CN101247994A - 绝缘材料 - Google Patents

绝缘材料 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101247994A
CN101247994A CNA2006800267302A CN200680026730A CN101247994A CN 101247994 A CN101247994 A CN 101247994A CN A2006800267302 A CNA2006800267302 A CN A2006800267302A CN 200680026730 A CN200680026730 A CN 200680026730A CN 101247994 A CN101247994 A CN 101247994A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
recess
film
diaphragm seal
chamber
dimpled
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CNA2006800267302A
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English (en)
Inventor
斯蒂芬·特伍
亨利克·赫斯帕特森
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GEN APPLIC FOR SPECIAL MATERIA
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GEN APPLIC FOR SPECIAL MATERIA
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Publication date
Application filed by GEN APPLIC FOR SPECIAL MATERIA filed Critical GEN APPLIC FOR SPECIAL MATERIA
Publication of CN101247994A publication Critical patent/CN101247994A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/81427—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined comprising a single ridge, e.g. for making a weakening line; comprising a single tooth
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    • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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    • B65D81/3858—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation semi-rigid container folded up from one or more blanks formed of different materials, e.g. laminated or foam filling between walls
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C2791/00—Shaping characteristics in general
    • B29C2791/001—Shaping in several steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C51/00—Shaping by thermoforming, i.e. shaping sheets or sheet like preforms after heating, e.g. shaping sheets in matched moulds or by deep-drawing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C51/08—Deep drawing or matched-mould forming, i.e. using mechanical means only
    • B29C51/082—Deep drawing or matched-mould forming, i.e. using mechanical means only by shaping between complementary mould parts
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C51/00—Shaping by thermoforming, i.e. shaping sheets or sheet like preforms after heating, e.g. shaping sheets in matched moulds or by deep-drawing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C51/18—Thermoforming apparatus
    • B29C51/20—Thermoforming apparatus having movable moulds or mould parts
    • B29C51/22—Thermoforming apparatus having movable moulds or mould parts rotatable about an axis
    • B29C51/225—Thermoforming apparatus having movable moulds or mould parts rotatable about an axis mounted on a vacuum drum
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/002—Joining methods not otherwise provided for
    • B29C65/008—Joining methods not otherwise provided for making use of electrostatic charges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
    • B32B2307/304—Insulating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2367/00—Polyesters, e.g. PET, i.e. polyethylene terephthalate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2439/00—Containers; Receptacles
    • B32B2439/70—Food packaging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2607/00—Walls, panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings

Abstract

本发明提出了一种材料(1)，所述材料包括多个闭腔(5)，在每个腔内的空间大体上是真空的。这可以通过在真空状态下将凹窝膜(2)密封到密封膜(4)、从而在真空状态下将每个凹窝(3)密闭以便形成真空闭腔而实现。

Description

绝缘材料
技术领域
本发明涉及绝缘材料，尽管不是必要地，特别地涉及适合在例如饮料用容器的容器制造中、和食品包装中使用的轻型热绝缘材料。
背景技术
消费者习惯于购买金属、玻璃、或塑料容器内的成品饮料。金属容器典型地是具有一个开口的“罐”形，所述开口只不过是例如易拉环的机构，同时玻璃和塑料容器典型地是以在其盖子上具有螺纹的瓶子的形式出现的。金属被认为是各种材料中的最优选的材料，首先，因为它能够给使用饮用者最佳感觉口味，其次，因为所用材料通常是可回收的，最后，因为金属容器在使用时不易破碎。玻璃可能被认为第二选择材料，因为玻璃是可回收的并且能够提供好的味觉，但是玻璃容器具有易破碎的缺点。塑料可能被认为是第三选择材料，因为塑料呈现给饮用者的感觉是缺乏口感。
标准饮料用容器的问题是，当从冷藏环境中将其移出时，由于与外界环境之间的热传导，容器内的液体的温度开始上升。就大多数软饮料来说，这是不合乎需要的。就金属容器来说，这个问题尤其严重，因为金属壁将热量迅速地传导到内部空间内。
有很多时候我们都需要将食物保持稳定温度。例如，当鸡肉从超市被买走时，鸡肉脱离了冷藏陈列货柜、被放置到手推车内、被拿到超市外面、被放置在汽车的行李箱中、然后(也许一个小时以后)被放进电冰箱。鸡肉的温度显著波动，可能地为细菌的滋长提供了适当的条件。如果能够将鸡肉保持恒定的稳定将会极大地降低相应的健康风险。
在先技术中，我们已经了解了具有改进的热绝缘特性金属饮料罐。例如，JP 3254322描述了双层管构造的罐体，两个管之间的空间或者是真空或者充满了热绝缘材料。US 6474498描述了具有外罐和“气泡膜外包装(bubble wrap)”材料的内衬的容器。然而，已知的改进罐仍存在着很多缺点，所述缺点包括：高成本、不充分的热绝缘、低可回收性、制造困难、和不能处理加压物品(content)。
从WO 98/07780和DE 69819365T2中了解一种绝缘材料，所述绝缘材料包括装入到塑料基质内、用于模制成插入物或用于喷涂的气凝胶微粒。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面，在此提供了一种材料，所述材料包括多个闭腔(closed cells)，在每个腔内的空间大体上是真空的。
优选地，所述材料包括凹窝膜(dimple film)和密封膜，所述凹窝膜具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝，所述密封膜被密封到凹窝之间的凹窝膜的背面(reverse side)，从而密封膜将每个凹窝密闭以便形成一个闭腔。
所述膜可以由塑料材料形成。在一个优选实施例中，所述膜由例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的聚合物形成。为了改善其真空保持性能，用金属层涂覆所述膜之一或两个。如果两个膜都被涂覆金属层，那么膜之间的密封可以是金属层之间的分子密封。可选地，密封可以是热封。所述金属可以例如是铝。
凹窝可以是任何形状，但是在一个优选实施例中，它们大体上是半球形状的。
在一个实施例中，将第二密封膜密封到每个凹窝的顶部从而密闭了凹窝之间的空间以便进一步形成大体上真空闭腔。如果每个凹窝具有大体上平项时则得以简化。凹窝可以是棋盘格状(tessellated)从而凹窝之间的空间大体上与凹窝的内部空间具有相同的大小。
可选地，在一个实施例中，提供了“双层”材料，所述双层材料具有第二凹窝膜，以与上述相同的方式将所述第二凹窝膜密封到第二密封膜上，所述两个凹窝膜定位成彼此邻接，且它们的前侧彼此面对从而凹窝互锁。可以将所述材料的边缘密封，从而能够使互锁的凹窝之间的空间大体上形成真空。
所述密封膜本身具有形成在其中的凹窝，密封膜的凹窝对应于凹窝膜上的凹窝并且在与其相对的方向上延伸。所述布置能够简单地形成较大的腔。
在另一个实施例中，所述材料包括限定腔阵列的成型层和密封到成型层的至少一侧上的至少一个密封层，从而每个腔由一个密封层或多个密封层密闭。每个腔可以大体上为六边形。
在每个闭腔内的压力优选地小于大约10-3mbar，更优选地小于大约10-4mbar。
所述材料优选地包括反射层。例如，所述发射层例如由银形成。所述材料优选地形成为易弯曲的板。
本发明也提供了饮料用容器，所述饮料用容器包括如上所述的材料板。使用所述材料的典型的饮料用容器可以包括硬的罐子和柔性袋。本发明也提供适于用于食物包装的绝缘材料。另一个实施例提供了用于装饰建筑物的壁和顶的板。
本发明的材料也可以包括元件，所述元件必须在闭腔内保持真空状态。所述元件可以包括数据存储装置和/或俘获的放射物或原子。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了绝缘材料，所述绝缘材料包括成型膜和密封膜，所述成型膜包括从其前侧延伸的多个自立袋子，所述密封膜被密封到袋子之间的成型膜的背面，从而每个袋子形成闭腔，每个闭腔大体上是真空的。
根据本发明的又一方面，提供了绝缘板，所述绝缘板包括大体上真空的、自立的闭腔阵列。
根据本发明的再一方面，提供了绝缘材料，所述绝缘材料包括多个通过薄壁将彼此分开的大体上真空的闭腔。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了制造材料的方法，所述方法包括提供具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝的凹窝膜，和在真空中将密封膜密封到凹窝之间的凹窝膜的背面，从而通过密封膜将每个凹窝密闭以便形成大体上真空的闭腔。
由此，通过在真空状态下将凹窝密封以便形成闭腔，真空被“锁入”到腔中从而当将材料从真空室中移出时所述腔保持真空。
可以通过压印(stamping)例如塑料材料的空白膜(blank film)形成凹窝膜。优选的材料是例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的聚合物。
优选地用例如铝的金属涂覆所述凹窝膜和密封膜。所述金属优选地涂覆每个凹窝的内侧，以便改善真空保持性能。用金属涂覆的步骤优选地在真空状态下执行，并且在一个优选实施例中，在相同的真空室内执行用金属涂覆膜的步骤和将密封膜密封到凹窝膜上的步骤。用金属涂覆的步骤包括给金属通过电流、金属汽化、和将汽化的金属喷射到膜上。
密封的步骤优选地包括将正电荷提供到其中一个膜上，将负电荷提供到另一个膜上，从而通过分子引力将金属涂层相互密封。
可以在真空状态下将第二密封膜密封到凹窝的顶部。然后在真空状态下围绕材料的边缘将其密封，从而当将材料从真空中移出时凹窝之间的空间保持真空。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了制造材料的方法，所述方法包括形成限定腔阵列的成型层和在真空状态下至少在一侧上将至少一个密封层密封到成型层上，从而在真空状态下通过一个密封层或多个密封层将每个腔密闭。
可以在将密封层密封从而密闭腔之前将元件插入一些或所有的腔内。由此提供了一种存储必须要保持在真空状态下的小元件的特别有用的方法。例如数据存储装置，可以是能够在腔密闭之前有效地放入其中一个腔内的元件。在密封之前，放射物或原子可以被捕获在一个或更多闭腔中。
根据本发明的又一方面，提供了一种制造材料的方法，所述方法包括：形成凹窝膜，所述凹窝膜具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝，每个凹窝通过通道彼此连接；将密封膜密封到凹窝之间的凹窝膜的背面，从而大体上通过密封膜将每个凹窝密闭，但是通过通道每个凹窝仍然彼此连接从而气体可以在凹窝之间运动；通过将膜放置在真空状态中，大体上密闭的凹窝被抽成真空；和在膜仍然处于真空状态下的情况下密闭凹窝之间的通道，从而每个凹窝形成大体上真空的闭腔。通过压印凹窝膜可以密闭通道。
上述方面能够在大气压力下将所述层密封在一起。然后可以将所述材料放置在真空中从而通过腔之间的通道将所有的腔抽成真空。如果当所述材料处于真空状态下所述通道是密闭的，当将所述材料从真空中移出时，真空将再次被“锁入”到每个闭腔中。
附图说明
下面将仅通过示例和参照附图描述本发明的一些优选实施例，图中：
图1图示了一种热绝缘材料；
图2是图1中所述热绝缘材料的横截面图；
图3图示了制造图1中所述材料的过程；
图4是一种可选绝缘材料的横截面图；
图5图示了制造图4中所述材料的过程；
图6图示了制造图1中所述材料的可选过程；
图7是一种双层绝缘材料的横截面图；
图8是一种可选双层绝缘材料的横截面图；
图9图示了制造另一种可选绝缘材料的过程；
图10是部分形成的绝缘材料的平面图；
图11是一种绝缘饮料罐的横截面；
图12A是一种纸板箱的平面图；和
图12B是用一种绝缘材料涂敷的图12A中所述纸板的平面图。
具体实施方式
图1是一种热绝缘材料1的示意图。所述材料由例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的可塑材料的膜2形成，其中形成了远离膜2的一侧延伸的空心“气泡”或凹窝3阵列。在凹窝之间将密封膜4密封在膜2的背面。每个凹窝由此形成气密的闭腔5。将每个腔5的内部排空(或排空)从而在所述腔内的空气压力小于10-4mbar。
图2是通过图1中所述热绝缘材料的横截面图，图示了结构的进一步的细节。金属涂层6沉积在凹窝膜2的背面，从而涂覆凹窝3的内部和凹窝3之间的区域7。另一金属涂层8沉积在密封膜4的前面。用于涂层的适当金属是铝。通过大体上防止通过膜的扩散，所述金属涂层提高了腔5对于空气或其它气体的不可透性。
在凹窝3之间的区域7上，膜2和密封膜4彼此封闭以便确保凹窝3的内部形成闭腔。封口7可以通过热封、或更优选地通过金属涂层6、8之间的分子键形成。在两个膜2、4之间的分子键提供了特别强且气密的结合。
图3图示了适于制造图1和图2中所述材料的方法的示意图。最初将膜2缠绕在滚筒(roller)10上。所述滚筒10被放置在真空室11内，所述真空室11被抽空至压力小于10-4mbar。另一个滚筒12具有缠绕在其上的密封膜4，并且所述滚筒12也在真空室11内被解开。密封膜4和膜2通过加热滚筒13与有槽滚筒(或称为有槽轧辊)14之间，所述有槽滚筒14具有与在膜2上的凹窝3相匹配的表面凹槽(indentation)。所述加热滚筒13和有槽滚筒14朝向彼此施加压力从而将膜2和密封膜4按压在一起以便在凹窝3之间形成密封。因为所述操作是在真空下实施的，当形成密封时凹窝3容纳了真空。由此真空被“锁住”到由凹窝形成的闭腔5内。当从真空室移出所述材料时，所述闭腔将保持真空状态。
金属沉积系统也设置在真空室11内。所述金属沉积系统包括金属源15。将金属源15加热并通过电流，从而引起金属汽化。汽化的金属17涂覆在膜2和密封膜4上以便形成图2中所示的层6、7。
为了在两个涂层6、8之间形成分子密封，将正电荷或负电荷施加到膜2上，例如通过将电荷施加到滚筒10上。将与之相反的电荷施加到密封膜4上，例如通过将所述电荷施加到加热滚筒13上。当压力被施加到加热滚筒13与有槽滚筒14之间以便在凹窝之间的区域7内形成密封时，在所述两个膜2、4上的正负电荷引起所述金属涂层6、8相互吸引，并且由此导致在两个涂层之间的分子密封的形成。
一旦形成密封，将所述材料绕过另一个滚筒19并且缠绕到存储滚筒20上。然后可以从真空室将所述材料移出以备使用。所述被抽空的闭腔5不允许通过其热传导，由此提供了有效的热绝缘。尽管所述闭腔5被金属层6涂覆，但是仅有几个纳米厚度，所以不能提供有效的热传导路径。
应该理解的是，也可以将其它层(没有示出)施加到所述材料上。例如，可以将银层施加到所述材料1的一侧或两侧上从而防止辐射传热。可以在真空室11内或真空室11外部施加所述层。同样地，也可以施加设计用于与空气或液体接触的印刷层或膜以便给所述材料提供需要的光洁度(finish)。在材料使用在食物或饮料包装中的情况下，聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDC)可以施加在接触食物或饮料的侧面上。
图4是一种可选绝缘材料21的横截面图。所述材料类似于图2中所示的材料1，但是施加到所述密封膜4上的金属涂层8被施加到远离并相对所述凹窝3的侧面上。可选地，通过将密封膜4的塑料加热模制到膜2上的金属涂层6从而形成凹窝3之间的密封7。
图5图示了可以用于制造图4中所示的绝缘材料21的方法。除了用于将汽化金属28施加到密封膜上的金属源26之外，所述方法类似于图3中所示的方法，所述金属源26定位成在膜2、4通过加热滚筒13与有槽滚筒14之间之后施加金属涂层。
应该理解的是，也可以使用更多的金属涂层的变型。在一些实施例中，只要用于膜2和密封膜4的材料完全不透空气，没必要包括任何金属涂层。可选地，所述涂层可以沉积在凹窝的外侧、或在膜2、4其中任何一个的两侧上、或在两个膜2、4的两侧上。如果采用了适当的材料，尤其对于密封膜4来说，可以使用不具有塑料层的金属膜。
同样地，分子密封或金属至金属密封可以被任何能够产生空气密封的适当密封机构所代替。适宜的示例包括射频密封(radio frequencysealing)、热封、金属箔感应加热(foil induction heating)、粘合剂、或静电荷。
图6图示了制造图2中所述材料1的可选方法。除了在凹窝3形成在其中之前将膜2存储在滚筒30上之外，所述方法类似于图3中所示的方法。膜2绕过定直滚筒(aligning roller：或称为定直辊)31并且通过用于将凹窝压入所述膜2的压印器(stamp press)32。然后用金属17对膜2进行喷雾，并且按照图2中所示的将所述膜密封到密封膜4。也应该理解的是，压印器3能够用例如一对有槽滚筒的机构所替代。
图7是通过一种“双层”绝缘材料41的横截面图。与图2中所示的相似，使用两层材料1形成所述材料，并将两层材料1彼此相对放置从而凹窝互锁。可以看见，在两个密封层4之间的容积的绝大部分被真空腔5占据，由此增加了所述材料的绝缘性能。为了进一步改善其绝缘性能，当材料仍然处于真空状态时可以将两种材料1围绕其边缘43彼此密封或焊接。由此确保在闭腔5之间的空间44也被抽出真空，这进一步改善了其绝缘性能。用适当的方式可以将每层膜的凹窝可以形成为适当形式的棋盘格状以便占据两层密封膜4之间的大部分空间。适当的棋盘格状包括正方形或六边形格子图案。
图8是通过另一种可选绝缘材料51的横截面图。在此实施例中，密封膜52本身形成有凹窝53，所述凹窝53与膜2的凹窝3相对应。当凹窝3、53之间的区域7被密封时，相对应的凹窝3、53在相对的方向上延伸以便形成闭腔5。在此示例中，显示膜2和密封膜52在内部具有金属涂层6、56，在凹窝之间的区域7具有金属至金属密封，但是应该理解的是，如上所述，也可以使用其它密封。所述制造方法可以包括与图3、5、和6中所示的有槽滚筒14相似的两个有槽滚筒。可选地，也可以使用静态成型压印器将凹窝之间的区域7压在一起。应该理解的是，可以将材料51的两层放置成彼此邻接以便形成双层材料。
在上述所有实施例中，图中显示的凹窝大体上是半球形状。半球形状具有以下优点，即，在结构上坚固，并且在排空时能够承受外部压力而不会被压扁。另外，如图8中所示，半球形状凹窝适于形成双层互锁材料。然而，可以使用其它的凹窝形状。如果使用平顶凹窝，可以将另外的密封膜64密封到所述材料的相对侧。
图9图示了用于形成具有夹入两个密封膜4、64之间的凹窝膜2的绝缘材料的适当方法。最初在真空室11内将所述膜从滚筒10开始解开并且使用压印器62进行压印以便形成凹窝3。所述凹窝3是平顶。将来自加热金属源65、66的金属涂覆到凹窝膜2的两侧。被涂覆的膜2然后通过加热滚筒13、63之间，密封膜4、64绕过加热滚筒13、63。所述密封膜本身是被金属源67、68涂覆的金属。如同先前描述的其它方法，将膜2施加了与密封膜4、64相反的电荷从而所述金属涂层形成分子密封。可选地，如前所述的，可以形成其它密封。
当仍然处于真空状态下，在凹窝的上面和下面形成密封，从而凹窝3形成闭腔，并且凹窝之间的空间也是真空的。如果凹窝的边缘布置成彼此接触或连接，那么凹窝之间的空间本身将会形成闭腔，当将所述材料从真空中移出时，每个闭腔将保持真空。由此事实上所述材料的内部的整个空间都将是真空的。
如果所述凹窝是单独的、未连接的形状，那么有必要在仍处于真空的状态下围绕所述材料的边缘焊接从而确保凹窝3之间的空间保持真空。用于平顶凹窝的合适图案包括六角形棋盘格状或正方形棋盘格状。
图10是用于绝缘材料的可选制造方法中的凹窝膜2的平面图。通过通道72将凹窝3连接起来，所述通道72允许气体在凹窝之间运动。将膜2密封成密封膜(没有示出)，因为一旦完成所述密封通道将保持打开，所以可以在真空状态下完成所述密封，也可以在非真空状态完成所述密封。
然后可以将所述密封材料放置在真空中，由此通过通道72能够使所有的凹窝3是处于真空状态。接着使用压印器或有槽滚筒在通道72上向下按压从而将凹窝3密闭，密封每个凹窝3以便形成真空闭腔。
上述的材料可以特别薄，超过绝缘材料的普通标准。所述塑料膜在厚度上仅有大约几微米，并且所述金属涂层(如果使用)不大于几纳米。从项部到底部凹窝和闭腔可以大约是1毫米，所以所述材料可以是1毫米厚或厚度小于1毫米。
图11是通过典型饮料罐的横截面图。围绕罐81的圆柱形壁已经加衬有绝缘材料82，所述绝缘材料82可以是任何一种上述绝缘材料。在显示的示例中，仅提供所述材料围绕罐的边缘，但是事实上这是大多数热量进入罐的地方。然而，如果必要，可以将所述绝缘材料放置在罐的底部上面。为了审美的原因，优选的是将绝缘材料82放置在罐内部，并且与将绝缘材料82围绕在外侧具有相同的功效。
图12A是用于存储例如牛奶等典型纸板盒83在组装之前的平面图。图2B显示了使用上述具有清晰可见的凹窝3的绝缘材料84做衬里的相同纸板盒。当将所述纸盒组装之后，与普通纸盒相比，可以使牛奶在相当长的时期内保持恒定温度。
应该理解的是，薄的、柔性绝缘材料应用在很多方面。它能够用于使冷的物品保持冷却，并可以防止物品变冷。典型的应用包括食物包装；饮料罐；瓶子；柔性饮料袋；医用包装(例如，用于疫苗)；任何其它类型的容器；用于电池组的外部的衬里；衣物；帐篷；壁纸；糖果包装；用于石膏板、木板、水泥纤维板等的内部衬里或外部衬里；隔热外套(lagging)或加衬管；衬砖(例如，在内侧)；游泳池衬里；游泳池覆盖层；防止热收缩的衬里；屋顶保温；金属、玻璃、陶瓷、或木材衬里；隔音衬里；环绕树木或灌木的衬里；磁用衬里；保暖毯；救生筏。该目录不试图是详尽的，本领域的技术人员能够想出其它应用。
所述材料的另一个应用可以是用于存储必须在真空状态下保持的小元件。例如，有很多必须保持在较高真空状态下的小型数据存储器。所述装置在所述材料密闭之前能够插入所述材料的腔内，然后将被存储在小真空“袋”中。同样地，可以将必须在真空状态下容纳的放射物和原子放置到闭腔中。

Claims (57)

1、一种包括多个闭腔的材料，其中在每个闭腔内的空间大体上是真空的。
2、根据权利要求1中所述的材料，包括：
凹窝膜，所述凹窝膜具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝；和
密封膜，将所述密封膜密封到凹窝之间的凹窝膜的背面，从而密封膜将每个凹窝密闭以便形成所述闭腔之一。
3、根据权利要求2中所述的材料，其中所述凹窝膜由塑料材料形成。
4、根据权利要求2中所述的材料，其中所述凹窝膜具有金属涂层。
5、根据权利要求2、3或4中所述的材料，其中所述密封膜由塑料材料形成。
6、根据权利要求2至5中任一项所述的材料，其中所述密封膜具有金属涂层。
7、根据权利要求2至6中任一项所述的材料，其中所述密封膜与所述凹窝膜之间的密封是热封。
8、根据权利要求2至7中任一项所述的材料，其中：
所述凹窝膜在其背面具有金属涂层；
所述密封膜在其面对凹窝膜的侧面上具有金属涂层；并且
密封膜与凹窝膜之间的所述密封是金属涂层之间的分子密封。
9、根据权利要求4、6或8中所述的材料，其中在每个金属涂层中的金属是铝。
10、根据权利要求2至9中任一项所述的材料，其中所述凹窝大体上是半球形状。
11、根据权利要求2至9中任一项所述的材料，进一步包括密封到每个凹窝的顶部的第二密封膜。
12、根据权利要求11中所述的材料，其中每个凹窝具有大体上平的顶部。
13、根据权利要求11或12中所述的材料，其中所述凹窝形成棋盘格状从而凹窝之间的空间与凹窝的内部空间具有大体上相同的大小。
14、根据权利要求11、12或13中所述的材料，其中所述凹窝是大体上六边形图案的棋盘格状。
15、根据权利要求11至14中任一项所述的材料，其中将凹窝连接起来从而凹窝之间的空间被第二密封膜密闭以便进一步形成大体上真空的腔。
16、根据权利要求2至10中任一项所述的材料，进一步包括：
第二凹窝膜，所述第二凹窝膜具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝；和
第二密封膜，将所述第二密封膜密封到凹窝之间的第二凹窝膜的背面从而密闭凹窝以便形成闭腔；
其中所述凹窝膜和第二凹窝膜定位成彼此邻接，且它们的前侧彼此面对从而凹窝膜上的凹窝互锁。
17、根据权利要求16中所述的材料，其中将材料的边缘密封。
18、根据权利要求17中所述的材料，其中互锁的凹窝之间的空间大体上是真空的。
19、根据权利要求2至10中任一项所述的材料，其中所述密封膜具有从凹窝膜突出的多个凹窝，密封膜上的每个凹窝对应于凹窝膜上的凹窝，从而凹窝膜的凹窝和密封膜的凹窝配合以便形成闭腔。
20、根据权利要求1中所述的材料，包括：
限定腔阵列的成型层；和
密封到所述成型层至少一侧上的至少一个密封层；
从而一个密封层或多个密封层密封每个腔。
21、根据权利要求20中所述的材料，其中每层包括金属，并且由每层的金属之间的分子结合形成所述密封。
22、根据权利要求20或21所述的材料，其中每个腔大体上是六边形。
23、根据前面权利要求中任一项所述的材料，其中在每个闭腔内的压力小于大约10-3mbar。
24、根据前面权利要求中任一项所述的材料，其中在每个闭腔内的压力小于大约10-4mbar。
25、根据前面权利要求中任一项所述的材料，进一步包括反射层。
26、根据前面权利要求中任一项所述的材料，所述材料形成为板。
27、根据权利要求26中的所述的材料，其中所述板是柔性的。
28、一种饮料用容器，所述饮料用容器包括板，所述板由根据前面权利要求中任一项所述的材料制成。
29、一种适于装饰建筑物的壁或顶的板，所述板包括根据权利要求1-25中任一项所述的材料。
30、一种适于用于食物包装的绝缘材料板，所述绝缘材料板包括根据权利要求1-25中任一项所述的材料形成的板。
31、根据权利要求1-24中任一项所述的材料，其中每个闭腔容纳需要在真空状态下保持的元件。
32、根据权利要求31中所述的材料，其中所述元件是数据存储装置。
33、根据权利要求31或32中所述的材料，其中所述元件包括放射物或原子。
34、一种绝缘材料，所述绝缘材料包括：
成型膜，所述成型膜包括多个从其前侧延伸的自立袋；和
密封膜，将所述密封膜密封到所述袋子之间的成型膜的背面，从而每个袋子形成闭腔；
其中每个闭腔大体上是真空的。
35、根据权利要求34中所述的绝缘材料，其中每个成型膜和密封膜都包括金属层，并且通过金属层之间的分子引力将成型膜和金属膜彼此密封。
36、一种绝缘板，所述绝缘板包括大体上真空的、自立的闭腔阵列。
37、一种绝缘材料，所述绝缘材料包括通过薄壁彼此分隔的多个大体上真空的闭腔。
38、一种制造材料的方法，所述方法包括：
提供凹窝膜，所述凹窝膜具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝；和
在真空中将密封膜密封到凹窝之间的凹窝膜的背面，从而密封膜密闭每个凹窝以便形成大体上真空的闭腔。
39、根据权利要求38中所述的方法，其中通过压印空白膜形成凹窝膜。
40、根据权利要求38或39中所述的方法，其中所述凹窝膜是塑料材料。
41、根据权利要求38、39或40中所述的方法，其中所述凹窝膜是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
42、根据权利要求39至41中任一项所述的方法，其中所述凹窝膜和所述密封膜涂覆有金属。
43、根据权利要求42中所述的方法，其中涂覆金属的步骤是在真空状态下执行的。
44、根据权利要求43中所述的方法，其中将所述膜涂覆有金属和将所述密封膜密封到凹窝膜的步骤都是在一个真空室内执行的。
45、根据权利要求43或44中所述的方法，其中密封的步骤包括将正电荷提供到其中一个膜上，将负电荷提供到另一个膜上，从而通过分子引力将金属涂层相互密封。
46、根据权利要求42至45中任一项所述的方法，其中所述金属是铝。
47、根据权利要求42至46中任一项所述的方法，其中用金属涂覆的步骤包括将电流通过金属、汽化金属、然后将汽化的金属喷射到膜上。
48、根据权利要求38至47中任一项所述的方法，其中由滚筒提供密封膜。
49、根据权利要求38至48中任一项所述的方法，进一步包括在真空状态下将第二密封膜密封到凹窝的顶部。
50、根据权利要求49中所述的方法，进一步包括在真空状态下围绕材料的边缘密封，从而当将材料从真空中移出时凹窝之间的空间保持真空。
51、一种制造材料的方法，所述方法包括：
形成限定腔阵列的成型层；和
在真空状态下，至少在一侧上将至少一个密封层密封到成型层上；
从而在真空状态下通过一个密封层或多个密封层将每个腔密闭。
52、根据权利要求51中所述的方法，进一步包括在密闭腔之前将元件插入一个或更多腔内。
53、根据权利要求52中所述的方法，其中每个元件是数据存储装置。
54、根据权利要求52或53中所述的方法，其中每个元件包括放射物或原子。
55、一种制造材料的方法，所述方法包括：
形成凹窝膜，所述凹窝膜具有从其前侧突出的多个凹窝，每个凹窝通过通道彼此连接；
将密封膜密封到凹窝之间的凹窝膜的背面，从而大体上用密封膜将每个凹窝密闭，但是通过通道每个凹窝仍然彼此连接从而气体可以在凹窝之间运动；
通过将膜放置在真空状态下，将大体上密闭的凹窝抽成真空；和
在膜仍然处于真空状态下的情况下，密闭凹窝之间的通道，从而每个凹窝形成大体上真空的闭腔。
56、根据权利要求55中所述的方法，其中通过压印凹窝膜密闭所述通道。
57、根据权利要求55或56中所述的方法，其中每个凹窝膜和密封膜都被涂覆了金属层。
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US6153135A (en) * 1993-01-08 2000-11-28 Novitsky; Charles Method for producing vacuum insulating and construction material
JPH07263758A (ja) * 1994-03-18 1995-10-13 Hitachi Ltd 極低温用積層断熱材

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CN103171831A (zh) * 2011-12-20 2013-06-26 松下电器研究开发(苏州)有限公司 冰箱用包装结构
CN103922038A (zh) * 2013-01-16 2014-07-16 迪睿合电子材料有限公司 保冷包装体、以及捆包体
CN103922038B (zh) * 2013-01-16 2018-07-03 迪睿合电子材料有限公司 保冷包装体、以及捆包体
CN105986625A (zh) * 2015-02-05 2016-10-05 郭书祥 多功能保温片及架设结构
CN105986625B (zh) * 2015-02-05 2018-05-25 郭书祥 多功能保温片及架设结构

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