增加速率来检测T细胞增殖(例如通过用氚化胸苷脉冲标记的T细胞培养物并测定掺入DNA的氚化胸苷的数量)。与本发明多肽接触(100ng/ml-100μg/ml、优选200ng/ml-25μg/ml)3-7天,将使T细胞增殖至少增加两倍。按照标准细胞因子测定进行检测,如上所述接触2-3小时将会活化T细胞,其中细胞因子(例如TNF或IFN-γ)释放水平提高两倍,表明T细胞活化(参见Coligan等,Current Protocols in Immunology,第1卷(1998))。响应多肽、多核苷酸或表达多肽的APC而活化T的细胞可以是CD4+和/或CD8+。用标准技术可扩增蛋白质特异性T细胞。在优选的实施方案中,T细胞来自患者、相关供体或无关供体,并且可在刺激和扩增后给予患者。
为了治疗目的,可以在体外或体内大量扩增响应多肽、多核苷酸或APC而增殖的CD4+或CD8+T细胞。可以按照不同方式进行这类T细胞的体外增殖。例如,可使T细胞重新暴露给多肽或该多肽相应免疫原性部分的短肽,添加或不添加T细胞生长因子(例如白介素-2),和/或合成多肽的刺激细胞。或者,可以通过克隆,大量扩增在蛋白质存在下增殖的一种或多种T细胞。细胞克隆方法是本领域众所周知的,包括有限稀释。
药物组合物
在另外的实施方案中,本发明涉及本文所公开的一种或多种多核苷酸、多肽、T细胞、抗体和化疗组合物的药学上可接受的溶液的制剂,用于单独或者与一种或多种其它治疗模式联合给予细胞或动物。
也可理解,如有必要,可将表达本文所公开多肽的核酸区段(例如RNA或DNA)与其它活性剂联合给予,所述活性剂例如其它蛋白质或多肽或各种药理活性剂,包括抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗药。事实上,对于也可包括在内的其它成分并未限制,只要其它活性剂在与靶细胞或宿主组织接触时不会引起明显不良反应即可。因此,在具体的情况下,可视需要将组合物与各种其它药物联合用药。可将这类组合物从宿主细胞或其它生物来源中纯化出来,或者可以按如本文所述的化学方法合成这类组合物。同样,这类组合物还可包括取代或衍生RNA或DNA组合物。
药学上可接受的赋形剂和载体溶液的配制是本领域技术人员众所周知的,用于本文所述的具体组合物按照各种治疗方案开发合适剂量和治疗方案,包括例如口服、胃肠外、静脉内、鼻内和肌内给药和配制。通常,包含治疗有效量的制剂每次给予约2μg至约50μgMtb72f多肽,通常每次给予约5μg至约40μg Mtb72f多肽。
1.口服给药
在某些应用中,本文所公开的药物组合物可经口服给予动物。同样,这些组合物可与惰性稀释剂或可同化的食用载体配制在一起,或者可将它们包封在硬壳或软壳明胶胶囊中,或者可将它们压制成片剂,或者可将它们直接掺入食物中。
活性化合物还可与赋形剂一起掺入,用于可吸收片剂、口含片剂、糖锭剂、胶囊剂、酏剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂、糯米纸囊剂等形式(Mathiowitz等,1997;Hwang等,1998;美国专利5,641,515;美国专利5,580,579和美国专利5,792,451,所述文献各自通过引用全部结合到本文中)。片剂、糖锭剂、丸剂、胶囊剂等也可含有以下成分:粘合剂,例如西黄蓍胶、阿拉伯胶、玉米淀粉或明胶;赋形剂,例如磷酸钙;崩解剂,例如玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、海藻酸等;润滑剂,例如硬脂酸镁;和甜味剂,例如可添加蔗糖、乳糖或糖精;或者矫味剂,例如薄荷、冬青油或樱桃香料。当单位剂型是胶囊剂时,除了上述材料之外,还可含有液体载体。可含有各种其它材料,作为包衣材料或其它改变单位剂型的物理形式的材料。例如,片剂、丸剂或胶囊剂可以包虫胶衣、糖衣或同时用这两种材料来包衣。酏剂糖浆可含有活性化合物、作为甜味剂的蔗糖、作为防腐剂的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、着色剂和矫味剂,例如樱桃或橘子香料。当然制备任何单位剂量所用的任何材料都应该是药物纯的,所使用的量基本无毒。另外,活性化合物可掺入缓释制品和制剂中。
通常,这些制剂常含有2μg~50μg Mtb72f多肽。当然,可以按照在任何给定单位剂量的所述化合物中都可得到合适剂量的方式,制备各治疗用组合物中活性化合物含量。诸如溶解度、生物利用度、生物半寿期、给药途径、产品货架期及其它药理学考虑等因素都是制备药物制剂领域技术人员将会考虑的,同样,不同剂量和治疗方案也是想要的。
对于口服给药,本发明的组合物还可与一种或多种赋形剂配制成以下形式:漱口剂、洁齿剂、口含片剂、口腔喷雾剂或舌下口服制剂。例如,可将所需量的活性成分掺入到合适溶剂(例如硼酸钠溶液(Dobell溶液))中,制备漱口剂。或者,可将活性成分掺入到口服溶液剂(例如含硼酸钠、甘油和碳酸氢钾的溶液剂)或分散到洁齿剂中,或者以治疗有效量添加到含有水、粘合剂、摩擦剂、矫味剂、发泡剂和保湿剂的组合物中。或者,将组合物制成可放在舌下或在口腔内溶解的其它形式的片剂或溶液剂形式。
2.注射给药
在某些情况下,最好经胃肠外、静脉内、肌内、或甚至腹膜内给予本文所公开的药物组合物,参见美国专利5,543,158;美国专利5,641,515和美国专利5,399,363(所述各文献通过引用全部结合到本文内)。可用适当混有表面活性剂(例如羟丙基纤维素)的水制备呈游离碱或药理学上可接受的盐形式的活性化合物溶液剂。也可用甘油、液态聚乙二醇及其混合物和油中制备分散剂。在常规贮藏和使用的情况下,这些制剂含有防腐剂,防止微生物生长。
适于注射用的药物形式包括无菌水溶液剂或分散剂以及临用前配制成无菌注射溶液剂或分散剂的无菌粉针剂(美国专利5,466,468,该文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)。在所有情况下,各形式都必须无菌而且必须是便于注射的流体。在生产和贮藏条件下必须稳定,而且必须防止细菌和真菌等微生物作用的污染。载体可以是溶剂或分散介质,包括例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液态聚乙二醇等)、其合适混合物、和/或植物油。通过例如使用涂层(例如卵磷脂),通过在分散剂的情况下保持所需粒径以及通过使用表面活性剂,可维持适当流动性。通过各种抗细菌药和抗真菌药可以预防微生物作用,例如对羟基苯甲酸酯类、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞等。在许多情况下,优选包含等渗剂,例如糖或氯化钠。通过在组合物中使用延迟吸收剂(例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶)可延迟吸收注射用组合物。
对于例如胃肠外给予水溶液剂,必要时溶液剂可含适当缓冲剂,液体稀释剂先用足够盐水或葡萄糖赋予等渗性。这些特定水溶液剂尤其合适静脉内、肌内、皮下和腹膜内给予。就此而论,根据本说明书,可使用的无菌含水介质是本领域技术人员已知的。例如,将一个剂量可溶于1ml等渗NaCl溶液中,加入到1000ml皮下灌注流体中或者注射在所需输注部位(参见例如Remington′s PharmaceuticalSciences,第15版,第1035-1038和1570-1580页)。根据所治疗患者的情况,需要对剂量作出某些改动。给药人员将会在任何情况下确定给予每个患者的合适剂量。此外,对于人用而言,制剂应当满足FDA生物标准办公室的无菌、热源和基本安全性和纯度标准。
按照需要,将所需量的活性化合物掺入具有上述各种其它成分的合适溶剂中,可制备无菌注射用溶液剂,然后过滤除菌。一般通过将各种灭过菌的活性成分掺入到含有基础分散介质和所需上述其它成分的无菌溶媒中,制备分散剂。在无菌粉针剂用于制备无菌注射用溶液剂的情况下,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,自先前无菌过滤溶液得到活性成分粉末以及任何额外所需成分。
本文所公开的组合物可配制成中性或盐形式。药学上可接受的盐,包括酸加成盐(与蛋白质的游离氨基生成)和与无机酸(例如盐酸或磷酸)生成的盐,或者与有机酸(例如乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、扁桃酸等)生成的盐。与游离羧基生成的盐也可来自无机碱(例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙或氢氧化铁)和有机碱(例如异丙胺、三甲胺、组氨酸、普鲁卡因等)。一旦配制好,以剂量制剂相容的方式和以治疗有效量给予溶液剂。容易以不同剂型给予制剂,所述剂型例如注射用溶液剂、药物释放胶囊剂等。
本文所用的“载体”包括任何及所有溶剂、分散介质、溶媒、包衣剂、稀释剂、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂、缓冲剂、载体溶液剂、悬浮剂、胶体等。这些介质和试剂在药物活性物质中的应用是本领域众所周知的。除非任何常规介质或试剂与活性成分不相容,否则考虑它们在治疗性组合物中的应用。补充活性成分也可掺入组合物中。
术语“药学上可接受的”是指当分子实体和组合物给予人体后不会产生变态反应或类似不良反应。本领域充分了解含蛋白质活性成分的含水组合物的制备。通常这类组合物制备成注射用液体溶液剂或混悬剂;也可制备在注射前制成溶液剂或混悬剂的合适固体形式。制剂也可以乳化。
3.鼻腔和口腔给药
在某些实施方案中,可通过鼻内喷雾、口腔喷雾、吸入和/或其它气溶胶给药溶媒而给予药物组合物。将基因、核酸和肽组合物直接给予肺部的方法(例如通过鼻腔和口腔气溶胶喷雾)已有描述,例如参见美国专利5,756,353和美国专利5,804,212(所述各文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)。同样,用鼻内微粒树脂(Takenaga等,1998)和溶血磷脂酰-甘油化合物(美国专利5,725,871,所述文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)给予药物,也是药学领域众所周知的。同样,以聚四氟乙烯支持基质形式经粘膜给药,可参见美国专利5,780,045(所述文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)。
4.脂质体、纳米囊和微粒介导的递药
在某些实施方案中,本发明人考虑到使用脂质体、纳米囊、微粒、微球体、脂质粒、囊泡等,用于将本发明组合物导入合适宿主细胞中。具体地讲,可将本发明组合物包入脂质粒、脂质体、囊泡、纳米球或纳米粒等中进行递送。
优选这样的制剂用于引入药学上可接受的本文所公开的核酸或构建体制剂。脂质体的形成和使用是本领域技术人员公知的(参见例如Couvreur等,1977;Couvreur,1988;Lasic,1998;所述文献描述了在针对胞内细菌感染和疾病的靶向抗生素治疗中使用脂质体和纳米囊)。近来,开发出具有改善的血清稳定性和循环半衰期的脂质体(Gabizon和Papahadjopoulos,1988;Allen和Choun,1987;美国专利5,741,516,所述文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)。此外,有关脂质体和脂质体样制剂作为潜在药物载体的各种方法已有综述(Takakura,1998;Chandran等,1997;Margalit,1995;美国专利5,567,434;美国专利5,552,157;美国专利5,565,213;美国专利5,738,868和美国专利5,795,587,所述各文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)。
脂质体已成功用于通常难以通过其它方法进行转染的大量细胞类型,包括T细胞悬液、原代肝细胞培养物和PC 12细胞(Renneisen等,1990;Muller等,1990)。另外,脂质体对DNA长度不限,而这通常在基于病毒的递送系统中会受到限制。脂质体已有效用于将基因、药物(Heath和Martin,1986;Heath等,1986;Balazsovits等,1989;Fresta和Puglisi,1996)、放射性治疗药(Pikul等,1987)、酶(Imaizumi等,1990a;Imaizumi等,1990b)、病毒(Faller和Baltimore,1984)、转录因子和别构效应物(Nicolau和Gersonde,1979)导入各种培养细胞系和动物体内。另外,已经完成了检查脂质体介导药物递送的若干成功的临床试验(Lopez-Berestein等,1985a;1985b;Coune,1988;Sculier等,1988)。此外,一些研究表明,使用脂质体与系统给药后的自身免疫应答、毒性或生殖腺定位无关(Mori和Fukatsu,1992)。
脂质体由磷脂制成,磷脂分散在含水介质中并自发形成多层同心双层囊泡(亦称多层囊泡(MLV)。MLV的直径通常为25nm至4μm。超声处理MLV导致形成直径范围为200-500的小单层囊泡(SUV),其核心含有水溶液。
脂质体与细胞膜有类似之处,在本发明中可考虑用作肽组合物的载体。它们可广泛应用,因为可包被水溶性和脂溶性物质,即分别在含水空间和在双层本身之内。通过选择性修饰脂质体制剂,载药脂质体可能用于活性药物的定点特异性递送。
除了Couvreur等(1977;1988)的描述之外,以下信息可用于制备脂质体制剂。当分散在水中,磷脂可形成并非脂质体的多种结构,这取决于脂质和水的摩尔比。在低比率时,脂质体是优选结构。脂质体的物理特性取决于pH、离子强度和二价阳离子的存在。脂质体可表现出对离子和极性物质的低通透性,但是在提高温度时经历相变,这明显改变了它们的通透性。相变包括从紧密包装的有序结构(称为凝胶态)转变为松散包装的无序结构(称为流态)。这在特征性相变温度下发生,导致对离子、糖和药物的通透性增加。
除了温度之外,接触蛋白质也可改变脂质体通透性。某些可溶性蛋白质例如细胞色素c与双层结合,使之变形并穿透它,因而引起通透性变化。胆固醇抑制这样的蛋白质穿透,显然是因为更紧密地包装磷脂。考虑到形成递送抗生素和抑制剂的最有用脂质体将会含有胆固醇。
不同脂质体类型包封溶质的能力不同。例如,MLV对包封溶质而言是中等有效,但SUV非常低效。SUV的优点是大小分布的同质性和再现性,然而,大单层囊泡(LUV)提供了大小与包封效率间的折衷关系。通过醚蒸发制备它们,它们在溶质包封方面比MLV的效率高3-4倍。
除了脂质体的特征之外,包封化合物的重要决定因素是所述化合物本身的理化性质。在含水空间包封极性化合物,而非极性化合物与囊泡脂质双层结合。极性化合物通过渗透而释放或当双层破裂时释放,但非极性化合物仍然与双层结合,除非因温度或接触脂蛋白而断裂。这两类在相变温度时都表现出最大流出率。
脂质体通过四种不同机制影响细胞:通过网状内皮细胞吞噬细胞(例如巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞)的胞吞作用;通过非特异性微弱疏水力或静电力,或者通过与细胞表面组分的特异性相互作用,而吸附到细胞表面;通过将脂质体脂质双层插入到质膜中,与细胞质膜融合,同时将脂质体内容物释放到细胞质内;和通过将脂质体脂质转移给细胞膜或亚细胞膜(或反之亦然),而与脂质体内容物无关。通常难以确定是何种机制起作用,可能不止一种机制同时起作用。
静脉内注射脂质体的命运和分布取决于其物理性质,例如大小、流动性和表面电荷。它们可在组织中保持几小时或几日,这取决于其组成和血液半衰期(范围为几分钟至几小时)。大脂质体例如MLV和LUV由网状内皮系统吞噬细胞快速接纳,但循环系统生理学在大多数部位都限制这类大脂质体的存在。它们仅可在毛细管内皮大开口或孔隙(例如肝或脾血窦)的位置上存在。因此,这些器官是主要摄取部位。另一方面,SUV表现出更广泛的组织分布,但在肝和脾中仍然是高分布。一般而言,这样的体内行为限制脂质体仅仅潜在靶向其大尺寸容易接近的这些器官和组织。它们包括血、肝、脾、骨髓和淋巴器官。
本发明通常不限制靶向。然而,最好应该是特异性靶向,可采用达到这一目的的方法。抗体可用于与脂质体表面结合并将抗体及其药物内容物导向位于特定细胞类型表面的特异性抗原性受体。碳水化合物决定簇(在细胞-细胞识别、相互作用和粘附方面起作用的糖蛋白或糖脂细胞表面组分)也可用作识别位点,因为它们具有将脂质体导向特定细胞类型的潜力。通常,考虑到可以采用静脉内注射脂质体制剂,但是也可考虑其它给药途径。
或者,本发明提供药学上可接受的本发明组合物的纳米囊制剂。纳米囊通常以稳定和可重现的方式包封化合物(Henry-Michelland等,1987;Quintanar-Guerrero等,1998;Douglas等,1987)。为了避免胞内聚合物过载的副作用,应当用体内可降解聚合物设计这类超细颗粒(大小约0.1μm)。满足这些要求的生物可降解聚烷基-氰基丙烯酸酯纳米粒可考虑用于本发明。这类颗粒应当易于制备(参见Couvreur等,1980;1988;zur Muhlen等,1998;Zambaux等1998;Pinto-Alphandry等,1995和美国专利5,145,684,所述文献通过引用全部结合到本文中)。
疫苗
在本发明某些优选的实施方案中提供疫苗。疫苗通常包含一种或多种药物组合物(例如上述组合物)以及免疫刺激剂。免疫刺激剂可以是提高或加强针对外源抗原的免疫应答(抗体和/或细胞-介导的)的任何物质。免疫刺激剂的实例包括佐剂、生物可降解微球体(例如丙交酯乙交酯共聚物(polylactic galactide))和脂质体(其中掺入所述化合物;参见例如Fullerton,美国专利号4,235,877)。疫苗制剂的一般性描述参见例如Powell和Newman主编,Vaccine Design(the subunit andadjuvant approach)(1995)。本发明范围内的药物组合物和疫苗也可含有生物活性或无活性的其它化合物。例如,该组合物或疫苗中可含有其它肿瘤抗原的一种或多种免疫原性部分,无论是掺入融合多肽中还是作为分离的化合物。
说明性疫苗可含有编码一种或多种上述多肽的DNA,使得在原位产生多肽。如上所述,DNA可存在于本领域普通技术人员已知的多种递送系统的任何一种中,包括核酸表达系统、细菌表达系统和病毒表达系统。各种基因递送技术是本领域众所周知的,例如参见Rolland,Crit.Rev.Therap.Drug Carrier Systems 15:143-198(1998)以及所引用的参考文献。合适的核酸表达系统含有在患者中表达所需的DNA序列(例如合适的启动子和终止信号)。细菌递送系统涉及给予细菌宿主细胞(例如分枝杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属或乳杆菌属菌株,包括卡介苗或乳酸乳球菌),所述细胞在其细胞表面表达多肽免疫原性部分或分泌这样的表位(参见例如Ferreira等,An Acad Bras Cienc(2005)77:113-124;和Raha等,Appl Microbiol Biotechnol(2005)PubMedID 15635459)。在一个优选的实施方案中,使用病毒表达系统(例如痘苗病毒或其它痘病毒、逆转录病毒或腺病毒)可引入DNA,该方法包括使用非致病性(缺陷型)、可复制型病毒。合适系统已经公开,参见例如Fisher-Hoch等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 86:317-321(1989);Flexner等,Ann.N Y.Acad.Sci.569:86-103(1989);Flexner等,Vaccine 8:17-21(1990);美国专利号4,603,112、4,769,330和5,017,487;WO 89/01973;美国专利号4,777,127;GB 2,200,651;EP0,345,242;WO 91/02805;Berkner,Biotechniques 6:616-627(1988);Rosenfeld等,Science 252:431-434(1991);Kolls等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:215-219(1994);Kass-Eisler等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA90:11498-11502(1993);Guzman等,Circulation 88:2838-2848(1993);和Guzman等,Cir.Res.73:1202-1207(1993)。将DNA掺入表达系统的技术是本领域普通技术人员众所周知的。DNA也可以是“裸”的,参见例如Ulmer等,Science 259:1745-1749(1993),有关综述可参见Cohen,Science 259:1691-1692(1993)。将裸DNA包被在生物可降解珠上,可增加对裸DNA的摄取,将其有效转运到细胞内。显而易见,疫苗可包含多核苷酸和多肽组分。这类疫苗可加强免疫应答。
显而易见,疫苗可含有本文所述多核苷酸和多肽的药学上可接受的盐。可自药学上可接受的无毒碱制备这些盐,所述碱包括有机碱(例如伯、仲、叔胺的盐,以及碱性氨基酸的盐)和无机碱(例如钠盐、钾盐、锂盐、铵盐、钙盐和镁盐)。
尽管本领域普通技术人员已知的任何合适载体都可用于本发明的疫苗组合物,但是载体类型因给药模式而异。可将本发明组合物配制成用于任何合适给药方式,包括例如局部、口服、鼻内、静脉内、颅内、腹膜内、皮下或肌内给药。对于胃肠外给药例如皮下注射,载体优选包括水、盐水、醇、脂肪、蜡或缓冲剂。对于口服给药,可以使用任何上述载体或固体载体,例如甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、滑石粉、纤维素、葡萄糖、蔗糖和碳酸镁。生物可降解微球体(例如丙交酯和乙交酯的共聚物(polylactatepolyglycolate))也可用作载体,用于本发明的药物组合物。合适的生物可降解微球体已经公开,参见例如美国专利号4,897,268、5,075,109、5,928,647、5,811,128、5,820,883、5,853,763、5,814,344和5,942,252。也可以使用一种包含微粒-蛋白质复合物的载体,参见美国专利号5,928,647,该载体能诱导宿主的I类-限制性细胞毒T淋巴细胞反应。
这类组合物也可包含缓冲液(例如中性缓冲盐水或磷酸缓冲盐溶液),碳水化合物(例如葡萄糖、甘露糖、蔗糖或葡聚糖),甘露醇,蛋白质,多肽或氨基酸(例如甘氨酸),抗氧化剂,抑菌剂,螯合剂(例如EDTA或谷胱甘肽),佐剂(例如氢氧化铝),赋予制剂与受体血液等渗、低渗或弱高渗的溶质,悬浮剂,增稠剂和/或防腐剂。或者,本发明的组合物可配制成冻干物。也可以使用众所周知的技术,将化合物包裹在脂质体中。
各种免疫刺激剂的任一种都可用于本发明疫苗中。例如,可包含佐剂。大多数佐剂含有用于保护抗原不被快速代谢的物质(例如氢氧化铝或矿物油)以及免疫应答刺激剂(例如脂质A、百日咳博德特氏菌(Bortadella pertussis)蛋白或分枝杆菌蛋白或分枝杆菌衍生蛋白)。例如,可以使用脱脂质化、脱糖脂化母牛分枝杆菌(“pVac”)。合适佐剂是市售的,例如弗氏不完全佐剂和弗氏完全佐剂(DifcoLaboratories,Detroit,MI);Merck Adjuvant 65(Merck and Company,Inc.,Rahway,NJ);AS01B、AS02A、AS15、AS-2及其衍生物(GlaxoSmithKline,Philadelphia,PA);CWS、TDM、Leif、铝盐例如氢氧化铝凝胶(alum)或磷酸铝;钙盐、铁盐或锌盐;酰化酪氨酸的不溶性悬浮剂;酰化糖;阳离子或阴离子衍生的多糖;聚磷腈;生物可降解微球体;单磷酰脂质A和quil A。细胞因子(例如GM-CSF或白介素-2、白介素-7或白介素-12)也都可用作佐剂。
在本文所述的疫苗中,优选设计佐剂组合物,以诱导以Th1型为主的免疫应答。高水平Th1型细胞因子(例如IFN-γ、TNFα、IL-2和IL-12)倾向于促进诱导针对所给予抗原的细胞介导免疫应答。相比之下,高水平Th2型细胞因子(例如IL-4、IL-5、IL-6和IL-10)倾向于促进诱导体液免疫应答。使用本文所述的疫苗之后,患者会产生包括Th1型和Th2型反应在内的免疫应答。在反应主要为Th1型的一个优选实施方案中,Th1型细胞因子的水平将会增加到超过Th2型细胞因子的水平。使用标准测定,可以容易地评价这些细胞因子的水平。有关这些细胞因子家族的综述可参见Janeway等,Immunobiology,第5版,2001。
用于诱导占优势Th1型反应的优选佐剂包括例如以下组合:单磷酰脂质A(优选3-O-脱酰化单磷酰脂质A(3D-MPL)),任选铝盐(参见例如Ribi等,1986,Immunology and Immunopharmacology ofBacterial Endotoxins,Plenum Publ.Corp.,NY,第407-419页;GB2122204B;GB 2220211;和US 4,912,094)。3D-MPL的优选形式是含有直径小于0.2mm的小粒径乳剂形式,其制备方法公开于WO94/21292。含有单磷酰脂质A和表面活性剂的含水制剂可参见WO98/43670。示例性的优选佐剂包括AS01B(MPL和QS21的脂质体制剂)、3D-MPL和QS21的脂质体制剂、AS02A(MPL和QS21和水包油乳剂)、3D-MPL和QS21和水包油乳剂,以及AS15(得自GlaxoSmithKline)。MPL佐剂得自GlaxoSmithKline,Seattle,WA(参见美国专利号4,436,727;4,877,611;4,866,034和4,912,094)。
含有CpG的寡核苷酸(其中CpG二核苷酸未甲基化)也诱导占优势的Th1反应。CpG是DNA中存在的胞嘧啶-鸟嘌呤二核苷酸基序的缩写。这样的寡核苷酸是众所周知的,参见例如WO 96/02555、WO99/33488和美国专利号6,008,200和5,856,462。免疫调节DNA序列也参见例如Sato等,Science 273:352(1996)。当CpG配制在疫苗内,CpG通常以游离溶液形式与游离抗原一起给予(WO 96/02555;McCluskie和Davis,出处同上)或者与抗原共价缀合(WO 98/16247),或者与载体例如氢氧化铝配制在一起((肝炎表面抗原)Davis等,出处同上;Brazolot-Millan等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci,USA,1998,95(26),15553-8)。CpG是本领域已知可作为佐剂,既可系统给予也可经粘膜途径给予(WO 96/02555、EP 468520、Davis等,J.Immunol,1998,160(2):870-876;McCluskie和Davis,J.Immunol.,1998,161(9):4463-6)。
另一优选佐剂是皂苷或皂苷模拟物或衍生物,优选QS21(AquilaBiopharmaceuticals Inc.,Framingham,MA),其可单独使用或者与其它佐剂联用。例如,一个增强的系统包括单磷酰脂质A和皂苷衍生物的组合,例如QS21和3D-MPL的组合(参见WO 94/00153)或QS21被胆固醇猝灭的更低反应原性组合物(参见WO 96/33739)。其它优选制剂包括水包油乳剂和生育酚。包含QS21、3D-MPL和生育酚的水包油乳剂的特别有效的佐剂制剂参见WO 95/17210。另外用于本发明的皂苷佐剂包括QS7(参见WO 96/33739和WO 96/11711)和QS17(参见美国专利号5,057,540和EP 0 362 279 B1)。
其它优选佐剂包括Montanide ISA 720(Seppic,France)、SAF(Chiron,California,United States)、ISCOMS(CSL)、MF-59(Chiron)、SBAS系列佐剂(例如SBAS-2、AS2’、AS2″、SBAS-4或SBAS6,得自GlaxoSmithKline,Rixensart,Belgium)、Detox(Corixa,Hamilton,MT)、RC-529(Corixa,Hamilton,MT)和其它氨基烷基氨基葡糖苷4-磷酸(AGP),例如参见待审的美国专利申请顺序号08/853,826和09/074,720,所述文献的全部公开内容都通过引用全部结合到本文中。
更多佐剂实例包括合成MPL和基于志贺毒素B亚基的佐剂(参见WO 2005/112991)。
用众所周知的方法可制备本文所述的任何疫苗,产生抗原、免疫应答增强子和合适载体或赋形剂的组合。可作为缓释制剂的组成部分给予本文所述的组合物(即在给药后使化合物缓慢释放的胶囊剂、海绵剂或凝胶剂(例如由多糖组成)等制剂)。这样的制剂通常用众所周知的技术来制备(参见例如Coombes等,Vaccine 14:1429-1438(1996))并通过例如口服、直肠或皮下植入而给予,或通过在所需靶部位植入而给予。缓释制剂可含有分散在载体基质中和/或包含在周围包被速率控制膜的贮库内的多肽、多核苷酸或抗体。
用于这类制剂的载体是生物相容的,也可以是生物可降解的;优选的制剂提供相对恒定的活性成分释放水平。这类载体包括丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物(poly(lactide-co-glycolide))、聚丙烯酸酯、乳胶、淀粉、纤维素、葡聚糖等的微粒。其它延迟释放载体包括超分子生物载体,其包括非脂质亲水核心(例如交联多糖或寡糖),并任选包括两亲化合物的外层,例如磷脂(参见例如美国专利号5,151,254和PCT申请WO 94/20078、WO 94/23701和WO 96/06638)。缓释制剂中活性化合物含量取决于植入部位,释放速率和预期持续时间以及待治疗或预防的疾病的特性。
任何不同递送载体都可用于药物组合物和疫苗,以便产生靶向肿瘤细胞的抗原特异性免疫应答。递送载体包括抗原呈递细胞(APC),例如树突细胞、巨噬细胞、B细胞、单核细胞和经改造成为有效APC的其它细胞。这些细胞可以、但并非必需经过遗传修饰,以增加呈递抗原的容量,改善T细胞反应的激活和/或维持,本身具有抗肿瘤效应和/或与受体是免疫学上相容的(即匹配的HLA单倍体)。APC通常可从任何不同生物流体和器官(包括肿瘤和肿瘤周围组织)中分离得到,可以是自体细胞、同种异体细胞、同源细胞或异种细胞。
本发明的某些优选实施方案使用树突细胞或其祖先作为抗原呈递细胞。树突细胞是高度有效的APC(Banchereau和Steinman,Nature392:245-251(1998)),已知在诱导预防性或治疗性抗肿瘤免疫中是有效的生理佐剂(参见Timmerman和Levy,Ann.Rev.Med.50:507-529(1999))。一般而言,可按照树突细胞的典型形状(在原位星形,在体外可见明显胞质突(树突)),其高效摄取、加工和呈递抗原的能力以及它们激活天然T细胞反应的能力,来鉴定树突细胞。当然,树突细胞可经改造以表达在体内或离体的树突细胞并非常见的特异性细胞表面受体或配体,而且这样修饰的树突细胞包括在本发明之内。作为树突细胞的替代物,装载分泌型囊泡抗原的树突细胞(称为外来体)可用于疫苗(参见Zitvogel等,Nature Med.4:594-600(1998))。
树突细胞及其祖先可得自外周血、骨髓、肿瘤浸润细胞、肿瘤周围组织浸润细胞、淋巴结、脾、皮肤、脐带血或任何其它合适组织或流体。例如,可通过将GM-CSF、IL-4、IL-13和/或TNFα等细胞因子的组合添加到从外周血中收获的单核细胞培养物中,可使树突细胞离体分化。或者,通过将GM-CSF、IL-3、TNFα、CD40配体、LPS、flt3配体和/或诱导树突细胞分化、成熟和增殖的其它化合物的组合添加到培养基中,可使从外周血、脐带血或骨髓中收获的CD34阳性细胞分化成树突细胞。
树突细胞可方便地分为“未成熟”和“成熟”细胞,这允许用简单方法区分两种良好表征的表型。然而,这样的命名不应限制在排除所有可能的分化中间时相。未成熟树突细胞的特征是对抗原摄取和加工具有高能力的APC,这与Fcγ受体和甘露糖受体的高度表达相关。成熟表型的典型特征是较少表达这些标记,但高度表达负责T细胞激活的细胞表面分子,例如I类和II类MHC、粘附分子(例如CD54和CD11)和共刺激分子(例如CD40、CD80、CD86和4-1BB)。
通常用编码蛋白质(或其部分或其它变异体)的多核苷酸转染APC,使得多肽或其免疫原性部分在细胞表面上表达。这类转染可离体发生,包含这类转染细胞的组合物或疫苗可用于本文所述的治疗性目的。或者,可将靶向树突细胞或其它抗原呈递细胞的基因递送载体给予患者,结果在体内发生转染。通常可以使用本领域已知的任何方法,进行树突细胞的体内和离体转染,所述方法例如参见WO97/24447或基因枪方法,参见Mahvi等,Immunology and Cell Biology75:456-460(1997)。将树突细胞或祖先细胞与多肽、DNA(裸的或在质粒载体内)或RNA一起孵育;或者与表达抗原的重组细菌或病毒(例如痘苗病毒、禽痘病毒、腺病毒或慢病毒载体)一起孵育,可给树突细胞加载抗原。加载之前,将多肽与提供T辅助细胞的免疫配偶体(例如载体分子)共价缀合。或者,可用未缀合的免疫配偶体,单独、或在多肽存在下脉冲刺激树突细胞。
疫苗和药物组合物可以单位剂量或多剂量容器(例如密封安瓿或小瓶)中存在。这样的容器优选是气密性的,以保证制剂的无菌性,直至使用。一般而言,制剂可以混悬剂、溶液剂或乳剂的油或含水溶媒形式贮存。或者,疫苗或药物组合物可贮存在冻干条件下,临用前仅需要加入无菌液体载体即可。
本说明书引用的所有出版物和专利申请都结合到本文中,其程度与每篇出版物和专利申请具体而单独指明通过引用全部结合到本文中一样。
尽管为了清楚理解的目的,通过说明和实例方式具体描述了上述发明,但是本领域普通技术人员显而易见的是,根据本发明的描述,可对其作出某些改动和修饰而不偏离所附权利要求书的精神和范围。
实施例
仅以说明的方式而非限制性方式提供以下实施例。本领域技术人员容易理解,各种非关键性参数都可以改动或修改并得到基本类似的结果。
实施例1:Mtb72f(无His标记)(SEO ID NO:6)的制备
Mtb72f表达载体的构建
Mtb72f是由2种结核分枝杆菌蛋白Mtb32和Mtb39构成的融合蛋白。将Mtb39与Mtb32的N端和C端部分融合而构建如下的Mtb72f:Mtb32 C-末端-Mtb39-Mtb32 N-末端。具体地讲,通过将编码~14 kDa Mtb32的C-端片段的可读框(ORF)(残基192-323;132个氨基酸)与Mtb39全长ORF串联,在C-端再串联~20 kDa Mtb32 N-端序列(残基1-195),产生Mtb72f蛋白。使用含有独特限制位点(EcoRI和EcoRV)且在C-端缺乏终止密码子(就Mtb32-C和Mtb39而言)的序列特异性寡核苷酸,用于对来自结核分枝杆菌H37Rv菌株的基因组DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR),可完成以上串联步骤。方法细节如下:
首先,使用以下寡核苷酸,经PCR克隆编码Mtb32 C端部分的DNA(Mtb32C):5′(5′-CAA-TTA-CAT-ATG-CAT-CAC-CAT-CAC-CAT-CAC-ACG-GCC-GCG-TCC-GAT-AAC-TTC-3′)和3′(5′-CTA-ATC-GAA-TCC-GGC-CGG-GGG-TCC-CTC-GGC-CAA-3′)。5′寡核苷酸含有包含ATG起始密码子的NdeI限制位点(下划线)。3′寡核苷酸含有EcoRI限制位点(下划线)。这些寡核苷酸用于扩增Mtb32C(Mtb32的396个核苷酸部分),将所得产物亚克隆到表达载体的Ndel和EcoRI位点。随后用EcoRI和EcoRV消化,使Mtb32C质粒变为线状。
对于Mtb39,以下寡核苷酸用于PCR扩增和克隆:5′-(5′-CTA-ATC-GAA-TTC-ATG-GTG-GAT-TTC-GGG-GCG-TTA-3′)和3′(5′-CTA-ATC-GAT-ATC-GCC-GGC-TGC-CGG-AGA-ATG-CGG-3′)。5′寡核苷酸含有EcoRI限制位点(下划线),而3′寡核苷酸含有EcoRV限制位点(下划线)。扩增Mtb39全长编码序列,消化,然后亚克隆到Mtb32c下游读框中,使用来自第一步的预消化质粒。
Mtb32 N-端片段的5′和3′寡核苷酸设计如下:5′-(5′-CTA-ATC-GAT-ATC-GCC-CCG-CCG-GCC-TTG-TCG-CAG-GAC-3′)和 3′-(5′-CTA-ATC-GAT-ATC-CTA-GGA-CGC-GGC-CGT-GTT-CAT-AC-3′)。这两组寡核苷酸都含EcoRV限制位点(下划线),而3′寡核苷酸也包括终止密码子(斜体)。设计寡核苷酸,以扩增编码该蛋白质的预测N-端结构域的Mtb32的585bp部分。将所得PCR产物亚克隆到Mtb32c-Mtb39融合质粒中。然后通过DNA测序证实插入片段的合适方向,并证实没有突变。对于用于制备母细胞库(Master Cell Bank)和制备工作细胞库(Working Cell Bank)的最终构建体,经PCR除去6xHis亲和标记,将Mtb72f的可读框(ORF)亚克隆到pPDM(pET衍生的表达载体)中。ORF编码约72kDa的多蛋白(Mtb72f),其结构域按线性顺序排列:Mtb32C-Mtb39-Mtb32N。再将该DNA转化到大肠杆菌HMS174 pLysS菌株,用于试验、制备细胞库和制备。
Mtb72f批量药物的生产
产生Mtb72f的制备方法概述如下:
-发酵,然后离心收获细胞,细胞破碎(微流化仪(microfluidizer))和离心,得到包含体沉淀;
-纯化包含体沉淀,即通过8M尿素提取,接着用Q Sepharose FastFlow(QFF)色谱、陶瓷羟基磷灰石(CHT)色谱、渗滤和无菌过滤,得到纯化的批量药物。
发酵
在10L工作体积中进行发酵。向发酵罐中接种37℃培养过夜的工作种子细胞的300ml摇瓶培养物。接种和发酵都用半确定成分培养基,用植物来源的甘油作为主要碳源。培养基组成见下表。所有培养基成分都经121℃加热灭菌20分钟或通过过滤除菌。发酵期间,发酵罐的温度保持在37℃。按照5标准升/分钟(SLPM)的速率通入空气。通过自动添加酸(H2SO4)或碱(NaOH)使培养基的pH保持在7.0。通过自动调节搅拌,按程序控制发酵罐的溶解氧为30%,同时维持最低200rpm的搅拌。通过自动添加1.05%SAG-471硅酮消泡剂(WitcoCorp.)实施对发酵罐内泡沫的控制。当细胞密度达光密度(600nm)约3.5时,将异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖吡喃糖苷(IPTG)加入到发酵罐中,浓度为1.0mM。IPTG诱导编码Mtb72f蛋白的重组基因表达。在诱导后3.0小时,冷却发酵罐,在1L离心瓶中离心收获细胞。
发酵培养基的组成
材料 | 浓度 |
酵母浸膏 | 15g/L |
甘油 | 30g/L |
七水硫酸镁(MgSO4) | 0.5g/L |
磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4) | 2.4g/L |
磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4) | 3.2g/L |
氯化铵(NH4Cl) | 1.0g/L |
氯化钠(NaCl) | 0.5g/L |
硫酸卡那霉素 | 30mg/L |
氯霉素 | 34mg/L |
SAG-471硅酮消泡剂(Witco公司) | 0.0005%(v/v)(不包括在内) |
包含体的分离
将细胞沉淀重悬在2.3L裂解缓冲液(50mM NaCl,10mM Tris pH8.0)中并混合,然后用M-1 10Y破碎细胞。将细胞通过Microfluidizer 5次,压力为11,000±1,000psi。悬液装在500ml瓶中,以8000xg离心。在这些条件下,沉淀中含有Mtb72f蛋白的包含体(IB),而大多数细胞碎片保留在上清液中。将IB沉淀重悬于洗涤缓冲液(2M尿素、50mM NaCl、10mM Tris pH 8.0)中,以8,000g离心。弃去上清液部分,将IB沉淀贮存在-70℃至-80℃直到用于进一步纯化。
多蛋白的纯化
冷冻IB制剂在37℃融化15分钟,重悬于8M尿素、50mM NaCl、20mM Bis-tris丙烷,pH 7.0(缓冲液A)中,用温和机械搅拌。然后在室温下用磁力搅拌棒以300rpm搅拌重悬的IB达2小时。再将IB提取物进行高速离心,所得上清液部分通过0.45μm滤器(Pall,Supor)过滤,然后进行色谱分离。
将IB提取物上样到事先用1N NaOH清洗并用缓冲液A平衡的含Q Sepharose Fast Flow(QFF)阴离子交换树脂的柱子(10×12.5cmAmersham/Pharmacia BPG;1L填充床)上。该柱以60cm/hr的线性流速用缓冲液A来展层,将含有主要低分子量污染物的流分收集起来用作参考。批量Mtb72f用8M尿素、90mM NaCl、20mM Bis-tris丙烷(pH 7.0)一步洗脱下来,根据吸光度进行收集单一大峰。
QFF树脂是高度交联琼脂糖树脂,在纯化期间所用的条件中具有带正电荷的季铵官能团。带电荷的基质允许结合不同阴离子,然后可用盐梯度进行选择性洗脱。该阴离子交换色谱用于从蛋白质中分离出与树脂紧密结合的核酸和内毒素,该蛋白质结合较弱并且在这些污染物洗脱下来之前可先洗脱下来。另外,该步骤除去不带电荷的污染物和大部分蛋白质杂质。
将来自QFF柱的90mM NaCl洗脱峰上样到事先用1N NaOH清洗并用缓冲液C(8M尿素,250mM NaCl和20mM Bis-tris丙烷,pH 7.0)平衡的含有陶瓷羟基磷灰石(CHT)(I型,40μM,BioRad)的柱子(2.6×12cm Amersham/Pharmacia XK26/20;63ml填充床)上。收集含有大部分Mtb72f、而不含污染物的流出物(FT1)。用缓冲液C洗涤该柱,收集任何所得UV-吸收材料。最后,将该柱用缓冲液D(8M尿素、200mM磷酸钠,pH 7.4)洗脱。
CHT是球形大孔形式的羟基磷灰石[Ca5(PO4)3OH]2。CHT色谱可以是高度选择性的纯化方法,如果发现合适结合和洗脱条件的话。结合方式包括与带电荷钙离子和磷酸离子的离子交换型结合以及分子的螯合。DNA与该树脂结合,可达到对单个蛋白质的高度选择性。纯化Mtb72f所用的条件起到精致步骤的作用,允许实际完成可检测宿主细胞污染物的去除。
在色谱分离期间,监测并记录紫外(UV)吸光度、电导率、压力、pH、流速和环境温度。起始CHT流出物(FT1)用于进一步下游处理。
渗滤和过滤除菌
渗滤在CHT FT1池上进行,以除去尿素并用20mM Tris pH 7.5更换缓冲液。用Pall MinimTM系统,使用带有超滤膜的LV-CentramateTM切向流过滤装置(30kDa分子量截止值(MWCO))进行渗滤。用0.2μm除菌滤膜(Millipak 40)对Mtb72f的20mM Tris pH 7.5溶液进行过滤除菌。50ml溶液分布在无菌60ml PETG(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯共聚物)培养瓶中,然后冷冻并贮存于-70℃。该材料就是Mtb72f纯化的批量药物。
实施例2:Mtb72f(6 His Tag)(SEO ID NO:2)的制备
可以按照实施例1的方法,除了亚克隆到pPDM中以便除去HisTag的步骤可省略之外。
实施例3:M72(2 His Tag)(SEQ ID NO:4)的制备
M72表达载体的构建
构建M72抗原的原料是重组质粒6His-Mtb72fmut。通过定向诱变,使用6his-Mtb72f重组质粒(参见实施例1)作为模板,制备6His-Mtb72fmut,定向诱变包括用Ala的密码子取代SEQ ID NO:1位置710的Ser密码子。用“基因定制定向诱变系统(Gene Tailor Site-Directedmutagenesis System)”(Invitrogen)可使6His-Mtb72fmut构建体(Corixa质粒)上存在的4个N-端组氨酸缺失,产生预期的2His-Mtb72Fmut构建体。序列经证实后,从质粒上切下2His-Mtb72fmut编码序列(通过限制酶切),凝胶纯化并连接到pET29a表达载体中,产生最终重组质粒pET29a/2His-Mtb72fmut。序列经证实后,给重组质粒指定正式名称pRIT15497,并用于转化HMS174(DE3)宿主细胞。pRIT15497编码725个氨基酸的蛋白质,称为M72。
M72蛋白的产生
可以采用Mtb72f所述的类似生产方法(参见实施例1),除了对于M72生产,发酵培养基中不含氯霉素之外。
生物实施例1:非活动性/潜伏状态的结核分枝杆菌感染的小鼠模型
为了建立潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染的小鼠模型,使用SWR品系。SWR小鼠不是免疫缺陷型的,但是对补体成分C5的分泌是缺陷型的(参见Ooi和Colten,Nature(1979)282:207-8)。SWR小鼠不能建立慢性状态的Mtb感染,但是发展弥散性肉芽肿性肺炎,其特征是具有结晶状内含物(已经被吞噬的嗜中性粒细胞或嗜酸性粒细胞衍生的颗粒)的大上皮状和泡沫状巨噬细胞、多病灶坏死、嗜中性粒细胞积累和缺乏淋巴细胞(参见Turner等,J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol.(2001)33(1-2):217-9;和Turner等,Infect Immun.(2003)71(9):5266-72)。按照该方案,使用潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染模型的Swiss Webster(SWR/J)小鼠品系,以评价与AS01B佐剂一起配制的Mtb72f(SEQ IDNO:6)的疗效。将QS21(5μg)添加到含有胆固醇(25μg)的二油酰磷脂酰胆碱(100μg)的小单层囊泡(SUV)中,制备双重强度的AS01B(WO96/33739)和在膜中的单磷酰脂质A(MPL)(5μg)(参见美国专利公布号2003/0143240)。通过将4μg蛋白质的缓冲液(PBS pH 6.8)与50μl双重强度的AS01B混合,制备注射用等分试样(50μl)。每只小鼠接受两次注射50μl(即8μg蛋白质)。
建立潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染模型的代表性时间表,见图1。
第1天:用50-100菌落形成单位(CFU)结核分枝杆菌有机体通过气溶胶感染
第30-90天:用每升饮用水含50mg利福平/85mg异烟肼治疗其中一组小鼠
第61天:接受候选疫苗5的所有小鼠应当接种rMtb72f+AS01B
第82天:接受候选疫苗的所有小鼠应当接种rMtb72f+AS01B
第103天:接受候选疫苗的所有小鼠应当接种rMtb72f+AS01B
第113天:放血用于IgG测定
不同时间点:取出脾和肺,用于CFU计数和免疫原性。
改动1→化学治疗60天。在第30天开始→休息3、4、5个月→每个时间点2只小鼠的CFU,留下4-7只小鼠进行存活研究
改动2→化学治疗90天。在第30天开始→休息4、5个月→每个时间点2只小鼠的CFU,留下7只小鼠进行存活研究
改动3→休息4、5、6个月→每个时间点2只小鼠的CFU,留下4只小鼠进行存活研究
改动4→化学治疗60天。在第30天开始→3次肌内(i.m.)免疫接种r72F+AS01B,在第60天开始→休息3、4、5个月→每个时间点2只小鼠的CFU,留下4-7只小鼠进行存活研究
改动5→化学治疗90天。在第30天开始→3次肌肉免疫接种r72F+AS01B,在第60天开始→休息4、5个月→每个时间点2只小鼠的CFU,留下4-7只小鼠进行存活研究。
用rMtb72f包被ELISA板对感染后抗体反应进行分析表明,与未治疗或仅接受化疗的小鼠(OD小于0.5)相比,这些接受化疗和Mtb72f+AS01B免疫接种组合的各组具有更高抗体反应(OD高达2.0)(图2)。接种Mtb72f的小鼠都产生相当大的Mtb72f特异性抗体反应(OD介于1.5-2.5之间),无论它们接受60天还是90天化疗(图3)。
在小鼠感染结核分枝杆菌后的不同时间间隔,从小鼠收获脾细胞。脾细胞在体外用重组抗原重新刺激,测定IFN-γ的分泌。在第1组(未治疗)和第2组(仅化疗)中,在第60天时,这些细胞产生IFN-γ的水平一律可忽略不计,除Mtb39之外。用conA、PPD和BCG裂解物的阳性对照刺激,表明细胞能合成和分泌IFN-γ,以响应其它刺激分子(图4)。在接受Mtb72f+AS01B的各组中IFN-γ水平高,但是在未接种Mtb72f+AS01B的各组中则很低或可忽略不计,无论它们是否接受过化疗(图5)。
在结核病感染和后续治疗过程中,特异性T细胞发生反应。用胞内细胞因子对IFN-γ进行染色,测定特异性CD4+细胞对Mtb72F的反应百分率(图6)。在单用化疗期间的任何时间点,通过该测定进行检测,Mtb72F特异性CD4+IFNγ+T细胞反应看来都没有变化(图7)。在Mtb感染后第120天,在接受Mtb72f+AS01B疫苗的各组中,针对Mtb72F的CD4+IFNγ+反应趋势在这段化疗时间内看来是上升的(图7)。
我们的实验结果证明,SWR小鼠对结核分枝杆菌感染易感。如果不治疗,SWR小鼠在Mtb感染后115天就会死亡(图8和9)。接受60天联合化疗的小鼠的平均存活时间为170天(图8和9)。接受60天联合化疗和3次接种Mtb72f/AS01B的小鼠的平均存活时间为215天(图8和9)。接受化疗小鼠组的存活率与接受化疗加上Mtb72f/AS01B疫苗的小鼠组相比有显著性差异(95%置信区间(p=0.0067))。
序列表
<110>Coler,Rhea N
Reed,Steven G
Lobet,Yves
<120>用于预防或治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的新方法
<130>VB61507
<160>6
<170>PatentIn version 3.3
<210>1
<211>2287
<212>DNA
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>人工序列的描述:三融合蛋白Mtb72F(Ral2-TbH9-Ra35或Mtb32-Mtb39)
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(30)..(30)
<223>n为a、c、g或t
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(33)..(33)
<223>n为a、c、g或t
<220>
<221>CDS
<222>(42)..(2228)
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(2270).(2270)
<223>n为a、c、g或t
<400>1
tctagaaata attttgttta ctttaagaan ganatataca t atg cat cac cat cac
56
Met His His His His
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His His Thr Ala Ala Ser Asp Asn Phe Gln Leu Ser Gln Gly Gly Gln
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Gly Phe Ala Ile Pro Ile Gly Gln Ala Met Ala Ile Ala Gly Gln Ile
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Asp Val Ile Thr Ala Val Asp Gly Ala Pro Ile Asn Ser Ala Thr Ala
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Met Ala Asp Ala Leu Asn Gly His His Pro Gly Asp Val Ile Ser Val
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Thr Trp Gln Thr Lys Ser Gly Gly Thr Arg Thr Gly Asn Val Thr Leu
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Ala Glu Gly Pro Pro Ala Glu Phe Met Val Asp Phe Gly Ala Leu Pro
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Pro Glu Ile Asn Ser Ala Arg Met Tyr Ala Gly Pro Gly Ser Ala Ser
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Ser Trp Ile Gly Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Met Val Ala Ala Ala Ser Pro
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Ala Gln Val Arg Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Tyr Glu Thr Ala Tyr Gly Leu
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Thr Val Pro Pro Pro Val Ile Ala Glu Asn Arg Ala Glu Leu Met Ile
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Leu Ile Ala Thr Asn Leu Leu Gly Gln Asn Thr Pro Ala Ile Ala Val
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aac gag gcc gaa tac ggc gag atg tgg gcc caa gac gcc gcc gcg atg
920
Asn Glu Ala Glu Tyr Gly Glu Met Trp Ala Gln Asp Ala Ala Ala Met
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ttt ggc tac gcc gcg gcg acg gcg acg gcg acg gcg acg ttg ctg ccg
968
Phe Gly Tyr Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Leu Leu Pro
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ttc gag gag gcg ccg gag atg acc agc gcg ggt ggg ctc ctc gag cag
1016
Phe Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Met Thr Ser Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Glu Gln
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gcc gcc gcg gtc gag gag gcc tcc gac acc gcc gcg gcg aac cag ttg
1064
Ala Ala Ala Val Glu Glu Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala Ala Ala Asn Gln Leu
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atg aac aat gtg ccc cag gcg ctg caa cag ctg gcc cag ccc acg cag
1112
Met Asn Asn Val Pro Gln Ala Leu Gln Gln Leu Ala Gln Pro Thr Gln
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1160
Gly Thr Thr Pro Ser Ser Lys Leu Gly Gly Leu Trp Lys Thr Val Ser
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Pro His Arg Ser Pro Ile Ser Asn Met Val Ser Met Ala Asn Asn His
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Met Ser Met Thr Asn Ser Gly Val Ser Met Thr Asn Thr Leu Ser Ser
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atg ttg aag ggc ttt gct ccg gcg gcg gcc gcc cag gcc gtg caa acc
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Met Leu Lys Gly Phe Ala Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala Gln Ala Val Gln Thr
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gcg gcg caa aac ggg gtc cgg gcg atg agc tcg ctg ggc agc tcg ctg
1352
Ala Ala Gln Asn Gly Val Arg Ala Met Ser Ser Leu Gly Ser Ser Leu
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ggt tct tcg ggt ctg ggc ggt ggg gtg gcc gcc aac ttg ggt cgg gcg
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Gly Ser Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Ala Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala
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Ala Ser Val Gly Ser Leu Ser Val Pro Gln Ala Trp Ala Ala Ala Asn
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Gln Ala Val Thr Pro Ala Ala Arg Ala Leu Pro Leu Thr Ser Leu Thr
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Ser Ala Ala Glu Arg Gly Pro Gly Gln Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Pro Val
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ggt ggc ggc gtc gcg gtt ggt gag ccc gtc gtc gcg atg ggc aac agc
2024
Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Val Gly Glu Pro Val Val Ala Met Gly Asn Ser
650 655 660
ggt ggg cag ggc gga acg ccc cgt gcg gtg cct ggc agg gtg gtc gcg
2072
Gly Gly Gln Gly Gly Thr Pro Arg Ala Val Pro Gly Arg Val Val Ala
665 670 675
ctc ggc caa acc gtg cag gcg tcg gat tcg ctg acc ggt gcc gaa gag
2120
Leu Gly Gln Thr Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Ser Leu Thr Gly Ala Glu Glu
680 685 690
aca ttg aac ggg ttg atc cag ttc gat gcc gcg atc cag ccc ggt gat
2168
Thr Leu Asn Gly Leu Ile Gln Phe Asp Ala Ala Ile Gln Pro Gly Asp
695 700 705
tcg ggc ggg ccc gtc gtc aac ggc cta gga cag gtg gtc ggt atg aac
2216
Ser Gly Gly Pro Val Val Asn Gly Leu Gly Gln Val Val Gly Met Asn
710 715 720 725
acg gcc gcg tcc taggatatcc atcacactgg cggccgctcg agcagatccg
2268
Thr Ala Ala Ser
gntgtaacaa agcccgaaa
2287
<210>2
<211>729
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>人工序列的描述:三融合蛋白Mtb72F(Ral2-TbH9-Ra35或Mtb32-Mtb39)
<400>2
Met His His His His His HisThr Ala Ala Ser Asp Asn Phe Gln Leu
1 5 10 15
Ser Gln Gly Gly Gln Gly Phe Ala Ile Pro Ile Gly Gln Ala Met Ala
20 25 30
Ile Ala Gly Gln Ile Arg Ser Gly Gly Gly Ser Pro Thr Val His Ile
35 40 45
Gly Pro Thr Ala Phe Leu Gly Leu Gly Val Val Asp Asn Asn Gly Asn
50 55 60
Gly Ala Arg Val Gln Arg Val Val Gly Ser Ala Pro Ala Ala Ser Leu
65 70 75 80
Gly Ile Ser Thr Gly Asp Val Ile Thr Ala Val Asp Gky Ala Pro Ile
85 90 95
Asn Ser Ala Thr Ala Met Ala Asp Ala Leu Asn Gly His His Pro Gly
100 105 110
Asp Val Ile Ser Val Thr Trp Gln Thr Lys Ser Gly Gly Thr Arg Thr
115 120 125
Gly Asn Val Thr Leu Ala Glu Gly Pro Pro Ala Glu Phe Met Val Asp
130 135 140
Phe Gly Ala Leu Pro Pro Glu Ile Asn Ser Ala Arg Met Tyr Ala Gly
145 150 155 160
Pro Gly Ser Ala Ser Leu Val Ala Ala Ala Gln Met Trp Asp Ser Val
165 170 175
Ala Ser Asp Leu Phe Ser Ala Ala Ser Ala Phe Gln Ser Val Val Trp
180 185 190
Gly Leu Thr Val Gly Ser Trp Ile Gly Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Met Val
195 200 205
Ala Ala Ala Ser Pro Tyr Val Ala Trp Met Ser Val Thr Ala Gly Gln
210 215 220
Ala Glu Leu Thr Ala Ala Gln Val Arg Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Tyr Glu
225 230 235 240
Thr Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Val Pro Pro Pro Val Ile Ala Glu Asn Arg
245 250 255
Ala Glu Leu Met Ile Leu Ile Ala Thr Asn Leu Leu Gly Gln Asn Thr
260 265 270
Pro Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Glu Ala Glu Tyr Gly Glu Met Trp Ala Gln
275 280 285
Asp Ala Ala Ala Met Phe Gly Tyr Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr
290 295 300
Ala Thr Leu Leu Pro Phe Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Met Thr Ser Ala Gly
305 310 315 320
Gly Leu Leu Glu Gln Ala Ala Ala Val Glu Glu Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala
325 330 335
Ala Ala Asn Gln Leu Met Asn Asn Val Pro Gln Ala Leu Gln Gln Leu
340 345 350
Ala Gln Pro Thr Gln Gly Thr Thr Pro Ser Ser Lys Leu Gly Gly Leu
355 360 365
Trp Lys Thr Val Ser Pro His Arg Ser Pro Ile Ser Asn Met Val Ser
370 375 380
Met Ala Asn Asn His Met Ser Met Thr Asn Ser Gly Val Ser Met Thr
385 390 395 400
Asn Thr Leu Ser Ser Met Leu Lys Gly Phe Ala Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala
405 410 415
Gln Ala Val Gln Thr Ala Ala Gln Asn Gly Val Arg Ala Met Ser Ser
420 425 430
Leu Gly Ser Ser Leu Gly Ser Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Ala
435 440 445
Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Ala Ser Val Gly Ser Leu Ser Val Pro Gln Ala
450 455 460
Trp Ala Ala Ala Asn Gln Ala Val Thr Pro Ala Ala Arg Ala Leu Pro
465 470 475 480
Leu Thr Ser Leu Thr Ser Ala Ala Glu Arg Gly Pro Gly Gln Met Leu
485 490 495
Gly Gly Leu Pro Val Gly Gln Met Gly Ala Arg Ala Gly Gly Gly Leu
500 505 510
Ser Gly Val Leu Arg Val Pro Pro Arg Pro Tyr Val Met Pro His Ser
515 520 525
Pro Ala Ala Gly Asp Ile Ala Pro Pro Ala Leu Ser Gln Asp Arg Phe
530 535 540
Ala Asp Phe Pro Ala Leu Pro Leu Asp Pro Ser Ala Met Val Ala Gln
545 550 555 560
Val Gly Pro Gln Val Val Asn Ile Asn Thr Lys Leu Gly Tyr Asn Asn
565 570 575
Ala Val Gly Ala Gly Thr Gly Ile Val Ile Asp Pro Asn Gly Val Val
580 585 590
Leu Thr Asn Asn His Val Ile Ala Gly Ala Thr Asp Ile Asn Ala Phe
595 600 605
Ser Val Gly Ser Gly Gln Thr Tyr Gly Val Asp Val Val Gly Tyr Asp
610 615 620
Arg Thr Gln Asp Val Ala Val Leu Gln Leu Arg Gly Ala Gly Gly Leu
625 630 635 640
Pro Ser Ala Ala Ile Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Val Gly Glu Pro Val Val
645 650 655
Ala Met Gly Asn Ser Gly Gly Gln Gly Gly Thr Pro Arg Ala Val Pro
660 665 670
Gly Arg Val Val Ala Leu Gly Gln Thr Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Ser Leu
675 680 685
Thr Gly Ala Glu Glu Thr Leu Asn Gly Leu Ile Gln Phe Asp Ala Ala
690 695 700
Ile Gln Pro Gly Asp Ser Gly Gly Pro Val Val Asn Gly Leu Gly Gln
705 710 715 720
Val Val Gly Met Asn Thr Ala Ala Ser
725
<210>3
<211>2178
<212>DNA
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>人工序列的描述:三融合蛋白Mtb72F(Ral2-TbH9-Ra35或Mtb32-Mtb39)的变异体
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(4)..(9)
<223>“cat cac”替代“cat cac cat cac cat cac”
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(2116)..(2118)
<223>“gcg”替代“tcg”
<400>3
atgcatcaca cggccgcgtc cgataacttc cagctgtccc agggtgggca gggattcgcc
60
attccgatcg ggcaggcgat ggcgatcgcg ggccagatcc gatcgggtgg ggggtcaccc
120
accgttcata tcgggcctac cgccttcctc ggcttgggtg ttgtcgacaa caacggcaac
180
ggcgcacgag tccaacgcgt ggtcgggagc gctccggcgg caagtctcgg catctccacc
240
ggcgacgtga tcaccgcggt cgacggcgct ccgatcaact cggccaccgc gatggcggac
300
gcgcttaacg ggcatcatcc cggtgacgtc atctcggtga cctggcaaac caagtcgggc
360
ggcacgcgta cagggaacgt gacattggcc gagggacccc cggccgaatt catggtggat
420
ttcggggcgt taccaccgga gatcaactcc gcgaggatgt acgccggccc gggttcggcc
480
tcgctggtgg ccgcggctca gatgtgggac agcgtggcga gtgacctgtt ttcggccgcg
540
tcggcgtttc agtcggtggt ctggggtctg acggtggggt cgtggatagg ttcgtcggcg
600
ggtctgatgg tggcggcggc ctcgccgtat gtggcgtgga tgagcgtcac cgcggggcag
660
gccgagctga ccgccgccca ggtccgggtt gctgcggcgg cctacgagac ggcgtatggg
720
ctgacggtgc ccccgccggt gatcgccgag aaccgtgctg aactgatgat tctgatagcg
780
accaacctct tggggcaaaa caccccggcg atcgcggtca acgaggccga atacggcgag
840
atgtgggccc aagacgccgc cgcgatgttt ggctacgccg cggcgacggc gacggcgacg
900
gcgacgttgc tgccgttcga ggaggcgccg gagatgacca gcgcgggtgg gctcctcgag
960
caggccgccg cggtcgagga ggcctccgac accgccgcgg cgaaccagtt gatgaacaat
1020
gtgccccagg cgctgcaaca gctggcccag cccacgcagg gcaccacgcc ttcttccaag
1080
ctgggtggcc tgtggaagac ggtctcgccg catcggtcgc cgatcagcaa catggtgtcg
1140
atggccaaca accacatgtc gatgaccaac tcgggtgtgt cgatgaccaa caccttgagc
1200
tcgatgttga agggctttgc tccggcggcg gccgcccagg ccgtgcaaac cgcggcgcaa
1260
aacggggtcc gggcgatgag ctcgctgggc agctcgctgg gttcttcggg tctgggcggt
1320
ggggtggccg ccaacttggg tcgggcggcc tcggtcggtt cgttgtcggt gccgcaggcc
1380
tgggccgcgg ccaaccaggc agtcaccccg gcggcgcggg cgctgccgct gaccagcctg
1440
accagcgccg cggaaagagg gcccgggcag atgctgggcg ggctgccggt ggggcagatg
1500
ggcgccaggg ccggtggtgg gctcagtggt gtgctgcgtg ttccgccgcg accctatgtg
1560
atgccgcatt ctccggcagc cggcgatatc gccccgccgg ccttgtcgca ggaccggttc
1620
gccgacttcc ccgcgctgcc cctcgacccg tccgcgatgg tcgcccaagt ggggccacag
1680
gtggtcaaca tcaacaccaa actgggctac aacaacgccg tgggcgccgg gaccggcatc
1740
gtcatcgatc ccaacggtgt cgtgctgacc aacaaccacg tgatcgcggg cgccaccgac
1800
atcaatgcgt tcagcgtcgg ctccggccaa acctacggcg tcgatgtggt cgggtatgac
1860
cgcacccagg atgtcgcggt gctgcagctg cgcggtgccg gtggcctgcc gtcggcggcg
1920
atcggtggcg gcgtcgcggt tggtgagccc gtcgtcgcga tgggcaacag cggtgggcag
1980
ggcggaacgc cccgtgcggt gcctggcagg gtggtcgcgc tcggccaaac cgtgcaggcg
2040
tcggattcgc tgaccggtgc cgaagagaca ttgaacgggt tgatccagtt cgatgccgcg
2100
atccagcccg gtgatgcggg cgggcccgtc gtcaacggcc taggacaggt ggtcggtatg
2160
aacacggccg cgtcctag
2178
<210>4
<211>725
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>人工序列的描述:三融合蛋白Mtb72F(Ral2-TbH9-Ra35或Mtb32-Mtb39)的变异体
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(2)..(3)
<223>“His His”替代“His His His His His His”
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(706)..(706)
<223>“Ala”替代“Ser”
<400>4
Met His His Thr Ala Ala Ser Asp Asn Phe Gln Leu Ser Gln Gly Gly
1 5 10 15
Gln Gly Phe Ala Ile Pro Ile Gly Gln Ala Met Ala Ile Ala Gly Gln
20 25 30
Ile Arg Ser Gly Gly Gly Ser Pro Thr Val His Ile Gly Pro Thr Ala
35 40 45
Phe Leu Gly Leu Gly Val Val Asp Asn Asn Gly Asn Gly Ala Arg Val
50 55 60
Gln Arg Val Val Gly Ser Ala Pro Ala Ala Ser Leu Gly Ile Ser Thr
65 70 75 80
Gly Asp Val Ile Thr Ala Val Asp Gly Ala Pro Ile Asn Ser Ala Thr
85 90 95
Ala Met Ala Asp Ala Leu Asn Gly His His Pro Gly Asp Val Ile Ser
100 105 110
Val Thr Trp Gln Thr Lys Ser Gly Gly Thr Arg Thr Gly Asn Val Thr
115 120 125
Leu Ala Glu Gly Pro Pro Ala Glu Phe Met Val Asp Phe Gly Ala Leu
130 135 140
Pro Pro Glu Ile Asn Ser Ala Arg Met Tyr Ala Gly Pro Gly Ser Ala
145 150 155 160
Ser Leu Val Ala Ala Ala Gln Met Trp Asp Ser Val Ala Ser Asp Leu
165 170 175
Phe Ser Ala Ala Ser Ala Phe Gln Ser Val Val Trp Gly Leu Thr Val
180 185 190
Gly Ser Trp Ile Gly Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Met Val Ala Ala Ala Ser
195 200 205
Pro Tyr Val Ala Trp Met Ser Val Thr Ala Gly Gln Ala Glu Leu Thr
210 215 220
Ala Ala Gln Val Arg Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Tyr Glu Thr Ala Tyr Gly
225 230 235 240
Leu Thr Val Pro Pro Pro Val Ile Ala Glu Asn Arg Ala Glu Leu Met
245 250 255
Ile Leu Ile Ala Thr Asn Leu Leu Gly Gln Asn Thr Pro Ala Ile Ala
260 265 270
Val Asn Glu Ala Glu Tyr Gly Glu Met Trp Ala Gln Asp Ala Ala Ala
275 280 285
Met Phe Gly Tyr Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Leu Leu
290 295 300
Pro Phe Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Met Thr Ser Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Glu
305 310 315 320
Gln Ala Ala Ala Val Glu Glu Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala Ala Ala Asn Gln
325 330 335
Leu Met Asn Asn Val Pro Gln Ala Leu Gln Gln Leu Ala Gln Pro Thr
340 345 350
Gln Gly Thr Thr Pro Ser Ser Lys Leu Gly Gly Leu Trp Lys Thr Val
355 360 365
Ser Pro His Arg Ser Pro Ile Ser Asn Met Val Ser Met Ala Asn Asn
370 375 380
His Met Ser Met Thr Asn Ser Gly Val Ser Met Thr Asn Thr Leu Ser
385 390 395 400
Ser Met Leu Lys Gly Phe Ala Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala Gln Ala Val Gln
405 410 415
Thr Ala Ala Gln Asn Gly Val Arg Ala Met Ser Ser Leu Gly Ser Ser
420 425 430
Leu Gly Ser Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Ala Asn Leu Gly Arg
435 440 445
Ala Ala Ser Val Gly Ser Leu Ser Val Pro Gln Ala Trp Ala Ala Ala
450 455 460
Asn Gln Ala Val Thr Pro Ala Ala Arg Ala Leu Pro Leu Thr Ser Leu
465 470 475 480
Thr Ser Ala Ala Glu Arg Gly Pro Gly Gln Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Pro
485 490 495
Val Gly Gln Met Gly Ala Arg Ala Gly Gly Gly Leu Ser Gly Val Leu
500 505 510
Arg Val Pro Pro Arg Pro Tyr Val Met Pro His Ser Pro Ala Ala Gly
515 520 525
Asp Ile Ala Pro Pro Ala Leu Ser Gln Asp Arg Phe Ala Asp Phe Pro
530 535 540
Ala Leu Pro Leu Asp Pro Ser Ala Met Val Ala Gln Val Gly Pro Gln
545 550 555 560
Val Val Asn Ile Asn Thr Lys Leu Gly Tyr Asn Asn Ala Val Gly Ala
565 570 575
Gly Thr Gly Ile Val Ile Asp Pro Asn Gly Val Val Leu Thr Asn Asn
580 585 590
His Val Ile Ala Gly Ala Thr Asp Ile Asn Ala Phe Ser Val Gly Ser
595 600 605
Gly Gln Thr Tyr Gly Val Asp Val Val Gly Tyr Asp Arg Thr Gln Asp
610 615 620
Val Ala Val Leu Gln Leu Arg Gly Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser Ala Ala
625 630 635 640
Ile Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Val Gly Glu Pro Val Val Ala Met Gly Asn
645 650 655
Ser Gly Gly Gln Gly Gly Thr Pro Arg Ala Val Pro Gly Arg Val Val
660 665 670
Ala Leu Gly Gln Thr Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Ser Leu Thr Gly Ala Glu
675 680 685
Glu Thr Leu Asn Gly Leu Ile Gln Phe Asp Ala Ala Ile Gln Pro Gly
690 695 700
Asp Ala Gly Gly Pro Val Val Asn Gly Leu Gly Gln Val Val Gly Met
705 710 715 720
Asn Thr Ala Ala Ser
725
<210>5
<211>2172
<212>DNA
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>人工序列的描述:Mtb72F-IND
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(4)..(4)
<223>缺失“cat cac cat cac cat cac”标记
<400>5
atgacggccg cgtccgataa cttccagctg tcccagggtg ggcagggatt cgccattccg
60
atcgggcagg cgatggcgat cgcgggccag atccgatcgg gtggggggtc acccaccgtt
120
catatcgggc ctaccgcctt cctcggcttg ggtgttgtcg acaacaacgg caacggcgca
180
cgagtccaac gcgtggtcgg gagcgctccg gcggcaagtc tcggcatctc caccggcgac
240
gtgatcaccg cggtcgacgg cgctccgatc aactcggcca ccgcgatggc ggacgcgctt
300
aacgggcatc atcccggtga cgtcatctcg gtgacctggc aaaccaagtc gggcggcacg
360
cgtacaggga acgtgacatt ggccgaggga cccccggccg aattcatggt ggatttcggg
420
gcgttaccac cggagatcaa ctccgcgagg atgtacgccg gcccgggttc ggcctcgctg
480
gtggccgcgg ctcagatgtg ggacagcgtg gcgagtgacc tgttttcggc cgcgtcggcg
540
tttcagtcgg tggtctgggg tctgacggtg gggtcgtgga taggttcgtc ggcgggtctg
600
atggtggcgg cggcctcgcc gtatgtggcg tggatgagcg tcaccgcggg gcaggccgag
660
ctgaccgccg cccaggtccg ggttgctgcg gcggcctacg agacggcgta tgggctgacg
720
gtgcccccgc cggtgatcgc cgagaaccgt gctgaactga tgattctgat agcgaccaac
780
ctcttggggc aaaacacccc ggcgatcgcg gtcaacgagg ccgaatacgg cgagatgtgg
840
gcccaagacg ccgccgcgat gtttggctac gccgcggcga cggcgacggc gacggcgacg
900
ttgctgccgt tcgaggaggc gccggagatg accagcgcgg gtgggctcct cgagcaggcc
960
gccgcggtcg aggaggcctc cgacaccgcc gcggcgaacc agttgatgaa caatgtgccc
1020
caggcgctgc aacagctggc ccagcccacg cagggcacca cgccttcttc caagctgggt
1080
ggcctgtgga agacggtctc gccgcatcgg tcgccgatca gcaacatggt gtcgatggcc
1140
aacaaccaca tgtcgatgac caactcgggt gtgtcgatga ccaacacctt gagctcgatg
1200
ttgaagggct ttgctccggc ggcggccgcc caggccgtgc aaaccgcggc gcaaaacggg
1260
gtccgggcga tgagctcgct gggcagctcg ctgggttctt cgggtctggg cggtggggtg
1320
gccgccaact tgggtcgggc ggcctcggtc ggttcgttgt cggtgccgca ggcctgggcc
1380
gcggccaacc aggcagtcac cccggcggcg cgggcgctgc cgctgaccag cctgaccagc
1440
gccgcggaaa gagggcccgg gcagatgctg ggcgggctgc cggtggggca gatgggcgcc
1500
agggccggtg gtgggctcag tggtgtgctg cgtgttccgc cgcgacccta tgtgatgccg
1560
cattctccgg cagccggcga tatcgccccg ccggccttgt cgcaggaccg gttcgccgac
1620
ttccccgcgc tgcccctcga cccgtccgcg atggtcgccc aagtggggcc acaggtggtc
1680
aacatcaaca ccaaactggg ctacaacaac gccgtgggcg ccgggaccgg catcgtcatc
1740
gatcccaacg gtgtcgtgct gaccaacaac cacgtgatcg cgggcgccac cgacatcaat
1800
gcgttcagcg tcggctccgg ccaaacctac ggcgtcgatg tggtcgggta tgaccgcacc
1860
caggatgtcg cggtgctgca gctgcgcggt gccggtggcc tgccgtcggc ggcgatcggt
1920
ggcggcgtcg cggttggtga gcccgtcgtc gcgatgggca acagcggtgg gcagggcgga
1980
acgccccgtg cggtgcctgg cagggtggtc gcgctcggcc aaaccgtgca ggcgtcggat
2040
tcgctgaccg gtgccgaaga gacattgaac gggttgatcc agttcgatgc cgcgatccag
2100
cccggtgatt cgggcgggcc cgtcgtcaac ggcctaggac aggtggtcgg tatgaacacg
2160
gccgcgtcct ga
2172
<210>6
<211>723
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>人工序列的描述:Mtb72F-IND
<220>
<221>其他特征
<222>(2)..(2)
<223>缺失“His His His His His His”标记
<400>6
Met Thr Ala Ala Ser Asp Asn Phe Gln Leu Ser Gln Gly Gly Gln Gly
1 5 10 15
Phe Ala Ile Pro Ile Gly Gln Ala Met Ala Ile Ala Gly Gln Ile Arg
20 25 30
Ser Gly Gly Gly Ser Pro Thr Val His Ile Gly Pro Thr Ala Phe Leu
35 40 45
Gly Leu Gly Val Val Asp Asn Asn Gly Asn Gly Ala Arg Val Gln Arg
50 55 60
Val Val Gly Ser Ala Pro Ala Ala Ser Leu Gly Ile Ser Thr Gly Asp
65 70 75 80
Val Ile Thr Ala Val Asp Gly Ala Pro Ile Asn Ser Ala Thr Ala Met
85 90 95
Ala Asp Ala Leu Asn Gly His His Pro Gly Asp Val Ile Ser Val Thr
100 105 110
Trp Gln Thr Lys Ser Gly Gly Thr Arg Thr Gly Asn Val Thr Leu Ala
115 120 125
Glu Gly Pro Pro Ala Glu Phe Met Val Asp Phe Gly Ala Leu Pro Pro
130 135 140
Glu Ile Asn Ser Ala Arg Met Tyr Ala Gly Pro Gly Ser Ala Ser Leu
145 150 155 160
Val Ala Ala Ala Gln Met Trp Asp Ser Val Ala Ser Asp Leu Phe Ser
165 170 175
Ala Ala Ser Ala Phe Gln Ser Val Val Trp Gly Leu Thr Val Gly Ser
180 185 190
Trp Ile Gly Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Met Val Ala Ala Ala Ser Pro Tyr
195 200 205
Val Ala Trp Met Ser Val Thr Ala Gly Gln Ala Glu Leu Thr Ala Ala
210 215 220
Gln Val Arg Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Tyr Glu Thr Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr
225 230 235 240
Val Pro Pro Pro Val Ile Ala Glu Asn Arg Ala Glu Leu Met Ile Leu
245 250 255
Ile Ala Thr Asn Leu Leu Gly Gln Asn Thr Pro Ala Ile Ala Val Asn
260 265 270
Glu Ala Glu Tyr Gly Glu Met Trp Ala Gln Asp Ala Ala Ala Met Phe
275 280 285
Gly Tyr Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Leu Leu Pro Phe
290 295 300
Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Met Thr Ser Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Glu Gln Ala
305 310 315 320
Ala Ala Val Glu Glu Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala Ala Ala Asn Gln Leu Met
325 330 335
Asn Asn Val Pro Gln Ala Leu Gln Gln Leu Ala Gln Pro Thr Gln Gly
340 345 350
Thr Thr Pro Ser Ser Lys Leu Gly Gly Leu Trp Lys Thr Val Ser Pro
355 360 365
His Arg Ser Pro Ile Ser Asn Met Val Ser Met Ala Asn Asn His Met
370 375 380
Ser Met Thr Asn Ser Gly Val Ser Met Thr Asn Thr Leu Ser Ser Met
385 390 395 400
Leu Lys Gly Phe Ala Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala Gln Ala Val Gln Thr Ala
405 410 415
Ala Gln Asn Gly Val Arg Ala Met Ser Ser Leu Gly Ser Ser Leu Gly
420 425 430
Ser Ser Gly Leu Gly Gly Gly Val Ala Ala Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Ala
435 440 445
Ser Val Gly Ser Leu Ser Val Pro Gln Ala Trp Ala Ala Ala Asn Gln
450 455 460
Ala Val Thr Pro Ala Ala Arg Ala Leu Pro Leu Thr Ser Leu Thr Ser
465 470 475 480
Ala Ala Glu Arg Gly Pro Gly Gln Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Pro Val Gly
485 490 495
Gln Met Gly Ala Arg Ala Gly Gly Gly Leu Ser Gly Val Leu Arg Val
500 505 510
Pro Pro Arg Pro Tyr Val Met Pro His Ser Pro Ala Ala Gly Asp Ile
515 520 525
Ala Pro Pro Ala Leu Ser Gln Asp Arg Phe Ala Asp Phe Pro Ala Leu
530 535 540
Pro Leu Asp Pro Ser Ala Met Val Ala Gln Val Gly Pro Gln Val Val
545 550 555 560
Asn Ile Asn Thr Lys Leu Gly Tyr Asn Asn Ala Val Gly Ala Gly Thr
565 570 575
Gly Ile Val Ile Asp Pro Asn Gly Val Val Leu Thr Asn Asn His Val
580 585 590
Ile Ala Gly Ala Thr Asp Ile Asn Ala Phe Ser Val Gly Ser Gly Gln
595 600 605
Thr Tyr Gly Val Asp Val Val Gly Tyr Asp Arg Thr Gln Asp Val Ala
610 615 620
Val Leu Gln Leu Arg Gly Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Ser Ala Ala Ile Gly
625 630 635 640
Gly Gly Val Ala Val Gly Glu Pro Val Val Ala Met Gly Asn Ser Gly
645 650 655
Gly Gln Gly Gly Thr Pro Arg Ala Val Pro Gly Arg Val Val Ala Leu
660 665 670
Gly Gln Thr Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Ser Leu Thr Gly Ala Glu Glu Thr
675 680 685
Leu Asn Gly Leu Ile Gln Phe Asp Ala Ala Ile Gln Pro Gly Asp Ser
690 695 700
Gly Gly Pro Val Val Asn Gly Leu Gly Gln Val Val Gly Met Asn Thr
705 710 715 720
Ala Ala Ser
Claims (30)
1. 一种用于预防或治疗患者的结核病复活的方法,所述方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)的哺乳动物免疫学有效量的药物组合物的步骤,所述组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段以及佐剂,其中Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而预防结核病复活。
2. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述哺乳动物患有活动性结核分枝杆菌感染。
3. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述哺乳动物患有潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染。
4. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述哺乳动物被结核分枝杆菌多药耐药性菌株感染。
5. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述哺乳动物先前已接受卡介苗(BCG)免疫接种。
6. 权利要求1的方法,其中Mtb72f来自结核分枝杆菌。
7. 权利要求1的方法,其中Mtb72f是包含SEQ ID NO:2中残基8-729的多肽。
8. 权利要求7的方法,其中Mtb72f是由SEQ ID NO:2中残基1和8-729组成的多肽,该多肽任选具有插入在起始Met残基之后的His标记。
9. 权利要求7的方法,其中Mtb72f是SEQ ID NO:2多肽。
10. 权利要求7的方法,其中Mtb72f是SEQ ID NO:6多肽。
11. 权利要求1的方法,其中Mtb72f是包含SEQ ID NO:4中残基4-725的多肽。
12. 权利要求11的方法,其中Mtb72f是由SEQ ID NO:4中残基1和4-725组成的多肽,该多肽任选具有插入在起始Met残基之后的His标记。
13. 权利要求11的方法,其中Mtb72f是SEQ ID NO:4多肽。
14. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述哺乳动物是人。
15. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述佐剂选自3D-MPL和QS21的脂质体制剂以及3D-MPL和QS21和水包油乳剂。
16. 权利要求1的方法,所述方法还包括给予一种或多种有效治疗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗药。
17. 权利要求16的方法,其中所述一种或多种化疗药选自异烟肼和利福平。
18. 权利要求16的方法,其中所述哺乳动物先接受一段时间的一种或多种化疗药,再接受权利要求1的药物组合物。
19. 权利要求16的方法,其中所述哺乳动物先接受权利要求1的药物组合物,再接受一段时间的一种或多种化疗药。
20. 权利要求16的方法,其中同时开始给予一种或多种化疗药和权利要求1的药物组合物。
21. 权利要求1的方法,所述方法还包括一次或随后多次给予权利要求1的药物组合物。
22. 权利要求1的方法,所述方法还包括初次免疫和加强免疫的方法,所述方法是通过随后给予来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段的编码核酸来完成的。
23. 一种用于预防或治疗患者的结核病复活的方法,所述方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物免疫学有效量的药物组合物的步骤,所述组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段的编码核酸,其中所表达的Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而预防结核病复活。
24. 权利要求23的方法,其中所述核酸是SEQ ID NO:1。
25权利要求23的方法,其中所述核酸包含SEQ ID NO:1中的核苷酸63-2222。
26. 权利要求23的方法,其中所述核酸是SEQ ID NO:3。
27. 权利要求23的方法,其中所述核酸包含SEQ ID NO:3中的核苷酸10-2175。
28. 权利要求23的方法,其中所述核酸用腺病毒载体递送。
29. 权利要求23的方法,其中所述核酸用突变型分枝杆菌属或芽孢杆菌属宿主细胞载体递送。
30. 权利要求23的方法,所述方法还包括初次免疫和加强免疫的方法,所述方法是通过随后给予来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段来完成。
31. 一种用于缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程的方法,所述方法包括给予已感染结核分枝杆菌的哺乳动物一种或多种抗结核分枝杆菌感染的有效化疗药和免疫学有效量的药物组合物,所述组合物包含来自结核病综合征的分枝杆菌的Mtb72f融合蛋白或其免疫原性片段以及佐剂,其中Mtb72f融合蛋白诱导抗结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答,因而能缩短抗结核分枝杆菌感染的化疗时程。
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